GUIDED BY—DR.
SHILPA KABRA
What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs -
light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and
turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by
sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To
do so you use the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy
tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in
electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider
community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new
needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit
boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and
embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-
source, empowering users to build them independently and
eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is
open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.
Why Arduino?
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has
been used in thousands of different projects and applications. The
Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough
for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers
and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove
chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with
programming and robotics. Designers and architects build
interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations
and to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course,
use it to build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for
example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone -
children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just
following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas
online with other members of the Arduino community.
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms
available for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's
BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar
functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use
package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with
microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers,
students, and interested amateurs over other systems:
Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive
compared to other microcontroller platforms. The least expensive
version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even
the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows,
Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller
systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino
Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for
advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's
conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so
students learning to program in that environment will be familiar
with how the Arduino IDE works.
Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is
published as open source tools, available for extension by
experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical
details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming
language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code
directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the
Arduino boards are published under a Creative Commons license, so
experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced
users can build the breadboard version of the module in order to
understand how it works and save money.
TYPES OF ARDUINO AND ITS
1. OVERVIEW
2. TECH SPECS
3. PIN DIAGRAM
4. APPLICATION AREAS
5. INTERFACING WITH SENSOR
ARDUINO MEGA
OVERVIEW
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a
microcontroller board based on
the ATmega2560. It has 54 digital
input/output pins (of which 15 can be used
as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4
UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The
Mega 2560 board is compatible with most shields designed for the Uno
and the former boards Duemilanove or Diecimila.
The Mega 2560 is an update to the Arduino Mega, which it replaces.
TECH SPECS
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 101.52 mm
Width 53.3 mm
Weight 37 g
Memory
The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which
8 KB is used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM
(which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Arduino Pin Mapping
Applications
Arduino Mega 2560 is an ideal choice for the projects requiring more memory
space to used with more number of number pins on the board. Following are the
main applications of the Arduino mega boards.
Developing 3D printer
Controlling and handling more than one motors
Interfacing of number of sensors
Sensing and detecting temperature
Water level detection projects
Home automation and security systems
Embedded Systems
IoT applications
Parallel programming and Multitasking
INTERFACING WITH SENSOR
1. Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 Interfacing with
Arduino Uno
Introduction
Ultrasonic Module HC-SR04 works on the principle of SONAR and
RADAR system. It can be used to
determine the distance of an object in the
range of 2 cm – 400 cm.
The module has only 4 pins,
1. VCC
2. GND
3. Trig
4. Echo
When a pulse of 10µsec or more is given to the Trig pin, 8 pulses of
40 kHz are generated. After this, the Echo pin is made high by the
control circuit in the module. Echo pin remains high till it gets echo
signal of the transmitted pulses back.
The time for which the echo pin remains high, i.e. the width of the
Echo pin gives the time taken for generated ultrasonic sound to travel
to the object and back.
Using this time and the speed of sound in air, we can find the
distance of the object using a simple formula for distance using
speed and time.
For more information about ultrasonic module HC-SR04 and how to use it,
refer the topic Ultrasonic Module HC-SR04 in the sensors and modules
section.
Application
Let’s design an application in which we will find a distance to an object by
interfacing ultrasonic module HC-SR04 with Arduino and display the
distance on the Serial monitor.
In this application, we are using Ping example that comes with Arduino in
the Sensors library.
You can find this example in –
Interfacing Diagram
Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 interfaced with Arduino
2. Interface an LCD with an Arduino
You can easily interface a liquid crystal display (LCD) with an Arduino to
provide a user interface.
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are a commonly used to display data in devices
such as calculators, microwave ovens, and many other electronic devices..
The 16x2 LCD used in this experiment has a total of 16 pins. As shown in the
table below, eight of the pins are data lines (pins 7-14), two are for power
and ground (pins 1 and 16), three are used to control the operation of LCD
(pins 4-6), and one is used to adjust the LCD screen brightness (pin 3). The
remaining two pins (15 and 16) power the backlight.The details of the LCD
terminals are as follows:
Wiring Diagram
In this circuit, the LCD terminals are connected to the Arduino pins according
to the table below. Connect the outer two terminals of the potentiometer to
5V and ground, and the middle terminal to pin 3 of LCD. Rotating the
potentiometer controls the brightness of the LCD backlight. The LCD back
light pins are connected to 5V and ground as shown in the diagram below:
DB4----->pin4
DB5----->pin5
DB6----->pin6
DB7----->pin7
RS-----> pin8
EN-----> pin9
ARDUINO NANO
OVERVIEW
The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board
based on the ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.x). It has more or less the
same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package.
It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead
of a standard one.
TECH SPECS
Microcontroller ATmega328
Architecture AVR
Operating Voltage 5V
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 2 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Analog IN Pins 8
EEPROM 1 KB
DC Current per I/O Pins 40 mA (I/O Pins)
Input Voltage 7-12 V
Digital I/O Pins 22 (6 of which are PWM)
PWM Output 6
Power Consumption 19 mA
PCB Size 18 x 45 mm
Weight 7g
Product Code A000005
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader. The
ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.
PIN DIAGRAM
Applications
Arduino Nano is a very useful device that comes with a wide range of
applications and covers less space as compared to other Arduino board.
Breadboard friendly nature makes it stand out from other board. Following are
the main applications of the board.
Arduino Metal Detector
Real-Time Face Detection
Medical Instruments
Industrial Automation
Android Applications
GSM Based Projects
Embedded Systems
Automation and Robotics
Home Automation and Defense Systems
Virtual Reality Applications
ARDUINO UNO
OVERVIEW
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator
(CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker
with your Uno without worrying too much about doing something wrong,
worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start
over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software
(IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer
releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards,
and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of
current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
TECH SPECS
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage
7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by
Flash Memory
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It
also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and
written with the EEPROM library).
Pin Mapping
Note that this chart is for the DIP-package chip. The Arduino Mini is
based upon a smaller physical IC package that includes two extra
ADC pins, which are not available in the DIP-package Arduino
implementations.
Applications
Arduino Uno comes with a wide range of applications. A larger number of people
are using Arduino boards for developing sensors and instruments that are used
in scientific research. Following are some main applications of the board.
Embedded System
Security and Defense System
Digital Electronics and Robotics
Parking Lot Counter
Weighing Machines
Traffic Light Count Down Timer
Medical Instrument
Emergency Light for Railways
Home Automation
Industrial Automation
INTERFACING WITH SENSOR
1. LM35 Interfacing with Arduino UNO
Introduction
LM35 is a temperature sensor which can measure
temperature in the range of -55°C to 150°C.
It is a 3-terminal device that provides analog voltage
proportional to the temperature. Higher the temperature, higher is the
output voltage.
The output analog voltage can be converted to digital form using ADC so
that a microcontroller can process it.
For more information about LM35 and how to use it, refer the topic LM35
Temperature Sensor in the sensors and modules section.
Interfacing Diagram
Interfacing LM35 With Arduino UNO
Example
Measuring the temperature of surroundings using LM35 and displaying it
on the serial monitor of Arduino.
Here, LM35 output is given to analog pin A1 of Arduino UNO. This analog
voltage is converted to its digital form and processed to get the
temperature reading.
Sketch for Temperature Measurement
const int lm35_pin = A1; /* LM35 O/P pin */
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int temp_adc_val;
float temp_val;
temp_adc_val = analogRead(lm35_pin); /* Read Temperature
*/
temp_val = (temp_adc_val * 4.88); /* Convert adc value to
equivalent voltage */
temp_val = (temp_val/10); /* LM35 gives output of 10mv/°C
*/
Serial.print("Temperature = ");
Serial.print(temp_val);
Serial.print(" Degree Celsius\n");
delay(1000);
}
2. Pulse Sensor and Arduino – Interfacing
In this article, we are going to interface a Pulse
Sensor with Arduino. The pulse sensor we are going to use is a plug
and play heart rate sensor. This sensor is quite easy to use and
operate. Place your finger on top of the sensor and it will sense the
heartbeat by measuring the change in light from the expansion of capillary
blood vessels.
Pin Out – Pulse Sensor
The pulse sensor has three pins which are as described below:
GND: Ground Pin
VCC: 5V or 3V Pin
A0: Analog Pin
There is also a LED in the center of this sensor module which helps in
detecting the heartbeat. Below the LED, there is a noise elimination circuitry
which is supposed to keep away the noise from affecting the readings.
Working – Pulse Sensor
When a heartbeat occurs blood is pumped through the human body and
gets squeezed into the capillary tissues. The volume of these capillary
tissues increases as a result of the heartbeat. But in between the heartbeats
(the time between two consecutive heartbeats,) this volume inside capillary
tissues decreases. This change in volume between the heartbeats affects
the amount of light that will transmit through these tissues. This change is
very small but we can measure it with the help of Arduino.
The pulse sensor module has a light which helps in measuring the pulse
rate. When we place the finger on the pulse sensor, the light reflected will
change based on the volume of blood inside the capillary blood vessels.
During a heartbeat, the volume inside the capillary blood vessels will be
high. This affects the reflection of light and the light reflected at the time of
a heartbeat will be less compared to that of the time during which there is
no heartbeat (during the period of time when there is no heartbeat or the
time period in between heartbeats, the volume inside the capillary vessels
will be lesser. This will lead higher reflection of light). This variation in light
transmission and reflection can be obtained as a pulse from the ouptput of
pulse sensor. This pulse can be then coditioned to measure heartbeat and
then programmed accordingly to read as heartbeat count.
Circuit Diagram – Pulse Sensor to Arduino
Connect the pulse sensor with Arduino as follows
GND pin of pulses sensor to GND of Arduino
VCC of pulse sensor to 5V of Arduino
A0 of pulse sensor to A0 of Arduino
After that, connect the LED to pin 13 and GND of Arduino as shown in the
figure below. The LED will blink according to the heart beat.
