Part 1 — Process — International Fire Engineering Guidelines

1.3.1 The fire safety sub-systems

As discussed in Chapter 1.1, in any building there are many features that combine to
create an overall fire safety system for the building. To assist in analysing the fire safety
system, it is convenient to consider the system as comprising six ‘sub-systems’, each of
which is discussed in a subsequent chapter in these Guidelines:

Sub-system A Sub-system B Sub-system C Sub-system D Sub-system E Sub-system F

SS-A SS-B SS-C SS-D SS-E SS-F
Fire Initiation & Smoke Fire Spread & Fire Detection, Occupant Fire Services
Development & Development & Impact & Warning & Evacuation & Intervention
Control Spread & Control Suppression Control
Control
Chapter 1.4 Chapter 1.5 Chapter 1.6 Chapter 1.7 Chapter 1.8 Chapter 1.9

This sub-division into six sub-systems is arbitrary. There are interactions between the
sub-systems as is evidenced by the inputs and outputs from one sub-system to another.
Many of the computer-based fire engineering methods operate simultaneously over two
or more sub-systems. For example, a fire and smoke development method may
encompass Sub-systems A, B, C, and D.

The sub-systems used in the analysis strategy are chosen on the basis of:
• the non-compliance issues (see Section 1.2.8.1)
• the specific objectives or performance requirements (see Section 1.2.8.2)
• the inputs and outputs of the sub-systems (see Chapters 1.4 to 1.9)
• the approaches and methods of analysis selected (see Section 1.2.9)

The order of the chapters for each of the six sub-systems broadly follows a typical
chronological sequence for an analysis and each chapter includes:
• the scope of the sub-system
• the procedure for using the sub-system
• the output information that the sub-system can be expected to provide and for
which other sub-systems this data may be used as input
• the input information that is required and where it may be obtained from
(generally from the FEB or other sub-systems)
• how the analysis can be undertaken
• aspects of construction, commissioning, management, use and
maintenance that are likely to be particularly important
• a bibliography containing references which may be useful.

1.3.2 Conducting the analysis

Typically, each building project is unique and similarly, each fire engineering evaluation is
unique. It is not sensible, therefore, to set down detailed guidance on how the fire safety
analysis should be undertaken. Instead, it is the responsibility of the fire engineer to plan
the analysis for the particular project, based on the decisions taken during the preparation
of the FEB as discussed in Chapter 1.2.

Figure 1.3.2 shows the factors which will influence the analysis strategy and which will
have been agreed upon in the FEB process. The figure also shows that the analysis
process is iterative when one or more trial designs are shown to be unacceptable, that is,
they do not meet the acceptance criteria set for the analysis.

1.3 – 2 Analysis
 International Fire Engineering Guidelines — Part 1 — Process

Determine Non Compliance

Issues
Trial Design 1.2.8.1 2

1.2.7
Determine Specific Objectives
1 or Performance Requirements
1.2.8.2
3

Select Approaches and

Methods of Analysis
1.2.9 4

Comparative Approach or Absolute Approach

1.2.9.1 4a 1.2.9.1 4a

Quantitative Approach or Qualitative Approach

1.2.9.2 4b 1.2.9.2 4b

Deterministic Approach Probabilistic Approach

1.2.9.3 4c or 1.2.9.3 4c

Select Methods of Analysis

1.2.9.4 4d

Redundancy Studies
Carry out
1.2.9.5
Analysis

1.3 - 1.9
5 Uncertainty Studies
1.2.9.5
Acceptance Criteria
1.2.10
8
Collate & Evaluate Results Sensitivity Studies
1.10 6 1.2.9.5

Safety Factors
1.2.9.2

Conclusions
No Acceptable?
7
1.10

Yes
Construction,
Commissioning,
Management, Use & Report
Maintenance 1.11
8
1.2.13

Figure 1.3.2 Analysis of trial designs

Analysis 1.3 – 3
 Part 1 — Process — International Fire Engineering Guidelines

In the following paragraphs, each step in Figure 1.3.2 is discussed with reference to the
FEB and later chapters in these Guidelines.

STEP 1
The trial design is analyzed recognizing the agreements reached in the FEB process.
Trial
Design
Where more than one trial design has been identified, each may be analyzed, or only the
preferred design analyzed, provided it meets the acceptance criteria set for the analysis.

STEP 2
The non compliance issues of the trial design, with respect to the deemed-to-satisfy or
Non-compliances
prescriptive provisions, need to be established in order to identify the issues to be
addressed. (This does not apply to objective or performance–based codes without
deemed-to-satisfy provisions)

STEP 3
Specific The specific objectives or performance requirements are determined from the non-
Objectives
Performance
compliance issues identified in Step 2, or in the case of objective or performance-based
Requirements codes without deemed-to-satisfy provisions, directly.

STEP 4
Approaches The approaches and methods of analysis to be used are selected using the following
Methods of sub steps:
Analysis
Step 4a ⎯ select comparative or absolute approach
Step 4b ⎯ select qualitative or quantitative approach
Step 4c ⎯ select deterministic or probabilistic approach
Step 4d ⎯ select analysis methods

STEP 5
The above steps, together with data from the FEB, provide the basis for carrying out the
Analysis analysis (using the sub-systems identified in Section 1.3.1).

Although the sub-systems may be used in the order presented in these Guidelines, the
analysis process often requires the order to be changed as data from later sub-systems
may be required for the analysis of a preceding sub-system.

Other factors from the FEB which need to be taken into account during the analysis are
the sensitivity studies (including consideration of redundancies) and uncertainty
studies that were determined to be necessary.

STEP 6
Collate After the analysis has been carried out, the results need to be collated and evaluated.
Evaluate This step is discussed in Chapter 1.10 and requires consideration of the acceptance
Results
criteria and factors of safety for the analysis. In some cases, further sensitivity
studies (including consideration of redundancies) and uncertainty studies may also
need to be carried out.

STEP 7
If the conclusion is that the results of the analysis do not meet the acceptance criteria
Conclusions
Acceptable?
with the required factors of safety and redundancy, the trial design is discarded or
modified and the analysis of another trial design is required as discussed in Chapter 1.10

STEPS 7 and 8
Report Alternatively, if the conclusion (Step 7) is that the results indicate that the trial design is
acceptable, the results should be reported (Step 8) as discussed in Chapter 1.11.

1.3 – 4 Analysis
 International Fire Engineering Guidelines — Part 3 — Data

Chapter 3.4

Fire Loads

3.4.1 Fire load densities .......................................................................... 3.4-2

3.4.2 References...................................................................................... 3.4-8
3.4.3 Bibliography ................................................................................... 3.4-8

This chapter of Part 3 provides a selection of data that may be used in applying
the methodologies in Chapters 2.4 or 2.6 or other applicable methodologies.
Other data may be used in an evaluation at the discretion of the fire engineer.

Fire Loads 3.4-1

 Part 3 — Data — International Fire Engineering Guidelines

3.4.1 Fire load densities

It should be noted that in some cases the data in the tables below are conflicting and this
reflects variability that occurs from country to country and the different survey
methodologies employed.

The following (variable) fire load densities in Table 3.4.1a are taken from studies
undertaken in Switzerland during the period 1967–69 and are defined as density per unit
floor area (MJ/m2). These data are reproduced in the Warrington-BCC document ‘Fire
resistant barriers and structures’ (England et al. 2000).

Note that for the determination of the variable fire load of storage areas, the values given
in the following table have to be multiplied by the height of storage in metres. Areas and
aisles for transportation have been taken into consideration in an averaging manner.

The data from this source were compared with data given in various sources. This
comparison results in the following suggestions.

• For well-defined occupancies that are rather similar or with very limited
differences in furniture and stored goods, for example, dwellings, hotels,
hospitals, offices and schools, the following estimates may suffice:

Coefficient of variation = 30%–50% of the given average value

90% fractile value = (1.35–1.65) x average value
80% fractile value = (1.25–1.5) x average value
Isolated peak values = 2 x average value

• For occupancies that are rather dissimilar or with larger differences in furnishings
and stored goods, for example, shopping centres, department stores and
industrial occupancies, the following estimates are tentatively suggested:

Coefficient of variation = 50%–80% of given average value

90% fractile value = (1.65–2.0) x average value
80% fractile value = (1.45–1.75) x average value
Isolated peak values = 2.5 x average value

However, caution should be used in applying this data as fire loads have changed with
new technologies and new materials. Papers such as those by Korpela and Keski-
Rahkonen (2000) should also be consulted.

3.4-2 Fire Loads

 International Fire Engineering Guidelines — Part 3 — Data

Table 3.4.1a. Fire load densities

Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage

[MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m]
Academy 300 Boarding school 300
Accumulator forwarding 800 Boat mfg 600
Accumulator mfg 400 800 Boiler house 200
Acetylene cylinder storage 700 Bookbinding 1000
Acid plant 80 Book-store 1000
Adhesive mfg 1000 3400 Box mfg 1000 600
Administration 800 Brick plant, burning 40
Adsorbent plant for >1700 Brick plant, clay preparation 40
combustible vapours Brick plant, drying kiln with 40
Aircraft hangar 200 metal grates
Airplane factory 200 Brick plant, drying kiln with 1000
Aluminium mfg wooden grates
40
Brick plant, drying room with 40
Aluminium processing 200 metal grates
Ammunition mfg special Brick plant, drying room with 400
Animal food preparing, mfg 2000 3300 wooden grates
Antique shop 700 Brick plant, pressing 200
Apparatus forwarding 700 Briquette factories 1600
Apparatus mfg 400 Broom mfg 700 400
Apparatus 600 Brush mfg 700 800
Apparatus testing 200 Butter mfg 700 4000
Arms mfg 300
Arms sales 300 Cabinet making (without wood 600
yard)
Artificial flower mfg 300 200
Cable mfg 300 600
Artificial leather mfg 1000 1700
Cafe 400
Artificial leather processing 300
Camera mfg 300
Artificial silk mfg 300 1100
Candle mfg 1300 22400
Artificial silk processing 210
Candy mfg 400 1500
Artificial stone mfg 40
Candy packing 800
Asylum 400
Candy shop 400
Authority office 800
Cane products mfg 400 200
Awning mfg 300
Canteen 300
Car accessory sales 300
Bag mfg (jute. paper. plastic) 500
Car assembly plant 300
Bakery 200
Car body repairing 150
Bakery. sales 300
Car paint shop 500
Ball bearing mfg 200
Car repair shop 300
Bandage mfg 400
Car seat cover shop 700
Bank, counters 300
Cardboard box mfg 800 2500
Bank offices 800
Cardboard mfg 300 4200
Barrel mfg, wood 1000 800
Cardboard products mfg 800 2500
Basement, dwellings 900
Carpenter shed 700
Basket ware mfg 300 200
Carpet dyeing 500
Bed sheeting production 500 1000
Carpet mfg 600 1700
Bedding plant 600
Carpet store 800
Bedding shop 500
Cartwright's shop 500
Beer mfg, brewery 80
Cast iron foundry 400 800
Beverage mfg, non-alcoholic 80
Celluloid mfg 800 3400
Bicycle assembly 200 400
Cement mfg 1000
Biscuit factories 200
Cement plant 40
Biscuit mfg 200
Cement products mfg 80
Bitumen preparation 800 3400
Cheese factory 120
Blind mfg, venetian 800 300
Cheese mfg (in boxes) 170
Blueprinting firm 400
Cheese store 100

Fire Loads 3.4-3

 Part 3 — Data — International Fire Engineering Guidelines

Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage

[MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m]
Chemical plants 300 100 Distilling plant, combustible 200
(rough average) materials
Chemist's shop 1000 Distilling plant, incombustible 50
Children's home materials
400
Doctor's office 200
China mfg 200
Door mfg, wood 800 1800
Chipboard finishing 800
Dressing, textiles 200
Chipboard pressing 100
Dressing, paper 700
Chocolate factory, 6000
intermediate storage Dressmaking shop 300
Chocolate factory, packing 500 Dry-cell battery 400 600
Chocolate factory, tumbling 1000 Dry cleaning 300
treatment Dyeing plant 500
Chocolate factory, all other 500
specialities
Church 200
Edible fat forwarding 900
Cider mfg (without crate 200
storage) Edible fat mfg 1000 18900
Cigarette plant 3000 Electric appliance mfg 400
Cinema 300 Electric appliance repair 500
Clay, preparing 50 Electric motor mfg 300
Cloakroom, metal wardrobe 80 Electrical repair shop 600
Cloakroom, wooden wardrobe 400 Electrical supply storage 1200
H<3m
Electro industry 600
Cloth mfg 400
Electronic device mfg 400
Clothing plant 500
Electronic device repair 500
Clothing store 600
Embroidery 300
Coal bunker 2500
Etching plant glass/metal 200
Coal cellar 10500
Exhibition hall, cars including 200
Cocoa processing 800 decoration
Cold storage 2000 Exhibition hall, furniture 500
Composing room 400 including decoration
Concrete products mfg 100 Exhibition hall, machines 80
including decoration
Condiment mfg 50
Exhibition of paintings 200
Congress hall 600 including decoration
Contractors 500 Explosive industry 4000
Cooking stove mfg 600
Coopering 600 Fertiliser mfg 200 200
Cordage plant 300 600 Filling plan/barrels
Cordage store 500 liquid filled and/or barrels <200
Cork products mfg 500 800 incombustible
Cosmetic mfg liquid filled and/or barrels
300 500
combustible
Cotton mills 1200 Risk Class I - IV > 3400
Cotton wool mfg 300 Risk Class V > 1700
Cover mfg 500 Filling plan/small casks:
Cutlery mfg (household) 200 liquid filled and casks <200
Cutting-up shop, leather, 300 incombustible
artificial leather Risk Class I - V < 500
Cutting-up shop, textiles 500 Finishing plant, paper 500
Cutting-up shop, wood 700 Finishing plant, textile 300
Fireworks mfg special 2000
Dairy 200 Flat 300
Data processing 400 Floor covering mfg 500 6000
Decoration studio 1200 2000 Floor covering store 1000
Dental surgeon's laboratory 300 Flooring plaster mfg 600
Dentist's office 200 Flour products 800
Department store 400 Flower sales 80

3.4-4 Fire Loads

 International Fire Engineering Guidelines — Part 3 — Data

Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage

[MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m]
Fluorescent tube mfg 300 Homes 500
Foamed plastics fabrication 3000 2500 Homes for aged 400
Foamed plastics processing 600 800 Hosiery mfg 300 1000
Food forwarding 1000 Hospital 300
Food store 700 Hotel 300
Forge 80 Household appliances, mfg 300 200
Forwarding, appliances partly 700 Household appliances, sales 300
made of plastic
Forwarding, beverages 300 Ice cream plant (including 100
Forwarding, cardboard goods 600 packaging)
Forwarding, food 1000 Incandescent lamp plant 40
Forwarding, furniture 600 Injection moulded parts mfg 80
Forwarding, glassware (metal)
700
Injection moulded parts mfg 500
Forwarding, plastic products 1000 (plastic)
Forwarding, printed matter 1700 Institution building 500
Forwarding, textiles 600 Ironing 500
Forwarding, tinware 200
Forwarding, varnish, polish 1300 Jewellery mfg 200
Forwarding, woodware (small) 600 Jewellery shop 300 1300
Foundry (metal) 40 Joinery 700
Fur, sewing 400 Joiners (machine room) 500
Fur store 200 Joiner (workbench) 700
Furniture exhibition 500 Jute, weaving 400 1300
Furniture mfg (wood) 600
Furniture polishing 500 Laboratory, bacteriological 200
Furniture store 400 Laboratory, chemical 500
Furrier 500 Laboratory, electric, electronic 200
Laboratory, metallurgical 200
Galvanic station 200 Laboratory, physics 200
Gambling place 150 Lacquer forwarding 1000
Glass blowing plant 200 Lacquer mfg 500 2500
Glass factory 100 Large metal constructions 80
Glass mfg 100 Lathe shop 600
Glass painting 300 Laundry 200
Glass processing 200 Leather goods sales 700
Glassware mfg 200 Leather product mfg 500
Glassware store 200 Leather, tanning, dressing, 400
Glazier’s workshop 700 etc.
Gold plating (of metals) 800 Library 2000 2000
Goldsmith's workshop 200 Lingerie mfg 400 800
Grain mill, without storage 400 Liqueur mfg 400 800
Gravestone carving 50 Liquor mfg 500
Graphic workshop 1000 Liquor store 700
Greengrocer’s shop 200 Loading ramp, including 800
goods (rough average)
Lumber room for 500
Hairdressing shop 300 miscellaneous qoods
Hardening plant 400
Hardware mfg 200 Machinery mfg 200
Hardware store 300 Match plant 300 800
Hat mfg 500 Mattress mfg 500 500
Hat store 500 Meat shop 50
Heating equipment room, 300 Mechanical workshop 200
wood coal firing
Metal goods mfg 200
Heat sealing of plastics 800
Metal grinding 80
High-rise office building 800
Metal working (general) 200

Fire Loads 3.4-5

 Part 3 — Data — International Fire Engineering Guidelines

Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage

[MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m]
Milk, condensed, evaporated 200 9000 Plumber's workshop 100
mfg Plywood mfg 800 2900
Milk, powdered, mfg 200 10500 Polish mfg 1700
Milling work, metal 200 Post office 400
Mirror mfg 100 Potato, flaked, mfg 200
Motion picture studio 300 Pottery plant 200
Motorcycle assembly 300 Power station 600
Museum 300 Precision instrument mfg: 200
Musical instrument sales 281 (containing plastic parts)
(without plastic parts) 100
News stand 1300 Printing, composing room 300
Nitrocellulose mfg Special 1100 Printing, ink mfg 700 3000
Nuclear research 2100 Printing, machine hall 400
Nursery school 300 Printing office 1000

Office, business 800 Radio and TV mfg 400

Office, engineering 600 Radio and TV sales 500
Office furniture 700 Radio studio 300
Office, machinery mfg 300 Railway car mfg 200
Oilcloth mfg 700 1300 Railway station 800
Oilcloth processing 700 2100 Railway workshop 800
Optical instrument mfg 200 200 Record player mfg 300
Record repository, documents 4200
Packing, incombustible goods 400 Refrigerator mfg 1000 300
Packing material, industry 1600 3000 Relay mfg 400
Packing, printed matters 1700 Repair shop, general 400
Packing, textiles 600 Restaurant 300
Packing, all other combustible 600 Retouching department 300
goods Rubber goods mfg 600 5000
Paint and varnish, mfg 4200 Rubber goods store 800
Paint and varnish, mixing 2000 Rubber processing 600 5000
plant
Paint and varnish shop 1000
Saddlery mfg 300
Painter's workshop 500
Pain shop (cars, machines, Safe mfg 80
200
etc.) Salad oil forwarding 9oo
Paint shop (furniture, etc.) 400 Salad oil mfg 1000 18,900
Paper mfg 200 10000 Sawmill (without wood yard) 400
Paper processing 800 1100 Scale mfg 400
Parking building 200 School 300
Parquetry mfg 2000 1200 Scrap recovery 800
Perambulator mfg 300 800 Seed-store 600
Perambulator shop 300 Sewing machine mfg 300
Perfume sale 400 Sewing machine store 300
Pharmaceutical’s, packing 300 800 Sheet mfg 100
Pharmaceutical mfg 300 800 Shoe factory, forwarding 600
Pharmacy (including storage) 800 Shoe factory, mfg 500
Photographic laboratory 100 Shoe polish mfg 800 2100
Photographic store 300 Shoe repair with manufacture 700
Photographic studio 300 Shoe store 500
Picture frame mfg 300 Shutter mfg 1000
Plaster product mfg 80 Silk spinning (natural silk) 300
Plastic floor tile mfg 800 Silk weaving (natural silk) 300
Plastic mfg 2000 5900 Silverwares 400
Plastic processing 600 Ski mfg 400 1700
Plastic products fabrication 600 Slaughter house 40

3.4-6 Fire Loads

 International Fire Engineering Guidelines — Part 3 — Data

Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage Type of occupancies Fabrication Storage

[MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m] [MJ/m2] [MJ/m2/m]
Soap mfg 200 4200 Vegetable, dehydrating 1000 400
Soda mfg 40 Vehicle mfg, assembly 400
Soldering 300 Veneering 500 2900
Solvent distillation 200 Veneer mfg 800 4200
Spinning mill, excluding 300 Vinegar mfg 80 100
garneting Vulcanising plant (without 1000
Sporting goods store 800 storage)
Spray painting, wood prods. 500
Stationery store 700 Waffle mfg 300 1700
Steel furniture mfg 300 Warping department 250
Stereotype plate mfg 200 Washing agent mfg 300 200
Stone masonry 40 Washing machine mfg 300 40
Storeroom (workshop 1200 Watch assembling 300 40
storerooms etc.) Watch mechanism mfg 40
Synthetic fibre mfg 400 Watch repair shop 300
Synthetic fibre processing 400 Watch sales 300
Synthetic resin mfg 3400 4200 Water closets ~0
Wax products forwarding 2100
Tar-coated paper mfg 1700 Wax products mfg 1300 2100
Tar preparation 800 Weaving mill (without carpets) 300
Telephone apparatus mfg 400 200 Welding shop (metal) 80
Telephone exchange 80 Winding room 400
Telephone exchange mfg 100 Winding, textile fibres 600
Test room, electric app. 200 Window glass mfg 700
Test room, machinery 100 Window mfg (wood) 800
Test room, textiles 300 Wine cellar 20
Theatre 300 Wine merchant's shop 200
Tin can mfg 100 Wire drawing 80
Tinned goods mfg 40 Wire factory 800
Tinware mfg 120 Wood carving 700
Tyre mfg 700 1800 Wood drying plant 800
Tobacco products mfg 200 2100 Wood grinding 200
Tobacco shop 500 Wood pattern making shop 600
Tool mfg 200 Wood preserving plant 3000
Toy mfg (combustible) 100
Toy mfg (incombustible) 200 Youth hostel 300
Toy store 500
Tractor mfg 300 Conversion factors:
Transformer mfg 300 1MJ ≈ 0.948 BTU
2 2
Transformer winding 1m ≈ 10.8 ft
600
1m ≈ 3.28 ft
Travel agency 400
Turnery (wood working) 500
Turning section 200
TV studio 300
Twisting shop 250

Umbrella mfg. 300 400

Umbrella store 300
Underground garage. private >200
Underground garage, public <200
Upholstering plant 500

Vacation home 500

Varnishing, appliances 80
Varnishing, paper 80

Fire Loads 3.4-7

 International Fire Engineering Guidelines — Part 3 — Data

Further fire load densities for broad occupancy groupings are provided in Table 3.4.1b
(CIB 1983). The values given in the table include only the variable fire loads (i.e. building
contents). If significant quantities of combustible materials are used in the building
construction this should be added to the variable fire load to give the total fire load.

The CIB compilation emphasises that, for design purposes, fire load density cannot
prudently be chosen at the mean level—this would provide a negative safety factor for all
values greater than the mean. At least the 95% fractile should be selected, although in
some cases even higher values will be appropriate.

Table 3.4.1b. Fire load density in different occupancies

Densities in mega-joules per square metre

Mean Percent fractile *
Occupancy
(MJ/m2) 80 90 95
Dwelling 780 870 920 970
Hospital 230 350 440 520
Hospital storage 2000 3000 3700 4400
Hotel bedroom 310 400 460 510
Offices 420 570 670 760
Shops 600 900 1100 1300
Manufacturing 300 470 590 720
Manufacturing and 1180 1800 2240 2690
Storage+ <150kg m-2
Libraries 1500 2250 2550 ---
Schools 285 360 410 450
Conversion factors:
1MJ ≈ 0.948 BTU
2 2
1m ≈ 10.8 ft

* The percent fractile is the value that is not exceeded in that percent of the rooms or occupancies.
+
Storage of combustible materials.

3.4.2 References

CIB (International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation)(1983). A

conceptual approach towards a probability based design guide on structural fire safety,
CIB W14 Workshop Report. Rotterdam, Netherlands.
England JP, Young SA, Hui MC and Kurban N (2000). Guide for the Design of Fire
Resistant Barriers and Structures, Warrington Fire Research (Aust) Pty. Ltd. and Building
Control Commission, Melbourne, Australia.
Korpela K and Keski-Rahjonen O. (2000). Fire loads in office buildings. In: Proceedings
of the Third International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety
Design Methods, 15-17 June, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 278–286.

3.4.3 Bibliography
Bennetts, I.D. et al. (1997). ‘Simulated shopping centre fire tests’, FCRC TR 97–06,
March.
Thomas, I.R. (1997). ‘Analysis of USA retail fires,’ FCRC TR 97-02, February.

3.4-8 Fire Loads