Hands on Training
Leafy Vegetables Cultivation
DR S. K. CHAWDA
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
ATHWA FARM, SURAT
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Oxytoxin
Hormone
Copper sulphates – For colour
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Source:
IPCC (2007)
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Plant?
A living thing that grows in earth, in
water, or on other plants, usually has a
stem, leaves, roots, and flowers, and
produces seeds
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By growth habit
Succulent plants
Vine
Trees
Shrub
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1. Root Vegetables –
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2. Stem Vegetables –
Plants which are sources of edible botanical
stems which are usually immature and succulent.
Celery
Asparagus
Fennel
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3. Leafy Vegetables – plants which are sources of edible leaves in
various stages of development.
The leaves may be separate and fully expanded or, as in
cabbage, form a head.
Cauliflower Methi
Coriander Curry neam
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5. Fruit Vegetables – plants which are sources
of edible botanical fruits, either simple or
compound, e.g., tomato and corn (maize)
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4. Flower Vegetables – plants which are sources of
edible flowers or inflorescences including, in some
species, accessory parts like the stalk (pedicel or
peduncle). In cauliflower, it consists of the stalk
and an immature inflorescence. But in squash, it is
the mature flower.
Cabbage
Broccoli
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6. Seed Vegetables – plants which are sources
of edible botanical seeds, mostly under the
family Leguminosae or Fabaceae (legumes),
e.g., mung bean.
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Amaranthus : TF\N/HM
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Spinach : 5F,S
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Fenugreek: D[YL
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Mint : O]lNGM
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CORIANDER:
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Lemon grass : ,L,L RF
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Curry neem : S-L ,LD0M
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Bitter gourd: SFZ[,F\
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Bottle gourd: N}WL
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Little gourd: 8L\0M/F
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Ridge gourd: T]lZIF\
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Sponge gourd:U,SF\
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Beet root: AL8
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Carrot: UFHZ
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Garlic:,;6
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Ginger: VFN]
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Turmeric: C/NZ
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Onion:0]\U/L
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Raddish :D}/F
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Brinjal:ZL\U6
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Cabbage: SMALH
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Capsicum:
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Cauliflower:
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Chilli: DZRF\
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Cluster bean: U]JFZ
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Cow pea: RM/L
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Okra :EL\0F
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Tomato: 8DF8Z
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Banana:S[/F\
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Lemon:,L\A]
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Guava: HD~B
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Mango: VF\AM
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Apple berry: V[5, AMZ
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Brahmi: A|FCDL
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ALOE VERA
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ARDUSI
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NAGOD TULSI
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Papaya in bearing
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Approx. 100gm Apple Ber fruit
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A bountiful yield!!
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DF8L q SOIL
Live soils down to 6-7
inches.
Remove large stones, clods,
or plant debris. Particularly
important with root crops.
pH – 6.0-6.8
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http://www.ncagr.gov/cyber/kidswrld/plant/nutrient.htm
Soil nutrients
Nitrogen – Growth, photosynthesis
Phosphorus – photosynthesis, flowering
Potassium – build proteins, prevent disease
Calcium – Strong cells
Magnesium – Photosynthesis
Sulfur - build proteins and produce food
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Soil/Media quality - pH
pH=7
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COCOPEAT
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BENEFITS OF COCO PEAT
100% organic
Bio-degradable,Environmentally friendly product.
Holds water up to eight times its volumes and retains
moisture for very long time.
An excellent growing medium for plants and
earthworms.
Resistant to bacterial and fungal growth.
- It can even be reused for up to 4 years!
pH of 5.0-6.8 which is neutral to slightly acidic.
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A good potting mix …..
Air porosity
Water/moisture retention.
Nutrition.
Support/Anchorage.
Fluffy and light weight.
Well draining.
Infection/pest free
Free from weed seeds
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1 part fertile soil 1 part vermicompost
HAND SHOVEL
HOE
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1 part sand/cocopeat
What do seeds need to GERMINATE?
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TYPES OF
CONTAINERS
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Different
containers
for terrace garden
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CLAY
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Lightweight, maybe too
lightweight
Hold moisture longer,
maybe too long
No staining
Colorful, can be
decorative and attractive
PLASTIC & FIBERGLASS
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Minimum temperature
fluctuation: good
insulators
Needs replacing
eventually, can last many
years
Informal, natural
WOOD
appearance
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Can be very attractive
Little insulation: can
be very hot or very
cold, less of a problem
in large containers
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STONE
• Heavy in weight
and cost
• Moss grows on
containers
• Drainage may be
a problem.
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Cover a bare wall: use tough plants
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One inch space at the top for irrigation.
Fill the containers loosely with a gentle tap
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¼ portion of plug are filled
with compost then place seed
and cover with compost
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2-3’’ depth with a drainage hole.
OR
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CARE
Depth of seed two and a half time the size of seed
Post-germination seedling:
• Keep them in a place that receives good
sunlight.
• Gradually expose them to direct sunlight
starting from few minutes the first day and
then increasing day by day.
• Do not let the media go dry.
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For Early Germination
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LIGHT
• Short day plants flower in response to long periods of
night darkness.
Coriander, Methi, Spinach, carrot,
• Long day plants flower in response to short periods of
night darkness.
Brinjal , Tomato , Chilli, Cauliflower etc.
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• A sunny location 8+ hrs of sun) is crucial to
plants that form fruit (tomato, cucumber,
squash, eggplant, peppers, melon);
• Many leafy vegetables (lettuce, spinach, etc)
need less sun
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Water When we water the plants, the
nutrients in the soil dissolve in the
water and plants take up with
solution.
If you water too much, you are
leaching away the nutrients in the
soil/potting mixture and all you are
left with is soil that is very poor.
Also, watering the plants too much
leaves the soil with less oxygen
When is it too much water causing the roots to choke and
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How much to water the plants?
Water the plants just enough to see the water
coming out of the drainage hole in the bottom of the
container.
So to recap, start watering the plants and stop when
you see the water coming out of the drainage hole.
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SYMPTOMS OF TOO MUCH
WATERING
• Stunted growth
• Yellowing of leaves
• Root rot (happens if the water
doesn’t drain).
• Too much algae formation on the
soil.
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Too less water
• No excuse to not watering the plants
• If you are too busy to water your plants, be smart and
setup an irrigation system (Auto)
• You water them only on the top (Remember the rule.
Water should drain from the bottom.)
• don’t water the plants using a fine sprayer. It is too fine
and it will not wet the soil thoroughly.
• Potting medium is so coarse.
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MEDIA COMPACTED
SPACE CREATED BETWEEN
POT AND MEDDIA
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ALH
OP – Open Pollinated:
Hybrid
A Hybrid vegetable seed results from the cross
or mating between two different varieties or
“parents” of the same plant species.
Saving the seed of a hybrid seed will not
always guarantee the same qualities that you
desire.
So, if you want to save seeds, make sure the fruit is not from a
hybrid
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PART II
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How to grow Mint from cuttings
Collect Mint cuttings (slightly thicker
stems).
Cut at 3-4 inches from the top.
Make sure the cut is right below a node.
Do not remove all the leaves.
Node
Fill a propagation tray with the media.
Stick the cuttings into each cell
Keep the setup in a bright location but
not with direct sunlight.
If you properly followed steps the
cuttings should root in just about a
week.
Expose the plants to sun gradually. First
start with an hour and then increasing
by an hour every day to harden them.
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WF6F
Spread the seeds on floor & Make rows by
keep the slipper on seeds drawing a line with
and gently move the slipper your index finger or
while pressing a stick
Simply sow the split coriander seeds in that row and once it is
done, cover the seeds with coco peat
Starts germinating somewhere between 5-7 days
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Once they start germinating, keep them in a
place that receives good amount of sunlight.
In another 10 days time, they should be ready
for use.
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GROWING CARROTS
Containers as long as they are deep enough (at least 1 feet deep)
loose medium for its root to grow down (no rocks or debris in the mix)
tray is filled with potting media and holes are also dibbled to mark the
places where the seeds will be sown.
Seeds were sown at the rate of 2-3 per hole.
They were spaced at 5 inches between plants.
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Generally in 2 week, all of the germinated
Thinned to just 1 per hole
It is better to wait and let
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them grow for some more time
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25 day old carrot seedlings.
This is a good time to thin the plants to just 1 every 5 inches.
Close up shot of carrots
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DR S K CHAWDA (KVK SURAT)
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WINTER SEASON VEGETABLES
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TOOLS FOR TERRACE GARDENING
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Gardening mistakes new gardeners make
Enough light to plants
Watering them too little or too much.
Watering them on their leaves.
Underfeeding /Over feeding Plants
Sowing one too many seeds and Not thinning them
Choosing a container that is too small
Planting plants that are either non-native or out of
season
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Giving a wrong fertilizer to the plants
Not pruning or over pruning
Improper spray application/too much pesticide
Transplanting too late
Planting too close
Planting too deep / planting too shallow
Planting bulbs/cuttings upside down.
Letting weeds/pests take over.
Not knowing when to harvest. Too soon or too late.
Not knowing how the seedling would look like. Nurturing a weed.
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Vegetable Plants Spacing
Vegetable Inches between plants Depth of seed (inches)
Asparagus 12-18 1-2
Beans, Broad 8-10 1-1.5
Beans, Lima
2-3 1-1.5
bush
4-6 1-1.5
pole
Beans, Snap or Green
2-3 1-1.5
bush
4-6 1-1.5
pole
Beetroot 2-3 1
Broccoli 24 1.5
Brussels Sprouts 24 0.25
Cabbage 18-24 0.25
Carrot 4 0.25
Cauliflower 18-24 0.5
Celery 8-10 0.25
Chard 6-9 0.5
Chayote 30 5-6
Chick pea 6-8 0.5
Chicory 12-18 0.5
Chinese Cabbage 18 0.5
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Collards 12 0.5
Corn 12 1-1.5
Cucumber 12 0.5
Eggplant 18-24 0.25
Endive 9-12 0.25
Horseradish 24 0.25
Kale 12 0.5
Kohlrabi 8 0.25
Surface sow, cover it
Leek 6-9
lightly
Surface sow, cover it
Lettuce 8-12
lightly
Muskmelon 18-24 1
Mustard 6-12 0.5
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Okra 12-18 0.5
Onion
2-3 2
sets
1-2 0.25
seeds
Peas 1-2 1
Peanut 6-8 1
Pepper 18-24 0.25
Potato 12-18 4
Sweet Potato 12-18 3-5
Pumpkin 24-48 1
Radish 6 0.5
Shallot 6-8 0.25
Sorrel 12-18 0.25
Soybean 6 0.5-1
Spinach 2-4 0.5
Squash, Summer 24-36 1
Squash, Winter 24-48 1
Tomato 24 0.25
Watermelon 24-72 1
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