CHAPTER J 2 Noun Clauses CONTENTS 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Noun clauses beginning with, a question word Noun clauses beginning with that Quoted speech, Reported speech: verb forms in 12-3 Noun clauses beginning with noun clauses whether or if 12-8 Using the subjunctive in noun clauses 12-4 Question words followed by infinitives 12-9 Using -ever words independent cla (2) Sue lives in Tokyo. independent clase (8) Where does Sue live? A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.* ‘An independent clause (or matin clause) i a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. Examples (2) and (b) are ‘complete sentences, (a) is a statement, and (b) is a question, dependent caus (0) where Sve lives| [A dependent clause (or subordinave claws) isnot a complete sentence. Tt mst bbe connected to an independent clause. Example (c) is a dependent clause indep.cl_dependent el (@) Tknow where Sue Hos ‘Example (@) is « complete sentence. It has an independent clause with the sain subject (D) and verb (low) of the sentence, Where Sue lives is 2 {dependent clause connected to an independent clause, Where Sue fives is called a nowr claw. own phrase (e)" His story was interesting (6) What he said was ineresting A nown phrase is used as a subject or an object. A noun clause is used as a subject or an object. In other words, a noun clause is used in the same ways as a noun phrase In (e): His story is a noun phrase, It's used as the subject of the sentence. In (f): What he said is a noun clause. nis used as the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject (he) and vet® (said), noun phrase (g) Uheara his story. noun clause () Theard what he said. In (g): his story is a noun phrase. Its used as the objec of the verb heard. In (t); what he said is a noun clause. Icis used as the object of the verb heard. oun phrase (i) Tistened t0 his story. oun clause () Listened t0 ‘what he said. In (i): his story is a noun phrase, Ibis used as the object of the preposition ta, In (j) ;what he said is a noun clause, Its used as the object of the prepesition to “A phrass x «group of words that does NOT contain a subject and ae, **See Appendix Unit B for more information about jon words and question forms. 239Ci EXERCISE 1. Noun clauses, (Chart 12-1) Directions: Add the necessary punctuation and capitalization to the following. Underline the noun clauses. 1. I couldn't hear the teacher what did she say —» I couldn't hear the teachers What did she say? 2. Feouldn’t hear what the teacher said A 3, Where did Tom go no one knows 4, No one knows where Tom went 5, Where Tom went is a secret 6, What does Anna want we need to know 7. We need to know what Anna wants 8. What does Alex need do you know 9. Do you know what Alex needs 10, Whar Atex needs is a new job 11, We talked about what Alex needs 12. What do you need did you talk to your parents about what you need 12-2. NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD QUESTION Where docs she live? ‘What did he say? When do they arrive? [NOUN CLAUSE In (a): where she lives is the object of the (a) Idon’t know where she tives. _ | ver know. In @ noun clause, the subject @ Lcoutiarthear mnache coat’ | precedes the verb. Do not use question word (©) Do you know then they arrive? | order in « noun clause Notice: does, did, and do are used in {questions, but nor in noun clauses. See Appendix Unit B for more information about question words and question forms, | [sv ‘Who lives there? What happened? Who is atthe door? sy Tin (@): The word order is the same in both the (@) 1don't know'whe lives there. question and the noun clause because who is (@) Please tell me what happened, the subject in both, (DO Iwonder who is at the door. 8 Who are those men? Whose house is that? Sy, 1a (@): she isthe subject ofthe question, s0 is (g) I don’t know who she's placed in Font ofthe verb be inthe noun (b) [don't know who those men are. | clavse.* Gi) Lwonder whose house that is ‘What did she say? ‘What should they do? (i) What she said susprised me. In (): What she said is the subject of the (k) What they should do is obvious. sentence. Notice in (k): A noun clause subject takes 2 singular verb (e818) COMPARE Who ia the door? = Who are hoe man 240. CHAPTER 12 ‘ho i he subject of the question, those men isthe subject ofthe questa, so be is plural(1 EXERCISE 2. Noun clauses beginning with a question word. (Chart 12-2) Directions: Change the question in parentheses to a noun clause. 1. (How old is he?) I don’t know how ola he is 2. What was he talking about?) What he was talking abbout was interesting. 3. (Where do you live?) Please tell me _ 4. (What did she say?) wasn't true, 5. (When are they coming?) Do you know 6. (How much does it cost?) 1 can’t remember __ 7. (Which one does he want?) Let’s ask him —___ 8. (Who is coming to the party?) Udon’t know —— 9, (Who are those people?) 1 don’t know 10. (Whose pen is this?) Do you know 11. (Why did they leave the counery?) ig a secret. 12. (What are we doing in class?) — is easy. 13. (Where did she go?) is none of your business. 14, (How many leters are there in the English alphabet?) I don’t remember 15. (Who is the mayor of New York City?) I don't know 16. (How old does a person have to be 10 get a driver’s license?) I need to find out 17. (What happened?) 1 don't know 18, (Who opened the door?) 1 don’t know Noun Clauses 241(0 EXERCISE 3. Noun clauses beginning with a question word. (Chart 12-2) Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, oF as a class. Speaker A: Your book is open. Ask the question. Speaker B: Your book is closed. Begin your response with “I don’t know .. Example: SPEAKER A (book open): What time is it? SPEAKER B (book closed): 1 don’t know what time it is. (Switch roles if working in pairs.) 1, Where does (....) live? 13, What is (. ..)'s favorite color? 2, What country is (.. .) from? 14, How long has (....) been married? 3, How long has (...) been living here? 15, Why are we doing this exercise? 4, What is (...)’s telephone number? 16, Who turned off the lights? 5. Where is the post office? 17. Where is (. ..) going to eat 6, How far is it to (Kansas City)? lunch/dinner? 7. Why is (...) absent? 18. When does (the semester) end? 8. Where is my book? 19. Where did (. ..) go after class yesterday? 9. Whar kind of watch does (...) have? 20. Why is (. . . ) smiling? 10. Why was (. ..) absent yesterday? 21. How often does (...) go to the library? 11, Where did (. . .) go yesterday? 22. Whose book is that? 12, What kind of government does (Italy) 23. How much did that book cost? have? 24, Who took my book? EXERCISE 4. Noun clauses beginning with a question word. (Chart 12-2 and Appendix Unit B) Directions: Make a question from the given sentence. The words in parentheses should be the answer to the question you make. Use a question word (sho, what, how, etc.).* ‘Then change the question to a noun clause. 1. Tom will be here (next week). ourstion: — When will Tom pe neve? NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me _when “Tow will be here, 2. He is coming (because he wants 10 vist his friends). ouesriow: NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me 3. Hell be on flight (645, not fight 742), Question: a NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me *See Append Unit 8 for information about forming questions 242. cHAPTER 124. (lim Hunter) is going to meet him at the airport. QUESTION: NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me 5. Jim Hunter is (his roommate). QUESTION: NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me 6. Tom’s address is (4149 Riverside Road). QUESTION: NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me 7. He lives (on Riverside Road in Columbus, Ohio, USA). QUESTION: — NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me 8. He was (in Chicago) last week. Question: NOUN CLAUSE: Please tell me 9. He has been working for IBM* (since 1998) question: __ NOUN CLAUSE: Do you know 10. Be has (an /BM) computer at home question: NOUN CLAUSE: Do you know — (1 EXERCISE 5. Noun clauses beginning with a question word. (Chart 12-2 and Appendix Unit B) Directions: Use the words in parentheses to complete the sentences. Use any appropriate verb tense, Some of the completions contain noun clauses, and some contain questions. 1. A: Where (Ruth, go) Aid Ruth go __? She’s not in her room. : don’t know. Ask her friend Tina, She might know where (Ruth, go) Ruth went 2. A: Oops! I made a mistake. Where (my eraser, be) Didn’t I lend it to you? B; Idon't have it. Ask Sally where (it, be) her using it. I think I saw IM = the name of « corporation (Intemational Business Machines) Noun Clauses 243‘The door isn’t locked! Why (Fred, lock, not) it before he lefi?* ‘Why ask me? How am I supposed to know why (he, lock, not) it? Maybe he just forgot : Mr. Lee is a recent immigrant, isn’t he? How long (he, be) in this country? : have no idea, but I'l be seeing Mr. Lee this afternoon. Would you like me to ask him how long (he, live) —__ here? ‘Are you a student here? I'm a student here, too, Tell me what classes (sou, take) this term. Maybe we're in some of the same classes, Math 4, English 2, History 6, and Chemistry 101. What classes (you, rake) > Help! Quick! Look at that road sign! Which road (we, be supposed) to take? : You're the driver! Don’t look at me! I don’t know which road (we, be supposed) to take, 've never been here before in my entire life. "Word order in negative questions: Usual: Why d's all me? (with oid + not contracted) ‘ery formal: Why id yew not call me? 244 CHAPTER 121 EXERCISE 6. Information questions and noun clauses. (Charts 12-1 and 12~ pendix Unit B) Directions: Work in pairs. Switch roles after every group of five items. Speaker A: Your book is opea. Ask any question using the given words. Speaker B: Your book is closed. To make sure you understood Speaker A correctly, repeat what shhe said, using a noun clause. Begin by saying “You want to know Listen to each other’s grammar carefully, especially word order. Example: who \ roommate SPEAKER A (book open): Who is your roommate? SPEAKER B (book closed). Examp) : where \ go SPEAKER A (book open). SPEAKER B (book closed): Example: how far \it SPEAKER A (book open): SPEAKER B (book closed): You want to know who my roommate is, Where did you go after class yesterday? ‘You want to know where I went after class yesterday. How far is it from Bangkok to Rangoon? ‘You want to know how far itis from Bangkok to Rangoon. 1, whose \ that 11, who \ prime mis 21. when \ get 2. how much \ cost 12, which \ want 22. where \ located 3. what time \ get 13, why \blue 23. who \is 4, how long \ you 14, what \ after 24. who \ talk 5. what kind \ have 15. from whom \ borrow 25. how many \ go 6. when \ you 16, where \ born 26. what \ tomorrow 7. where \ last night 17. what color \ eyes 27. how far \it 8. why \ didn’ 18. whose \ is 28, what kind \ buy 9. what \ like 19. which \ you 29. how often \ you 10. where \ the teacher 20. why \ ask 30. to whom \ give Yis/No QUESTION Will she come? Does he need help? (a) Tdon't know whether she will come. don't know if she will come. (®) Iwonder whether he needs help. Iwonder if he noeds help. When a yes/no question is changed 10 @ noun clause, whether or ifis used to introduce the clause. (Note: Whether is more acceptable in formal English, but fis quite commonly used, especially in speaking.) (O) Whether she comes or nots (©) Iwonder whether or not she will come. (@) wonder whether she will come oF not. (©) Iwonder if she will come or not unimportant ro me. In (©), (4), and (e): Notice the patterns when or notis used In (f): Notice subject position. the noun clause i in the Noun Clauses 245CO EXERCISE 7. Noun clauses beginning with WHETHER or if, (Chart 12-3) Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. Begin all responses with “I wonder Examples: SPEAKER A (book open): Does ( .. .) need any help? SPEAKER B (book closed): I wonder whetherlif (. . .) needs any help. SPEAKER A (book open): Where is (...)? SPEAKER B (book closed): I wonder where (.. .) is. 1, Where is your friend? 14. What is he doing? 2. Should we wait for him? 15, Is he having trouble? 3. Should you call him? 16. Should you offer to help him? 4. Where is your dictionary? 17. How far is it to (Florida)? 5. Who took your dictionary? 18. Do we have enough time to go to 6. Did (... .) borrow your dictionary? (Florida) over vacation? 7. Who is that woman? 19. Whose book is this? 8. Does she need any help? 20. Does it belong to (...)? 9. Why is the sky blue? 21. Why did dinosaurs become extinct? 10. How long does a butterfly live? 22. Is there life on other planets? 11, What causes earthquakes? 23. How did life begin? 12, When was the first book written? 24. Will people live on the moon 13, Who is that man? someday? ( EXERCISE 8. Noun clauses. (Charts 12-2 and 12-3) Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. Begin all responses with “Could you please tell me..." Example: SPEAKER A (book open): What is this? SPEAKER B (book closed): Could you please tell me what this is? Does this bus go downtown? How much does this book cost? ‘When is Flight 62 expected to arrive? . Where is the nearest phone? . Is this word spelled correctly? 5. What time is it? Is this information correct? . How much does it cost to fly from (Chicago) to (New York)? ). Where is the bus station? 10, Whose pen is this? 246 CHAPTER 12(D EXERCISE 9. Error analysis: noun clauses. (Charts 12-1 + 12-3) Directions: Correct the errors. 1, Please tell me what is your name. -> Please tell me what your name is. 2, No one seems to know when will Maria arrive. 3. L wonder why was Bob late for class. 4, don’t know what does that word mean, 5, I wonder does the teacher know the answet? 6. What should they do about the hole in their roof is their most pressing problem. 7. Pll ask her would she like some coffee o not. 8. Be sure to tell the doctor where does it hurt, 9, Why am I unhappy is something I can’t explain, 10. I wonder does Tom know about the meeting or not. 11. I need to know who is your teacher. 12. I don’t understand why is the car not ruaning properly. 13. My young son wants to know where do the stars go in the daytime? 12-4 QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES (a) [don’t know what I should do. (b) Tdon’s know shat to do. (©) Pam can’t decide wether she should go or stay home, (@) Pam can't decide whether to go or (t0) stay home. (@) Please tell me how I can get tothe bus sition. (1) Plesse cell me how to get to the bus station. (g) Jim td us where we could find ie (h) Fim told us where to find it. Question words (when, where, how, who, whom, whose, what, which) and whether may be followed by an infinitive. ich pair of sentences in the examples has the same ‘meaning. Notice that the mesning expressed by the infinitive is either should ot ean/could. Cl EXERCISE 10. Question words followed by infinitives. (Chart 12-4) Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by using infinitives. 1. He told me when I should come. + He told me when to come. 2. The plumber told me how I could fix the leak in the sink, 3. Please tell me where I should meet you. 4, Don had an elaborate excuse for being late for their date, but Sandy didn’t know whether she should believe him or not. 5, Jim found two shirts he liked, but he had trouble deciding which one he should buy. 6. I've done everything I can think of to help Andy get his life straightened out. I don’t know what else I can do, Noun Clauses 247Complete the followings use infinitives in your completions. 7. Twas tongue-tied. I didn’t know what 8. A: Ican’t decide to the reception, B: How about your green suit? 9. A: Where are you going to live when you go to the university? B: I'm not sure. I can’t decide whether 10. A: Do you know how 2 B: No, but I'd ike to learn, 11. A: don't know what for her birthday, Got any suggestions? B: How about a book? 12. My cousin has a dilemma, He can’t decide whether __or What do you think he should do? 13. Before you leave on your trip, read this tour book. It tells you where and how NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT STATEMENT: NOUN CLAUSE In (a): that he is a good actor is a noun He isa good actor. | (a) I think that he is a good actor. clause, Tes used as the object ofthe verb () [think he ts @ good actor. think. The word that, when it introduces @ noun ‘The world is round. | (¢) We know (that) the world is round. clause, has no meaning in itself. It simply ‘marks the beginning ofthe clause. Frequently itis omitted, asin (b), especially in speaking. (If used in speaking, itis unstressed.) ‘She doesn't (@) That she doosn't understand spoken English | tn (d):"The noun clause (That she ‘understand spoken is obvious, doesn’t understand spoken English) is English. (©) Its obvious (that) she deesn’t understand the subject ofthe sentence. The word that spoken English is not omitted when it introduces a noun clause used as the subject of a sentence, as ‘The world is round, | (£) That she world is round isa fact. in (@) and (8) (g) Ie is a fact thatthe world is round. More commonly, the word i¢ functions as the subject and the noun clause is placed atthe end of the sentence, asin (e) and (2) 248 CHAPTER 12( EXERCISE 11. Noun clauses beginning with THAT. (Chart 12-5) Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as @ class. Speaker A: Change the given sentence into a noun clause. Use it + any appropriate expression from the list. Speaker B: Give the equivalent sentence by using a that-clause as the subject, Example: The world is round. SPEAKER A (book open): Tt isa fact that the world is round. SPEAKER 8 (book closed): That the world is round is a fact. a fact obvious surprising unfair @ shame well-known fact apparent strange 00 bad a pity rue clear unfortunate . Tim hasn’t been able to make any friends, Drug abuse can ruin one’s health. . Some women do not earn equal pay for equal work, ‘The earth revolves around the sun. . Irene, who is an excellent student, failed her entrance examination. . Smoking can cause cancer. . English is the principal language of the business commumty throughout much of the world, Royeene Ci EXERCISE 12. Noun clauses beginning with THAT. (Chart 12-5) Directions: Work in pairs or as a class. Speaker A: Make an original sentence ty using it and the given expression, Speaker B: Give the equivalent sentence by using a shar-clause as the subject, Example: tue SPEAKER A: It is true that plants need water in order to grow. SPEAKER B: That plants need water in order to grow is true. (Swoitch roles if working in pairs) 1. a fact 6. unfortunate 2. surprising 7. true 3. obvious 8. strange 4. too bad. 9. unlikely 5. a wellsknown fact 10. undeniable (1 EXERCISE 13. Noun clauses beginning with THAT. (Chart 12-5) Directions: Complete the sentences. 1. Itis my belief that . . . the war beteween 5. Its widely believed that those two countries will end soon. 6. Itis thought that. . 2. It seems to me that. . 7. Tthas been said that . 8 3. It is my impression that Itis a miracle that. 4. Icis my theory that Noun Clauses 249(EXERCISE 14. Noun clauses beginning with THAT. (Chart 12-5) Directions: That-clauses may follow be + certain adjectives that express feelings or attitudes. Complete the following with your own words. 1, P'm sorry (that) ....mas 4. I’m pleased (that) 8, I'm happy (that) axe for class. 5. I'm surprised (that) .... 9, Yesterday I was annoyed 2, I'm glad (that) 6. I'm sure (chat) (that) 3, I’m disappointed 7. Ym amazed (that)... 10. I’m afraid (that)* (that)... (EXERCISE 16. Noun clauses beginning with THAT. (Chart 12-5) Directions: A that-clause may follow be directly. Complete the sentences with your own ideas by using thar-clauses. 1. Hee says he is twenty-one, but the truth is... shat he is only eighteen. 2. There are two reasons why I do not want to go out tonight. ‘The first reason is... shat I have to study. ‘The second reason is. .. that I do not have enough money.** 3. There are several reasons why I am studying English, One reason is Another reason is A third reason is 4. Lhave had three problems since I came here. One problem is that . Another problem is that . The third problem I have had is that . 5. One advantage of owning your own car is... Another advantage is ‘One disadvantage, however, of owning your own car is . (EXERCISE 16. Noun clauses beginning with THAT. (Chart 12-5) Directions: A that-clause is frequently used with the fact. Combine the sentences using “the fact that” to introduce a noun clause. 1, Ann was late. That didn’t surprise me + The fact that Ann was lave didn’t surprise me. 2, Rosa didn’t come. That made me angry. Pm alittle tired. 1 feel fine except for that. 4, Natasha didn’t pass the entrance examination. She was not admitted to the university due to that. 5. Many people in the world live in intolerable poverty. That must concern all of us. "To be aad bas two possible meanings (At can express fear: I'm afraid of dogs. I'm afi tha his dog wl ite me: (2) In informal English it offen expresses a meaning similar to “vob try” Tm afraid tha I can’ accept your ition, Tim afraid you have the wrong umber. ‘Nore: That is uted, not Because, wo introduce the clause, (Because might occur only in very informal spoken English: The fs reson is because Ihave 0 study.) 250 CHAPTER 126. Surasuk is frequently absent from class. That indicates his lack of interest in school. 7. Twas supposed to bring my passport to the examination for identification. I was not aware of that. 8. The people of the town were given no warning of the approaching tornado, Due to that, there were many casualties rf 'UOTED SPEECH (Quoted speech refers 10 reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken.* Quotation marks (*...") are used.** ‘QuOTING owe seNTENCE (@) She said, “My brother is a student” (@) “My brother is a student,” she said. (©) “My brother,” she said, “Ys a student” ‘QUOTING MORE THAN ONE SENTENCE (@) “My brother is a student. He is attending university,” she said (© “My brother is student,” she sai. “He is atending a university” In (a): Use a comma after she said. Capitalize the first word of the quoted sentence. Put the final quotation marks outside the Period at the end of the sentence. In (b): Use a comma, not a period, at the end of the quoted sentence when it precedes she said. In (9) Ifthe quoted sentence is divided by she said, use a ‘comma after the first part of the quote. Do not capitalize he first word after she said In (@): Quotation marks are placed at the beginning and end of the complete quote. Notice: There are no quotation marks after student In (¢): If she said comes between two quoted sentences, the second sentence begins with quotation marks and a capital leter. ‘QUOTING A QUESTION OR AN XCLAMATION (2) She asked, “When will you be here?” (@) “When will you be here?” she asked, (h) She said, “Watch our!” In ("The question mark is inside the quota In @®): Ifa question mark is used, no comma is used before she ase. sn marks, In (h):The exclamation point is inside the quotation marks. (@) “My brother is a student,” said Anna. “My brother,” said Anna, “sa student.” a ® “Let's leave,” whispered Dave, “Please help me," begged the unfortunate ‘Say and ask are the most commonly used quote verbs. Some (1) “Well? Jack began, “it’s long story.” In ("The noun subject (Ana) follows said. A noun subject ‘often follows the verb when the subject and verb come in the middle or atthe end of a quoted sentence. (Note: A pronoun subject almost always precedes the verb. Very rare: “My brother's student," said she.) others: add, agree, announce, answer, be, begin, comment, complain, cones, continu, explain, inguire, promise, rary reply, respond, shout, suggest, whisper “Quote speechis also called “direct speech” Reported spech (discussed in Chart 12-7, p. 254) is aso called “indirect speech.” **In British English, quotation matks ae called “inverted commas” and can coasist of ether double marks (°) oF a single ‘mark (): She std ‘My brother is a student! Noun Clauses 251CO EXERCISE 17. Quoted speech, (Chart 12-6) Directions: Add the necessary punctuation and capitalization. 1, Henry said there is a phone call for you 2, There is a phone call for you he said 3, There is said Henry a phone call for you 4. There is a phone call for you it’s your sister said Henry 5. There is a phone call for you he said it’s your sister, 6. Lasked him where is the phone 7. Where is the phone _ she asked 8, Stop the clock shouted the referee we have an injured player 9. Who won the game asked the spectator 10. I'm going to rest for the next three hours she said I don’t want to be disturbed ‘That's fine [replied you get some rest I'll make sure no one disturbs you (EXERCISE 18, Quoted speech. (Chart 12-6) Directions: Add the necessary punctuation and capitalization. Notice that a new paragraph begins each time the speaker changes. When the police officer came over to my carhe said let me see your driver's license, please What's wrong, Officer lasked was Ispeeding No, you weren't speeding _ he replied you went through a red light at the comer of Fifth Avenue and Main Street you almost caused an accident Did | really do that Isaid I didn’t see a red light 252 CHAPTER 12