“Universidad autónoma del noroeste”
Idioma extranjero 1
Aracely Cruz Gonzales
Culture maya
Samantha Villareal
Denisse Rodríguez
María Inés Anguiano
Brandon Clemente Valdez Piña
Nestor Covarrubias
Alfredo Córdova
Diego Villareal
Marco Villareal polanco
Piedras Negras, Coahuila
18-8-15
Mayas
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples,
noted for the Maya hieroglyphic script, the only known fully developed writing system of
the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as for its art, architecture, and mathematical and
astronomical systems. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses
southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras
and El Salvador. This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán
Peninsula, and the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of
Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern
lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain.
The Archaic period, prior to 2000 BC, saw the first developments in agriculture and the
earliest villages. The Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD) saw the establishment of the
first complex societies in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple crops of the
Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers. The first Maya cities
developed around 750 BC, and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental architecture,
including large temples with elaborate stucco façades. Hieroglyphic writing was being used
in the Maya region by the 3rd
century BC. In the Late Preclassic
a number of large cities
developed in the Petén Basin, and
Kaminaljuyu rose to prominence
in the Guatemalan Highlands.
Beginning around 250 AD, the
Classic period is largely defined as
when the Maya were raising
sculpted monuments with Long
Count dates. This period saw the Maya civilization develop a large number of city-states
linked by a complex trade network. In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals, Tikal and
Calakmul, became powerful. The Classic period also saw the intrusive intervention of the
central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics. In the 9th century, there was
a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting in internecine warfare,
the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of population. The Postclassic period saw
the rise of Chichen Itza in the north, and the expansion of the aggressive K'iche' kingdom in
the Guatemalan Highlands. In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire colonised the
Mesoamerican region, and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of the last Maya city in
1697.
Geography
The Maya civilization occupied a wide
territory that included southeastern
Mexico and northern Central
America; this area included the entire
Yucatán Peninsula, and all of the
territory now incorporated into the
modern countries of Guatemala and Belize, as well as the western portions of Honduras and
El Salvador. Most of the peninsula is formed by a vast plain with few hills or mountains and
a generally low coastline.
The Petén region consists of densely forested low-lying limestone plain; a chain of fourteen
lakes runs across the central drainage basin of Petén. To the south the plain gradually rises
towards the Guatemalan Highlands. Dense forest covers northern Petén and Belize, most of
Quintana Roo, southern Campeche and a portion of the south of Yucatán state. Further
north, the vegetation turns to lower forest consisting of dense scrub.
The littoral zone of Soconusco lies to the south of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, and consists
of a narrow coastal plain and the foothills of the Sierra MadreThe Maya highlands extend
eastwards from Chiapas into Guatemala, reaching their highest in the Sierra de los
Cuchumatanes. The major pre-Columbian population centres of the highlands were located
in the largest highland valleys, such as the Valley of Guatemala and the Quetzaltenango
Valley in the southern highlands, a belt of volcanic cones running parallel to the Pacific
coast. The highlands extend northwards into Verapaz, and gradually descend to the east.
Cultural Contributions:
- Application and use of zero.
-Write Hieroglyphic.
-Murales Colorful.
-Works: Popol Vuhh and Chilam-Balam
-Measurement Of the stars, months and days.
-Knowledge Engineering and mathematics.
Cities -Edificación pyramid Chichen Itza Uxmal Mayapan Yaxchilan Copal Tulum Comalcalco
Tikal Palenqu
Agriculture
The basic staples of the Maya diet were maize, beans, and squashes. These were
supplemented with a wide variety of other plants either cultivated in gardens or gathered in
the forest. At Joya de Cerén, a volcanic eruption preserved a record of foodstuffs stored in
Maya homes, among them were chilies and tomatoes. Cotton seeds were in the process of
being ground, perhaps to produce cooking oil. In addition to basic foodstuffs, the Maya also
cultivated prestige crops such as cotton, cacao and vanilla. Cacao was especially prized by
the elite, who consumed chocolate beverages.
The Maya had few domestic animals; dogs were domesticated by 3000 BC, and the Muscovy
duck by the Late Postclassic.[376] Ocellated turkeys were unsuitable for domestication, but
were rounded up in the wild and penned for fattening. All of these were used as food
animals; dogs were additionally used for hunting. It is possible that deer were also penned
and fattened.
Religion
The traditional Maya religion of Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras, and the Tabasco,
Chiapas, and Yucatán regions of Mexico is a
southeastern variant of Mesoamerican religion. As is
the case with many other contemporary Mesoamerican
religions, it results from centuries of symbiosis with
Roman Catholicism. When its pre-Spanish antecedents
are taken into account, however, traditional Maya
religion already exists for more than two millennia as a
recognizably distinct phenomenon. Before the advent of
Christianity, it was spread over many indigenous
kingdoms, all with their own local traditions. Today, it
coexists and interacts with pan-Mayan syncretism, the 're-invention of tradition' by the Pan-
Maya movement, and Christianity in its various denominations.
Acan:A god of alcoholic beverages.
Acat:Yucatec divine patron of those making scarifications and tattoos (Cogolludo); also
called
Acat *CHB* and Ah Cat.[2]
Ah Muzencab : The god of bees.
Ah Peku: The god of thunder.
Cabrakan:A god of mountains and earthquakes. He was a son of Vucub Caquix and
Chimalmat.
Cacoch *LAC*:A creator god.
Camazotz *PV*:Bat god, tries to kill the Hero Twins. Enemy of Chaac
Can Tzicnal *L*: Bacab of the north, is assigned the color white, and the Muluc years, son of
Itzamna and Ixchel.
Chaac *L*:he god of Storms and rain,enemy of Camazotz
Chaac Uayab Xoc *L*:A fish god and the patron deity of fishermen.
Little star
Twinkle,twinkle,little star
How I wonder what you are
Up above the world so high
Like a diamond in the sky
Twinkle,twinkle,little star
How I wonder what you are
Up of north
Down of south
Give me light
Of your heart
Twinkle,twinkle,little star
How I wonder what you are.
Twinkle,twinkle,little star
How I wonder what you are
Up above the world so high
Like a diamond in the sky
Twinkle,twinkle,little star
How I wonder what you are
Up of north
Down of south
Give me light
Of your heart
Twinkle,twinkle,little star
How I wonder what you are.
