Jamie D. Medalla d.

degrees of perfection
e. governance of the world
ETHICS REVIEWER 3. MODERN PERIOD (IDEOCENTRIC)- origin of idea
EMPIRICISM- through experience
PHILOSOPHY- “asking question” -John Locke- mind/intellect is “tabula rasa”
-so called “Scientia scientiarum” and “science of all -David Hume
science” RATIONALISM- no need for experience
-comes from the two Greek word “PHILEIN” -idea-innate=inborn
(PHILO/PHILOS) means love and “SOPHIA” means -Rene Descartes
wisdom IMMANUEL KANT
-love of wisdom a. ANALYTIC (A PRIORI)- side of rationalism
-is a science of being in their ultimate cause, reason and b. SYNTHETIC- side of empiricism
principle acquired by the use of human intellect alone c. SYNTHETIC APRIORI- pinagsama
WHEN: 4. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (HOMOCENTRIC)- man
-when man had the sewn of wonder, amazement and GOOD LIFE- became a problem when a man started
beautiful thinking
WHERE: seaport of Miletus across the Aeques sea from EASTERN PEOPLE- they believe that man and nature
Greece were actually one and inseparable
WHO: people from the seaport, rich melenians and -the aim was perfection of self
ionians WESTERN PEOPLE- bartering ideas or intellectual goods
PHILOSOPHERS- lovers of wisdom JOHN LOCKE- considered the human person as a
THALES- father of Philosophy “thinking intelligent being that has no reason and
PHYTHAGORAS- coined the term Philosophy reflection
-according to him, Philosophers should not call lovers of -he believed that every man will always search for the
wisdom but friends of wisdom good
-also, he said that man cannot know everything but God IMMANUEL KANT- considers the human person as an
knows everything autonomous self-regulating will who is capable of
BEING- is anything that had exist in the past, exist in the making moral decisions by and for himself.
present, will exist in the future or those that can be VICTOR FRANKL- according to him, a human being is
thought of as if existing even they are not or will not able to live and even to die for the sake of his ideals and
*2 KINDS OF BEING values
1. REAL BEING- exist outside of the mind -he believed that human being is ultimately self-
2. LOGICAL BEING- exist outside the mind determining
*4 KINDS OF LOGICAL BEING ERICH FROMM- believe that conscience enables the
1. POSITIVE NOTHING- not yet actual but may exist person to know what ought to be done in order to
2. NEGATIVE NOTHING- does not exist inside and become his own self
outside the mind ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- believed that what constitutes
3. NEGATION- actually nothing but the mind conceive it the human person as a moral subject is his conscience
something ETHICS- solution of man’s problem
4. PRIVATION- absence of something but expected to -it was considered as means of curing the moral
be there maladies that were afflicting the humankind
CAUSE- that which help in the production of something -called as Supreme Philosophy by Plato
REASON- that which in the explanation of something -deals with the attainment of man’s of highest good—
PRINCIPLE- that forms which something proceeds happiness
IDEAS- mental representation of a thing -is the only discipline that deals with the attainment of
*4 PERIODS the ultimate goal of the human person
1. ANCIENT (COSMOCENTRIC)- beginning of the Salus populi est suprema lex- meaning, the welfare of
universe the people is the supreme law
2. MEDIEVAL PERIOD (THEOCENTRIC)- RATIONAL METHOD- uses by philosophers by means of
*ST. THOMAS AQUINAS 5 WAYS OF BEING obtaining the truth and as a way to solve the problems
a. uncaused cause
b. unmoved mover
c. necessary being vs. contingent being of a thing
CHAPTER 1 5. ETHICS AND EDUCATION
HUMAN PERSON- the basis of the existence of the EDUCATION- it gives direction, goal, worth and meaning
world to human beings
ETHICS- comes from the Greek word ethos which means 6. ETHICS AND LAW
customs, usage, or character LAW- deals with the external acts of man
-is a set of rules of human behavior 7. ETHICS AND AESTHETICS
-defined as a practical and normative science, based on AESTHETICS- comes from the Greek word, “Aisthesis”,
reason which studies human acts and provides norms which means “order” or “harmony”
for their goodness and badness 8. ETHICS AND POLITICS
ETHICS IS A SCIENCE POLITICS- aims toward the attainment of good
SCIENCE- is defined as a systematized body of government which centers on entering the temporal
knowledge welfare of its citizens
-ethics as science is a systematic study of the ground 9. ETHICS ANS RELIGION
and norms of morality IMMANUEL KANT- held that there are three moral
-ethics as practical science deals with a systematized bases—human freedom, immortality of the soul, and
body of knowledge that is applicable to human action the existence of God
-ethics is a normative science, as a normative science, DEATH- is the end of life and liberation from all forms of
ethics sets a basis or a norm for the direction and sufferings
regulation of human action TWO MAIN DIVISIONS OF ETHICS
-ethics studies human acts, to explain the distinguish 1. GENERAL ETHICS- according to Dr. Florentino
between human acts and the acts of man Timbreza, it refers to all the diverse ethical formulation
HUMAN ACTS (ACTUS HUMANUS)- are those actions of general and universal concepts and principles which
that are done by the human person based on serves as the foundation of morality
knowledge and the full consent of the will -attempts to identify the moral norms that will
ACTS OF MAN (ACTUS HOMINIS)- are those actions that determine which actions are to be considered good or
are done in the absence of either knowledge or will or evil
both knowledge and will -referred as normative ethics- attempts to disclose the
VOLUNTARY HUMAN CONDUCT- includes all actions as underlying moral norms by which people act, judge, and
well as non-actions because the human person decide on certain ethical matters
understands and will these activities in relation to some NON-NORMATIVE ETHICS- deals with a factual
end that has in view investigation of the social patterns of a society as
VALUE- is defined as that which an individual deems to compared to that of the other society
be useful, desirable, or significant 2. APPLIED ETHICS- focuses on particular situations in
IMAGO DEI- image of God life where the principles of general ethics can be applied
GOD- considered as Summum Bonum or the Highest - also known as special ethics
Good BIOETHICS- ethics for medical profession
*ETHICS AND ITS RELATION TO OTHER SCIENCES CHAPTER 2
1. ETHICS AND LOGIC DILEMMA- comes from the Greek word “dis” which
LOGIC- is defined as the science and art which helps the means “twice” and “lemma” which means assumptions
human mind to distinguish between the correct from or premise
the incorrect arguments -is a form of argument that is composed of a
-deals with the method of acquiring right thinking conjunction of two conditional hypothetical statements
2. ETHICS AND PSYCHOLOGY as its major premise
PSYCHOLOGY- comes from the Greek word “psuche” -are experiences where an agent is confused about the
which means “soul” and “logos” which means “study” right decision to make because there are several
or “science” competing values that are seemingly equally important
SOUL- is the principle of life and the principle of the and urgent
human thoughts HORNS- a type of major premise
-which makes a man think and behave MORAL STANDARD- is that which deals with matters
3. ETHICS AND SOCIOLOGY that may seriously injure or may greatly benefit human
SOCIOLOGY- is the study of the relation of man to a being
society THERESA ANN CAMPO PEARSON- an infant known to
4. ETHICS AND ECONOMICS the public as “baby Theresa”
PAGMAMANO- a way of asking for a blessing of the MORAL PSYCHOLOGY- studies what moral
elders development is
POP CULTURE- includes the mainstream media, the MORAL PHILOSOPHY- studies what moral development
social media, movies and fads ought to be
CULTURAL RELATIVISM- is the view that ethical system THE STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
and cultural beliefs vary from one culture to another 1. PRE-CONVENTIONAL STAGE- is also called as the Self-
-started from Greek philosopher Protagoras of Albera Focused stage
Protagoras- first Greek to earn money in higher -is concern with concrete consequences to individuals
education and was considered as the most notorious for and it is focusing on pursuing a concrete interest while
the extremely high fees he charged avoiding sanctions
MORAL RELATIVISM- no one can say that these laws by a. STAGE 1: OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHEMENT
which we can judge whether such laws are true and the ORIENTATION
others are wrong - this is the orientation to punishment and reward and
-ethical relativism to physical and material power
ETHNOCENTRISM- is the view that one particular ethical b. STAGE 2: PLEASURE ORIENTATION OR THE
group is somehow superior to all others INSTRUMENTAL-PURPOSIVE ORIENTATION
-derived from the Greek word, “ethnos” meaning -this stage is characterized by hedonistic orientation
“nation” or “people” and English “center” with an instrumental view of human relations
-man centered 2. CONVENTIONAL STAGE- this stage is characterized by
THEOCENTRISM- derived from the Greek word, “Theos” the group-focused stage and it is concerned with
meaning “God”or “Gods” and English “” fulfilling role expectations as well as maintaining and
-is the view that God’s system of belief and values is supporting the social order
morally superior to others c. STAGE 3: PEER AND GROUP ACCEPTANCE
-God centered ORIENTATION
FR. VITALIANO GOROSPE- believed that the problem in - this stage is the good boy orientation as it seeks to
the morality of the Filipino is the consideration of the maintain expectations and win approval of one’s
actual and the prevailing norms of right and wrong immediate group
among Filipino - in this stage, what considered morally right is what
EDMUND BURKE- according to him, the only thing pleases or help others and what is approved by others
necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do d. STAGE 4: SOCIAL STRUCTURE ORIENTATION
nothing - as this stage, the individual becomes aware of the
CHAPTER 3 wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying
CHARACTER- comes from the ancient Greek term the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt
“charakter” which initially referred for the mark 3. POST-CONVENTIONAL THEORY- individual judgment
impressed upon a coin is based on self-chosen principle
-is the mental and moral character that one possesses e. STAGE 5: SOCIAL-CONTRACT ORIENTATION
which make him different from the others - this stage puts emphasis on quality and mutual
ETHE- term used by Aristotle in order to refer to his idea obligation within a democratically established order
of the character -at this stage, one is concerned that obligation be based
ARETE- excellence on calculations of overall utility and on what is really
EXCELLENCE- is a quality that makes an individual a good for all
good member of his kind f. STAGE 6: THE UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG- was born on October 21, 1927 - this stage is focused on the principles of conscience
at Broxville, New York that have logical comprehensiveness and universality
-known for his theory of moral development -people at this stage have developed their own set of
-was the youngest of four children of Alfred Kohlberg (a moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law
successful silk merchant of Jewish ancestry) and
Charlotte Albrecht Kohlberg (a protestant and a skilled
amateur chemist)
MORAL CHARACTER- serves as the basis for moral
action
RIGHTNESS- is the ideal limit of dialogue