MARGARET NEWMAN APPLICATION
Health as expanding consciousness The nurse help patients understands how to use the
power they have within in order to develop a higher level
Theories inspired by Martha Rogers of consciousness
Born October 10, 1933 Therefore, it helps to realize the process of disease, its
Bachelor’s Degree: University of Tennessee in 1962 recovery, and its preventions
Master’s Degree: University of California in 1964 Nursing is seen as a partnership between the nurse and
Doctorate Degree: New York University in 1971 patient, and both grow in the sense of higher level of
Worked in: University of Tennessee consciousness.
New York University
University of Minnesota
CLARITY
ASSUMPTIONS
Sematic clarity is evident in the definitions, descriptions
Health encompasses condition heretofore described as
illness or in medical terms, pathology and dimensions of the concept of the theory.
Pathological conditions can be considered a manifestation
at the total patter of the individual SIMPLICITY
The pattern of the individual that eventually manifest The deeper meaning of the theory of health as expanding
itself as pathology is primary and exist prior to structural consciousness is complex
or functional changer. The theory as a whole must be understood, not just the
Removal of the pathology in itself will not change the isolated concepts
pattern of the individual
If becoming ill is the only way an individual; pattern can GENERALITY
manifest itself, then that is health for that person The theory has been applied to several different cultures.
Health is an expansion of consciousness
It is applicable across the spectrum of nursing care
situations
Nursing Paradigms
Health and illness are synthesized as health the fusion on
DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES
one state of being (disease) with its opposite (non-
Newman; theory provides an evolving guide for all
disease) results in what can be rewarded as health
health-related disciplines
Nursing is caring in the Human health experience
Nursing is seen as a partnership between the nurse and
EMPIRICAL PRECISIONS
client, with both nurse and client, with both grow in the
“sense of higher levels of consciousness” Quantitative methods are inadequate in capturing the
The human is unitary, that is cannot be divided into dynamic, changing nature of the theory.
parts, and is inseparable from the larger unitary field.
Person as individuals, and human beings as a species are
identified by their patter of consciousness
Environment is described as a universe of open systems
According to Newman, “The theory of health as
expanding consciousness (HEC) was stimulated by
concern for those for whom health as the absence of
disease or disability is not possible
Nurses often relate to some people: people facing the
uncertainty , debilitation, loss and eventual death
associated with chronic illness
How a disease manifest in an individual patient depends
on the pattern of that patient, so the pathology of the
disease exist before the symptoms appear
By this logic, the removal of the symptoms of the disease
will not change the patient’s individual structure or
pattern.
The model also addresses the interrelatedness of time,
space and movement
Time and space are the temporal pattern of the patient,
and have a complementary relationship.
People are constantly changing through time and space,
which is movement, which shows a unique pattern of
reality
