An ©RBIS Publication 80p -™ Anillustrated guide to the world’s surface-to-air missilesi! Volume 1 CONTENTS Surface-to-air Missiles Crotale surface-to-air missile system Shahine, SICA surface-to-air missile system Roland surface-to-air missile system ‘Bloodhound Mk 2 surface-to-air missile system ‘Blowpipe man-portable surface-to-air missile system Raper sutace oar missle system ‘SAMsin Action inthe Falklands RBS 70 man-portable surface-to-air missile system ‘SA-4‘Ganef' surface-to-air missile system ‘SA-6 Gainful surface-to-air missile system ‘SAMsin Actionin the Middle East SA-1 Grail man-portabe surface-to-air missile system SA-8 'Gecko'surface-to-airmissile system SK9 Gash surface (oat misde system Aum is carta wo ae SA-1] surface-to-air missile system im don & Gatch (Aus) SA-13 suiace-toairmislle system im ‘South aie, Eorope hak ‘M$8 Chaparral surface-to-air missile system IT estan: Ox. rar ‘MIM 104 trot surface-to-air missile system 18 of cy‘ es yout ‘MIM-238 Improved HAWK surface-o-ar missile system 18 South Ban FIN.S2K Singer man-porable surface-to-air missile system, 19 Segatga tog st Mere ere tor aa Tar SAM suace-to-armisie sytem vo Ghra Ca? Sicor ona ur Suna ca oS Armed Forces of the World EeEWgaon magia Ep yen arenes oop ‘South Africa (Part 3) oat Iahing Lid fo WAR MACHINE Binders (Gras House, 20:22 Besortary, onda Wear ast Sree rvlaSu san trata: For isl Poy a hin your coins ‘Cover pretorapie sis Siebaletine lee saan fat : ied DESMO dere are availabe ei Nowsopenter ror Was | Naval Helicopters | Pigiuton and martetingofces: [a1 Son E8t Webmin | Patrol Graft and Missle Boats Seas Rise? seyrenent Corl ewe ary ieee Amel pg Veto ct an carers naar ec Experimental axoaft of World War II a ce Marketing Director: Miche! Joyce WAR MACHINE Whit every atoms is made Pee Uk 0p In Ct Aus $1.95. NZ S225, poe of th asus and Uncere concant SARI gs Singopor 6480. USA snaCane- he publahers rar he gts teas ese te tary ta wen Hows fo 0 eed tate. indore doped Mauve: . Be rthsion ron ere ‘Bling out subscription ero esl onder produced fr ele ang sien be imino above pices Subseition Ratee Fora montha 26 sve] £2960: for oe 2 MACHINE ple i ¥E published by Emay. The praia enetts fe: Ei un bank Avenue, RiseSurface-to-air M i il Land forces are extremely vulnerable to airattack, and anti-aircraft systems are perhaps the single most important element in an army's equipment. Gunsand surface-to-air missiles share this prime role, but the missiles are the more glamorous of the partnership. During World War I anti-aircraft guns were used om a large scale to provide defence against air attack for both armies inthe held and fixed Strategic targets such as ports airfields factories and other key centres. Inthe case ofthe Allies low Jevelalr defence was provided by weapons, suchas 20-mm cannon and the 40-mm gun, while high-level defence was provided by the British 94-mm (27-in) and US 80-mm (354-in) guns. As the war went on radar fire-control systems and proximity fuses were introduced by the Allies to increase the eflectivenessof such weapons to fa matked degree, especially against targets such as the V-I flying bomb. The Germans faced even greater problems as Allied bombers took to fying higher and the number of weapons that could effectively engage them thus declined. From 1944 the Germans put considerable effort into the design of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) but by the end of, the war none of these had been deployed and much of their work was, then taken over by the United States and the Soviet Union, Flying at low level, aircraft must now run the gauntlet of both gun and. missile systems a combination which has proved to be most effective in the Middle East and Vietnam, Most armies today prefer a mix of guns ‘and missiles although some, such as the British, rely on missiles alone (GBlowpipe and Rapier). Some systems are highly mobile and are de- ployed well forward, for example the Roland 2 and Chaparral. while others are semi-mobile and need some preparation before they can be brought ino action, for example the HAWK and towed Rapier. Tnthe West, the only SAMio be developed in recent years that can be used against both high- and low-flying aircraft is the US Patriot, which Asurface-toair missile iting ‘one icra The ntoducten of large Seale has made air ‘ew adopt tacts tocnabie ‘hem tocarry out their assigned ‘mission, Mortcountrieshavea Combination of un and missile air will replace the HAWK and the Nike-Hercules in US Army se Development of thissystem started in 1968 but it was 1983 before battalion was formed, and since originally conceived the sys Increased considerably in cost, and consequently itis not expec' ‘many of the countries who now operate HAWK will be able to. replace it with Patriot ‘Of all the countries in the world, the Soviet Union has by far p most effort into the development and production of air-defence systems, many of which have been used operationally in East, Africa and the Far Eas. In some cases these systems have p to be highly effective while in others, for example in the Leb: ‘summer of 1882, they have been totally ineffective. More often improper employment and poor operator training, rather than sign of the equipment, can be blamed, Recent years have also seen the employment of man-port siles, such as the SA-T and Redeye, on a large scale, and proved to be highly eflective in the hands of guerrilla and Drganizations, and they have not infrequently been used to sh civilian aircraf, More recent man-portable systems such as th and Blowpipe are even more effective. -Mobite air defence weapons must be highly portable, tough an able to ‘cope with climatic extremes. The BAe Dynamics Rapier system as proved {een operation from the roaring heat ofOman to they cal he Falklands.il Crotale surface-to-air missile system In the early 13605 the South African (overumen! placed a contractih he French company of Thomson-Howoa, ‘which later Became Thomson. CSP. ot the development of a mobile all ‘weather SAM system This became sown as the Cactus Thomson: CSP ‘aig responable fr the overall ys. tem radat and eloctonics and Engng ‘Matra for the R4aO saa a8 had considerable experience in the de- velopment snd producton of ario-air males The fist batenes ware del, ‘Yored to Sout oa in 1911 with sl Selvenios in 1973 Since then te Gro- fale this Being is French name, has Deen ordated by Chile, Eaypt, Libya. Paletan, Saudi Arabia and the United ‘Arab Emirates Further development ofthe Crotale has realted on he Sha fang, SIGA which isin service with Sau Arabia Tharessabo anaval er S0p ofthe Creal "A ypieal Crotale battery consists of one atquistion and two or three Sng its each ol he later having four sles in the ready-to-launch poston. Both Units are based on’ fully armoured #34 chasse whose anhoels fare raised of the ground by hydrauic ‘ks when the vehicle inthe operat= Ing pasion An unusual fame of he fle i that tis electcally prop ‘The acquisition unit carries out tuget selene, entation end gnation and fitted witha large ‘dar witha maximum deteeton range ‘labont Isle (11 2a). Yeal'ime digital computer, dsplay Console data ins and i capable of fandimpspt i rcetscmalanos ” ptarget engagement takes place ss follows, The scqulstion Unt frst lo cates the aircraft an, if ths Is co. fmed as hase. ellocatos it to one of the fring uns, target information ‘being wansmifted as data nk The dar on he fring unit can tack one farget and guide two mises at the sue time there bets sight ap is launching "Te fring nit also has te command twansmitter. inira-red Gathering system. digital computer, Stal deta ink anda Topical wack ing systom for uso in an BOM environ: ment Once the fout missles nave Been Jatched new missles in the transporvaunching containers have to Deleaded wi te aid ofa crane. Four missles can be leaded! sn about Po minutes by a well waned cxew. "Tho R420 missile ie 289m (Of S78) ng 18cm 3) i che meter and 94 er (2128 nn epaa ‘and wolghs 88 kg (18? Ib) of which TS kg (St) is accounted for bythe HE ‘warhead, which sof the frgmenttion type to cause as much damage to the target as posible The warhead is de tonated By a proximuty fuse whichis notarmed urtlater te isa isla Shed. The singlo-stage solid bropelant rocket motor gives the ms ‘Sle op speed of about Mach 2, The leflecive ange of he syst depends ‘on the speed ofthe target, but agains ‘niarraf jing ata speed of Mach 12 ‘a maximum range of 8500 m (8236 Yards) can be achioved with a max Timur alte of 2000 m (8048 8) ‘Agalist slower aircraft and helcop: tots the range i aigniicantly great. The Crofale ie notmally sea (or example by Seth Hea Saud Arca ‘French air force) fr the de feooo afar tame ad er aol targets Once halted the CotalotCac- {us aystem lakes about five minutes to Docome lly operational Information ffem the accuition unten be passed fo the frig unit by cable (mesa length of 800 m/873 yares) or @ data link (maximum range 3000/3280 yar) Each Crotale launcher bas four ‘missiles Three fring unite are oupled tone acquisition unit to forma battery Dimensions: length 289 m @ 5 in c 1.om (580), span §4.em Gizsim Taunch weight 85k (1874p) Performance: spead Mach 2% max- suum celing 400 m2), ma ‘mum ange 12000 m (8 miles) against 2 2000 msec (480 mph) target rotale missile being launched during wialsin France. The missile tees manufactured by Engins ‘Matrawith he overallsystomand electronics orale, cues 2 tec cael catia Seecreieney eieerer ILE shahine, SICA surface-to-air missile system The Shahine, SICA lor-altitude SAM system was developed from I97S ape ically to meet the requirements of Sana Arabia an i. logical develop lent ofthe earlier Crotae, Prime com teactor ithe Elecuonies Systems Dv Sion of Thomsan-CSP. Which Is re Sponsible for the radarg,electronice fd systoms integration Bocas Matra 'S esponsibl fr tha misales Follow: Ing suooedstil tale wth protetype systems, production carted in 19, the fist dystems Boing dalivered 1s Ss Arabia im 1982 and final deliver ties being made in 188, A total of 28 ‘yeaa mare delivered a mero 82 fnoC#0 BCA salfpropelled s0-mm Antvairerat gine fo prone cose in Brolecion especaly when mises tg boing reloaded, The Shahine consis of a rng unt and an acquiton unit, each mounted on a modiied AMXS0 MBT chase ‘which offers complete armour protec- fon forthe erewandslectonic nade the vehicle a= well = having much Improved creas country performance than the original Grotale whooled ye ‘The acquisition unit has a large pulse-Dopplersurvallance rar wath ‘Stange olsome It km (112s) wath digital recover for the MT (moving lage ington tincton The suo matic information processing and threat evaluation system allows up to 40 argetsto be registered on the com- ter and rola than IGactal targets {obetandled One aoquistion unitean ‘onto up four fring unt “The ing unit has set misatlesin the ready-torlaunch postion (the basic CCroale as fou once these missiles have been launched replacement mis- Ses n havelhng/launch containers are oaded fiom a vehicle with th ad Sta crane. Between the msl is 8 {mple-channel fre-contol rata that ‘can simullansously quite two missiles {Satanget The radar racksthe missle hd sends out guidance commands, Sequaation of the misale during The fearly pat of the fight being via an Intra-ted recelver sensitive to the ‘yavelengih of the missile exhalst ‘nother feature ofthis system i that 8‘Shshine, SICA surface-to-air missile system (continued) -FV systems integrated into the turpet as sous target and msale- = “Toe mile used by the Sbahine is ‘2 Matra b460_a longer and heavier ‘erson ofthe Mata RO used i he ‘Grotslesystom, ts SNPE double-stage rocket motor giving a burn of 48 ‘Seconds (compared sath 28 seconds Inthe Crotle gystem) to produce a magimurn speed of about Mach 2 ‘A major advantage of the Shahine ‘over the ontnal Crotale that the fing units and acaniston unt can da- ploy overamich wider area thoy do Bot have to stop and be coupled togeter by cables before target n= ‘agement Ths is posible as the Sha- Fine tis are ited wih an automatic lata transmssion and reciprocal mic- owaye system This, coupled with the fact he misiles ad radars have ao (ger range, makes the Shahine much More effective tan the Croale Surface-to-air missiles Sheets Dimensions: lenath 3.15 m (10 4a) diameter 18cm (6 141m), span $30cm (2929 in) Launch weight: 100 ka (220 1b) Performance: marimam ceiling 6l00m (19.888 0), mecimam vange 10000 to. 13800 m' (1,030 to 13.125, yards) HB Roland surface-to-air missile system 4p the early 1960s Aérospatiale of France and Messerschmitt Bolkow- im of West Germany, working as Earomisslo, bogan the development ‘Sf2 mobile low alge surface tar ‘ras recponatble fr the Roland clear ‘renthed version while West Garman ‘ras design leader for the Roland ‘SE weather version As the Roland 2is {he current producion model the de- ‘Scnpton relates to tha model In the ‘West Gorman army Roland isbasacion ‘he chasis of the Marder MICV wile France uses an AMK-30 MET chases ‘and the United Sates the M103 so ‘roped howitzor chassis. ‘rypial target engagement of the ‘Roland 2 takes place 25 follows. The pulse Doppler acar, mounted on op Sf the tute rotlng a 60 rpm, detects Srcraft and holcoptes ata range of Between 16 and 1B km (03 and 112 ‘les) ‘The targets then interrogated Sythe vehicles own IFF system anc if Bnkemed as hostile, acquired atid racked. In normal engagements ‘tacking is carried gut bythe waclang {dar mounted onthe foward part of the fuel but f enemy countennes ‘Sues are active an optical sight can ‘So be used in tho tadar mode the ‘tackangradarhastwo channels, et hich racks the target andthe other the mise. The radar is daved 1 low the target by misalignment. Once {missle has been launched an ife- {ed looallaer on the antenna of the ‘racking Toda i used to capture the ‘mise between 50) and 700m (45 8nd 768 yates) after launch as by ths {ime the misae has entared the pencil lhe recog radar, Mise deviation 55 calculated from the angular devia tion between targevantenna and ‘snlemnafmisele, this information being Supplied to the on-board. computer ‘lien ealeulates the required Jur dance commands which ae then pas- ‘ed ono the mile wa a tao Come Mand ine The masile rovaives the commands which are then conversed int etdelecton orders With Roland {fs poss rth operat fo sich fromthe opsical othe redar mode iter the misste has been launched. The Optigal method is used whenever Posie asf mere accurate Cpe Cady BGM enesorent two-stage soi propellant mis- site's 240m (FA 105m) fog. wih Spanand demetrtsdGand den (etand6s inrespectvey) and hase Grusng speed of about Mach 16 ianeh weight © 699 (19915), and the musi i provides eth a high ex plosive warhead that i detonated ‘iter by inpect or an elecromane fe eadat-type) proxmity fue, inthe cate of he Marcer and AN sn chassa versions of Roland wo ms ‘Slosare camied nthe ready to-unch ‘an edional eight isles are ime We ec autora loading om tvo ary 9 ‘magazines each holcing four round Tadeten o bang used by France and Weat Gomany, he olan iiss Besa Argenta eer von) ‘Bat (our only on Marder chassis) and he United Sutos @ systems ony, Duin United Sates by Boeing and Hughes) The type haa also been xdered by leq) Nigena, Venemsela Sha orca ia esq Theto also Shelersmaunted version of Roland ‘ich canbe carried on 66 chassis (oF used in the sale defence role Specification Roland 2 Dimension lnc 24 7 10 in jameter Tecm (63 in) span SOcm (ati) Launch weight € ko (1981) Performance: speed Mach 15, range 000mm (275 miles) radar detection ang 18 km (8 rules), iim ne terogpion range about 800 rn (1640 ‘AlWest German army Roland SAM ‘System, on Thyssen Henschel Marder chassis with wo missiles ready to-launch positon andelghi ‘sslesin reserve, ‘pinimum interception height under 20m 638A) Bloodhound Mk 2 surface-to-air missile system ‘ee orignal Bloodhound Mi SAM System was developed from the ate ‘gogo mest the romulrements ofthe Royal Air Force) by tbe nso ero plane company (new British Aero: Space Dmatnics) and Ferran the fst ‘nts becoming operational in 1886, Purther development reauted in the ‘much more effective Me 2 itch entered service in Ise Tis ‘wag deployed by the RAF inthe Un- ited Kingdom, West Germany and Stagaparo bul by early 1983 thos in ‘Waeat Germany had been redeployed {o the United Kingdom and those in ‘Sngapore had been harded over to fhe Singapore Ai Defence Command ‘The weapon is aso used by Suizer and under te desegnation BBA and ‘wares usod by Swedon asthe RB, Dut these were recentiy withdraym fom service. The Bitsh Army had & ‘ery similar isle syst called the ‘Thunderbird but his tas naw boon sets om service wahoo! 1 placement 80 leaving the army wi ‘utany high love a-defence eytera 'A tpcal Bloodhound missle 2c tion consists of four sales on thelr individual wunchers, target luminal ing radar (TI) and a launch congo) ost (LCP). Two TIRs were. de- ‘Weloped thoair-transporablo Ferran Firelight and the semizansportalo Ferran Scompon, ie later having @ much longer range A Bloodhound target engagoment tales piace as flows target lst detected by surveillance ra may be par of tie Blodhound systems tem wa! = tilar Weapon system the target then supplied tothe Tl thes for the target then tacks and Slmunates I Atte same ime the THRBloodhound Mk? surface-to-air missle system (continued) ‘wanamits thi information to the lunch Contra post A computer mn te later {Ban determines the optimum cond ‘nai target engagement When the targets witun range ¢ masale sun hed, the reomtver inthe nose of fe mille dotecting and homing onto Fadiahon reflected by the target The Wathosd ofthe missle, which infact ‘well the rear ofthe nose. is high fxposiva anc fied witha proxy fig developed by EMI Elecronics "The mile oes launched by fou solid-prepellant boosters, witch fe ‘mounted externally take the missle {o supersonic speed when the two ‘Thor ramets take over and the boat Bloodhound SAMs on their launchers ‘atanRAP base. Althese missles ‘havenow been withdravm from West Germany and concentrated slong ie east coast of England, no offical ‘announcement has far been made ‘concerning their replacement. tors fall away. Tho ramjets axe Inounled above sind below tho misale fd give the missle an exoeptional range of somo 8 an ($0 rls) and a ‘aximum speed of some 960 n/a (Gato mph) The coat sutaces of consist oftwe moving Wings {Byron iho pesary cours and cruciform fixed laplanes fo pro ‘The RAP also uses the Marconi Type Saseries radar for surveillance ‘Purposes with the Bloodhound SAM. Inthe backgroundisaPlessey HF ‘S00heighi-nding radar. The ‘Bloodhound isalsoused by Switterland and Singapore. vide pth amity. Te mista man- Seren menue Sat the same wey afd in ght be Wagsare meted derenty at qollberenucis th ect deen, EE wuch te mascot eau soliton ngvatin concert pice ‘ave i bet dscisa © Crore ‘the manoeuvre. eS For ease of repatr, mast of the gut dance system ton printed rea ‘cad, which erable replacement of faulty cards 10 be carried out very quickly, 9 retiring the missle © an @peratona satus witout undue de ia. specication Bloodhound Mi 2 Dimensions length 778 m (2 8); ameter 546 cm (2L8in), wing Sean 283m @A sven) Weight 2300 kg 07015) Fertomance operate 1010 im (625 ta 758008) range over 21am (0 mes) Blowpipe man-portable surface-to- ‘Tae Blompipe missle was developed by the Missle Systems Division of Stor Brothers to mest 2 Bnith army Fequrement for » mar-Porable SAM nile syatern thal eu shot down ‘iatackingakcat aor troloamed 1s weapons. Other man-porable mi Sieg suchas he American Singer ar the Soviet SA‘ home ante the exhaust offi atacleng oral and an con only tlackere afer they hve reloaed ther weapons "The Blowape sytem const rain comportnts the sie win 13 [Etching censter andthe ang unt Ih the misale toe the forware part Contains the guidance equipment te EE Warhead ten the cenre andthe Year part houses the vorket mots There are four deluchaped actos on the nose for evodynamic contol Sd fur atthe tall 6 provide allist> Sably. The nage section of the mis- Sie is kee to Toate ndependenty of the man body i being tached tothe later By a low-enon bearing. The missile ts factory-gealed na light ‘erght container which acta as 076 foilless auncher ‘The container Rouges the fang soquence uni, her thal battery fo power the aiming Unt ‘dance gerias and electical can: Hectons When the missile gyro is fred th ot eap ol he conan 8 wm of by cas pressure wile the laminated reat ceeure s ojcted at Taunen "The aiming unis a se-contained fing and contol pack with a pistol ‘ip onthe ght side. The arin ut Soniains a radio transmitter, ule 164 gathering device, monocular sight ff required on terogatar (EF) System The cotvols include a inoue, ‘humb-controled joystick and swe ts for fuss option auto-getner andl ou ‘dance command frequency change. ‘Before uoe he aimng unitiscipped conto the canister containing the mse Sle. The targets obtained visually in the monocular sigh, which basa grt ule to aasist the operator in both Tange estimation and allowance for ‘ross winds. The saety catch then felessod and the mager squeezed. ‘The later actvates a generator which ‘supplies fring current to the thermal Batters n the mle and canter, ‘The misslis launcted tom te cas: ter by-a fet-sage moter. Once the Blowpipe isa sale distance fiom the operator the second-stage molar ‘tes to accelorat tbe ms to su ‘person (Mach |) speed, the missle Thom essing asa fully controlled deze ‘The Blowpipe is then aulomaticaly gathered int the cent ofthe oper Storsfeldolvision He then guides tho ‘Weapon onto the large! by rao com ‘mand produced by movements ofthe thumb-controlled joystick. ‘The high ‘explosive warhead detonated by im pact of a proximity fase. Once the {Ergot bas Boon destroyed the oper. -air missile system ator uncips the empty canister and replaces it witha fesh unt he i then ready to commence another target en agement in the British Amy Blowpipes are ‘operated by the Royal Artlery. ‘The ‘weapon i also used by eight other Courries including Argentina, Gana da Oman and. Thaland Dun Falklands campaign cf 158 the pibe is credited with shooting down at feast nine Argentinian aurraf with 2 further two claimed ae probables Specitication Blowpipe Dimensions length of missle 139m A Shorts Blowpipe man portable ‘missile leaves its launcher tube, Tniike the Redeye the Blowpipe does nothome onto the exhaust of {ie atiacking aircraft andis therefore able toengage the target beforeit ‘eleasesits weapons (42 47iny lena of canister 140m (GIT ty elamoter of mise 260 em (Giny span 27cm (108 im) Weights: complete system 219k (EStb) misle and cantor 13 kg (Gaziby, missle 11g AS Ib), Performance effect coli 2000 m (E500 effective range about 9 to ‘Fiam (1.68 to 28 miles)ae shad 2 BS Rapier surface-to-air missile system 9 Rapier low-level air defence mis ystem Was developed bythe Bit Ryevat Corporation (cow Bish space) fo meet the requrements cite Bish army and Royal Ar Force '¢ mobile SAM system to replace uum Bofors guns then in ser velopment started in the early sand the st production its ‘completed in 971 Inaction 6 Boing used by the Unied Kingdom, Papier hat also been ordered by Bhabi, Australia, Brune), iran san, Gata, Shgapore, Switzerland ‘Turkey, Zambia andthe Unted Sates. inne fast once the weapon is Used protect USAF basee in the UK. ‘The basic cloar-maathor Fapior sys tem consists ofa ive unt optical take ff ond a generaior ‘Tho fonmer has fur missles in the ready-toauneh tion survillance radar, IPF sytem, mand transmit ape Computer system is transported info achon Two long whoolbase Land Rovers, ming the missile Iauncher Ww fsfour mules ganerator, wacker and Some reload mists andthe scones aller carrying adaional masses. “Ruspical trget engagement takes aefollows The large sist Ge fected by the surveillance radar ‘ounted on lop of the launcher and is ‘en automaticaly interrogated by the IFF oyster ithe taroot i tendly m0 ‘cto in taken but fete the wacker ‘Sperator is aleried. The operator then quizes the target in his optical sioht fd tracks it using a joystick contr ‘The computer informe the operator ‘When to target i witn range, and a Rapier misaleis then launched. Onc the tistile has been launched the ‘operator continues o tack fhe arget Ung the joystick A TV camera te tracker, collimated to the tracking ‘agit watches the Tes mounted in the alo the missle andse measueca eviation from the sightline. The mesaurementisthoniodtothe compu- ter which insues orders to the Som mand tranamter or tension to the missle. The msl toel ited ‘mina high explosive warhead wih an impact fuse, One the four sales ave been launciod new mises can capability Mareont fence Systems fave developed the {taller mounted DNI61 Blndtre radar ‘hich can algo bo towed by a Land over or sar vec In the Bind fire Rapier system the operator does pottave o ack he isis isbemng fly automat Early in 1989 the British anny took elivery of the fest of 62 Tracked Raplersystems "This wasorigizal do Yoloped to moot the requirements of the imperial ranlan Ary but tis cor {tect was cancelled with he fall of the Shah, The racked Rapuer consists ofa modified M8 tracked cargo chassis, hich ial is memos of the M113 family of vehicles, with a fully armoured cab. On the rear isa Rapier Jaunchor with eight missles (our on tech sido) in the ready te launch post tion, with atonal mise earied in eserve."Ths optical wacker i located In he cab and projects through the Yo. In the fture the Royal Arilery ‘rl have a mitre of owed and ack. Aerospace announced tho Rapi Lasertre, This consists of @ pallet ‘ulomatic laser tracker crew cabin ‘ith eyeiem controls and displays Computer and ether elaconicg, four Yeadytodaunch mecles and a con ne The target is detected by Surface-to-air missiles the surveillance radar as inthe b Rap gystom. but hose the target the automate laser leaks onto Ine of sight syste has todo eo fe when Sate that he target Rapier mise i th Ay‘along the laser sight ine vit the target Rapier was fast used by fran agatnst rag dr inthe stlbeontinuny Gul tho Royal Artllery in the Faidand ‘campaign of 1882 when itis ores wah shooting down some 29 Specification Dimensions: longth 224m Guameter [adocm (625 Slem (in) ‘Launch weight 426 kg (1b Performance: maximum ‘cos m (assem 1 800+ m Clod+ yards Above:Oneoftheprototypesofihe Right: Tracked Rapier Tracked Rapierlaunchinyamissile hageightmissile in ready-1o- uring alsin the UK. TheRoyal launchposition, compared to Artllery willdeploy amie oftewed —thefourofthehasic lowed ‘andTrackodRaplersinthe British yersion Here helaunchers Army ottheRhine Thefirstsysiem areclevated with acking ‘was delivered latein 1982 ‘antenna raised, i: AMeteor target drone meets fiery death asa highly effective Rapier missile strikes home.SAMs in Action in the Falklands During the Falklands campaign ofmid-1982 the following land-based surlace-to-air missile (GAM) systems were used by the British: the Shoris Blowpipe, Briish Aerospace Dynamics Rapier and General Dynamics Stinger. The last isan American weapon, and not normally used by the Bish, but a small number was supplied daring the conic and used by the Special Air Service (SAS) Requnent as itis lighter than the Blowpipe, Several Stingers were launched, but only one Argentine aircraft was shot down. ‘The standard man-portable SAM system of the British army is the Shorts Blowpipe. cper- ated by the Royal Arillery with detachments tached to units as required: its also used by the Royal Marines. The Blowpipe was de signed primarily for use in Europe, where the launch team is transported in a Land Rover Which also tows a taller carrying additional nissiles, alternatively itis transported an a Spartan armoured personnel carrier In the Falklands the weapon had io be carried by the (gunners who were already laden down with food, clothing and other personnel kat, While Rapier defended the bridgehead at San Carlos somne ofthe Blowpipe teams continued the adv- ance with the infantry formations on foot and apart from the laters small arms, were thelt only air-defence weapons The system was also successfully used from warships Such a the logistic landing ships in San Carlos Water. ‘Dunng the Falkiands campaign Rlowpine is credited with shooting down nine Argentine aircraf, with another two as possibles, Accord- ing othe British Ministry of Defence Blowpipe ‘was used extensively against fasticrossing Targets for which it was not designed and also subjected to a considerable amount of rough handling. Many of the imitations of Blowpipe ‘were known well before the campaign, and the ‘improvement programme for the system was already under way some time ago. The missile and its guidance system will e improved aver @ six-year period, the frst series of modifica- tions bevng incorporated in missiles te he com: pleted within the next year. The new missile willbe called Javelin Tightfit Rapier was deployed by T Battery ofthe 12th ‘Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery, normal- ly based at Kuton-in Lindsey, Lincolnshire ‘The battery took 12 Rapier launchers The unit was followed by No. &3 Squadton Royal Air Force Regiment (eight Rapier launchers each ‘with @ DNIB1 Blindfire radar) and the Sth Bat tery, Royal Artillery, Because of the limited space aboard ship, T Battery was allowed to take only 19 vehicles plus trailers, the former consisting of 12 I-tonne Land Rovers, one. fone Land Rover command vehicle, 1wo ¥ ton LWB Land Ravers for use by the troop Comnmandlers, one -‘onne battery quattermas- ters supply vehicle and three I-tonne forward repair team vehicles. Spare paris and missiles ‘were packed on pallets and all caded aboard the Logistic Landing Ship (ISL) Sir Geraint All second-line repair iaciiies fr the battery bad tobe leftbehind in England. None ofthe equip- ment was accessible during the voyage to ‘Ascension Island, where four of the launchers ‘were carried ashore by Royal Navy Westland Sea King helicopters. Before this, the battery hhad exercised only with he Aérospatiale Puma helicopters of the Royal Aur Force. One Rapier firing unit needed four hits (the frst with the ‘crew, second with the launcher third with the [Monne Land Rover and optical tracker and the last with the remainder of the stores and nine missiles, To lit the complete battery over 60 helicopter lifts were required. The loss of the Atlantic Conveyor was a major blow to the EEnitish as three Boeing Vertol Chinook and six ‘Westland Wessex helicopters and a consider able amount of other stores and equipment were lost when this vessel sank on 28 May. ‘The Rapiers went ashore on 21 May, the frst day ofthe landings, and by that night 10 ofthe Y2launchers were in position, although some of the equipment was damaged as it was brought ashore by the helicopters; during air raids the helicopters often had to drop theu slung loads quickly as they were under fre. The Rapiers were formed ina semi-circle around the south: ern part of San Carlos Water, and on the second day the remaming fire units were ‘brought ashore. The latter and two of the ori ‘ginal unis were then redeployed to the norlh- ern part ofthe beach-head, Four days after the original landing a single Repier fre unit was deployed at Wreck Point to help give support to the hard-pressed Royal Navy ships on the gunline. This launcher hada much better arcof fire compared with the other launchers, which had to engage aircraft al very short range be cause of the terrain factor. ‘On 27 May eight Blndfire Rapiers from No. 63Squadron arrived, and on the following day a {oop was deployed by air to Teal Inlet to de fend the Srd Brigade HQ and later another woop wasioaded into the [SLs Si Tstram and ‘SirGalahad (‘wo fire units per ship) and sent to Port Pleasant (or Bluff Cove as itis more usually called) to cover the Sth Brigade These were ‘offlaaded on 8 June to cover the HQ and logistic area at Fitzroy Settlement. During the attack on the LSLs by Argentine Skyhawks three of the ‘ourfire units were operational and on the third allack two missiles were launched, one kil being obtained,Lot: BAe Dynamics Rapier SAM systom deployed ‘2tPort Stanley in theFaltlande, Thesurveilanice ‘adarisunder the dome marked21C. ‘Right: Camouflaged Rapier system at San Carlos in. the Falklands provided vialsir defence ‘overage fr both he army and the leet. anchorage. arright: RoyalMarin with Shorts Blowpipe in the Faltlands Iwasalso used by te Britsharmy and the Argentinians. Below: Amongst the huge quantities of arms ‘apturedin Port Stanley were someSoviet made SEimsles pss poled Argentina by According othe Brlish Ministry of fence, as well as helicopters would have been dam- ‘TBatteryshotdown 14 Argentineaircraftwitha aged, as at times Rapiers were engaging alt further se claimed as probables The criterion craft when friendly helicopters were in the foratdlwastha! the alferat musthave been hit immediate area. and crashed, the kil being witnessed by the Argentina also used the Blowpipe man- member of another unit. The Rapier fire units porlable missile and this is believed to have used by the battery were the early production shot down at least one Royal Air Force BAe models and had not been upgraded to the Harrier qround-attack aitcraft, whose pilot suc Jatest standard ‘cessfully ejected only to be captured by Ar- ‘There were no Rapier kilson the first day as gentinian troops. Soviet-bulltSA-7 ‘Grall man- much of the ime was spent in bringing the porlable missiles were also found in the Falk equipment ashore, sorting out the stores and lands after the conflict, and these are believed setting up the equipment, No attacks were car- to have been supplied to Argentina by Libya, red out on the seoond day as a result of bad As far as is known none of these missiles was ‘Weather, Buton the third day atari was made, launched, British-supplied Shorts Tigercat mis- One of the most spectacular kills of the cam- sles, the land-based version ofthe naval Sea- ppaign being when a Rapier engaged two Sky- cal, were also used by Argentina to defend hawks attacking the liner Canberra, The ms- radar sites; several of these are believed to sile hit the lead aircraf, which exploded and have been launched against attacking British destroyed the second aircraft Near ‘own goals’ Although much of the back-up equipment had had fo be left behund, serviceability of the Rapier averaged just under 98 per cent up to the ceasefire. Itmustalso be remembered that Rapier was being used in an operational sce- ano for which the operators had not been ‘rained and that the Rapiers’ surveillance radar vas hampered by the much more powerful radars of the warships Moreover, missles ‘often had to be pulled off their targets by the operator as the latter were too close fo friendly helicopters or ships. Indeed, some reports have said tha at least one Royal Navy ship had 4 mast hit by a Rapier missle. One of the Characteristics of the Rapier is that it does not have a proximity fuse and so relies on hiting the target It had been fited witha proximity ‘ise there is litle doubt that a number of ships aircraf, but apparently no hits were obtained Argentina did deploy a single Buromissile Roland 2 surface-to-air missile system to the Falkands to protect Stanley airheld against low-level attack. This system was the shelter version, which is mich lighter than the version mounted on the tracked Marder of the West German armny and the tracked AMX-30 of the French army. The shelter version is mounted ‘ona trailer and therefore has io be towed by a ttuck or similar vehicle from one position to ‘another, and thi limited deployment of the ussie System to Nard surfaces, of which there are precious few in the Falklands. Whenever [possible the shelter system was redeployed ‘round the airield, and was not knocked out in ‘any of the raids on the airfield. After the cam- ‘palgn the system was sent back fo the United Kingdom for evaluation, The shelter-mounted version ofthe Roland 2 has two missiles in the eady-launch position and a further eight reserve, in the form of two rolary containers each holding four missiles. The system of op tration is identical with that ofthe tracked Ro: land 2 False claims Euromissile have claimed that this system stopped British air attacks on the airfield at Stanley and si damaging a fith, The British Ministry of De once has firmly denied this, claiming that only ‘one Harrier was shat down by the Roland sys tem while the other three wate lost to the ant aurcraft gunfire, Accorcing to Briish sources the latter was the most effective weapon on the Argentinian side during the confit, with most British aircraft being damaged in some way. Anti-aigcraft quns used included the West Ger ‘man Rheinmetall twin 20-mm system and the ‘Swiss Oerlikon-Bunrle twin 85-mam towed sys ‘em, the latter being used in conjunction with the Contraves Skyquard radar fire-contral sys tom, Atleast one of the latter was knocked out by an anli-radiation missile launched by an aircraft The USA supplied the United Kingdom ‘witha number of AGM-45 Shrike ant-radiation missiles, which were carried by a number of aireraft (including the Avro Vulcan) and used ‘against surveillance and fre-control radars, in- Gluding the large Westinghouse AN/TPS-43, ‘The latter was not knocked outahough a near ‘miss did tip the antenna over, Ater the cam- [Baign the radar was brought to the United Kingdom, upgraded and intereted into the British al-defence network To avoid detection by the Roland, Skyguard and the AN/TPS-(3 radars, Royal Ar Force Harriers and Fleet Air Arm Sea Harriers used low-lying techniques, tadar-warning recelv- 15, ECM, inlte-ted flares and chall(3) RBs70 man-portable surface-to-air missile system ‘The RBS 70 SAM system was de eloped from the late 18008 by AB Bofors to moot the reauements of ne Swedish army, although Switerland ‘id contabte some funds to 1 de ‘Velopment In edditon fo being used by Sweden itis now also used by Bahrain, Eze, Norway, Singapore and the Umea "me RB spain components, namely the sand ‘SoMt and ‘missle in is aunch Tube, ‘each of which can be transported Dy ‘one man The complete stem can be Sesombled in about 90 saoonds Ite Ggured the RBS 20 cysiom can also be fed with an IFFsyter hishasbeen Geveloped for tha Sweeish army by SATT Bloleonc AB "The msi wan optical beam sider ‘Tha sgh generates a modulated laser ‘ain wich oamcdes ith the line ot Sight Bole fring, the operator aims Saroely the line of sigh at ho argot fwith the Whole sight "The mausile Then launched fm lis container and ‘comes into the guidance beam. which ‘Efoiows unt fs the target So al the operator bas todo i © keep the ‘Sight onthe argetthyough the engage. ‘ent sing = thumb lover fo contol the gyrotablized optics “fhe music is launched fom the transporvaunch tbe by means of a Booster which burne out nthe tobe nals then etizoned Once tha mista aS ef the tube the ins and contol Straves are extended. The sustainor ‘olor is ignited when the mise ts a Sale distance fom the operator, and the mise © Super sh fee fight “The ple-frcmented warhead con: rane a large number of heavy meta Balle and is detonated other by rect lt of by means ofa proximity fine when I passes coe the taraat ean also be selfdestucted by the ‘operator simply by switching ofthe dance bear "The stand consis of vertical tube, three lage which are folded up fot Hansport and the oparator's sea. ‘There are commacs on the central ube for the slecttical connecion of the Sant, male, IPP equipment target Gata revaiver and the operators head Set The aight consist of the guidance ‘Doam transruter (with zoom optics) And an aiming telescope, all compo: nents being specially protected against rough hanaling. "Te RBS 10 can also be used in con juncton wth a cotta seareh radar ‘Which provides target information fora fhumber ofmianle systems The Swed ‘Bh army wes the PS 70 or Grae, ‘developed by LM. Ericson, althoug (ther radars éan be ised ar example {he Dutch HSA Reporter Tho PS 10k {Smourtedona cotainer whch scar Hed on 8 crast-country tuck, the ‘tema is mounted on a olding mast sunch givesthe inet ahawhtof [2m (oft 3m) above the ground. Each fring unt is then provided with a farget dala ecetver 9 that i can Te ceive target information peed and Sicection) rom the radar. the, da being tansmited ether by Teco or ia ie, alors has also developed a vehicle mounted system of the RS 70 which fen be fited on the rear of Land Rover (bed) or simlar vehicle, and another version for installation on ‘moured vohicles such as the M113, ‘though by early 1983 math ofthese had been placedin prediction. Ael ‘copter mouted system is noW being proposed to ive the helicopter an ai iat capabity agains other helicop ‘Bolors RES 70 SAM being launched romaLand Rover, justone ofthe ‘many launch platforms for his ‘versatile missle system. Specification RES 10 man-portable surface-to-air isalle system Dimensions: lath 132 m(4 4 ny ameter 108 cm (1710), span S20. Gein Weights: missle in container 24 ka (asiny sand 235kg Gleb), saht Big (21) Performance: maximum ceiling 000m (e848 0), maximum range Sood 470 yards) Mi SA-4‘Ganef’ surface-to-air missile system ‘Tho SAA ‘Gane (this being the Amer: ean deatgnation) mecium-io-hgh alt= fude SAM gystem was developed in tate le ad wa en public during a parade eld In Ret Eguire, Moscow, in 1984."The only Ins operators apart fom the Soviet ‘Union are Coschosiovalaa, East Ger- ‘many and Poland Several units were deployed to Egypt, bul these were ro ‘tehed to the Soviet Union bare the ‘break othe 1973 Middle East con fhe “The SA system is organized into special Brigades each of thtee bata, Ins. each of the lator having tizee ‘Ganef baltenes and eight 90-234 self-propelled antraircrat guns for lose defence. Each battery bas thzee Sac racked launchers, plus one each ofthe Pat Hand and Thin Sin radars. 168 Known as Krugin the Sovietarmy,, (tisiran SA-d Canet' surface-to-air Iissie launcher ints raveling ‘mode. The chassis is also used for the Ghzarmoured minelayerandan Spe. ‘The SA-4ystom normally deployed ‘ell to he tear ofthe forward edge of the bate azea, and fonts an infegral part of the Soviet concept of ar de Fence indeptt by acombnatonof gun ‘andmasie eysemta cover alranges fd altudes The SA oyster i be fieved to have a raximum horizotal ange of 12k (4476 miles) and a‘SA-4 Garief surfacetoair missile system (continued) miirpum horizontal range of Blam (5 les), te msi efzeave engage: tent altitude baing 1100 m (610% dnd maxim aage being 24000 m axiom “The Gane! transportevaunchorisa fully racked vehicle based on the chauas of the GMZ. armoured mine: layer, and this was subsequently adopted forthe ISemam MISTS se propelled hownizer Matned on op of the vehicle isa hydraulically operaiod turntable carrying the two mises, the Jeft mise bemg cared slighty high eran the ght ane. Before tho ma ‘Sles ean bo lauched they have to bo lensed from their tavaling locks, and the covenngs over thet ets and ogee have la bo removed ‘The misele iteelf weighs about 1800 Fg (8.68 Tb) ane is ted wath an HE wathoad detonated by a proximity fuse, The mistle fas a length of 3.0m GPR 83m. aimnetr of 800cm sn)anda seanol 26 m(@ R64), This launched by four sold prepatiant ‘booster rockets mounted externally around the body of tho misales, but ‘nce the integral ramjet sustainar ‘gntes these fall away, tho missle scgeleat to Mach 24 ‘ypicaltargat engagement takes place as follons. The Long ‘Track Tada, whieh mounted ona odes ATT hoayy artlory tractor. Best Go foots tho target apd pasos targat in formation to the SA-8 battery (can also pas targel information w an SRS ‘Gaul batery "the ‘Pat Hand Bree contel and command guidance radar atte battery then takes over and ac ‘Guyos the target Once the target ‘itn range, wath alstude contmed Dy the "hin Se! radar, 2 Gane ms sile is launched and ouided to the largel by command guidance. with semactive terminal homing for the final stago. Mounted on one of tho tll fin ofthe mise sa continuous av ‘adar transponder beacon which en fables the male tobe tracked in ight by the at Hand radar Mote recenily improved missles hhave been prodoced that are more ‘fictive at lower alttades, There are tinconfirmed reports tht the Caner has-a secondary surlace-o-surlace capably. ‘Gnce the two missles have been lurched new males are loaded ith the aid ofa crane. A Ural-375 6x8) ‘Monne truck earties one missile ‘hich is 2 long that it protrudes ovet thecap ofthe vehicle. The Gane eve tem apparemy cannot achieve high tates offre as aSoovcing to American sburoes the batery has only ur re- toad vehicles, each carrying only one meals Specification Sha ‘Ganet ‘Dimensions length 8 8m (288M, din- meter 09m (8 43in)talspan 26m (538, wing span 29m (754m) aurch weight abu 1600 kg (3868 Ib) Performance: speed Mach 25 rae Tain (44 Te ees) ranmum ensage. mont height 11001m (3600) caling 24000 m (ra74 2) Right: The SR-4‘Ganet'SAM system ‘sused by Bulgaria, Crechoslovakia, Jauncher is issued '0oach battery. Below:SA-4 Cane! missiles being [Brepared or action shorly after Coming toahall Belore launching the intakes are uncovered, travel lockowered tofron'of huiland targotinformation recotved from the ‘comamand post someway away MB SA-6 ‘Gainful surface-to-air missile system ‘The SA-6 which has been given the NATO reporting name ‘Gain, was fst sean in Moscow in 1967 and was frst used inaction bythe Egyptian aud Syma ames during the 1873 Middle Eds war The S'S was one a the most ‘succasfil airdofonce systems of tho ‘campaign and forced israel craft to {iy very low, where they could be en- gaged by SAT man-portable SAMS Sha the 23mm Z8U-23-4 sell and in adaition fo the USSR itis also ‘sed by Algeria, Angola. Bulgaria, Cabs, Coechosiovaka, Past Germany, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, Guinea: ‘Beau, Guyana. Hungary dia, Ire, Kuwatt, Libya, Mali, Mozambique or Polane Romania, Somalia Si, ‘Tarzania Viernam. Yemen Arab Re: public (North Yemen), Yugostvia and Zambia, Th the Soviet anmy SAGs are do pred in reament each t these ving a recimertal HQ wath one Than Skin helghtiinding and twe Long ‘Track suvellance radars and ave si Gaiters Each SAv6 battery has one ‘Straight Plus fire-contol radar veht la, four SA lanchers and two Zl (Si (6x6) missle resupply wrecks, ‘each carrying tree misslas which are loaded wate aid of a crane. "The chasse of the SA system i ‘based on that ofthe Z50-23-4 wih the Grew compartment st the font te rise Jauncher inthe centre and the ‘Gogine and tanamision at the fear ‘Standard equiement includes an NBC system and nignt-raion equipment, but the system has no. amplibis capability. "Fe ffee miles are cari ona turntable that can be traversed through 360° and provide the missles ‘with an elevaton of about +65" Par tavelling the launcher Is normally boontal and traversed to the Tea! "The SA mele oe i about 6 20 (@Ofe4 in) ong, $43 cm (1321s) nda meter and 142m © O2n) in span across the ta the miss has launch ‘neh of about $60 kg (1218 1b). of ‘hich te warhead werghs abouteD ky (761) The missles propulsion sys tem consists of an integral ramet, the later being wsed to launch the mus Sle, When a speed of about Mach 18 has eon achloved the ramjet takes ‘ver and then inorease speed to a ‘axmim of Mach 26. The orginal ‘Yorson has manimum range of about 22000m (24,060 yards). and an en: ‘agement altitude envelape botwoen ‘od to 000m (3a to 29 840.0), ‘Aiarget etigagerton takes place as follows ‘The ‘Long Track’ radar frst defects the target and passes target information such as bearing, alitude ‘and range wo the SA. battery, where the Stvaight Flush’ radar tas over. This based onaimilar chassst at used by the Sk°8 and caries ou Iited search, lowalude detection Sequisiten, target tackang and i ‘mination, mse radar command dance abd secondary radar mele racking funciona: The Stat Fast Iocatas the faroet and, i this Is co Armee a Pete. oes ono using ts {ach and mation rar Once this fas been accomplished the radar Changes otha continous wave mode fda muss s bunched The mile Yecolveg and transmits information Deck othe Straight Fash Tedar, and terminal homing is ofthe semiactve radar ype, Thewarheadsfitedwiha ‘dar proximity fuse aa well as an m= pact fase, and s does not have to soore a dict hit in order to destroy ‘he target "The basic SA‘ system is now some 20 years old and improved models Ihave econ startod t enter service although the fype's replacement could ‘bo on hand inthe form of the SAI ‘The lcaclis captured many examples cfthis system in te 1878 Middle Bast ‘war and were soon able to devise Countermeasures fo erable thera ‘rato survive over the batlaeld. and {iis information pls @ numberof com- plete SAS systems were supplied to fh United Stes Ree Dimension engin 62 04nd eter Saar (af) open latch right aout 0 (2128) Festuca spend stra a Sr range 22 0ten (67 0 186T ‘aes range ato level boat oan Eat et en cag tp {eto (800 aosrding wo mol 169SA-6 ‘Gainful’ surface-to-air missile 7 Gecice-fo-air missile | 7 a E fac qcSAMs in Action in the Middle East Following the Six-Day War in 1967, much Arab effort was devoted to attempts to neutralize the all- conquering Israeli air force. By 1973, Egypt and Syria prosented the Heyl Ha’Avir with formidable opposition, and the Yom Kippur War found Israel with no prepared answer to the dense airdefence employed. In the 1973 Middle East war Egypt and Syria ‘made considerable use ofthe Soviet supplied SK-2 Guideline, SA-3 ‘Goa, SA-6 Gainful and SA-T ‘Grail! surface-to-air missile systems. Egyptwas alo supplied witha number of SA-4 ‘Ganof missile systems but these were re tumed tothe Soviet Union before the start ofthe Yor Kippur War. But before this major cam- ‘paign broke out there was the so-called "War of Attntion’ between Egypt and lsreel, during ‘which the Israel air force stnick at targets deep in Eaypt, During this time the Egyptians Jeamned a considerable amount concerning the tactics and operational capabilities of the Israeli air force, and the Egyptianssoon put this, information to Good use ‘Well before the Yom Kippur War broke out on6 October 1975 Egyptmoved up batteries of SK2, SA-3 and SA-6 SAMS fo the Suez Canal Jom Port Said inthe north fo Suez in the south ‘with the SA-2s and SA-és to the rear and the ‘more mobile SA-6s deployed farther forward, Inaddition there were antiaircraft cuns ofall ‘ypes, ranging from the 145-1am (087-in) ZPU- up to the 100-mm (29t-in) KS-19, as well as Jatge numbers ofthe highly mobile and affec- live 28U-23-4 self-propelled quadruple 23-mm, anti-aircraft gun, The effective range of this dense belt of missiles stretched well inta the Ieraeliocoupied Sinai and made reconnaiss ‘ance flights by Israeli airctal hazardous even [Before hostilities commenced. in many cases the Egyptians moved forward their equipment under cover of darkness and then camouflaged them so that they could not be detected in the hours of daylight ‘The first waves of Egyptian troops crossed the canal in assault craft and once the banks ‘were secure Soviet-supplied PMP ribbon por: toon bridges were quickly positioned, armoured vehicles and other mechanized ‘equipment then starting to pour across the can- al for the push into Sina, SA-6 ‘Gainful’ SAMs ‘were also soon deployed across the canal to ‘cover the forward advance. and SA.7 ‘Grail man-portable SAMs had been issued on a large scale to al units Israel aicraf, especially McDonnell Doug- las A-d Skyhawks and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantoms, soon started to attack the forward elements, especially the bridges across the ‘canal, but met with litle success owing to the deadly concentration of SAMs and anti-aircraft ‘quis which effectively covered the front from 15 to 19000 m (60 to 49.218 8). When the Israall pilots did succeed in hitting one of the pontoon Bridges the damaged section was quickly re- placed by a new one and material continued to pour across the canal Israeli countermeasures ‘The SA-2s and SA-Gs had been used in Viet- nam, so thelr operating modes were Well Kaiown to the Americans and thus also to the Israelis, and to counter these weapons Israel used chaffand ECM. The former consistsofthin, strips of metal dropped by aircraft which pro- duces multiple radar reflections and confuses the radar operator as all he sees on his screen 1s a mass of possible targets. ECM (electronic Countermeasures) systems are normally car- fed in a dedicated aurcrat or mounted exter nally on a combat aircraft (in a pod under the Wing or fuselage) and transmit signals to jam. missile guidance channels. The SA-6 Gain SAM presented a more dangerous problem as Somat hgercatwahn 2 Sur Fomoainontereasts During the Yom Kippur war the Arabs stunned tho Israeli airforce with a vast aray of new surface-to- airmissles and guns. The Israelis soon evolved tactics and equipment to counter this barrage, but ‘twas to bea ery costly lesson. {thad not previously been encountered in ac tion and ils operational characteristics were not filly appreciated by the Israeli airforce. (One of the mast effective methods to take out the SA-6 was to approach the target ata very high altitude and make a steep diving ‘approach. This method was quite effective as the SA-6 has a fairly low trajectory at launch, but the misale defences were so dense that aircraft were sill lost Helicopters were also lused fo give warning of the launch of SA-6s.5o that the alreraf could then take violent evasive manoeuvres, this was found to be effective ‘when two aircraft were being used instead of ‘one, Tho Israel air force did take outa number of batteries with alr stakes while they were reloading, and also hit the dedicated radars without which the SA-2, SAS and SA-6 cannot operate ‘The SA-T ‘Grail was fired in large numbers butt was not responsible fora high number of falls although many aircraft were ‘This missile had been encountered by Israel before the war and some Skyhawks were civen extensions to their tal pipes so that the missile exploded well o the rear ofthe aircraf. Ifthe SA-7 was spotted early inits ight the pilot could deploy a decoy flare (a0 that the missile ‘would home onto this\rather than onto his ex: haus!) undertake. smanoelviesor even Ausf towards the missiles. Inthe earlier War of Airtion one A-4 rekutied {0 its base with an ‘unexploded SA-7 in is tal pipel Today most‘Right Boyptian SA-2 Guideline battery with ve of Se sux late leunchers Beng shown, Under covers in thecantreol the battery ithe Fan Song _——_radlarsystem used o launch and control ihe SANs. Jereeli aircraft have some type of decoy system forthe SA-7 and during the fighting in te Leba- | —-son in 1862 Israel aircraft fying over Beirut were seen to be dispensing fares at @ pre- rate, During the 1873 war Israel lost about 108 aircraft and two helicopters, of which some 75 per cent were lost during the first few days; only four Israeli aircraft were lost in alt-to-ait combat (On the southern front in Sinai, once the Israeli army had recrossed the Suez Canal it ‘wasable to capture many of the misaie sites by land attack and so open up a gap inthe musile belt through which the Israel airforce could ‘once again operate without suffering such high “The situationon the northern Syrian front was ‘similar to that in Sina, although the terrain was, Guile diferent, with the Israel air force sustain- Ing heavy losses to SAMSin the fist few days.as it tried to stem the Syrian advance which almost reached the Sea of Galilee To counter the Syrian air defences the IAP concentrated its attacks pn’ the radars and air-defence com- ‘mandogntresas wellason the missile batteries | etsebes.Synan forces cid cut dew a fence unis In some sectors, and some bat- feries were knocked out when they were being redeployed farther forward. Leet ninatormes canes eumcetrereate Surana ie esa rates Shktaccogdtteste a Sener Om sicnunionate Be. ~~ hc ny 7SU2Draincrtled ‘Stein coulpatap 20 rods associat raiergebor s pbsvocromouromeng ha ou) ‘Nheowaresicodspersvteond é :SAMSin Action inthe Middle East ‘As soon as the war was over many of the captured missile systems, including a number of complete SA-6 ‘Gainful batteries, were transported to the United States in CSA Galaxy transports for detailed examina~ tipn. This enabled the Americans fo work out Countermeasures to the Soviet missiles, although by thal time new models of the SA-6 hhad no doubt already been supplied to the Soviel forces. Lebanon 1982 Inthe Middl East confict of 1973 Israel's air force had suffered heavy losses inthe first few days of the campaign to the Egyptian and Sy- ian SAMs, bat in the June 1982 invasion of Lebanon by Israeli forces the Syrian missile complex in the Bekaa Valley was destroyed ‘without the loss ofa single Israel aircraft ‘The Syrian air-defence complex in the Be- ‘kaa Valley consisted of two SA batteries, two nny EL SA-9 batteries and some 18 SA-6 batteries, and ‘had been in position forabout 12 months before the Israelis Carried out their attack on 9 June, ‘The position ofthe batteries and their associ led equipment had been closely monitored by Israel using RPVs equipped with electro- ‘optical sensors which relayed the data to ‘ground stalionsin the rear for unmediate analy ss It soon became apparent to Israel that with {few exceptions the SAMbatteries were static for extended periods and that their exact posi- tion could easily be determined, "There were four main paris othe successful attack on the SAM defences in the Beka Val- ley electronic atlte deoepton attackcfthe ‘sites, and counter-air operations For the flectionic warfare part a number of Boeing ‘7075 fitted with a variety of electronic warfare equipment, flow welltotherear (out of range of the missiles) and their equipment automatical- ly identified the missle site radars and then noah Since nts loon insched ‘ty eal Prams AN twin ceebomteovreh he SNe Iposlentokdesotsrelstyusra he Gammon Haskeosvtomecrrend Jammed them; communications systems, which are essential in any integrated air-defence sys- fem, were also "The second stage was to send over numbers of drones to simulate attacking Israeli aircraft ‘As these approached the Synan airdefence networks the radars were activated lo track them, and shortly afterwards the Syrian batter- Jes sarted to launch missles at the drones. ‘As soon as the Syrian SAMSs started to en- gage the drones, Israeli airforce Phantoms, farmed wath Ametican-supplied AGM-78 Stan dard ARMs (ant-radiation missiles) and AGM- 48 Shrike ARMs (a weapon also used by the British in the Falklands conflict of 1982) atack- edeach battery, Before the missiles launched, the aircraft carrying the AGM-18, normally a Phantom, receives the hostile radar signal, ‘which is then processed fo determine the loca- tion and type of target, this information is then ‘passed to the missle, which is then launched leraet had learned many lessons from the Yom ‘Kippurwar, and when she came up against the ‘Syrian antiaircraft missiles during the war in the Lebanon she was able to dominate that theatre.‘and homes onto the target. The Standard ARM ‘Sa development ofa naval surface-to-air mis Sle, and its solid-fuel dual thrust motor aves it ‘much longer range than the earlier AGM-48. Shnke, whose parent aircraft has to approach ‘uch closer tothe target in order to launch the missile. In addition, the AGM-78 has a much larger HE warhead and can therefore infict more damage on the target. AS soon as the radars ofthe Syrian SAM batteries wore dos- {toyed waves of strike aircraf, including Sky- ‘awks and Khr-C2s, went in and attacked the missile sites with standard iron bombs and cluster-type weapons, the latter being of par. ticular use against the batteries which, with their associated supporting equipment (gener. ators, reloaders ancl command caravans), tend tobe spread out. With these techniques 7 out of the 19 batteries are believed to have been Gestroyed. It is also probable that the RPVS ‘ere in the area of the SAM sites during the attacks to enable the Israeli commanders ‘a the rear to monitor the effectiveness of the attacks Closely and to confirm exactly which batteries had been destroyed and which were only damaged and therefore needed an additional stnke. ‘To protect i, SAM suppression aircraft ofthe eae Aspe. pede ew Sheer Symptons na ‘etons Oncetmcomeorgraier ure Shin aaeewemscns nd ecoyatia Israeli air force employed the Grumman E-20 Hawkeye AEW aircraft as an aizbome com: ‘mand post with McDonnell Douglas F-18 and General Dynamics F-16 aicraf fying top cov- er. The E-2C could deteet the Syrian Mikoyan- Gurevich MiG-21 and MIG-23 aircraft as they took off from their bases in Syria, and the Israelis were then able to position ther aircraft before the Syrians arrived over Lebanon. Sy- ‘ian fighters rely heavily on ground control to make a successfl interception, and the Boeing ‘Drs jammed the communications links be tween the fighter and ground stations to such effect that often the Synan fighters had litle idea where the Israel aircraft were coming fom until it was too late High killratios ‘ Ata later date several of the more modem SA\8 Gecko batteries mere auccesslly des toyed in the Lebanon, and in August and September the same year atleast 10SA-9 Gas- Neem, Xt ateres were also destroyed by the ‘During the mvasion of Lebanon Israel shot own at ons 64 Syrian crak waiter ov, {ssses amounted one RF fe Phantom recor faissance aifce, one Add Skyhawk and O00 Bell Abe Cobra ant tank netoptr ‘hon tho inl reports othe Isai success 'n deloating the Sytan SAM in the Bekea Valey wore disclosed, vas widely Delieved that Israel hed inverted some new ‘weapons, Bur is was nthe ease. Over some {me foe had carey analy the stuation land sed all of reaouzoes fo produce a co- Grdinated pln tht when eventually put into Sheraton Worked like clocorore Synacn he otber hand commited a number falar actcl eptors The worst ofthese was ‘ol moving ss SAM batteries very oflen. 50 alowing ie! oat an rently dee froy them. Logically. as soon esa sae hd passed ovorhosa any compromised bat- tory Should have been movedtto new positon and perhaps a decoy battery lotin 1 place Giten far too many tedars were operating at once, when in ac oly a few were required, fr subsecuentty many radars were mocked Sty ARMs Trocling radars were somesmes Suitched on before the target was ever in Tange tobe tracked so giving away the radars postions to no pinpose Wee ce, ans. 8fe) SA-7 ‘Grail’ man-portable surface-to-air missile system ‘tue $A ‘Gri! man porable SAM ‘tas developed inthe ext os and ‘Eesmlar mconcept to ibe US Redeye Tile [ag fe wed a combat the leet wsdle aot war and bas Deen sued t every member ofthe ‘Wazaw Fat, most untae at hae ‘eonved vit id and many guerila Ector around the word fs oper Sed by a woman toom conan of fhe guinen, who cames 9 anpsack ‘Shaanemalona canvas bag andan Stuota gunner who eames an ada ‘onal musi, ‘Te Sh sytem const ofthe mis suet rater ‘reuable pti The mse i fis an mitered: seek oad, "Wo Canard in a he Sot and four Sp {Sada tafe tht table the mls tn fight The grnsock, asembly is tached (othe uederatde of the for ‘tard par ofthe sence, pects the mager meetin eaty sick IBekang pin and am cb al Tas ‘Gila tonal ater tached 2 {he forward part of the. gripstock ‘Ssombiy by ay sot which cosas SE typed get takes ‘rk engagement plat lowe Src he para Sohtesa target he retmores nd cap ofthe launch be and peas the nunoner atthe axget The taser has two stages of operation, the frst ‘lage switching the ermal batery. ‘When the maslo hae pickod up su Scion inke-red vedio Tom the faaget an aueible warning sven alight also comes onthe tigger is ‘hen pulled ight Pack and the muse ‘Sejested fom te launcher by amotor ‘whlch burs out before the tal of the ‘sale has lt the unchar. A rocket [Booster then accoleratas the isle t0 ‘Mach Land the susiainer takes over. ‘The ints ted seeker thon homes onto the exhaust ofthe acral or helicop- ter, The mist is tod nih a cirect ‘tion and graze fuse and thereiore fs oi the target im order to deton- ate The wathosd contains RDWAP ex- plese Dut fom sll accounts this Will Samage the arcraf rather than dos- teoyit tie mse hasrot itis arget ‘der a pared o! 15 seconds ar arange ft about 8am (04 males) wil sole ‘desinct. There are many accounts of leracl aircraft, especialy McDonnell ‘Bougla Ata, tht retried with dam ged Fresh missles are cel VYered to the unit in Wooden boxes bara okpin connector "The SAT masale has many tinata- tions including is infra-red seeker, Which tends to make it chase the air ‘ral its elavely low speed and alt= fue, iis limited manoeuvrability, is somewhat protracted warming: periodanditelack ofan IPF system. thea mako the SK 8 somewiat We weapon against combat air. traf moving at more than £25 lana (Gi mph). The treat of te SA-Z des, awever, jorce pots o fy at higher alude, where they can be engaged by other antacraf systems ae See eee eee een ea ese eee ae ie ele aac peered es eae ae Sec ee emery MB sA-8 ‘Gecko’ surface-to-air missile system ‘Tae $A-8 Gecko! low-alitude surface fovair mille system was frst de loved inthe ean 19fba and was ist ven in public during = parade bold in Red Square, Mascow, during 19 Une lke eamier Sone selrpropelod at defence missile systems, the SA-8 ‘Gacks is completo sel-contained in ‘eating aon ang ae rave {ance radars ards cantherelorecper- its on ts own In th Soviet arya s ‘now rape replacing the S-mm $60 towed ant-arrat gun each division having five balers each wih four SAS and four mise Tesupply yehi- ete AUG evel tere i re, Tin in’ height-bnaing and to "Long ‘Track’ surveillance radars for com and and contol The eytem algo {hed by Jordan and Syma, and the Ia {er coumay wed the SA 8 operation Iytr the fra time nthe Bekaa Valley ‘the Lebanon dunng Tea The system is mounted on a 6X6 canis which i beloved io be a de- ‘velopment of te ZIL-16? vehicle; tis [Biuly amphibious being propelled in the water by two wateres ate rear ofthe hull. Steering ison the font and oar atles and a cera tyre presse regulation system allows the driver to adust the tyre, Pressures to. sul the type of ground being crossed. The reve compartment, whichis provided, Sth ap NBC system, is atthe front of the bal wit the mile syst De centre, and the engine and transms- ‘Son athe rear "Themis system can be traversed through 960" and has two mses 12 the renay2o launch positon on side at the rear, survellanes radar with 2 ange of 30m (186 miles) on top (hen traveling ths can be lowered eon te reap, and te ms lle guidance group atthe fron. Test conssts ofthe large conta track Ing radar with a smallor missile dance radar and a command-ink 18 thom for missile-gathoring on each Side. Mounted above each mile gu ‘ance radar isa low lghteveltelev SoWvoptcal asactance system, which is beloved fe be used for tacking in Coneitions of etter ow visbuity or heavy electronic countermeasures ‘Wy tne system has two tackang an two guidance radars i not completely ‘lear but is probably fe allow a saivo ff to migites to be launched at a faget withagep between unchings {o givo a higher lal probability. The Imislles are believed to have rated. and semactve seckers. "The missle has launch weight of 10g (1915) and is 20 m (10 Rm) Yong, 21.0¢m (251m) in diameter and 64cm @B2in) in span. The sold propellant angle-age rocket motar yoluces a masimum speed cf Mach 2 umn and maximum target on ‘agement altitudes are 607m (165) 1000 m (14680). and maximum Sant range is about [Zien (75 males). "Mote Tecently an improved version ofthe SA-Shas been seen and is has ‘been auven the Wester designation SAB. This has six missiles io the ‘esayio inch ponvon and theca which are. possibly longer and have Inereased capabilfies re cared in fully enclosed contariers. The lator provide the misile wih moressed on Left: The first version ofthe SA-8 ‘Gecko’ (called Rombbin the Soviet army) had four missles in the ready- {erlaunch position but the {uction version i believed fo ‘vionmental protection as wel as Giv- ing the missile protection against ugh handling inthe fold The SA-8 Jauncher system has p stooal reload capabity, ‘Dimensions length 32m (10.26 in) i> ameter 20cm (25in), span G&cm aim aunch weight 190 ka (4191) Performance: speed Mach 2 range Tain (78 miles magumum engage. ment height 80m (le4f), maximum Ceiing 13000 m (2880.2)= SA‘ 9 ‘Gaskin’ surface-to-air missile Bye eul ‘The SA ‘Gaskin’ lw alitude SAM {stem Wa develope im the 1808 Shean fot aoe fn public the [sfos RisdeptayedintteSovet Amy athe sie te systems person with each regiment they tak ot ‘Robraed ie fanny bur stents I seatoge bapa wet by fo wnat tke wed clher counties including Algona, eee een! leq ibya, Poland, South Yemen. Sym, Vitam and Yugoaava. Te ‘tat nowm operational woof the SA.8 sysem was in Lobanon in May Ie ‘then en SA batery manned by li Dyans engaged lee aera “The Datery was subsecpenty destoyed bythe beta forcewthoutons The {pps has don been wed operaoaly Dy rag ageing nian astra Suing ite Sh Salat ° ytom is eaoen val the Babee (2) recone ‘schine-gn linet removed and re ‘laced ba now power aperated tr fet Inthe forward part of sia soa {orto operator, eprovaed th ‘large tanparont window ors ton ‘otveroar of heoparatoreapedestal nd on enc a ha are fo mie Ses ow Zealot conan rs Whon to voll atravling. tis ninco and isamocistec asics te Tonontally along the top of the hall Chico the Burmeles bere boon un hod the empty canter have fo bs ‘emoved, and new missles tm thet conners ap then ae manly Sih cer fom cu toe vets ilar t's known te SAS et tie aren turer one BROKE ans Sod wis Sly ‘ek betwenthe fot neat a Ietatowing to cose sence ih Tis beeved atte mies 3 tuts dovlpment eS rant portie mani ees wate Peer roses mo moraaed Pevfanse ed'inge ange I's Bobo at coer mere art fe a es Filenames al opch age mth ao fre sens fo tera Fecebaty the manies tered Eeekerb operate aga cil Feurgo' ater mor octet fternpe aecne lnmched bythe "mun ol cariodand un cede a coma tat prove 8 si tong aia Gombe fiden asinine fete and 00am Lem) pan Utena ome tnt Tea) on aun onan Bite bdrm (1a1e5 1) to ras Be sttoredb noah ant hy tea o ae wren peed Stor an ach 8 he 3 Caso uber of sat owbac af ia ‘eater yoy oy ee ogee at theoe hs tol como Gh ok utr ron tanh Stalarge ioaton chance tion speed and attitude are probabiy provided rom @ central command est The rate of fe is slow as the {hisses Have’ be loaded mantel For some years there have been Ui confirmed reporis that the S43 is Doing fited with tha Gin Dish recat (asfiied othe 28U-28-4satFpropeled antiairrah gun system) 19 avo, he ‘system an al woatber capability. Tas Yadat, which is probably mounted labore the tue. caries Cut taet ‘scqusiion and tracing functions 8 Taimum range of about 20}an (124 miles). ‘Bocause of its imtatione the SA-9 is ‘ow being replaced by the SA-I3 76° tem which has sown radars and ext Hes four mislles in the ready-t0 Iauch postion Surface-to-air missiles ‘An SA-8 Gaskin’ system, based on the -BRDM-2 4x4) amphibious scout car, ‘parades through Red Square, Moscow. 5 at launcher system Grom Wig 000g (17536) Dimeneione length 376m (18 t Tain) wath 2 som} a) elt traveling) 2361 (70 38.8), Spe, GALI 8 ae Gpoled petra engine developing {foe dorky Pevlrmanoe’ maximum read sped {Dose Ge mph) mexmn fn ‘Bolen (485 mies) orang aml Ipous gasien $0 per out verial gbaacie 4m (8 78iny wench 126m eatin) al SA-11 surface-to-air missile system. ‘The $A-11 is the replacement fr the SAG Gantt SAM system, which has now bean in service for aimest 20 Yeats, The chasis s similar to at of the SA. bot cares four mses on & turntable that can be Uaversed through 260A second vehicle based ‘na simular chasis carries soqustion (Guidance and tracking radarehatpro “is information onthe tages heh, Bearing and range. The missle, carding to Amerioan souroas, is 2: coum (16.3 in) ong and basa mas ‘mum eifective altitude of 14000 m (45.500) ant 8 mim alttde of fess than 100 m’ (390). Minimum ange is about $m (188 mas) and ‘maximum range is arcund SD kan (188 miles), Unconfirmed reports have ‘ated that the SAI] was inreduoed Inte Sov army in tted numbers {in T98D andl tat Small quant have ‘been deployed to lraq and Syria or ‘evaluation purposes. HB sA-13 surface-to-air missile system ‘The SA-18 (an American designation 1 he ahonce of any kag Svat ignation) was developed in the a istosand wasfies seen i the Groupe Soviet Foros Germany (GSFC) inthe Spring of 1890 lis the replacement or the SA Gaskinsystemon the BROM2 (Ged) chassis and is sued on the Scale of I systome per tankand moto. ‘eed rile division Harlyin 1988 saver ‘a SA-]9 SAM systems wero soon do- Dloyed around Kabul airport Alghs “The SA-13 is besed on the chasis of the MT-LB multi-purpose tracked ‘hile and hae four males tn the Teadyorlauneh poction. The missles {re in containers of a type sala fo foseoltie SA, anda version witha Iaunch ‘containers has also been observed, Between the to banks of {Wo missles is a range-only radar, passive radar emuacion detes {ors are also mounied. Most sources Site th i Soke on te maa exyegenicaly cooled and operas on two frequency bands The lster factor gives a higher degree of resistance 0 Intra-red countermeasures such a2 fares droppedor gected omatreal! ‘and helicopters. Etfective engage- ‘emt alte are minimum of 6m 650) anda" maximum of 10000 m (3210), anda alan range of (8 les) is claimed. AS fara its known the SA-13 as no rapid reload system, although there is sufcien space tn ‘Side ofthe vehicle to cary at east one ‘complete reload of masiles The sys fens believed to be in service wath Syma £ M48 Chaparral surface-to-air missile system The Mé8 Chaparal low-level sel propelled SAM system was de: eloped some 20 yours ago 1 most a urgent US Army requirement It con- sists essentially of todd M58 ttacked carrier which va member of the MIS amy, witha missle lash ‘Baton mounted onthe rear Th i Consists ofthe ase stucture and tu Tet with is four Chaparral misales in the ready-toaunch postion Tee Cha paral s basically tae Sidewinder ai ‘oral infarred foming male mod. Med forthe since toi role In the US Army'a composite antisirerat Dattaion has 24 Chaparral SAM aye tems and 24 N68 20mm Valean salt propelled antairera gun systems, carly warning for the battalion being provided by 4 number of truck: ‘mounted ANMPQ49 Forward. Area ‘Rlering Radars ‘The original missile usd withthe system was the MIM-T2A which ‘meighed 86 kg (187 1b) of which TZ (247 1b) was explosive; this ‘yas replaced in production inthe late Taree by the much improved. MIN 72C which ssighty hower a 863, (190 1b) but has = mare power Hl Dlast fragmentation warhead. new Droximily fuse and 2 new seaker ‘Whar traveling the latncher is nr. mally covered by a tarpaulin cover ‘vor metal frames, which can quickly bo removed and stowed a! the font of the Vehicle, Rvorve miles are car Hed bolow and to each side of the Iiuzcher, and are veloeded manually The basic Chaparral saday system, and a typical target engagement ‘would take place asfolows, The argot im148 Chaparza surface-to-air missile system (continued) azcralt would fet be detected visual yor by the ANMPO-49 radar. The ‘Gunner whois seated inder a Wars. ‘ent dome in the centre of the leur her, wih two misiles to each side of 4h pasion then acquires the Target Gnd continues tacking t ising his ‘ower corals Tarot averse is 987, Endthe msnleson thet launcher arms ‘San be elevated to +80" and depress ‘Sdto =5" When te argets thine Ine-red sensing range of te missle fn audio fone s given in the gunners Feadset. The missle is then launched sand the quer oan tpen start aching fother target or Keep tacking the fnigizal anger i case the muse does ‘ot hit he target. Once the mislle Jaunched ithomes ono the hot exhaust of the axget and the Preximty fase ‘means hata divect hit & nt roquzed inorder to destoy the targot The Cha ral system can engage targets Wing atanaltuse ofberwsen Sand ‘30m (1,000 ane 10.000) and as & maximum range of 6000 m (8.560 yards) "The Chaparral was to have boon re- placed inthe US Aarny bythe Roland race toa musie aysom manuiac- {rod in the United Sates by Boeing fand Hughes Aera but production of {he Roland system was formated in 1868 after only 27 systems, hase being sssued tothe Texas Natonal Guard To ‘eeop the Chaparral sysiem effective Into the Isets and Beyond overal then makes the system dificult to \im.238 Improved HAWK surface-to-air missile system Above: Raytheon HAWK missile ‘being iaunched. The HAWE i tho ‘most widely used SAM inte West dnd ig also being built under licence ‘byaBuropean consortium headed ‘byFranceand West Germany. Since ‘Boing introduced in [960ithas been constantly updated toenableitto ‘emainan efective weapon system. ‘Thelatestmodeliscaled the Improved HAWK. ‘The HAWK (Homing All the Way Kil- ance has also been much improved sracl and the United States and ie no” Improved HAWK radar and displays let) was developed by Raythoon to as clectonice have not only become onger in sevice withthe former. them on 4 television monfot Ts Ieotiherequremenisalthe USArny. uch smaller bulatso much morerel A typical Improved HAWE. target creases the surivabilty of te HAWK ‘The bral guided launch tok place in able sice the missle waa developed engagement takes place a follows barery a0 enables operations to be Juve 1688 whon a HAWK cuccessuly Intho 1880a The Improved HAWK en- The PAR and CWAR (Ihe iter con- carried out witha eaeion of signals shot donna QF-00 drone acraft The tered serace win the US Army in the cerned with lowvalitide threats) detec by an enemy. I alo Per fist US Army MIMZ3A HAWE bata. I8f0s andmost HAWK users are now sweep the HAWK batleryeareacide mite the operator to dscriminate De lion was activated in August 1900 and bringing thet older systems up othe fence and when a iagel detected tween tages Goss topethet of rest ‘ance then the type has been purch- improved standard ‘and confirmed as fostle is pesition is the horn, Seed by some 2 counties andisalso Today an Improved HAWK battery felayed tothe CW radar he latter The nearest Soviet gystem tothe Im Being bull under hence in Ewope corsistsofthePulse Acqustion fadat, iluminates the target wih electro. proved HAWK the SA-6 Gait this ‘nd Japan Since i wasfie intoduced 3 new Continoows Wave Acquistion magnetic eneroy which is reflected fsmore mobile than the American 53° ihe HAWK nas been consanly up- Radar the Range Only Radar the Bat back tthe quidana system of the tem bul has @ shorter operatotal Galediomectihechansingtiueat The lary Contcl Cente, the high-power missle. The HAWK muscle tracks the Tenge: In the US Army HAWK i fo be Type was rst wedoperatorally inthe Gontinuous-Wave lluminator, three target by iolowing ibe reflected else. replaced by the Rayineon Patnot Gis Middle East mar when Israel launchers each with three mises tomagnetic energy. The mae sell HAWK were credited yh the des- plus wacked mile laderararspor- 3 Bed wih & high explosve blast cation urn cat leat 0 Suyptan andy. fs The Rute atersiod oye Eagrenaion warhead and pow. MEM improved HAWK Han arerat {wo-whesled carriage that can beefed by 8 dualthrus scba'propelian’ Dimensions: length 12 m(16 9M i) ‘Thelstas! medal isthe MIM-20B Im- towed bya Zvon (0x8) tuck Orsi OI. lamotor 88cm (I4in). wing sean ‘proved Hawk, and his has anew gu lar vehicles A self-propelled version "A Tocent introduction into the US 2mm Bim), Gance package. 2 larger and more ofthe HAWK mounted on a mocibed Army MIM¢238 force isthe Northrop Launch weight: 628 keg (1,28) effective wacheed, improved motor MB48 tacked carner chassis deag- developed Traclang Adunct Sytem Performance affective oeling 20 to propellant and maty smaller changes nated the Mia? SP HAWK was de- (TAS) This sa passive senaor stom 11880" (100 to over 28,0008) range {o the fre-control system. Mainte- veloped, but his was only used by which tacks get picked up bythe 40 kan (28 malas). = FIM-92A Stinger man-portable surface-to-air missile system ‘The Stinger man-portable surlace-o- Main improvements over the Redeye sistance to enemy countermeasuzes duzing 192 It hae also been ordered air misele system. offically desig. may be sunmarizod ac an allaspect ‘The Singer ean ntetooptand destroy by Japan and wil be Dull under hated FIM-S2A, was developed to engagement capapily (tbeingpassi- hovenng helicopters ana high-speed cence in Euzope Inest he requirementsof the US Aray ble or the operator tc encage the at- manoeuvring argels became oper- A typical targat engagement takee 42nd US Marine Corps by the Pomoa craftwhile is fving iowaras him), an atonal wit the US Army in Germany place a olows The operate vistaly Biwision of General Dynamics. who FP system, improved ange nd man. dung 106), and wi the fad Ae Seques the larget and aligns tus wit had developed the earlier Redeye couvrably, and much improved re- Borne Divison inthe continental USA theopen sight om the launcher He then imGeneral Dynamics (Pomona Division) Stinger misslejustcorning utofits launcher tube. In September 1983 twas announced {hat this missle would be ‘manufactured uncer licence in Europe orsomeNAMO countries. A ‘ground-attackairerat ‘uses his bolt-mounted IFF system, ‘whic is clammed to be the smales of i ope in he wond hn e fitcrat postvey fit i confirmed as fostle fe actoates the mssle func tom and the missle is then launched land homes onto the enemy aircraft thou any farther act by the oper dot, Tho oripstock is then detached from the empty launcher, which is ds carded to permit fesh iaunchermis Sle to be atlached fo ibe gnpstock for the engagement of another larget "The mse has an HE warhoad, electronic contra systern and a duck thrustrocket motor, in whichan ejector ‘olor launches the masie before the fight motor boost the missle tos Mach 2+ cruising Sosed once clear of the launcher. The Singer uses a pas ‘ve mnfe-ted sookor and proportional hsygaion guidance For eape of transport the missile (in ite lanncher complete wit gripstock, IPP system and battery coolant Unis) ‘comes in a compact aluminium con tainer which ean be eaaily transported ‘on the back of vehicles or in acral! fad helicopters wathout damage the coments ‘Camtently under development by General Dyname:s the striger-POST (Passive Optical Sesker Technue) ‘Which ia an advanced electro-optical ‘Seeker that ses a rosette scan oot fable the missle '@ discriminate be- {ween target and their backeround. this will be of paricular wse when ‘aging reat st very low lave. Th adalton tothe air-defence ver sion of Stinger two ater versions have ‘boon proposed by General Dynamics ‘These are the Mt purpose Light weight Missle System (MLNS) ana ine RicDefence Suppression Missile (BADEN both of which aro infonded for use in Relicopters The MLMS Would give hetcoplers an airto-a ‘capability agaist cthor helicopters, ‘anda typical installation would consist Sfapodiotwomssis oribealrto-alt roleononeside ofthe helloptar anda Pod of anf-tane mesias on the otter Ete ofthe helicopter Asanalterpative ‘small nmber af Singer an oplers would be deciesto {oalrtole. The ADSM weuld be similar to the Singer but woul be filed with ‘an anit-radiston sosker to onable it to ‘ome onto enemy radars, for example those of the. 2mm 280.284 sel propelled ant-aireat gun system PRISaC tg Sen Singer Binenston agth 52m (60s mre Tem 1510) span Sidon Gise Wott ssi 11k (22 mie load auncher 126 ey (1b) com pote systom 18h GES) Ferionnange: maxim colina Eoin 0s 500) om canoe Siem! mies) Le] Tan-SAM surface-to-air missile system ‘Tan-SAMis transported and launched from ‘The Tan SAM shor range sulacoto- alrmicaleyslem has boon developed by Toshiba trom the mid 19608 3 replacement fo the wise vange fant aagerah guns at present wed by the Japanese Ground Self Defense Parca, ‘eat of which dato back'e Worls Wat Asa nate ual trays ct nda. development of the Tar SAM bas been very slow, technical tests Being cared out petween 1972 an Gt? and operational tosis in 1978 and 174 Late in 1880 the weapon was finaly standardized as the Type 81 short range SAM systom, the fat pro: Guction unts being delivered in 1882 in the Japanese Ground Self Defense Fores the Tan-SAM wil be ployed at dvison level. with esch ‘Svein allocated four sets each oe {ater comprising one fire-contol vei- le and two launchors each mounted fon an unarmotred ‘Type 73 Truck (6x6), a type widely used by the Japanese Ground Self Delense Force. ‘The system wil also be deployed by the Japanese Ar Self Dafense Force forthe defence of air bases "The three main components of the system are the missle, th launcher bd the fte-contol system. The mis Sle powered by asinale saga sob propellant rocket motor, which Ecoalerats ito @ maximum speed of Sout Mach 24, A mapr drawback is unarmoured (6x6) truckand (entered service withthe Japanese Ground Sell Defense Forces in 1982. that the zockot omits a consdarable ‘amount of smoke, wich could lead to {he launcher beng detected and sub soquonly desuoyed. The missle has fan HE warhead and an infeed pas Sve bominginfightlock-on guidance System and in the centre atthe masala ‘fe four ‘wings the four contol ns ‘Being located atthe reat, “The launcher e mounted onthe rear ofthe Type 7s tuck and once the four Imisnies hava been lachod new mis Siles are loaded hydraulically, Slthough they fave to be unpacked ftom the tranal caves by hand. The launcher ig aabilzed by hydraulically operated lege "The fro-control system consists of phased arrey search radar andl fre- ont computer plus te cathode- oy tipes (CRTs) on whuch target in- formation ie displayed. The radar fanenna rotates 1D tines per maate ‘and sweeps through 960° in azimuth nd 18" in elevation. In the sector Search modottayoepe 110" inant ‘and 9) im elevation The radar, which hasan FF system, hasa range of30 km (186 tes) and Can handhe a number ‘ot targets at the eame time. The fre contol system has @ fbursman. crew consisting of the commander, radar ‘peretor and wo launch operators To the tear ofthe cab is a generator ‘Once tho vohicle have alied it takes about 30 murs forthe ester to become operational as the two launch vehicles have tobe connected wih tte FCS the vehicles ean be up t> 000m (068 yards) apart Once oper ational the Tedar stars fo aoarch for targets wit information (range, alc tude and bearings) dieplayed on the CCRT. The largetisinenselecied oy the ‘commander ant acked by the radar ‘Wen the targets within range a mis- ‘lei launched. For the fist par ois fight the missile es under command ‘ofthe autopilot, but thes the nase Seeker takes over and locks onto te {argat and the target is destroyed. A "Tam-SAM battery can hance upto four targets at once. See af ern crac of is system sth poor mobil ofthe Type ‘truck, the complete lack of any ‘armour protection for the system and ffs crew and he relatvely low rate cl fre ecification en SAM srface-to-er mise: Dimensions length 270m (61090) dager T60 cnn}, span 0c 2) zunch weight 100k (20 Ib) Performance: maximum ceiling (est mated) 3000 m (200 yards) maxim ange (estimated) 7000 (1.655 yards)Armed Forces of the World South Africa »..: Pato The South African Navy Star Tabecer Nar yfonea nesenoden tha ipa Navy, has boon completely transformed in recent ears. Today the emphasis ison defence of South lean waters, with no intention of malntaning @ general escon capability in conjunction with other This change of emphasis has been forced onthe SAN by the nernational embargo on the supply of lary equipment and tne international cold shou er. With no encouragement from Europe or the ited States to keep the sealanes eround he Cape of Good Hone clear fr Western shipping, iis aay Surprising that South Affica has concentrated its naval fforts on seit defence, Personnel strength is Shout 6.760, found trom volunteers and 2-month conscripts, ‘The main offensive strength consists of three Froneh-bult ‘Daphne'-class submarines, 870 tonners of the locally-designated ‘Maria van Ficbooex’ class armed with 12 839-mm (21 in) tor edo‘ubes. Hopes of acquiring two more modern Agosta’-cass 1400-ton ships were dashed in 1978, wien France belatedly enforced a United Nations fembargo and refused todliver them, The dockyard 2 Simonstown may yet undertake the construction at submarines, according oii sources, butts uld nat be done without considerable technical sistance, One likly source would ba Argentina, wien wil have an advanced submarine-buling Facliy within a fow years, “Two ageing British bull Rothesay class frigates, localy designated "President cles, are the only survivors othe ant-submarine foree which existed 2 few years ago. They have been modernized with French radar and italian fre-cantal systems, but thay will pot be repaced The most modem units are eight 62.2 (208-4) missiearmed pattol boats known as the ‘Minister lose, Madellagion the eral Reshet type, the ist three were bult at Haifa but the remainder have ben bul under Israel supervision at Sandock Au stra’ yardin Durban, Like the laa boats they are ‘tmadith the taian OTO-Melara Témm (2in} gun ‘nd lain radars, and thee Skorioen missiles (six to each bool ere a variant ofthe lsrach Gabriel 2, with locally made components. further four are in Vatious stages of construction at Durban, and 10 Emily Hobhouse, aFrench-bult Daphneclass Submarine ison of three in theSouth fica Navy. This class provides alarge partofthe Republics offensive ses power, A ve Sic eauiny Above: Basically a British Type 12 frigate the "President class President Krager isthe largest ‘ghting vesselin the South African Navy Batis now virtually obsolete ‘maintain them the SAN has built a special support complex ‘Some locally bul pat raft are used forinshere ork manly witha view to replacing edery rtish- built Sesward defence boats. The rinesweening force comprises 10 ‘Tonclass coastal sweepers bull in the 1980s, and two of them have been Converted focally to minehuntrs. “ine reminder of the force = made up of aux lari, the largest of which are the let replenish ‘ment ship Tafelbeg|a converted of tanker andthe ‘adem survey ship Protea. There are 30 small har- bout patrol erat. a torped recovery vessel, a num berofairsea rescue craft, fourtugsandan Amtarcte OB a ee a Below: A 'Minister-class (basicaly the Israeli ‘Reshef design fas attack eaft-Armed with Skorpioen (sraeliGabrie) ant ship missles, they ‘ive the South African Navy real punch nis ‘Zeastaldetence role, supply ship. Local industry is clearly capable of pro viding ships up to certain size, But there re not Signe of further expansion into major Warships South African Navy order of battle ‘Skfastattack craft with Skorpigen misses (aturthersxcancrder ‘eneant submarine tigate with one Wasp helicopter thvee patol submarines sevenlargepatral cra, Skmineswespers womine-hunters one fleet supply ship