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Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 54 – 59

World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium 2016,

WMCAUS 2016

The Frost Resistance of Recycled Cold Mixes with Foamed

Bitumen and Different Types of Road Binders
Przemysáaw BuczyĔskia,*
a
Department of Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology,
al. Tysiąclecia PaĔstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

Abstract

Alternative binding agents are increasingly used as road binders for recycled base mixes with foamed bitumen and bitumen
emulsion as the substitute for ordinary cement. Since their use is subject to strict requirements as to their parameters, it is essential
to determine moisture and frost resistance of these materials as factors that may have a deleterious effect on the base recycled cold
mix quality. The frost resistance was evaluated using the modified AASHTO T283 procedure. To assess the influence of the binder
on frost resistance of the recycled cold mix, seven binders were designed based on three constituents (cement, cement kiln dust,
hydrated lime). Analysis of the test results and the experimental design were used to determine the binder composition
recommended for frost resistance.
© 2016
© 2016TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Ltd. This
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016
Keywords: foamed bitumen; bitumen emulsion; recycled cold mix; road binder; cement; water and frost resistance.

1. Introduction

Deep cold recycling is an excellent alternative to conventional hot mix asphalt base technologies [4,11]. Evaluation
of its performance is an important matter, as emphasized by the results of frost resistance tests conducted on hot
asphalt mixes [1,6]. Adverse climatic conditions of the winter season in Poland [24] and neighbouring countries [5]
induce the researchers to search for more information on the resistance of the recycled base mix with foamed bitumen
to the action of water and frost. The results from the frost resistance tests conducted on the foamed recycled base [3],

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 41 342 45 60; fax: +48 41 342 45 58.
E-mail address: p.buczynski@tu.kielce.pl

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.497
 Przemysław Buczyński / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 54 – 59 55

in which conventional Portland cement was used as a binder, allow valid inferences about proper behaviour and
resistance of the recycled cold mix. The validity of the search for alternative solutions within the foamed bitumen
technology and its application potential has been confirmed through extensive research reported by [2, 7, 12].
Hydraulic road binders as alternative binding agents are the subject of environmentally conscious studies [20, 21].
The use of experimental designs in the design of the road binder (HRB) composition [15] enables the application of
this technique to optimize the composition of the HRB intended for recycled bases with foamed bitumen.

2. Object of study

2.1. Hydraulic road binder (HRB)

Road binder composition consisted of three components. Their combinations are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Design of the experiment.

The components used in this study to hydraulic road binders are being widely applied worldwide [19, 22, 23].

2.2. Design of the recycled base mix with foamed bitumen

Deep cold in-situ recycling is used for the rehabilitation of deteriorated roads [4, 10, 11]. The percentage content
of particular components of the recycled base mix with foamed bitumen is provided in Table 1.

Table 1. Components of the recycled base mix with foamed bitumen.

Content by percentage (%)
Component
Recycled Mix (foam)
Reclaimed asphalt (RAP) 48.8
Aggregate continuously graded 0/32 19.5
Aggregate continuously graded 0/4 26.3
Foamed bitumen 50/70 2.5
Binder (HRB 1-7) 3.0

Bitumen foam added in the amount of 2.5% was produced from paving bitumen 50/70. The foam quality was
assessed on the basis of the maximum Expansion Ratio (ERm) and Half Life (H-l) [7, 8]. The expansion ratio was
11.0 at half-life of 9.0 for the optimum amount, 2.9%, used for foaming.
56 Przemysław Buczyński / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 54 – 59

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Physical and mechanical properties

The effect of the binder type on the frost resistance of the recycled cold mix with foamed bitumen was evaluated
by determining the resistance to water, TSR, and the resistance to water and frost, WRW+M. The TSR ratio was
determined using the procedure according to [9] and the WRW+M was established in accordance with the AASHTO
T283 procedure [6]. The number of freeze-thaw cycles used was 2, 6 and 18. Before testing, basic parameters were
investigated, i.e., the void space to the requirements of PN EN 12697-8 item 5, indirect tensile strength at 25OC to the
requirements of PN-EN 12697-23 and stiffness modulus (IT-CY) after 28 days of curing in compliance with PN-EN
12697-26 enclosure C.

Table 2. Basic properties of recycled base mixes in terms of the binder type.
Vm [%] ITSDRY [kPa] E [MPa]
Parameter
X Ȟ X Ȟ X Ȟ
FB-RCM - 1 9.0 3.3 962 0.9 9162 6.0
FB-RCM - 2 9.5 3.2 439 2.4 4521 2.2
FB-RCM - 3 9.5 3.8 610 9.4 5924 8.9
FB-RCM - 4 8.4 2.2 702 2.1 6862 9.4
FB-RCM - 5 8.9 5 416 3.9 3569 9.3
FB-RCM - 6 9.7 1.9 787 3.2 5019 4.9
FB-RCM - 7 7.9 3.7 639 3.7 5295 2.1

The greatest variability between the mechanical property values results from the type of the component used in the
binder composition. Recycled base mixes with foamed bitumen prepared with the binder containing Portland cement
(FB-RCM 1, 4, 6 and 7) showed higher mechanical parameters than the binders prepared with hydrated lime-cement
kiln dust. Similar relationships were found by [13]. The highest values of stiffness modulus and indirect tensile
strength were recorded for the recycled base mix in which 100% Portland cement was used. Analysis of the physical
properties showed minor effect of the binder type.

3.2. Resistance to water, TSR, and water and frost, WRW+M

Recycled cold mix with foamed bitumen showed the resistance to climatic factors when the values of TSR and
WRW+M were greater than 0.70 (70%). This value agrees with the requirements specified for hot mix asphalt in [14].
The results were evaluated using the simplex-centroid design. The second degree and third degree (special cubic)
models were used to describe the variables. Figure 2 shows the response surfaces for the effect of binder components
and their interactions on water resistance and frost resistance of the recycled base. Table 3 presents the significance
evaluation of the parameters.
Best water and frost resistance parameters were recorded for the recycled base mixes prepared with the binder in
which cement (CEM) was the predominant component. The percentage of cement in the binder less than 70% does
not guarantee proper resistance to the effects of water and frost. A similar relationship for hydraulically bound base
mixes was demonstrated by [15, 16]. Basic components of the binders (CEM; Ca(OH)2; CKD) were found to have a
significant effect on the variables (TSR, WRW+M) with minor effects on the part of interactions between them. To
determine the binder composition, providing recycled base mixes with adequate resistance to water and frost with
high level of precision, the optimisation process has to be conducted with the use of utility function.
 Przemysław Buczyński / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 54 – 59 57

a) b)

c) d)

Fig. 2. Response surface for variables: a) water resistance TSR; b) frost resistance WRW+M 2; c) frost resistance WRW+M 6; b) frost resistance
WRW+M 18.

Table 3. Evaluation of model parameters for water and frost resistance (TSR, WRW+M 2, WRW+M 6, WRW+M 18).
Regression coefficients in model
Parameter R2
CEM Ca(OH)2 CKD CEM*Ca(OH)2 CEM*CKD Ca(OH)2*CKD CEM*Ca(OH)2*CKD
TSR 0.707 0.589 0.601 0.590 -0.125 0.113 - 0.78
WRW+M 2 0.895 0.536 0.565 -0.161 0.192 0.174 -3.475 0.95
WRW+M 6 0.885 0.499 0.523 -0.063 0.466 0.162 -3.796 0.91
WRW+M 18 0.979 0.403 0.501 0.080 0.374 0.232 -7.064 0.92

palestra
58 Przemysław Buczyński / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 54 – 59

Fig. 3. Outcome of binder composition optimisation as a utility function.

Table 4. Models describing the variability of parameters TSR and WRW+M.

Regression models:
y b ˜ x b ˜ x b ˜ x b ˜ x ˜ x b ˜ x ˜ x b ˜ x ˜ x b ˜ x ˜ x ˜ x
1 1 2 2 3 3 12 1 2 13 1 3 23 2 3 123 1 2 3
TSR = 0.707·CEM + 0.589· Ca(OH)2 + 0.,601·CKD + 0,590· CEM·Ca(OH)2 – 0.125· CEM·CKD +0.113· Ca(OH)2·CKD
WRW+M 2 = 0.895·CEM+0.536·Ca(OH)2+0.565·CKD‫ޤ‬0.161·CEM·Ca(OH)2+0.192·CEM·CKD+0.174·Ca(OH)2·CKD ‫ޤ‬
-3.475· CEM·Ca(OH)2·CKD
WRW+M 6 = 0.885·CEM+0.499·Ca(OH)2+0.523·CKD‫ޤ‬0.063·CEM·Ca(OH)2+0.466·CEM·CKD+0.162·Ca(OH)2·CKD
‫ޤ‬3.796· CEM·Ca(OH)2·CKD
WRW+M 18= 0.979·CEM+0.403·Ca(OH)2+0.501·CKD‫ޤ‬0.080·CEM·Ca(OH)2+0.374·CEM·CKD+0.232·Ca(OH)2·CKD
‫ޤ‬7.064· CEM·Ca(OH)2·CKD

Figure 3 demonstrates that the use of proper combination of binder components secures the recycled base against
adverse effects of climatic factors [9, 14]. The optimum mix hydraulic road binder to ensure the minimum value of
water and frost resistance of the recycled base (• 0.70) must contain a minimum of 70% CEM and maximum of 30%
Ȉ (Ca(OH)2 and CKD). The optimisation result for the utility function y(i)=0.679 indicates that the result is within the
y(i)=0.63÷0.80 interval that represent good above-average quality of optimisation [17].
 Przemysław Buczyński / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 54 – 59 59

4. Conclusions

The following conclusions were drawn based on the results from the tests:

x The combination of components of the binder has a considerable effect on the change in mechanical properties of
the recycled cold mix with foamed bitumen. The base mixes with lime-cement dust binders show lower indirect
tensile strengths and stiffness modulus
x The proportion of cement in the binder lower than 70% does not guarantee adequate resistance to water and frost,
x Optimisation of the binder composition allows introducing 30% replacement of Portland cement,
x Optimum composition of the binder to provide the recycled cold mix with foamed bitumen with the minimum
acceptable resistance to water and frost (• 0.70) has to contain minimum 70% CEM and maximum 30% Ȉ
(Ca(OH)2 and CKD).

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