I

NTRODUCTI
ON
CAUSES&EFFECTOFGROWTHOFSLUMSI
N
URBANAREA
 I
ntroducti
on
 Aim&Obj ect
ive
 CausesGrowthofS
lumi
nUr
bana
rea
 Ef
fect
 Me as
ures
 Concl
usion
 Refer
ence

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Aslum isahi ghl
ypopula t
edur banresi
dentia
lareac onsi
sti
ngmos t
lyofc l
oselypa cked,decr
epit
housi
ng uni t
si n as i
tuat
ion ofde teri
orated orincomple t
ei nfr
astr
uct
ure,i nhabited primar
il
y by
i
mpov eris
hedpe rs
ons .I
tisapartofthec i
tywherethehousi
ngqua li
tyisbadandliv
ingc onditi
onsarepoor.
Whileslumsdi f
ferinsizeandot hercharacte
ris
ti
cs,mostlackreli
ablesani
tat
ionse r
vices,supplyofcl
e an
water,rel
iableelectr
ici
ty,l
awe nforceme ntandotherbasics er
vic
es.Slum r
e s
idencesv aryfrom shanty
housestopr ofe
ssional
lybuil
tdwe ll
ingswhich,becauseofpoor -
quali
tyconst
ructi
onorpr ovi
sionofba s
ic
maintenance,havede t
e r
ior
ate
d.
T
hepopul a
tiondi s
tri
butionisune ven,withc i
ti
esli
keDe l
hiandMumba ibeingmor ede nsel
y
populat
edtha nther e
s tofthec it
iesortowns .Ther a
pidincr
easeinIndia
’sc i
typopulati
on( pre
sentl
y
around28pe rcent
)ha sresul
tedintheg r
owthofs lumsorsquatt
erset
tl
eme ntsresul
ti
nginserioussoci
al
,
economicande nvi
ronme ntalprobl
ems .About20t o25percentofIndia’
surbanf amil
iesli
vei nsl
ums,
squatt
erset
tlementsorr e
fugeec ol
onie
sduet ot henon-av
ail
abi
li
tyofaf
fordablehabi
tatinmode rnurban
sett
lements
.
Accor
dingt othe2001Ce nsus,t
hepe r
ce ntag
eofs l
um popula
tioninmil
li
onplusc i
ti
eswa st he
hig
he stinMumba i(
48.88percent
).Themagnit
udeofs l
um popul
ati
onne edi
ngatt
enti
oninc r
easedfrom
about33. 1mill
ionin1985,t oov er35mil
li
oni nt heearl
y1990sa ndt oover40mill
ionin2001.T he
percentageofur banhousehol
dslivi
nginre
c og
niz e
ds l
umsisthehighestinMahar
ashtr
a( 25.
4pe rc
ent )
,
fol
lowe dbyOrissa(19.
1pe rcent)
,Aruna
chalPradesh(18.
2pe r
cent
),Ma dhyaPr
adesh(
18.1pe rc
ent)a nd
We stBengal(
17.6pe r
cent)
.
Gr owthofs l
umsi sapr obl
em pecul
i
artotheurbana r
e as
.Sl
umsc omeupne ari
ndust
ria
lareas
,
rai
l
wa ylines,port
s,plat
forms,rive
rba nk
s,l
argedra
insanda roundwhole
s a
lemarke
ts.Theyeme r
gein
metropoli
tanc i
ti
esa ndint hemi l
li
onplusci
ti
es.I
nme t
ropol
itanci
ti
es,moretha
n25pe rcentofthe
populat
ionli
v e
sinslums.Dha r
avinearMumbaii
sthelar
gestsl
umi nAs
ia.
L
ivi
ngCondi
ti
onsi
nSl
ums
:
Thehous
esi
nsl
umsa
remos
tl
ykut
chahous
esma
deofbr
ick
s,mud,t
ins
hee
ts,ba
mboo,t
arpa
uli
n
s
hee
tse
tc.
T
heliv
ingar
eaisnotmoretha
nt ensqua
remet
res
,whichisuse
dma inl
yforst
ora
geofhousehold
i
tems
,wher
eascooki
ng,bat
hingandsl
eepingi
sdonemai
nlyi
nt heopen.T
he r
ea r
ecommonwa te
rt aps
a
ndpubl
icc
onveni
ences
.
Anopenspace
,shadedbytre
es,maybeus e
da st
hecommuni
tys
pace
.Slumsar
eof
tenproneto
f
loods
,wa t
erl
oggi
ng,f
ir
eetc.Ther
eisnoproperdrai
nageandse
wera
geandthi
slea
dstor
ecur
renceof
water
-bor
nedis
easesl
ik
echoler
a,g
astr
o-e
nter
it
isandja
undi
ce.
S
oci
alS
truc
tur
einS
lums
:
T
hes
lum dwe
ll
ersa
remos
tl
yrur
almi
gra
ntswhol
i
vene
art
hei
rwor
kpl
ace
s,s
inc
ethe
yca
nnot
af
fordhi
ghtr
ansport
a t
ioncosts
.Generall
y,worke
rsfrom thes
amecommuni
tyort
hosecomingfr
om the
sa
mepl a
ceandworkingatthesamepl a
ce,li
vetoget
her.Thesl
umdwel
le
rsal
soi
ncl
udethes
elf-
employ
ed,
pett
ytr
ader
s,house
holds e
rvants
,vendorsandhawkers.
Theeff
ort
sbyvari
ousgovernment
sforres
ett
lementofs
lum dwel
l
ershav
enotbe e
nsuc
ces
sful
,
be
caus
eofte
ntheres
ett
lementc
olonie
sareontheout
ski
rt
s—fara
wayf r
omtheworkpl
ace
.
Al
so,thecl
ose d,mult
i-
stor
eyede nvi
ronmentisnotconduci
vetot heki
ndofl
i
festy
letowhi
chthe
sl
um-dwel
lersarea
cc ustomedwhichinvol
vesalotofact
ivi
ti
esintheopen. S
lumre
movalhasnev
erbee
na
pr
acti
cals
olutiontot heproblem becausea sones l
um isremov e
d,a nothe
ronecropsup.Als
o,the
at
temptsatremovalofslumsgi
verisetosoci
altens
ions
.
AI
MS&OBJECTI
VE
1. T
ounde
rst
anda
bouts
lums
.

2. T
ost
udyc
aus
esofs
lumsg
rowt
hinur
bana
rea
s.

3. T
oide
nti
fyhowas
luma
rea
ffe
ctde
vel
opme
nt.

4. T
ounde
rst
andt
hes
olut
iononr
educ
ings
lumg
rowt
h.

CAUSESGROWTHOFSLUM I
NURBANAREA
1. Mi gra ti
onofRur a l
Ma ss
e stoUr ba nAr eas
Af tert hea tta i
nme ntofi nde pende nce,t hepa ceofi ndus t
rial
izati
onha sinc r
e as edi nour
count rya ndl arg ea swe llasme dium- siz
e di ndus triesha vebe e ne stabli
she dins eve r
alpa rtsoft he
count ry.T hei ndus trialc oncernsha v ea ttractedt her ur alma ss
e sf orempl oyme nt.Subdi visi
onof
l
a ndowi ngt oi nc r
e a sei nrura lpopul a
tionha sre sultedi nune conomi chol di
ng sa ndunpr ofit
able
agr i
cul ture .Pe riodicf ami nes,floods ,pe stil
e ncesa ndot he rc al
ami tieshav eag g
ra vatedt hepr oblem.
2. Lac kofE mpl oy me nti nRur al
Ar e as
Pe opl ei nr ur ala r
easpr i
ma ri
lyde pendupona g r
iculturewhi chonl ypr ovide sl imited
sea sona l empl oy me nt .Thee mpl oy me nt' pot enti
a l
ityi nr uralare asislowa nditpr omot e smi grat
ion
ofpopul ationf romr ura ltour ba na reasi ns e archofe mpl oyme ntoppor tuniti
es.T here f
or e,l
a ckof
empl oy me ntoppor t unitiesinr ur ala reasa c cel
e r
a test heg rowt hofs l
umsi nthepe riphe ryoft he
urba nc ong lome rate.
3. Abs e nceofAde qua teF acil
it
iesi nt heUr ba nAr e a
Mos tofourc i
tie sarec onge st
e da ndov er cr
owde dwi tht hel ackofc iv i
la me nit i
eswhe n
pe opl et hrowni ntot hec i
ti
est owor ki ni ndus tri
e s,inc ons t
ructionwor k,intra nsporta ndt rading
Cor por ationsa ndt he yf a i
ltof indhous inga ccommoda tion.Ift he rewe ret hous andsofi ndus t
rial
wor k erswi thoutr e sident ia
lfa cili
ties,the yt ryt oma kes omet e mpor arya rr
a ngeme ntsne a rthe
plac eoft he irwor k.Whe nevert he yfindv acantGov ernme ntland,l argenumbe rofunhy g ienichuts
springupne art hef a ctor i
esorc omme r
c i
a lconc er ns.T he sena tur a
llyturni ntos l
umsbe causet he
are ai ssma ll
, prope rr oa dsa r
enota va i
l
a ble, f
a ci
li
tie sli
k ee lectri
city;wa t
e randt oiletdonote x i
st.
4. LowWa g es
La rgenumbe rofouri ndus tri
ali
z edur banwor ke rsisuns ki
lledlaboure arningl owwa ges.
Ma nyoft he ma r
ee mpl oyedont e mpor aryba sis.T he yc annota f
fordt oha vec eme nt-mor t
ar
hous e swi t
hpr ope rf acil
ities.So, theya ref or cedtol i
vei ns lums .
5. I
nE ffe cti
v eL andRe for ms
T hea ge -ol
dpr ac ti
ceofl a ndowni ng&l andl e sspe oplec re ateslandlesslabour .T hel andle s
s
Labour e ’
sa rel ureda nda tt
rac tedbyt hewa geL a bour ei nt heI ndus tr
ialS ect
ora ndt he r ebyl eave
asidet het ra ditiona loc cupa t
ionsa ndmi gra tetoI ndus t
riala ndur banc enterstos e l
lthe irL abour e.
Suc hmi gra ntsnodoubtc ontribut ee normous l
ytot heg rowt hofs lumpopul ati
oni nur ba n.
6. Pov e rty
Ur ba npov ertye ncoura ge sthef orma t
iona ndde ma ndf ors l
ums .Wi thr apids hiftf r
om
rura lt our ba nl i
fe,pov e rt
ymi gratest our bana r
e a s.Theur ba npoora rr
iveswi thhope ,a ndv ery
 l
i
ttl
eofanythi
ngel
se.Heorshet
ypi
cal
lyhasnoac
c e
sstoshel
ter
,ba
sicur
bans
erv
ice
sands
oci
al
a
me ni
ti
es.
Slumsa
reofte
ntheonl
yopti
onfort
heurbanpoor
.

7. Growthr at
eofpopul at
ion(Ur ba niza
tion)
Fi
rstofal
l,theg rowthr ateofI ndianpopul at
ionisver
yhighandthisgrowthrateismuch
hi
gherint heurbana r
ea sbe c
a us eoft hemi grati
onofl ar
genumberofpeoplefromruraltourban.
Duetot hepov er
ty,une mployme nt,l
a ckofot hera meniti
esa
ndmor eimportantl
ytoel
e vat
etheir
st
atus,peoplemigratetour bana reas
, faci
li
ti
esint hec i
ti
esar
ehoneytrapfortherur
al.
Theg r
owth
ra
teofc ivicameniti
esint heur bana r easdoe snotk eeppacewit
ht hegrowingpopulati
on.This
di
ffer
enc einthegrowthr at
epr ovidess paceforthede vel
opmentofthesl
ums .

8. Poorhousi
ngpla
nning
Lackofaff
ordabl
elow-cos
thous i
ngandpoorplanni
ngbygov
ernmente
ncour
agest
he
suppl
ys i
deofs l
ums.Insuf
fi
ci
entfinanc
ialr
e s
our
cesandl a
ckofc
oordi
nat
ioni
ng ov
ernme
nt
burea
ucracya
retwoma inca
usesofpoorhous
ingpl
anni
ng.

9. S
lowde vel
opme ntofVil
la
g e
s
Vil
l
a gesinIndiaarenotDevel
opedevenonba si
crequir
eme ntl
evel,andeventodaypeople
f
acethes c
a r
cit
y  
ofwa te
r,elect
ri
ci
tyandma nymoreba si
ca meni
ti
e s
.Thislackoff
aci
lit
iesi
nrural
a
reasforcespe opletomigratetotheurba
na re
as,whichincre
asespress
ur eonurbanpopulat
ion.
T
hought hi
sisnotmuc hpronouncedre
asonforgene
sisofslumsbutitst
il
lisoneofthem.

10.Votepol
iti
cs
Votepolit
icsal
sos upportt
heslums.Removalofsl
umsbr ingsconf
li
ct
sofint
eres
tof
poli
ti
ci
an.S l
um popul
ati
onf or
msag ooda mountofeasyv
oteba nka ndpol
it
ic
swantthe
mt o
remainastheyar
e,becaus
et hei
rupl
i
ftme
nta nd 
educ
ati
onwi
llhur
tthe i
rvot
ebank.

11.HighhouseRentsinCiti
es
Poorpe opl
e s,mostofwhi
chcomingfr
om rur
alareas
,arenotabletopayhig
hr entof
housesinthetowns .Hencewher
evert
heyfi
ndaland,publ
icorpr
iva
te,the
ysta
rtli
vi
ngtherein
temporaryhut
me nts,astheti
meprogr
ess
,moreandmor epeopl
ejoi
nsthemandthatare
as oon
devel
opsintot
hes lum.

EFFECTS
Ther api
durbaniz
ati
oni nconjug at
ionwi t
h  industr
ial
iz
ati
onhasresultedinthe 
growthofslums .Aswe
havedi s
cuss
edinpreviouspos tthathowt hes hort
ageoflandforhousing,t
hehighpricesoflandbe yond
ther eac
hofurbanpoora ndal a r
geinfluxofr uralmigr
antstot
hec iti
esfuel
li
ngthedev e
lopme ntofs l
ums .
Thes esl
umsgiveri
setoma nypr oble
msi nt heur banarea
s.Thema jorprobl
e msofsl
umsi nIndiaa r
ea s
fol
lows :-
1. Shor
tageofspace
About77.6%oft heur bandwe ll
ersinMumba ires
ideinoner ooma ndlakhsoft hems le
eps
onthefootpath.About62%oft hehous e
holdsoftheme tropoli
sresi
deint heseslums .Thisgi
ve
ri
setotheproblemofs horta
geofs pace.

2. Pr
onet ona t
urala
ndma n-madehazar
ds
Asinslums,housesarecramme dinal it
tles pace
,t he
ya reof
tenpr onetodanger
ous
haza
rdsl i
kefl
oods,wate
rloggi
ng,
fir
ee t
c.Ext
e ntofhaza r
disincr
e a
sedbec
aus eofhi
ghpopul
ati
on
densi
ty.Thes l
um are
asofDe l
hispeci
al
lyYamuna -Pushtaarea f
fect
edbyflood-wat
erofYamuna
ev
e r
yye ar.T
heKutchahousesofs
lumsfrequentl
yca t
che sf
ireinsummer.
 3. Poorli
vi
ngcondit
ions
Sl
umsa renotpl a
nnedhencethe yla
ckba s
icame ni
ti
es.Sl
umsha veinv
ari
abl
yextr
eme
unhygi
eni
cconditi
ons.Ther
earenotoil
etsandpeopl
ede f
e c
ateinopen.Sl
umshavepra
cti
cal
l
yno
drai
nage.
Mos tofthesl
umsa r
eloc
atedneardrai
nswhic
hc onta
infi
lt
hysta
gnantwate
r.

4. Healt
h hazards
Thepoorliv
ingcondit
ioninslumsa f
fec
tsthehe a
lthofpe opl
eme nta
ll
ya ndphysi
cal
ly
.
Wa t
erc onta
minat
ioncausedisea
seli
keblooddysent
ery,di
arrhoea,mal
ari
a,t
yphoid,j
aundi
ceetc
.
Chil
drenwi t
hbloa
tedbe l
l
iesorfamis
he dske
let
ons,manysufferi
ngfrompoli
o,arecommons i
ght
.
Peoplea r
enotawareofhealt
hprobl
ems .

5. S
ocial
probl
ems
Soc
ial
ly
, s
lumsremainisol
a t
edfromres
toftheurbansoc
iet
ya nde x
hibi
tpa thol
ogic
alsoci
al
s
ymptomslikedrugabuse,alcoholi
sm,cri
me,vandal
is
ma ndotherdeviantbehaviour.Thela
c kof
i
nte
grati
onofsluminhabi
tantsintourba
nlif
eref
lect
sboth,t
helac
ka bi
li
tyandc ul
turebarri
ers
.

6. Wome nandGir
ls
Womena ndg i
rl
sarenotaf
forde
dtimeforeducat
ion,ast
heyar
eburde
ne dwithcar
ryi
ng
wate
rlongdi
stance
sa ndcar
ingf
orsic
kfamil
yme mbers
.And,insl
umswit
hpoor(ornon-e
xis
tent
)
sa
nit
ati
onfac
il
it
ies,goi
ngtothet
oil
etatni
ghti
ncrea
sesthei
rri
skofse
xua
lass
aul
t.

7. Heal
thandChil
dMor t
ali
ty
I
ll
nes
sa nddi
seasesprea
dli
kewil
dfi
rei
nsl
ums;i
ntheKiberas
luminKenya,
HIVi
nfe
cti
oni
s
twi
cethenat
ionala
verage,
a nddi
arr
hoe
aisthel
eadi
ngk
il
lerofchi
l
drenunde
rfiv
e.

8. E
duc
ati
on
S
oci
alandcult
uralba
rri
ersdenychi
l
drenfr
om sl
umstheoppor
tunit
yt or
ece
ivean
e
duc
ati
on.Manychi
ldrenneverrec
eivea
nyf or
maleduc
ati
onandfewc omple
teaprima
ry
e
duc
ati
on.

9. Fi
nance
Banksoft
enref
useres
identsofsl
umsbecaus
etheyarec
onsi
dere
d‘unba
nk a
ble.
’ Wi
thout
t
hes uppor
tofaf i
nanc
iali
nst
it
uti
on,slum dwe
ll
ersmusti
ncuri
nte
res
tchar
gesfrom l
oanshark
s,
whic
hs er
vetofurt
heri
mpoveri
shthem.

10.Dis
aster
s
Ma nysl
um dwell
ersi
ndevelopi
ngc ount
ri
esli
veindangerofaris
einseal
evel
.Stor
ms,
eart
hquakes,a
ndotherdi
sast
ersaf
fectc
it
ys lumsmorese
rious
lythanot
herar
eas
,ass
ubsta
ndard
housescr
umbleorpoordrai
nages
ystemspromoteprol
ongedfl
ooding
.

11.Pol
iti
cal
andSoci
alExcl
usi
on
Gover
nme nt
softe
nignoreslumdwell
ers;t
heya r
ee xcl
udedf
romvot
ing
,ci
tydeve
lopme
nt
pl
ans,andful
lprotec
ti
onunde rthelaw.Withouttherightsandvoi
cet
hatothe
rcit
iz
enshave,
peopl
eliv
ingi
nsl
umsc onst
ant
lyfacepol
it
ic
alandsocia
lexclusi
on.

SOLUTI
ONONSLUMS
In2009,
 Pr
esi
dent Pr
ati
bhaPa til
 of 
I
ndia 
announcedt
hathergovernmentai
me dtocrea
teas l
um-
f
reeIndiawit
hinfi
veyears,al
thoughs hewa sult
imatel
yunabl
etode l
ive
ront ha
tpromise.I
nordertodo
t
hattheg ov
ernmentpl
a nnedoni nv
est i
nglarg
ea mountsofmoneyint
obui l
di
ngaff
ordabl
ehousing
.Thus
,
r
athe
rt hanimprovi
ngthea r
ea,theg ove r
nmenta i
me dtocr
eat
ee nti
rel
yne whomesfortheurbanpoor
.
Thi
side
aofbui
l
dingne
w home
sfort
hepoori
sonema
jori
deat
hatc
ont
endswi
tht
hei
deaofs
lum
upgr
adi
ng.

In2015,Pr i
meMi ni
sterNarendraModia nnounce dt hevis
ionof“ Housi
ngforAll
,”inthehopeof
provi
dingmor ea f
fordablehousingtot hepoor .Thisist hefirs
tt i
met hattheIndia
ng ove r
nme nthas
broughtuphous ingasama joris
sueoni tsagenda,buti
ti supt oeachstatetoformul
ateitsownpl anson
how toa chi
evet heg oal.TheGov e
r nme ntofMa harashtra(whicha dminist
ersMumba i)formulate
da
compre hensiv
eanda mbi ti
ousNe wHous ingPoli
cyandAc ti
onPl anthatai
mst oprovi
de1.9mi ll
i
onhous es
,
ofwhich0. 8mi l
l
ionwi llbeinMumba i,forlow-a
ndmi ddle -
incomeg r
oupsi nthest
ate.Butwhe therand
howthepl a nwil
lbeimpl eme nt
edissti
llunknown.

I
ns t
it
utional Fi
na nc eforHous i
ng:
Tofac i
l
itatethec onstructionofhous es
,severalfi
nanciali
nstit
ut i
onsha vebee nesta
bli
she dbytheGovt.to
provi
dehous ingf inance.Int hec o-operat
ings e
ctor.Housebui ldi
ngc o-operati
vesocie
tieshasbe e
ns etup
toprov i
dehous ingf i
na nce .LI
Cwa stheonlypubl i
cf i
nancialinsti
tuti
ont oprovidehous i
ngfinancet
ot he
poli
cyholde rstil
l 1970.
TheCe ntralGov t.i nst
itutedHous i
nga ndUr banDe velopme ntCor porat
ion(HUDCO)whi chgivesl
oansfor
housing toS t
ate Hous ing Boa rds,Muni cipalCor porati
ons ,and De vel
opme nta uthori
ti
es.Hous i
ng
Developme ntF ina nceCor por a
tion( HDFC)wa sestabl
ishedint hepr i
vatesectortoprovidehousingfi
nance
i
n1977. TheRBI ha sbe ena ll
ocati
ngy earl
yas peci
fi
ca mountt oc omme rci
alBankfundsforhousingfi
nance
si
nce1981. Na t
iona lHous ingBa nk(NHB)wa se st
ablis
he dforhous i
ngfinanceinJuly1988.

Na ti
ona lS l
umDe v elopme ntPr ogram( NS DP)
La unc he di n1996, thema i
noft hepr og ramwa ss l
umupg r
a dation.T hepr ogra mha sbot hl oa na nd
subs i
dyc ompone ntwhi chwa s70pe rcenta nd30pe rce ntr espe cti
ve l
yf orlarg ers tatesa nd10pe rce nta nd
90pe rce ntr e spe ctive l
yf ors ma ll
ers t
a t
e s.T hef undst ot hes tatesa ndUTwe rea l
loca tedba s
e dont he ir
sha reint ot a lslumpopul a tionoft hec ount ry.10pe rce ntoft hef undswe res pe cif
icallyre servedf or
hous ingc ons truc tiona ndupg radation.At ota l ofRs .38500l a khswe rea ll
oc atedt i
llthepr ogrammewa s
me rg edi nt oI HS DPi n2006.T hema inc ont ribut ionoft hepr ogrammewa simpr oveme nti nphy sicala nd
social ame nitiesi ns l
ums , he althc area ndc ommuni tyi nfr astruc t
ure .
I
nt egra tedHous ing&S lumDe v el
opme ntPr og ra mme( IHS DP)
IHS DPwa sla unc he dbyGovbyme rgingt hes che me sofNa tiona lS l
umDe v el
opme ntPr ogra mme
(NS DP)a ndVa l
mi ki Ambe dk arAwa sY oja na( VAMBAY ). T heobj ecti
v eoft hes c he mei st opr ov i
dea de qua te
She l
te ra ndba sici nfrastruc turef acil
iti
est ot heS lumDwe l
lersinUr ba nAr eas. T hes che meofI HS DPi s
funde di nt her a tioof80: 20byt heGov t. ofIndi aa ndS tat eGov t.Aspe rg ui
de linesoft hes c
he me ,the
State s/UT sma ya vailthec e nt ralassis
t anc ef ori mpr ov e me nt/upg rada t
ion/r e l
oc a t
ionpr ojectsincludi ng
upg rada tion/ ne wc ons tr
uc tionofhous esa ndi nf rastruc tur alfac i
l
iti
e slikewa ters uppl y, s
e we rage,s t
or m
wa terdr a ins ,communi tyba th, pavingofl ane s, streetl ight s,communi tyT oil
e te t
c.Aspe rs cheme
guide li
ne s ,thebe ne fici
a ryi sa lsore quiredt oma k eanomi na lcontribution( Ge ne ralCa teg ory@ 12%a nd
SC@10%)f ort hec ons truc tion/ upg ra
da tionofhous e .T heCe i
lingc ostofdwe ll
inguni twa sRs.80,000/ -
priort o2008- 09. TheGov t.ofI ndiamodi fi
e dt heg uide line sin2008- 09a ndc os tofc e i
lingha sbe e n
enha nc edt oRs .1,00, 000/ -pe rdwe lli
nguni t.
Valmi ki Ambe dk a rAwa sY oja na( VAMBAY )
Thi spr og ra mmewa slaunc hedon2ndDe cembe r2001. Thes che mei sme antf orur ba nslum
dwe l
lersbe lowt hepov e rtyl inet hatdonotha v ea de qua tehous es. Forc onstruc t
ionofdwe l
li
nguni t
sa nd
communi tyt oiletsi nur ba ns lumst heCe nt ral Gov t
.pr ov ide s50pe rc entoft hec osta ndt her e st50pe r
c ent
i
sg ive nbyt heS tat eg ove rnme nts.Ce ntra lGov t.ha sg ive nRs .211.87c rorefort hec ons truc t
ionof1. 06l akh
dwe l
li
nguni tsa nd20817t oiletsinur ba ns lums .
I
na dditiont oa bov es ai
dme a sures,theGov t. ha st a
k ens e veral f
isca landmone taryme as urestoe nc our age
thepr iva tes ectort oc ons t ructhous es.L owe ringofi nte re stra t
ef orhous ingloa n.Incomet axc once ssion
ove rhous ingl oa ns , rati
ona l
isat i
onofr ent .Ce nt ra ll
awse tc. ares omeoft heme asure sint hisre g
a rd. The
Gov t.ha sde cl
a redNa ti
ona lHous i
ngPol ic ym1988a nd1998t opr ov i
deg ui
de line stos olv ethehous ing
pr
obl
emi
nthec
ount
ry.

Sl
um Rehabi
li
tat
ionAut
hor
it
y
Mumba i
,t heS tat eCa pita lofMa ha r
ashtra ,ha sof te nbe enr e ferredt oa st heF i
na ncialCa pita lof
I
ndi a .T hec ityha sof f
e rednotme relyg lamour ,e nte r
t ainme nt,buta l
s owa g esa ndmuc hhi ghe rle ve lof
assur anc eofe mpl oyme nt. Ov erthey ea rsitna t
ura ll
yha sa ttrac t
e dal arg enumbe rofpe oplefromr ura la nd
othe ra r
e asle a dingt ol a rges ca l
emi g r
a t
ioni ntotheme gac ity.T hepa ceofur ba niz ationha sle f
tfarbe hi nd
thee ffortsa ndi ni ti
ativeofpl anne rs,loc albodie s,hous i
nga ut horitiesa ndf or ma lr e ale stat
ede velope r sin
prov idinga ffor da blehous i
ngt oal argenumbe rofi tsr e si
de nts .T oda y,a sar e sult,a bout50% ofi t
s
reside ntss pr e adov era round2397s l
um c lustersl i
vei nunhy gienic,de plor a ble ,uns afehut sors ha nt i
es
calleds l
ums .T he ses lumsha vec omeuponpr ivatel ands ,S taleGov e rnme ntl a nds ,Muni ci
pa lCorpor a tion
l
a nds ,Ce ntra lGov ernme ntl andsa ndHous i
ngBoa rdl ands .
TheGov e rnme ntsi niti
alre spons eupt ot hee arly1970swa st rea t
ings uc hs e ttleme nt sasill
e ga la nd
resor tingt ode mol iti
ona ndc learanc e .Butt hede mol i
tione ff
or tsnotonl y·pr ov e duns uc cessfulbutt hef a c
t
tha tt hec i
tize nswhoha dbe comea ni nt egralpa rtoft hec itywe rebe ingdi s hous ed,wa sune quiv oc all
y
terme d" inhuma n."
Thes ec ondpha seofr espons ewa stot oleratet hes lum s truc ture sa sahous i
ngs olutiona nd
prov idec ivi
ca me nitiest ot hes lum dwe l
lersa se nvironme nt ali mpr ov eme ntwor ks .AnAc tc all
e dt he
Ma ha rashtraS lum Ar ea s( Impr ov e me nt.Cl eara ncea ndRe de velopme nt )Ac t,1971wa spa sse da nd
i
mpr ov e me ntwor kswe rede fi
ne dt here i
n.I twa sa cce pte dt ha twhe ns l
umsa r et ober emov edf orpubl i
c
pur pos est he ses lumsha vet ober e l
oc atede l
sewhe re.
Int hene xtpha set ha tsta rteddur i
ngt hemi d-80s ,the rewa sapa r adig ms hiftint heGov e rnme nt
Stand. Apr og ra mmec alleds lumupg rada ti
onwa si mple me nte dwi thWor l
dBa nka ss i
sta nce.
I
nt hec urre ntpha se ,theGov e r
nme ntofMa hara shtraha sla unc he dac ompr e he ns i
ves l
um r ehabili
ta tion
sche mebyi nt roduc inga ni nnov ativec onc eptofus ingla nd· asar es ourc ea nda llowi ngi ncent i
vef l
oors pa ce
i
nde x( FSI)int hef or moft ene me nt sfors aleint heope nma rke t.
TheGov ernme ntofMa ha rasht raa cc e
pt edt her ec omme nda ti
onsma debyt heAf z
ul pur kar
Commi ttee,i nt heDe cembe rS ess i
onofS tateL egislati
v eAs s
e mbl yi n1995a nda me nde dt heMa ha ras htra
Slum Ar ea s( Impr ov eme nt,Cl eara nc ea ndRe de v
e lopme nt)Ac t,1971t opr ov idef ort hec rea t
ionofS lum
Re ha bili
tationAut hor i
ty( S HA)wi t haCha irperson,aChi efE xe cutiveOf ficera ndot he rme mbe rs.S RAwa s
crea tedbyt heGov ernme ntNot i
fica t
ionda t
ed16t hDe ce mbe r1995t of unc t i
onwi the ffectfrom 25t h
De ce mbe r1995
TheChi e fMi niste rofMa ha rashtrai stheCha i
rpe rsonofS RAa ndas upe rt imes caleI ASOf f
ice ris
full
-timeChi e fE x ecut i
veOf f
iceroft heAut hor i
ty.T heme mbe rsinc l
udeMi ni ste rs,e lec tedme mbe roft he
Stat eL egislatur e ,S ecreta ri
e sofc onc e r
nS tateGov e rnme ntDe pa rt
me nta nds omenon- of f
ici
a lme mbe rs

REFERENCE
ht
tp:
//www. your ar
t i
clel
ibrary
.com ( 07/
02/2020)
ht
tps:
//en.wi
ki pedia.org/wiki
/ Sl
um (07/02/
2020)
ht
tps:
//www. inindiaaa.com (07/02/2020)
ht
tps:
//sra.
gov .i
n( 07/02/2020)
ht
tps:
//www.ca g.or
g .
in(14/02/2020)
AnEmpi
ri
cal
StudyofGr
owt
hofSl
um Popul
ati
oni
nIndi
a,Dr
.S.KumarSwami
.