Purposive communication 6. Staring – can be seen as 4.

Align your answer to the hurtful, off topic, outright upsetting

aggressive or worse, creepy. company’s spirit messages.
Chapter 1 7. Chopping and pointing – it can  Come to the interview with the
mean you are cutting or chopping knowledge of the company’s Communication back then and now
Communication – a process which involves
connections. mission and vision.
a sender who is required to compose a  1400s Printing press was invented
8. Breaking eye contact – expresses  Be in the know about the
message that is clear and purposive in  Invention of telegraph
discomfort. company’s organizational culture.
order to elicit his intended purpose.  Telephones
9. Bad posture – leaning back can be
 Photography
Methods or channels of communication laziness and leaning forward may Categorizing people
 Television
may be: express aggressiveness.
 eliminating their individuality  Internet
How to make the most of your past  limiting chances of striking a  The internet introduced us to
 Face to face
experiences for an interview session successful working the term “real time”.
 A telephone call
with your future employer relationship.  Once anything is posted and
 Private chat message
put out there through online
 Use of various online applications 1. Keep it relevant Example technology, there is not
Decoding – the stage where your intended  Do not talk about an experience stopping it from being liked,
working alone, online or in your  That women in the workplace are unliked, commented on or
audience tries to understand your message slow workers.
with whatever means he has. room. much widely shared.
 Make sure to impress your  That young people do not know
Internet slang – ex: lol, brb, ttyl, 2day. interviewer that you have the value of hard work. Community – the global community which
participated in several  That senior citizens in the you inhabit.
Feedback – completes the cycle of collaborative efforts. workplace are nuisance.
communication because it is where the The current tide of communication requires
 This will communicate a sense of you to play an active role in forming
participants are able to gauge the Being in different environments can stretch
vitality in your personality. communities, global or otherwise, for the
effectiveness of the act of communicating. us far back, or too forward - We adjust the
2. Mix it up a little bit current generation and those to come.
way we communicate depending on who
High-level employment – where we shall  Talk about how skillful you are we are communicating with.
zoom in, and the term high level means of on tasks like creating Chapter 3
great importance or high rank. presentation or designing Two types of communication
websites. Formal Register
9 worst body language mistakes  An instance where you 1. Verbal communication
2. Nonverbal communication The three most common language
learned life’s lessons can
1. Excessive nodding – undermines register:
always boost your chances for
how focused we are by nodding Chapter 2
employment when you get the 1. Formal
like a bobble. opportunity to squeeze it in an Social media plays a very significant role in 2. Informal
2. Fidgeting – this is the so called interview. playing them up in the public eye. 3. Neutral
nervous energy. 3. Downplay negatives, play up
3. Hands behind the back – positives The internet ranges from: Formal Register
communicates unapproachability  Make sure to create an
and closed mindedness.  One to many - Appropriate for professional writing
impression that all of your
4. Mismatched expression – not  Many to one and letters to boss.
time in your previous job has
going to translate your words well,  Many to many - The most challenging type of
been worth it and you realized
when you are expressing passion writing.
too well that your strengths as
with face in deadpan. Flak – backlash or bash. - Useful if we have to write a letter
an employee were not fully
5. Shifty eyes – suggest lying or that that is both impersonal and
maximized. Trolls – people who plant discord on the
you are uncertain. unemotional to a specific person.
internet by initiating arguments, posting
 Formal writing includes: - Fragments are unacceptable  Articles The native speakers of English are
in formal writing. Always  Some letters considered to be the best teachers in
 Business letters complete your sentence.  Some essays the world.
 Letters of complaint 8. Write longer, more complex  Technical writing
 Reports sentences. Sociolinguistics – the study of
 Official speeches The linguistics would refer language relationship between language and
 Announcements The Informal language register register as tenor, tone, or style. society. It focuses on how language is
 Professional email messages used by the individual speaker and
- The register that we use when Register – a variety of language dictated by groups of speakers in its social context.
we communicate with friends a particular social setting.
In formal writing, observe:
and family. Pragmatics – focuses on how speakers
Thomas Bertram Reid utilize language to convey information.
1. Do not use contractions.
This accepts:
- Will not instead of won’t - He was the first one to use the - Choice of words
- Have no instead of haven’t  Slangs and clichés term register in 1956. - Sentence forms
2. Spell out numbers less than one
 Figurative language - Intonation
hundred. According to him, register is a variation
 Symbols and abbreviations - Rhythm
- Nineteen according to the user affected by variables
 Acronyms - Pitch
- Twenty nine like social background, geography, gender,
- Fifty seven  Incomplete sentences age, among others.
 Short sentences Discourse Analysis – focuses on the
3. Avoid using too much passive text and its context.
voice. It is better to use active  Jokes
voice.  Personal opinions Globalization – a household term
English as a specific language
4. Avoid using slang, idioms,  Active and passive voice spawned by exchange of knowledge,
exaggerations, and clichés.  Extra punctuation  American English trade and capital around the world.
- Awesome/cool - A variant of English spoken mainly
- Okay/ok This writing includes: Collaboration – a term that is clear on
in the United States.
- Check it out the impact of culture on manners and
 Personal emails - Introduced to North America by
- Time is money body language and how to incorporate
 Text messages British settlers in the 17th century,
- Beauty is only skin deep technology in communication amongst
the colonization period.
5. Avoid abbreviation and acronyms.  Short notes peoples.
 Australian English
If you have to use acronym, write it  Tweets
- Spoken largely in Australia. Visual Interactions – an indispensable
out the first time. From then on,  Facebook posts
- Began to diverge from British ingredient to workplace dynamics.
use the acronym itself.  Blogs English shorty after Australia was
- Influenza – flu  Friendly letters settled in the late 18th century. Chapter 4
- Tablespoon – tbsp.  Chat messages  Black English
- Manila - Mla  Diaries and journals - British and American English Trompenaars and hampden (1997)
6. Formal writing requires food spoken by black communities in
transition words like: The neutral language register - There are dimensions to
the US and UK.
- Nevertheless recognizing cultural diversity
- It is neither formal nor - Spoken widely in the Caribbean
- Additionally in national cultures and that
informal. and Africa.
- Consequently manner by which people
- It is the tone used when  British English
- In fact respond to certain questions.
expressing facts devoid of - Spoken mainly in the United
- As a result of 1. Universalism vs. particularism
emotion. Kingdom.
- However - Are taught in most English as a Universalism adhere to general rules,
7. Always write in sentences. Writings that use neutral register second language and English as codes, values, obligations regardless of
foreign language programs. circumstance. It takes precedence over
 Reviews
the needs and claims of friends and Affective people wear their heart on Chapter 5 Audio – refers to music, sound effects,
other relationships. their sleeves and spend their time in noises or silences, and the elements of
work with laughter, expressions of Multimodal texts – the production of volume, pitch, and rhythm.
Particularism make judgments displeasure or happiness and all. spoken, written or texts in print or in digital
according to relationship. forms. Visual – refers to moving or still images with
6. Time orientation: sequential vs. the utilization of colors, layouts, screen
2. Individualism vs. collectivism synchronic Paper form may be formats, symbols, shot framing, distance,
angle, camera movement, and subject
Individualism puts emphasis on the Sequential thinks that there is time and  Books
movement.
individuals wants, happiness, fulfilment, place for everything to be done. You  Comics
initiative, and welfare above those of follow a strict and particular order.  Posters Gestural – refers to body movement, hands
the community. and eyes, facial expressions, demeanors,
Synchronic connects the past and They are meant to be read and understood speed, stillness, and angles.
Collectivism turns for the greater good future but do not focus on one or the while holding or looking at them.
and values what works for the order with which the two take place. Spatial – refers to environmental and
community undermining personal You deal with things as they come. Digital form may be architectural spaces, proximity, direction,
wants and desires. and over all organization of objects in a
7. Inner directed orientation vs. outer  Slide presentations
given space.
3. Specific vs. diffused directed orientation.  Blogs
 Web pages How to get good selfie lighting at home
Specific culture is about a man who Inner directed thrives on people making  Short films
considers his work a place where he a conscious effort of controlling the  The bigger, the better
 Videos
functions as an individual and believes environment where they are in.  Media campaign  Keep lights at eye level
he can work effectively even without
 Face your light source
maintain real relationships. Outer directed believes in the Live form may be  Consider your background
domination of nature over mankind.
Diffused encourages relationships and  Take advantage of natural light
 Interpretative dance
camaraderie among coworkers and the Melting pot – encourages assimilation  Camera quality matters
 Monologue
person thrives on the collective desires and being American as the mainstream
 Role play
of the people around him irrespective culture.
 Anything that is executed in front
of his own desires.
Cultural pluralism of an audience.
4. Achievement vs. ascription
- Focuses on a diverse Trans media is where messages are
Achievement regard others on account population of cultures conveyed through a combination of
of their education, ability, success in interacting with one another to multimedia platforms.
chosen career, competition, and so on. form a society.
Things to consider when creating a
- A condition in which people
Ascription value according to your multimodal text
are able to organize
social connections, age, gender, origin communities regardless of 1. Purpose
or religion. differences of race, age, sex, 2. Message
religion, language and cultural 3. Reader
5. Neutral vs. affective
lifestyle. 4. Viewer
Neutral people make an effort to 5. Listener
Bennet and Hammer (1998)
conceal their feelings because they
have been taught that way and are Written/Linguistic – refers to spoken and
“the more experience a person has for
often perceived to be guarded and written language through vocabulary,
cultural differences, the more her will
controlled. structure and grammar.
develop intercultural competence.”