Bram Stoker

Abraham “Bram” Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April friends. Stoker also wrote stories, and “The Crystal Cup”
1912) was an Irish author, best known today for his 1897 was published by the London Society in 1872, followed
Gothic novel Dracula. During his lifetime, he was bet- by “The Chain of Destiny” in four parts in The Shamrock.
ter known as the personal assistant of actor Henry Irving In 1876 while a civil servant in Dublin, Stoker wrote the
and business manager of the Lyceum Theatre in London, non-fiction book The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions
which Irving owned. in Ireland (published 1879) which remained a standard
work.[5] Furthermore, he possessed an interest in art, and
was a founder of the Dublin Sketching Club in 1879.
1 Early life
Stoker was born on 8 November 1847 at 15 Marino Cres- 3 Lyceum Theatre
cent, Clontarf, on the northside of Dublin, Ireland.[1] His
parents were Abraham Stoker (1799–1876) from Dublin
and Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley (1818–1901),
who was raised in County Sligo.[2] Stoker was the third
of seven children, the eldest of whom was Sir Thornley
Stoker, 1st Bt.[3] Abraham and Charlotte were members
of the Church of Ireland Parish of Clontarf and attended
the parish church with their children, who were baptised
there.[4]
Stoker was bedridden with an unknown illness until he
started school at the age of seven, when he made a com-
plete recovery. Of this time, Stoker wrote, “I was natu-
rally thoughtful, and the leisure of long illness gave oppor-
tunity for many thoughts which were fruitful according to
their kind in later years.” He was educated in a private Bram Stoker’s former home, Kildare Street, Dublin
school run by the Rev. William Woods.[5]
In 1878 Stoker married Florence Balcombe, daughter of
After his recovery, he grew up without further serious
Lieutenant-Colonel James Balcombe of 1 Marino Cres-
illnesses, even excelling as an athlete (he was named Uni-
cent. She was a celebrated beauty whose former suitor
versity Athlete) at Trinity College, Dublin, which he at-
was Oscar Wilde.[6] Stoker had known Wilde from his
tended from 1864 to 1870. He graduated with hon-
student days, having proposed him for membership of the
ours as a B.A. in Mathematics. He was auditor of the
university’s Philosophical Society while he was president.
College Historical Society (the Hist) and president of the
Wilde was upset at Florence’s decision, but Stoker later
University Philosophical Society, where his first paper
resumed the acquaintanceship, and after Wilde’s fall vis-
was on Sensationalism in Fiction and Society.
ited him on the Continent.[7]
The Stokers moved to London, where Stoker became
acting manager and then business manager of Irving's
2 Early career Lyceum Theatre, London, a post he held for 27 years. On
31 December 1879, Bram and Florence’s only child was
Stoker became interested in the theatre while a student born, a son whom they christened Irving Noel Thornley
through his friend Dr. Maunsell. He became the the- Stoker. The collaboration with Henry Irving was impor-
atre critic for the Dublin Evening Mail, co-owned by the tant for Stoker and through him he became involved in
author of Gothic tales Sheridan Le Fanu. Theatre crit- London’s high society, where he met James Abbott Mc-
ics were held in low esteem, but he attracted notice by Neill Whistler and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (to whom he
the quality of his reviews. In December 1876, he gave a was distantly related). Working for Irving, the most fa-
favourable review of Henry Irving’s Hamlet at the Theatre mous actor of his time, and managing one of the most
Royal in Dublin. Irving invited Stoker for dinner at the successful theatres in London made Stoker a notable if
Shelbourne Hotel where he was staying, and they became busy man. He was dedicated to Irving and his memoirs

1
2 4 WRITINGS

Bram Stoker Commemorative Plaque, Whitby, England

the Prince of Wales Theatre.

Before writing Dracula, Stoker met Ármin Vámbéry, a
Hungarian writer and traveller. Dracula likely emerged
from Vámbéry’s dark stories of the Carpathian moun-
tains.[9] Stoker then spent several years researching Eu-
ropean folklore and mythological stories of vampires.
The first edition cover of Dracula Dracula is an epistolary novel, written as a collection of
realistic but completely fictional diary entries, telegrams,
letters, ship’s logs, and newspaper clippings, all of which
show he idolised him. In London Stoker also met Hall added a level of detailed realism to the story, a skill which
Caine, who became one of his closest friends – he dedi- Stoker had developed as a newspaper writer. At the time
cated Dracula to him. of its publication, Dracula was considered a “straight-
In the course of Irving’s tours, Stoker travelled the world, forward horror novel” based on imaginary creations of
although he never visited Eastern Europe, a setting for supernatural life.[8] “It gave form to a universal fantasy .
his most famous novel. Stoker enjoyed the United States, . . and became a part of popular culture.”[8]
where Irving was popular. With Irving he was invited Stoker was a deeply private man, but his almost sex-
twice to the White House, and knew William McKinley less marriage, intense adoration of Walt Whitman, Henry
and Theodore Roosevelt. Stoker set two of his novels Irving and Hall Caine, and shared interests with Oscar
there, using Americans as characters, the most notable Wilde, as well as the homoerotic aspects of Dracula have
being Quincey Morris. He also met one of his literary led to scholarly speculation that he was a repressed ho-
idols, Walt Whitman. mosexual who used his fiction as an outlet for his sexual
frustrations.[10] In 1912, he demanded imprisonment of
all homosexual authors in Britain: it has been suggested
4 Writings that this was due to self-loathing and to disguise his own
vulnerability.[11] A friend of Wilde, Stoker commenced
Stoker visited the English coastal town of Whitby in writing Dracula only weeks after his conviction, possibly
1890, and that visit is said to be part of the inspira- fearful and inspired by the monstrous image and threat
tion for Dracula. He began writing novels while man- of otherness that the press coverage of the Wilde trials
ager for Henry Irving and secretary and director of Lon- generated.[12][13]
don’s Lyceum Theatre, beginning with The Snake’s Pass According to the Encyclopedia of World Biography,
in 1890 and Dracula in 1897. During this period, Stoker Stoker’s stories are today included in the categories
was part of the literary staff of The Daily Telegraph in of “horror fiction”, “romanticized Gothic” stories, and
London, and he wrote other fiction, including the horror “melodrama.”[8] They are classified alongside other
novels The Lady of the Shroud (1909) and The Lair of the “works of popular fiction” such as Mary Shelley's
White Worm (1911).[8] He published his Personal Remi- Frankenstein,[14]:394 which also used the “myth-making”
niscences of Henry Irving in 1906, after Irving’s death, and story-telling method of having multiple narrators
which proved successful,[5] and managed productions at telling the same tale from different perspectives, accord-
 3

ing to historian Jules Zanger. "'They can't all be lying,' 6 Beliefs and philosophy
thinks the reader.”[15]
The original 541-page typescript of Dracula was believed Stoker was raised a Protestant in the Church of Ireland.
to have been lost until it was found in a barn in north- He was a strong supporter of the Liberal Party and took a
western Pennsylvania in the early 1980s.[16] It consisted keen interest in Irish affairs.[5] As a “philosophical home
of typed sheets with many emendations, plus handwrit- ruler,” he supported Home Rule for Ireland brought about
ten on the title page was “THE UN-DEAD.” The author’s by peaceful means. He remained an ardent monarchist
name was shown at the bottom as Bram Stoker. Author who believed that Ireland should remain within the British
Robert Latham remarked: “the most famous horror novel Empire, an entity that he saw as a force for good. He was
ever published, its title changed at the last minute.”[14] an admirer of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone,
The typescript was purchased by Microsoft co-founder whom he knew personally, and supported his plans for
Paul Allen. Ireland.[21]
Stoker’s inspirations for the story, in addition to Stoker believed in progress and took a keen interest in
Whitby, may have included a visit to Slains Castle in science and science-based medicine. Some Stoker nov-
Aberdeenshire, a visit to the crypts of St. Michan’s els represent early examples of science fiction, such as
Church in Dublin, and the novella Carmilla by Sheridan The Lady of the Shroud (1909). He had a writer’s inter-
Le Fanu.[17] est in the occult, notably mesmerism, but despised fraud
and believed in the superiority of the scientific method
Stoker’s original research notes for the novel are kept by
over superstition. Stoker counted among his friends J.
the Rosenbach Museum and Library in Philadelphia. A
W. Brodie-Innis, a member of the Hermetic Order of the
facsimile edition of the notes was created by Elizabeth
Golden Dawn, and hired member Pamela Colman Smith
Miller and Robert Eighteen-Bisang in 1998.
as an artist for the Lyceum Theatre, but no evidence sug-
gests that Stoker ever joined the Order himself.[22][23][24]

5 Death 7 Posthumous

The short story collection Dracula’s Guest and Other

Weird Stories was published in 1914 by Stoker’s widow,
Florence Stoker, who was also his literary executrix. The
first film adaptation of Dracula was F. W. Murnau's
Nosferatu, released in 1922, with Max Schreck starring
as Count Orlock. Florence Stoker eventually sued the
filmmakers, and was represented by the attorneys of the
British Incorporated Society of Authors. Her chief legal
complaint was that she had neither been asked for per-
mission for the adaptation nor paid any royalty. The case
dragged on for some years, with Mrs. Stoker demanding
the destruction of the negative and all prints of the film.
The suit was finally resolved in the widow’s favour in July
1925. A single print of the film survived, however, and it
has become well known. The first authorised film version
of Dracula did not come about until almost a decade later
Urn which contains Stoker’s ashes in Golders Green Crematorium
when Universal Studios released Tod Browning's Dracula
starring Bela Lugosi.
After suffering a number of strokes, Stoker died at No. Canadian writer Dacre Stoker, a great-grandnephew of
26 St George’s Square, London on 20 April 1912.[18] Bram Stoker, decided to write “a sequel that bore the
Some biographers attribute the cause of death to tertiary Stoker name” to “reestablish creative control over” the
syphilis,[19] others to overwork.[20] He was cremated, and original novel, with encouragement from screenwriter
his ashes were placed in a display urn at Golders Green Ian Holt, because of the Stokers’ frustrating history with
Crematorium in north London. The ashes of Irving Noel Dracula’s copyright. In 2009, Dracula: The Un-Dead
Stoker, the author’s son, were added to his father’s urn was released, written by Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt. Both
following his death in 1961. The original plan had been writers “based [their work] on Bram Stoker’s own hand-
to keep his parents’ ashes together, but after Florence written notes for characters and plot threads excised from
Stoker’s death, her ashes were scattered at the Gardens the original edition” along with their own research for
of Rest. the sequel. This also marked Dacre Stoker’s writing
4 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

debut.[25][26] 8.3 Uncollected stories

In Spring 2012, Dacre Stoker (in collaboration with Prof.
Elizabeth Miller) presented the “lost” Dublin Journal 8.4 Non-fiction
written by Bram Stoker, which had been kept by his great-
grandson Noel Dobbs. Stoker’s diary entries shed a light • The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland
on the issues that concerned him before his London years. (1879)
A remark about a boy who caught flies in a bottle might be
a clue for the later development of the Renfield character • A Glimpse of America (1886)
[27]
in Dracula.
• Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving (1906)
On 8 November 2012, Stoker was honoured with a
Google Doodle on Google’s homepage commemorating • Famous Impostors (1910)
his 165th birthday.[28][29]
• Bram Stoker’s Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edi-
An annual festival takes place in Dublin, the birthplace of
tion (2008) Bram Stoker Annotated and Transcribed
Bram Stoker, in honour of his literary achievements. The
by Robert Eighteen-Bisang and Elizabeth Miller,
2014 Bram Stoker Festival encompassed literary, film,
Foreword by Michael Barsanti. Jefferson NC &
family, street, and outdoor events, and ran from 24–27
London: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3410-7
October in and around Dublin City.[30][31] The festival is
supported by the Bram Stoker Estate[32] and funded by
Dublin City Council and Fáilte Ireland.
8.5 Articles

• “The Question of a National Theatre” The Nine-

8 Bibliography teenth Century and After, Vol. LXIII, January/June
1908.
8.1 Novels
• “Mr. De Morgan’s Habits of Work” The World’s
• The Snake’s Pass (1890) Work, Vol. XVI, May/October 1908.

• Seven Golden Buttons (1891) • “The Censorship of Fiction” The Nineteenth Century
and After, Vol. LXIV, July/December 1908.
• The Watter’s Mou' (1895)
• “The Censorship of Stage Plays” The Nineteenth
• The Shoulder of Shasta (1895) Century and After, Vol. LXVI, July/December
1909.
• Dracula (1897)
• “Irving and Stage Lightning” The Nineteenth Century
• Miss Betty (1898)
and After, Vol. LXIX, January/June 1911.
• The Mystery of the Sea (1902)

• The Jewel of Seven Stars (1903) 8.6 Critical works on Stoker

• The Man (a.k.a. The Gates of Life) (1905) • William Hughes, Beyond Dracula (Palgrave, 2000)
ISBN 0-312-23136-9[33]
• Lady Athlyne (1908)

• The Lady of the Shroud (1909) • Belford, Barbara. Bram Stoker: A Biography of the
Author of Dracula. London: Weidenfeld and Nicol-
• The Lair of the White Worm (a.k.a. The Garden of son, 1996.
Evil) (1911)
• Senf, Carol. Science and Social Science in Bram
Stoker’s Fiction (Greenwood, 2002).
8.2 Short story collections
• Senf, Carol. Dracula: Between Tradition and Mod-
• Under the Sunset (1881), comprising eight fairy tales ernism (Twayne, 1998).
for children.
• Senf, Carol A. Bram Stoker (University of Wales
• Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Press, 2010).
Party (1908)
• Skal, David J. Something in the Blood: The Untold
• Dracula’s Guest and Other Weird Stories (1914) Story of Bram Stoker (Liveright, 2016)
 5

8.7 Bibliographies [19] Gibson, Peter (1985). The Capital Companion. Webb &
Bower. pp. 365–366. ISBN 0-86350-042-0.
• William Hughes Bram Stoker – Victorian Fiction
[20] The Discussion (Third ed.). Grade Eight – Bram Stoker:
Research Guide
Oberon Books (for The London Academy of Music and
Dramatic Arts). 2004. p. 97. ISBN 1-84002-431-3.

9 References [21] Murray, Paul. From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of

Bram Stoker. 2004.

[1] Belford, Barbara (2002). Bram Stoker and the Man Who [22] “Shadowplay Pagan and Magick webzine – HERMETIC
Was Dracula. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. p. 17. HORRORS”. Shadowplayzine.com. 16 September 1904.
ISBN 0-306-81098-0. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Re-
trieved 18 June 2012.
[2] Murray, Paul (2004). From the Shadow of Dracula: A
Life of Bram Stoker. Random House. p. 11. ISBN [23] Ravenscroft, Trevor (1982). The occult power behind the
0224044621. spear which pierced the side of Christ. Red Wheel. p. 165.
ISBN 0-87728-547-0.
[3] His siblings were: Sir (William) Thornley Stoker, born in
1845; Mathilda, born 1846; Thomas, born 1850; Richard, [24] Picknett, Lynn (2004). The Templar Revelation: Secret
born 1852; Margaret, born 1854; and George, born 1855 Guardians of the True Identity of Christ. Simon and
Schuster. p. 201. ISBN 0-7432-7325-7.
[4] http://www.eneclann.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/
Stoker-family-tree.pdf [25] Dracula: The Un-Dead by Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt

[5] Obituary, Irish Times, 23 April 1912 [26] Dracula: The Undead's overview

[6] Irish Times, 8 March 1882, page 5 [27] Stoker, Bram. Bram Stoker’s Lost Dublin Journal, ed. by
Stoker, Dacre and Miller, Elizabeth. London: Biteback
[7] “Why Dracula never loses his bite”. Irish Times. 28 March Press, 2012
2009.
[28] “Bram Stoker’s 165th Birthday”.
[8] Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale Research (1998)
vol 8. pgs. 461–464 [29] Doyle, Carmel (8 November 2012). “Bram Stoker books:
gothic Google Doodle honours Dracula author”. Silicon
[9] “Vampires - Top 10 Famous Mysterious Monsters - Republic. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
TIME”. TIME.com. 14 August 2009.
[30] “Bram Stoker Festival - 28-31 Oct 2016 - Day & Night
[10] Skal, David J Something in the Blood: The Untold Story Events”. Bram Stoker Festival 2015.
of Bram Stoker, Liveright, 2016, p564; “Coming Out Of
The Coffin”, The New Inquiry, 24 August 2012 [31] “What’s on in Dublin - Dublin Events, Festivals, Concerts,
Theatre, family events - Visit Dublin”.
[11] “Coming Out Of The Coffin”, The New Inquiry, 24 Au-
gust 2012 [32] “The Bram Stoker Festival in Dublin- 2013 Events”.

[12] “Coming Out Of The Coffin”, The New Inquiry, 24 Au- [33] http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/victorian_
gust 2012 studies/v044/44.2glover.html

[13] Schaffer, Talia “A Wilde Desire Took Me: The Homo-

erotic History of Dracula”, ELH, Vol. 61, No. 2 (Sum-
mer, 1994), pp. 381-425
10 External links
[14] Latham, Robert. Science Fiction & Fantasy Book Review • Works by Bram Stoker at Project Gutenberg
Annual, Greenwood Publishing (1988) p. 67
• Works by or about Bram Stoker at Internet Archive
[15] Zanger, Jules. Blood Read: The Vampire as Metaphor in
Contemporary Culture ed. Joan Gordon. Univ. of Penn- • Works by Bram Stoker at LibriVox (public domain
sylvania Press (1997), pgs. 17–24 audiobooks)
[16] John J. Miller (28 October 2008). “What a Tax Lawyer • Works by Bram Stoker at Open Library
Dug Up on 'Dracula'". WSJ.
• Bram Stoker at DMOZ
[17] Boylan, Henry (1998). A Dictionary of Irish Biography,
3rd Edition. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan. p. 412. ISBN • Bram Stoker on Internet Movie Database
0-7171-2945-4.
• h2g2 article on Bram Stoker
[18] “Bram Stoker”. Victorian Web. 30 April 2008. Retrieved
12 December 2008. • Bram Stoker’s brief biography and works
6 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

• 20 Common Misconceptions and Other Miscella-

neous Information
• Gothic and Stoker Studies at Bath Spa University

• Bram Stoker Full text and PDF versions of most of

Stoker’s works.

• Bram Stoker’s Dracula Full text of Stoker’s novel

Dracula.

• “Bram Stoker”. Find a Grave. Retrieved 8 February

2014.

• Short presentation of Bram Stoker’s boyhood neigh-

bourhood in Dublin

• Bram Stoker at the Internet Speculative Fiction

Database
• Bram Stoker at Library of Congress Authorities,
with 210 catalogue records
• Archival material at Leeds University Library
 7

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text
• Bram Stoker Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker?oldid=782866540 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Kpjas, WojPob,
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nish, JYBot, JamesBCrazy, Laggan Boy, Dexbot, SantoshBot, Reverend Mick man34, Windows.dll, Stevenbfg, Periglio, Lugia2453, Aes-
tuansintrinsecus, Dubtopia, Randomer119, Kyleisboss124, Oude38Hond, Kawaii-Soft, I am One of Many, Julian Felsenburgh, Madreterra,
ZarhanFastfire, Dalec323, JacobiJonesJr, Zenibus, Ginsuloft, Kbabej, Anarcham, Azertopius, Furlonr3, 7Sidz, Eubante, Rob Hume, Jim
Carter, Dah0tguy, Ahsims1, Michel Schellekens, Dublin60, DoctorMario1, TRPOD The Red Penes of Dread, Bobbybobbob11101, Margie
Davey, KWWight, Supdiop, KasparBot, AusLondonder, Ira Leviton, Sic19, Dilidor, Kurousagi, Nbs22, Trish2003, InternetArchiveBot,
MaGalPol, Zupotachyon, JJMC89 bot, Lembowman, Stardomax, Bender the Bot, FishStampLover52, Loveisgood241999, Bishop-9-Echo,
Commodorelm, Imogen at Leeds Uni Library, BT Curry and Anonymous: 662

11.2 Images
• File:Bram_Stoker’{}s_Home.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Bram_Stoker%27s_Home.jpg License: PD
Contributors:
Own work
Original artist:
Domer48 (talk) (Uploads)
• File:Bram_Stoker_Plaque_Whitby_England.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Bram_Stoker_
Plaque_Whitby_England.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
8 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-

nal artist: ?
• File:Dracula1st.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Dracula1st.jpeg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Golders_Green_crematorium_(pictures)_002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Golders_
Green_crematorium_%28pictures%29_002.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dadamax
• File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. Mobius assumed (based on copyright claims).
• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur
• File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

11.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0