PART ONE

Answer the following questions with reference to the article which follows.

Choose from A to H the answers to the numbered questions.

According to the passage, who...

... suggested women were linked with food? 01. F

A. Martha Mitchell
... thought words were not made by women? 02.D
B. Minnie Robinson
... considered masculinity to be a matter of grammar? 03. H
C. Rod Skitz
... sat on a committee? 04.A
D. Mary Daly
... accepted a neutered religion? 05.G
E. Andrea Dworkin
... said that gender varied from language to language? 06.C
F. Marina Warner
... renamed a means of access? 07.F
G. Lucy Manners
... hypothesised that the images used in marketing created stereotypes?

08. E H. Roger Scruton

... felt women were always in danger? 09. B

... did not require protection? 10. ...........

PERSONS ONLY federal injunction to allow their 8-year-old daughter

to play without the protection of a boy's plastic
athletic protector cup.
The English language is no longer spoken by men or
women or people, but by persons. In the lift, the notice Thirdly, from Time magazine, personhole. When
says: "Capacity 13 persons". A person might now ask Rod Skitz, the leader of the city council of
you how many persons there were at the party. Some of Woonsocket, RI, approved some job descriptions
your best friends are probably persons, whether that eliminated supposedly sexist language, a utility
businesspersons or housepersons. Personkind is on the man became a utility person whose duties included
up and up. Here are a few examples, drawn from a "building personholes".
variety of sources:

Firstly, from The Listener, henchperson. This week By now you will understand that we have arrived at
Chairperson Martha Mitchell and her henchpersons the lunatic fringe, the farthest shore of the English
looked at the way education brainwashes girls into language, a deserted and infertile spot, inhabited by
accepting a submissive domestic role. persons. How have we come to these dire and chilly
straits? Psychoanalysis might give some
Secondly, from the Tuscaloosa News, second description, if not an explanation. One person, Mary
baseperson. The parents of Minnie Robinson, a Daly, in her book, Gyn/Ecology, uses the tools of
sometimes second baseperson say they will seek a psychoanalysis to demonstrate that all language is
"polluted by the patriarchal myth": words are split to Yet another person, Andrea Dworkin, an American
demonstrate their supposed "pollution", as for example, polemicist, considers the world to be a male-
when "therapist" becomes "the-rapist", "remembering" dominated system of social institutions, sexual
becomes "re-membering", and "manipulate" becomes practices, and economic relations in which women
"man-ipulate". are silenced, exploited and damaged. For her,
language is a weapon and a means of change, She
writes: "Women live defensively, not just against

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rape but against the language of the rapist." shall speak neutered unto person?

Another person, Marina Warner, has described the There is, there is. Well not exactly speak, but sing.
images by which the sexes tend to differentiate Lucy Manners at church in New England, sings from
themselves: she seems to do so with a faint tinge of the
regret, like Professor Higgins in My Fair Lady, asking: Inclusive Language Hymnal. In it, all references to
"Why can't a woman be more like a man?" Or vice God
versa. She writes: "In the current vocabulary of or Christ involving the words He, His, Him, Mankind,
pleasure, women incline to metaphors of nourishment, King, and men and brothers have been removed.
not always of spectacle and violent action." She writes God,
of toilet preparations, "Eaux de cologne for men are whoever he/she is, help English literature if the
called Polo, Denim, Aramis and Brut (the last no doubt Person
after champagne, but not ignoring other connotations). Police get to work on Shakespeare.
The cosmetics companies want to avoid cissy
overtones, obviously, so they stress the robust,
musketeering, sporty character of their fragrances." She The critic, Roger Scruton, has observed: "English is
notes that with the perfumes Opium and Poison, the unfortunate because gender only becomes apparent
femme has become even more fatale. Just as in with the use of pronouns. In other languages, gender
Japanese, the sexes differentiate themselves by the attaches to every adjective and every noun. Some
waythey speak, the language they use. But, languages are structured by gender. In Arabic, for
somewhere,could there not be a utopia where example, numeral adjectives from three to nine are
person used in the masculine gender with feminine nouns
and
in the feminine with masculine nouns. In English,
however, with very few rare exceptions, he and she
are
used exclusively of things with male or female sex.
Gender in language is therefore seldom attributed to
deep-rooted habits of grammar which are
perceptibly
beyond the reach of conscious change. It really may
seem, to someone faced with a choice of using he
as
opposed to he or she, that he is confronting a
question of sexual morality, rather than one of
conventional usage."

PART TWO

THE COMMONWEALTH

Read the passage and answer the questions.

The Russian leader, Stalin, is supposed to have asked how many divisions the Pope had. Like the
Roman Catholic church, the British Commonwealth does not operate in the realms of realpolitik. It is
closer, perhaps, to the world of Lewis Carroll than to that of Bismarck.

As an idea, the Commonwealth dates from the year of Queen Elizabeth's birth, 1926. It was to be an
association of “autonomous communities within the Empire”, unified in one respect only: by their
allegiance to the sovereign as the head of state. Even this requirement was dropped in 1949 when
India asked to remain a member of the Commonwealth even though, as a newly-independent
republic, it had ended its allegiance to the crown. Still, even today, Elizabeth is Queen not only of the
United Kingdom, but of 17 other countries as well. Of the other nation states in the Commonwealth,
26 are republics which recognize her only as head of the Commonwealth, and the other five (Brunei,
Lesotho, Malaysia, Tonga and Swaziland) have monarchs of their own. The 49 countries have a
population of around one billion.

The Commonwealth has one unifying factor: the Queen as its head. It is noteworthy, if not

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miraculous, that there has been this continuity, that the monarch of the imperialist nation should be
accepted with affection and respect by the newly independent sovereign states. The reason lies in
the status the Commonwealth offers, and in the framework it provides for useful work to be done. It is
remarkable, for example, that all Commonwealth countries, without exception, gave Britain moral
support during the Falklands crisis.

The Commonwealth has seen much disunity as well, and a number of countries have ceased to be
members, usually for political reasons. In 1948, Palestine became Israel. In 1949, the Republic of
Ireland, neutral during the '39-'45 war, also left. In 1972, after war with India, and the creation of
Bangladesh, Pakistan also departed. But the most significant departure has been that of South
Africa, in 1961.

The key issue of the Commonwealth is, of course, race, and in particular hostility to racism as
practised by white people. For the past 15 years the focus of attention has been upon South Africa,
especially upon the severing of sporting links with that country. The refusal of the former Thatcher
government to impose economic sanctions on the apartheid-ridden country has caused tension not
only between Britain and other Commonwealth countries, but also between the Queen and her Prime
Minister.

The Queen has to remain above all the issues, all the arguments. That she does so is one of the
wonders of modern politics. The very looseness of the Commonwealth may be its greatest virtue,
given the number of one-party states, military dictatorships, and personal regimes within it. Each
member takes or gives what the realpolitik of its own government requires. Through the
Commonwealth, for example, Canada has attained a degree of influence among Third World
countries which otherwise would never have been possible. But the Commonwealth is also limited:
for military help in a domestic crisis, Grenada had to turn to the United States.

Still, Alice in Wonderland or not, a two-metre high portrait of the Queen does hang outside the
entrance to Zimbabwe's Senate. An official explained: “She's not there because we love the royal
family, but because she is the head of the Commonwealth.”

It's a matter of independence plus.

Select the most appropriate answer from those given.

11. With whom is the Queen identified?

A. A policy of political realism.
B. Stalin.
C. Alice in Wonderland.
D. Bismarck.

12. Why is the Commonwealth compared to the Catholic church?

A. It has no army.
B. It is like a fairy story.
C. It is concerned with influence rather than political power.
D. It is a worldwide organisation.

13. How did relations between the British government and other Commonwealth members become strained?
A. It invaded the Falklands.
B. It continued to trade with South Africa.
C. It cut aid to developing nations.
D. It joined the EU.

14. By what criteria can member states of the Commonwealth be recognised?

A. They recognise the Queen as Head of State.
B. English is their official language.
 C. They are former colonies.
D. They are members of the Commonwealth.

15. Why is it necessary for members of the Commonwealth to be tolerant of each other?
A. They have various political systems.
B. They have language problems.
C. Communication is not always easy.
D. Some of them are racist.

16. What is the main limitation of the Commonwealth?

A. It has no standing army.
B. Agreement is difficult.
C. It will not intervene directly in a member's domestic affairs.
D. It cannot compete with American realpolitik.

PART THREE

Choose the best paragraphs from the second section to complete the passage. There is one extra paragraph
that does not fit.

DRUGS: SUPPLY AND DEMAND

Why has the illegal use of drugs become an epidemic worldwide? It is unlikely that there is one single
cause, and the demand for illegal drugs is parallelled by their legal prescription as tranquillisers and
sedatives, and by the entirely legal use of tobacco and alcohol.
[17] - F

The professor of addiction behaviour at the University of London's Institute of Psychiatry writes:
“Being a drug taker means ‘being someone' for the young person [or old person, one might add] who
does not otherwise know who he is, what he is worth, or where he is going. [18] - D

A drug taker becomes a member of a group. Once a member of the group, outside the normal
structure of family and work, he has nowhere else to go. Even something like glue-sniffing is nearly
always a group activity. [19] - G

With time, and increasing dependence on the drug, the need becomes physical as well as
psychological. The hunger must be assuaged, no matter how expensively. [20]- B

Government agencies have largely ignored the social reasons for addiction. They have attacked the
growers, the smugglers, and the dealers. By and large, their efforts have not been crowned with
much success. For example, in Malaysia, draconian laws have hanged 30 heroin dealers in the past
five years and put another 40 on death row awaiting the noose. Despite these laws, 3.5 per cent of
Malaysia's population take the drug. [21]- E
However, on America's own doorstep, in the Bahamas, the world's first modern drug epidemic has
taken place. It is an epidemic that has spread in the past year to the United States. In the Bahamas
more than 10 per cent of the population are addicts. Many are teenagers, hooked inside 10 minutes
of their first introduction to drugs by “free-basing”. Free-basing is a lethal method of smoking a “rock”
of cocaine that is 80 per cent proof, compared with 30 per cent from sniffing. [22]- C

Section Two

A.
In such places, the American government uses all possible means of economic persuasion to put
pressure on countries which tolerate the drug trade. In some parts of the world, a country's economy
may depend on the coca crop.

B.
At this point drug-taking becomes not only antisocial but probably criminal, as the addict steals to
support his habit.

C.
When the habit spread to New York, the substance became known as “crack”. Crack is instantly
addictive, and the addict, as usual, requires rapidly increasing quantities. Being addicted to
free-basing is just about as deadly as contracting Aids. You don't have much life left.

D.
Hence the very apt remark by the American author and former drug addict, William Burroughs: ‘You
become a narcotics addict because you do not have strong enough motivation in any other direction.
Junk wins by default.”'

E.
Most of them, as elsewhere, are in their teens and early twenties, although, of course, drug users
cannot be expected to live to a ripe old age. Apart from local police forces, governments sign
agreements to control the trade, as between, for example, the United States and Pakistan or India.

F.
In general, perhaps, addicts, both legal and illegal, are children. They are insecure, dependent. They
need to escape responsibility.

G.
The individual becomes dependent not only on the drug itself but also upon the other people within
the drug-taking group. He needs their support.
 PART FOUR

Answer from the paragraphs A to G.

Which country’s cooking customs have been influenced by... ?

climatic restrictions C

the Persians A G

religious prohibitions G A

the French A

a variety of regional sources E

farmers' frugality C

the Portuguese A

a wide variety of external sources B

Which nationality....?

prepares meals with cheese A

links food to superstition B

eats calves` F

likes sweets C

makes heavy food B

used to have only one course G

sometimes eats beside the road D

COOKERY
A. India have been adapted to local culinary
Indian food is well-known for being spicy. It traditions. Religious groups within each
always uses spices, sometimes just one region of India have modified these
spice to cook a potato dish and sometimes regional cuisines to suit their own
up to fifteen spices to compose an restrictions. There was also the influence
elaborate dish. But it is not always hot. of the Moghuls who came to India by way
Chili peppers were introduced into Asia by of Persia and introduced the delicate
the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. Pullaos and meats cooked with yoghurt and
Until that time the typical pungent Indian fried onions.
spices were mustard seeds and black
peppercorns. Sometimes the spices are B. Austria
used whole, at other times they are ground When Vienna became a great capital city in
and mixed with water or vinegar to make a the seventeenth century, Austrian cooking
paste. Each of these techniques draws out developed into an art. This was when the
a completely different flavour from the famous Viennese pastry began to be made.
spice. But India also gains variety from the Food and ideas for cooking were imported
huge number of regional cuisines which from all over the continent: sour cream
from the Slavs, paprika from Hungary, the famous cakes and pastries are so extravagant they can only
noodle dishes from Italy. Although some of be used for special occasions, other dishes are highly
economical. The meat dishes, for rule still applies but the average family
example, evolved because the Austrians meal now takes place in a sequence of
were loth to kill bulls. They felt it wasteful courses, and the total number of dishes is
to keep them and feed them while they now smaller than it used to be because
grew up but did no useful work. Therefore, when the housewife cooks there is not
they kept only the cows which were killed enough time to make anything elaborate.
when they were old and tough, and so the Most Indonesians are Moslems and avoid
Austrians have a number of dishes which pork. They consider lamb or goat to be
make use of scraggy meat. The many veal their favourite food. The most charming
dishes, at which the Viennese are virtuosi, aspect of eating in Indonesia is the warung,
grew from the fact that so many baby bulls or wayside food stall. It consists of a roof,
were killed. a counter or table, and a bench. The
customers sit on the bench or on the
C. Sweden ground nearby, and the cooking goes on
Swedish cooking was in the past restricted behind the stall.
by its climate which limited the supply of
fresh food to a few months of the year. F. Poland
Meals tended to be monotonous and salted Poles have always taken an intelligent and
fish or meat and pototoes were served most lively interest in good food and the large
of the time. But things are very different farming population has had a slavonic
today with Swedish smorgasbord popular gusto in producing original and tasty dishes
all over the world. The word actually from the simplest and cheapest ingredients.
means sandwich table, but in reality there is Soups play an important part in the diet of
a great variety of cold dishes to choose a Polish family. They have adopted the
from. Swedish cooking developed in the Russian borscht and transformed it into
eighteenth century under French influence their own national soup. The basis of
However, old traditions persist. On borscht is beetroot but no one should be
Christmas Day, ham is always served. At misguided enough to think that it is a weak
that time, on Christmas Eve a plate of concoction. It is not only wholesome and
porridge may be put in the attic or cellar for nourishing, but has fragrance and colour to
the little gnomes who are believed to live in make it attractive. All Polish cakes and
the house. The porridge is to thanks the pastries are delightful but among the best
gnomes for their help during the past year are the cheese pastries. For a summer
and ensure their help in the next. dish of salad, or for picnics, the Polish way
of making a cream cheese spread - mixing
D. Belgium cream with cottage cheese together with
The Belgians have the same interest in chopped radishes and cucumber and
good food as the French. It is something to chives - is slightly unusual, and very
be taken seriously. A Belgian chicken pate pleasant.
takes time to make, and requires an
addition of two glasses of brandy. Chicken G. Turkey
Waterzoie is the oldest Belgian national Turkish cooking has a long tradition dating
dish. It makes for a hearty country meal back many centuries to Byzantium times.
and has to be served in extra-large soup From those early times, the Turks have
plates to hold both the portions of chicken been grilling pieces of meat, usually lamb,
and the vegetables as well. Another on skewers. They are also said to have
famous Belgian dish is rabbit and prunes. introduced the rice for their famous pilaffs
This is helped by using half a bottle of wine from Persia. Of course, like all regional
in its preparation, but it is a good dish to cooking, they make use of their local
prepare well in advance of the guests vegetables, such as aubergine and
arriving. courgettes and sweet peppers. Turks may
have a reputation for being a warlike
E. Indonesia people, but they also have a sweet tooth.
It used to be the Indonesian custom to put The popularity of Turkish Delight in other
all the food on the table at once and let European countries is perhaps a memento
everyone help himself. The “help yourself” of earlier conquests by the Turks who
continue to like extremely sweet delicacies,
such as the fragrantly delicious rose-petal
jam.