PREVMED 20 Study These Flashcards

1 general recommendation for DEXA scanning infantile methemoglobinemia

In epidemics, death certificate should be > 65 years old 37
secured within 21 the only method of disposing radioactive
5 days from day of burial father of epidemiology waste safely
2 Hippocrates Study These Flashcards
either solid or liquid particle dispersed into air 22 use of landfill
Aerosol first to describe population by doing vital 38
3 statistics (birth and death data) first reported form of occupational cancer
dispersed solid particle resulting from John Graunt Study These Flashcards
breakup of larger masses of material 23 chimney sweeps (soot)
dust discovered that it is possible to vaccinate -squamous cell CA of scrotum
4 against small pox 39
visible aerosol of a liquid by condensation Study These Flashcards backbone of disease prevention
fog Edward Jenner Study These Flashcards
5 24 epidemiology
aerosol of solid particle formed by investigated a cholera epidemic, 40
condensation (molten metal) which reacts father of modern epidemiology first link in the chain of infection
with air to form oxide Study These Flashcards Study These Flashcards
fume John Snow infectious agent
6 25 41
most significant air pollutant to public health association between smoking and lung CA permanent total disability is temporary total
PM 10 was done by disability lasting longer than
7 Study These Flashcards Study These Flashcards
dispersion of solid particle in visible range Doll and Peto 120 days
mist 26 42
8 minimum number of case reports to make a aka brown lung disease or monday fever
aerosol resulting from incomplete case series Study These Flashcards
combustion of carbon-containing materials Study These Flashcards byssinosis
smoke 10 (cotton dust / fabric manufacturing)
9 27 43
gaseous phase of material that is ordinarily most frequently acquired injury at the sampling method used for a reliable
solid or liquid at room temp and pressure workplace community dx
vapor Study These Flashcards Study These Flashcards
10 muscle strain systematic random sampling
major component of “london fog” 28 44
predominantly acting on upper respi tract industry with the highest accidental rate and chemical asphyxiants
Sulfur dioxide the most dangerous occupation Study These Flashcards
11 Study These Flashcards hydrogen sulfide
Most useful cxr finding in asbestosis mining and quarrying sector hydrogen cyanide
Bilateral pleural thickening 29 carbon monoxide
transmitted by contaminated drinking water 45
Diaphragmatic / pericardial calcification Study These Flashcards lab exam that confirms the diagnosis of
(almost pathognomonic) water-borne diseases mercury poisoning
12 30 Study These Flashcards
cxr finding in silicosis transmitted due to inadequate water supply urine
egg shell patrern (calcified hilar lymph node) (poor hygiene) 46
13 Study These Flashcards appropriate measure of central tendency in
A substance from detergents that is water-washed diseases qualitative data
substantially nondegradable leading to 31 Study These Flashcards
persistence of foam in a watercourse transmitted by agents spread by contact with mode
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate water 47
14 Study These Flashcards the cause of death reported in statistics (from
permissible noise exposure water-based diseases death certificates)
85-90 dBA for 8 hours 32 Study These Flashcards
15 transmitted by insects harboring in water underlying antecedent cause
risk factor of cardiovascular disease with Study These Flashcards 48
highest prevalence water related insect-vector diseases confidence limits are calculated using
smoking 33 Study These Flashcards
16 most important single test to find out if water mean and standard error
triad of stomatitis, tremors and erethism is is potentially dangerous 49
commonly assoc with Study These Flashcards hallmark of an analytic epidemiologic study
mercury poisoning bacteriologic testing Study These Flashcards
17 34 use of a valid comparison group
blood lead levels should not exceed Iodination of water: 50
40 mcg/dL ___ drops per liter of water causative agent and MOT of typhus
18 Study These Flashcards Study These Flashcards
leading cause of ESRD in the Phil 2 drops epidemic: Rickettsia prowazekii (body lice)
DM 35 scrub: Orienta tsutsugamushi (mites/chiggers)
HTN most important single treatment of public endemic/murine: R. typhi (fleas)
Glomerulonephritis water supply 51
Polycystic kidney disease Study These Flashcards SCREEM family tool to assess available
19 chlorination resources
legal limit for blood alcohol conc allowed in 36 Study These Flashcards
driving too much nitrates in water supplies may Social
100 mg/dL cause Cultural
1
Religious risk factor of cardiovascular disease with 35
Economic highest prevalence most important single treatment of public
Educational smoking water supply
Medical 16 chlorination
52 triad of stomatitis, tremors and erethism is 36
alteration of behavior by the subjects of a commonly assoc with too much nitrates in water supplies may
study due to their awareness of being mercury poisoning cause
observed 17 infantile methemoglobinemia
Study These Flashcards blood lead levels should not exceed 37
Hawthorne effect 40 mcg/dL the only method of disposing radioactive
(subject bias) 18 waste safely
53 leading cause of ESRD in the Phil use of landfill
substance that is causally associated with DM 38
pneumoconiosis HTN first reported form of occupational cancer
Study These Flashcards Glomerulonephritis chimney sweeps (soot)
coal dust / dust particles Polycystic kidney disease -squamous cell CA of scrotum
54 19 39
life expectancy at birth for males? females? legal limit for blood alcohol conc allowed in backbone of disease prevention
Study These Flashcards driving epidemiology
males - 68 100 mg/dL 40
females - 72 20 first link in the chain of infection
1 general recommendation for DEXA scanning infectious agent
In epidemics, death certificate should be > 65 years old 41
secured within 21 permanent total disability is temporary total
5 days from day of burial father of epidemiology disability lasting longer than
2 Hippocrates 120 days
either solid or liquid particle dispersed into air 22 42
Aerosol first to describe population by doing vital aka brown lung disease or monday fever
3 statistics (birth and death data) byssinosis
dispersed solid particle resulting from John Graunt (cotton dust / fabric manufacturing)
breakup of larger masses of material 23 43
dust discovered that it is possible to vaccinate sampling method used for a reliable
4 against small pox community dx
visible aerosol of a liquid by condensation Edward Jenner systematic random sampling
fog 24 44
5 investigated a cholera epidemic, chemical asphyxiants
aerosol of solid particle formed by father of modern epidemiology hydrogen sulfide
condensation (molten metal) which reacts John Snow hydrogen cyanide
with air to form oxide 25 carbon monoxide
fume association between smoking and lung CA 45
6 was done by lab exam that confirms the diagnosis of
most significant air pollutant to public health Doll and Peto mercury poisoning
PM 10 26 urine
7 minimum number of case reports to make a 46
dispersion of solid particle in visible range case series appropriate measure of central tendency in
mist 10 qualitative data
8 27 mode
aerosol resulting from incomplete most frequently acquired injury at the 47
combustion of carbon-containing materials workplace the cause of death reported in statistics (from
smoke muscle strain death certificates)
9 28 underlying antecedent cause
gaseous phase of material that is ordinarily industry with the highest accidental rate and 48
solid or liquid at room temp and pressure the most dangerous occupation confidence limits are calculated using
vapor mining and quarrying sector mean and standard error
10 29 49
major component of “london fog” transmitted by contaminated drinking water hallmark of an analytic epidemiologic study
predominantly acting on upper respi tract water-borne diseases use of a valid comparison group
Sulfur dioxide 30 50
11 transmitted due to inadequate water supply causative agent and MOT of typhus
Most useful cxr finding in asbestosis (poor hygiene) epidemic: Rickettsia prowazekii (body lice)
Bilateral pleural thickening water-washed diseases scrub: Orienta tsutsugamushi (mites/chiggers)
31 endemic/murine: R. typhi (fleas)
Diaphragmatic / pericardial calcification transmitted by agents spread by contact with 51
(almost pathognomonic) water SCREEM family tool to assess available
12 water-based diseases resources
cxr finding in silicosis 32 Social
egg shell patrern (calcified hilar lymph node) transmitted by insects harboring in water Cultural
13 water related insect-vector diseases Religious
A substance from detergents that is 33 Economic
substantially nondegradable leading to most important single test to find out if water Educational
persistence of foam in a watercourse is potentially dangerous Medical
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate bacteriologic testing 52
14 34 alteration of behavior by the subjects of a
permissible noise exposure Iodination of water: study due to their awareness of being
85-90 dBA for 8 hours ___ drops per liter of water observed
15 2 drops Hawthorne effect
2
(subject bias) Point - single point in time 19
53 Period - defined period A disease limited to certain places
substance that is causally associated with 3 Endemic
pneumoconiosis Fraction of a group of people initially free 20
coal dust / dust particles from outcome of interest that develops TRUE OR FALSE: Prevalence studies provide
54 condition over given point in time (new cases) good evidence for cause and effect
life expectancy at birth for males? females? Incidence FALSE! -
males - 68 4 only one point in time is measured, cant
females – 72 Formula for incidence establish that conclusion yet
New cases in period of time / Susceptible
1 people without disease at beginning of period 1
Health outcomes of a disease 5 Degree to which the data measure what they
Death,Disease, Discomfort, Disability, Formula for prevalence were intended to measure
Dissatisfaction. Existing cases at defined time / Population (All Validity / Accuracy
2 people, cases and non-cases) 2
Science of making predictions about 6 The extent to which repeated measurements
individual patients by counting clinical events Type of study used to measure incidence of a stable phenomenon by different people
in groups of patients and using strong Cohort Study and instruments get similar results
scientific methods to ensure that predictions 7 Reliability/ Precision
are accurate Type of study used to measure prevalence 3
Clinical Epidemiology Cross-Sectional Study The absolute value of the average difference
3 8 of individual values from the mean
Study of disease occurence in human Relationship between duration of disease, Standard Deviation
populations by counting health related events prevalence, and incidence 4
in people in relation to the naturally occuring Prevalence/Incidence = Duration (steady Measure of central tendency which is well
groups of which they are members state) suited for mathematical manipulation
Epidemiology Prevalence = Incidence x Duration Mean
4 5
Bias when comparisons are made betwen In words: Higher duration = more likely to be Measure of central tendency not easily
groups of patients that differ in ways other caught by prevalence study influenced by extreme values, good for
than the main factors under study 9 skewed data
Selection Bias Proportion of people having a disease who Median
5 die from it 6
What type of bias: Patients receiving lap Case fatality rate Frequency distribution of repeated
herniorrhaphy were healthier than those with 10 measurements of the same physical object by
open surgery? Proportion of people having a disease who the same instrument
Selection Bias survive it Normal Distribution
6 Survival Rate 7
What type of bias: White coat hypertension 11 What percent of the observations in a normal
Measurement Bias Formula for infant mortality rate distribution fall within 1 standard deviation
7 Number of deaths in year of children <1 yr from the mean? (-1 to 1)
Bias when method of measurement leads to over 66.66% (2/3)
systematically incorrect results Number of live births in the same year To be exact, 68%
Measurement Bias 12 8
8 Formula for perinatal mortality rate What percent of the observations in a normal
Divergence of an observation on a sample Number of stillbirths and deaths in first week distribution fall within 2 standard deviations
from the true population value due to chance of life per 1000 livebirths from the mean? (-2 to 2)
alone 13 95%
Random Variation Formula Maternal Mortality Rate 9
9 Number of maternal deaths related to What percent of the observations in a normal
TRUE OR FALSE: Bias can be prevented by childbirth in a given year distribution fall within 3 standard deviations
conducting clinical investigations properly. over from the mean? (-3 to 3)
TRUE Number of live births in the same population 99%
10 during same year 10
TRUE OR FALSE: Chance cannot be eliminated 14 Statistical definition of normality?
but influence can be reduced by proper TRUE OR FALSE: Infant mortality rate and 2 standard deviations from the mean
research design and remaining effect maternal mortality rate are approximations of 11
estimated by statistics. incidence? Three definitions of abnormality in clinical
TRUE TRUE epidemiology
11 15 Unusual (Statistically more than 2 SDF away)
The degree to which the results of a study are Approach to studying incidence in a dynamic Associated with disease
correct for the sample of patients being population Treating condition leads to better outcome
studied. Incidence Density (Person Years) 12
Internal Validity Take into account time each person is part of Phenomenon when abnormal test result is
12 the population/at risk repeated, the second result is often closer to
The degree to which results of an observation 16 normal?
hold true in other settings In measuring rates for cervical cancer - what
External Validity or Generalizability is the appropriate denominator? What is logic behind it?
Women who are susceptible (with cervix, no Regression to the Mean
1 hysterectomy done)
Fraction of a group of people possessing a 17 Abnormal test result is usually "high" (many
clinical condition or outcome at a given point A concentration of new cases in time SD away from mean) so on repeat test, higher
in time Epidemic probability of being closer to normal value
Prevalence 18
2 A widespread disease globally 1
Point vs Period Prevalence Pandemic Probability of some untoward event
3
Risk Cohort study
2 6
Characteristics associated with an increased Risk measurement measuring probability of
risk of becoming diseased an event in a population under study
Risk factors Absolute Risk
3 7
Period between exposure to a risk factor and Formula for absolute risk
the first manifestation of disease New cases in giveb period of time / number of
Latency Period people.
4
A risk factor that is not a cause of disease is Formula similar to incidence
called a ______ 8
Marker of disease Additional risk of disease following exposure
5 above that experienced by unexposed
Determining how well a risk prediction tool population
correctly predicts the proportion of a group Attributable Risk (or Risk Difference)
who would develop disease 9
Calibration Formula for attributable risk
6 Incidence in Exposed - Incidence in
How to measure calibration of risk prediction Unexposed
tool? 10
Estimated number to develop disease / Number of times more likely exposed persons
observed number who developed disease. get a disease compared to unexposed persons
Relative Risk
Ratio close to 1.0 means well calibrated 11
7 Formula for relative risk
The accuracy of a risk prediction tool to Incidence in exposed / incidence in
identify which individuals will or will not have unexposed
the disease. 12
Discrimination It measures excess incidence of a disease in a
8 community attributable to a risk factor
This measures how often (in a given pair of Population attributable risk
random individuals) the risk prediction score 13
was higher for the person with the disease? Formula for population attributable risk
Concordance Statistic (C-Statistic) Attributable risk x prevalence of exposure to
risk factor in population
A useless toss coin-like tool has c-statistic of 14
0.5 Fraction of disease occurrence in a population
A perfect tool has C-Statistic of 1 associated with a risk factor
9 Population attributable fraction
Best predictor of future major diseases? 15
Existing minor disease Formula for population attributable fraction
10 Population attributable risk / Total Incidence
Who noted that increased rate of cholera 16
occured in people drinking water supplied by Variables part of the system being studied but
one source, and that epidemic subsided when are not the exposure or primary disease of
said water supply was cut interest
John Snow Extraneous Variables / Covariates
17
1 Comparison of two naturally occuring groups,
Clinical studies in which researcher gathers exposed and unexposed without implying
data by simply observing events as they that the exposure was responsible for
happen without playing an active part differences in outcome
Observational studies Crude Measures of Effect
2 18
A group of people who have something in A variable associated with both the exposure
common when they first asembled and who and disease but is not part of the causal chain
are then observed for a period of time from exposure to disease
Cohort Confounding Variable / intermediate outcome
3 19
Three criteria needed to be fulfilled to Any process aimed at removing the effects of
observe a cohort properly extraneous variables while examining
1. All do not have desired outcome or disease independent effects of individual variables.
at the time they are assembled Controlling
2. Observed over meaningful amount of time
(sufficient time)
3. All should be observed over the full period.
Dropouts should be accounted for.
4
Basic design of cohort study
Divide cohort into exposed and unexposed,
then see who develops disease or desired
outcome at the end
5
Incidence study is another name for what
type of study design?
4