PART A – SHORT CONVERSATIONS SAMPLE TEST

1.(A) It's brand new. 11.(A) He'll probably give the man another grade.
(B)She just repaired it. (B)He doesn't teach chemistry anymore.
(C)Someone painted it. (C)He rarely changes his grades.
(D)It's just been sold. (D)He'll probably retire soon.

2.(A) Give the woman cash. 12.(A) She mailed the grades to her students.
(B)Go to his car. (B)She left the students' tests in her office.
(C)Return some merchandise. (C)She can't get into her office.
(D)Use his credit card. (D) She put a list of grades on the door.

3.(A) He shouldn't have thrown away the list. 13.(A) He should get something for his friends
(B)He doesn't have to read all the books. to eat.
(C)All of the books on the list are required. (B)There isn't time for him to go out now.
(D)Some of the books are available now. (C)The game won't be played today.
(D)He should have invited his friends to the game.
4.(A) She enjoyed it very much.
(B)She thought it was too long. 14.(A) His class has been canceled.
(C)She thought it was boring. (B)He shouldn't drop the class.
(D)She only liked the ending. (C)An earlier class would be better for him.
(D) He doesn't need to study political science.
5.(A) Either a pen or pencil can be used.
(B)It's not necessary to fill out the form. 15.(A) Sitting in other seats.
(C)She doesn't have either a pen or a pencil. (B)Going home.
(D)A pen is better than a pencil. (C)Turning up the music.
(D)Asking the usher for a refund.
6.(A) The software isn't convenient to use.
(B)He's not familiar with the software. 16.(A) He has a good excuse for being late.
(C)Using the software is simple. (B)He's been feeling very weak recently.
(D)He wishes he'd bought that software. (C)He's still waiting to be contacted.
(D)He doesn't take responsibility for errors.
7.(A) The man ordered it, but it hasn't
arrived yet. 17.(A) She doesn't have her camera.
(B)It isn't working. (B)The sun hasn't set yet.
(C)Someone else is using it. (C)There isn't any film in the camera.
(D)The man doesn't know how to operate it. (D)Her camera is broken.

8.(A) What time his brother called. 18.(A) He got on the wrong bus.
(B)Where to meet his brother. (B)He's afraid he'll be late for his flight.
(C)Why his brother called. (C)He's sorry he took a bus instead of flying.
(D)When to meet his brother. (D)He had to wait for the bus.

9.(A) He left on a long trip yesterday. 19.(A) The meeting will have to be rescheduled.
(B)His letter arrived unexpectedly. (B)She doesn't care whom the board picks as dean.
(C)He seemed to be sad yesterday. (C)She's not sure where the meeting will be.
(D)The letter he sent was very funny. (D)The board will not choose a dean this month.

10.(A) It's on the wrong floor. 20.(A) He's upset about the card game.
(B)There are too many bedrooms. (B)He's getting ready for the game.
(C)It's too small. (C)He knocked over the card table.
(D)The rent is too high. (D)He sat down to have dinner.
21.(A) They wish they hadn't paid attention 26.(A) He's gone to San Diego many times.
to Harvey. (B)He's attended a lot of conferences.
(B)They asked for some information about Harvey. (C)He has already gotten enough information.
(C)Harvey told them not to ignore him. (D)He's living in San Diego now.
(D)Only Harvey could give them any assistance.
27.(A) He once drove in a race.
22.(A) Most of the audience joined in the performance. (B)He's going to the races soon.
(B)Some people don't enjoy performing. (C)He drives quite fast.
(C)Not many people were in the audience. (D)He's thinking about a new car.
(D)A few people didn't like the performance.
28.(A) The bowls are stacked on the shelves.
23.(A) A hotel room. (B)This soup is no worse than the other brands.
(B)The man's family. (C)The new bowls are very attractive.
(C)A reasonable offer. (D)He plans to stock up on this soup.
(D)The man's schedule.
29.(A) Peter wouldn't be favored in the match.
24.(A) He must change his syllabus. (B)The match had already been played.
(B)The woman cannot take his class. (C)The match wouldn't be played.
(C)He has extra copies of the syllabus. (D)Peter would win the match.
(D)Some students are not on his list.
30.(A) He hasn't finished working on the bookshelves.
25.(A) It's inconvenient for him to go to (B)The tools have been misplaced.
Mount Pleasant Street. (C)He's not very good with tools.
(B)Those antique stores aren't very nice. (D)The tools have already been returned.
(C)There are many inexpensive shops on
Mount Pleasant Street.
(D)The antiques in those stores are a little
expensive.
 PART A – SHORT CONVERSATIONS TEST 2

1.(A) The plane hasn't taken off yet. 10.(A) To a game.

(B)The cost of flying has increased. (B)To buy tickets.
(C)More flights will soon be scheduled. (C)To get some groceries.
(D)He hasn't changed his vacation plans. (D)To a party.

2.(A) All of the books are cheap. 11.(A) The bucket has been broken.
(B)None of the books is required. (B)The water was spilled.
(C)Half of the books should be returned. (C)They still need more money.
(D)Only four of the books are expensive. (D)They have run out of time.

3.(A) It will probably rain today. 12.(A) He is kind.

(B)She likes to watch the rain come down. (B)He is impolite.
(C)She'll play even if it rains. (C)He is somewhat busy.
(D)It has rained a lot lately. (D)She doesn't want to say.

4.(A) Nearly all of the students can meet. 13.(A) It's not surprising that Tony went fishing.
(B)The meeting time must be changed. (B)He already knew Tony had caught only
(C)Only Lisa will be at the library. one fish.
(D)Lisa dropped the class on Friday. (C)He doesn't think Tony is a good
fisherman.
5.(A) He walked so far that he was exhausted. (D)Tony usually catches a lot of fish.
(B)He was wearing shorts on his hike.
(C)He encountered some wild animals in 14.(A) Don't complete the form.
the woods. (B)Don't waste time.
(D)He should get some comfortable hiking (C)Take a form.
shoes. (D)There's no hurry.

6.(A) He intends to see Michelle. 15.(A) He is telling her the truth.

(B)Michelle may visit him anytime. (B)He's never been to Seattle.
(C)He has to return some money to Michelle. (C)He has visited Seattle once.
(D)Michelle owes him some money. (D)She's only spoken to him once.

7.(A) Buying some red chairs. 16.(A) Disapproved of her plan.

(B)Renting a bigger auditorium. (B)Watered Lily's plants.
(C)Moving chairs from the auditorium. (C)Traveled overseas.
(D)Getting more chairs. (D)Caught colds.

8.(A) He can't read the sign. 17.(A) It should have been turned up.
(B)He didn't make the sign. (B)The people across town enjoyed it.
(C)He didn't sign his name. (C)It's extremely popular.
(D)He doesn't like the sign. (D)It was much too loud.

9.(A) Housing near campus is getting cheaper and 18.(A) It was quite relaxing.
cheaper. (B)The weather wasn't good.
(B)She doesn't need to live close to campus. (C)It was unexpectedly busy.
(C)It's not easy to find inexpensive housing (D)It was perfectly planned.
near campus.
(D)The man could find housing if he looked
carefully.
19.(A) The lab is generally locked on Saturdays. 25.(A) He doesn't mind moving.
(B)The man doesn't have a key to the lab. (B)His brother won't move for two weeks.
(C)Something strange happened in the lab (C)He'd rather not help his brother move.
on Saturday. (D)His brother decided not to move.
(D)The lab should never be locked.
26.(A) She has a coin like his.
20.(A) He needs the insurance no matter how (B)She knows a lot about coins.
much it costs. (C)She thinks the coin is worthless.
(B)There are other types of insurance he (D)She's never seen this type of coin.
should buy.
(C)The man doesn't have enough money 27.(A) Its lyrics are hard to understand.
to buy insurance. (B)It needs a stronger melody.
(D)The cost of insurance is becoming (C)It has become very popular.
more reasonable. (D)Its melody is hard to forget.

21.(A) She's an art student. 28.(A) He hadn't been smiling.

(B)She's afraid of flying. (B)His picture hadn't been taken.
(C)She did well on the test. (C)It wasn't a good picture.
(D)She got her pilot's license. (D)The woman wouldn't show him the picture.

22.(A) An elevator. 29.(A) They're always expensive.

(B)A television. (B)They haven't been cleaned.
(C)An automobile. (C)They're inexpensive now.
(D)A telephone. (D)There aren't any available.

23.(A) Meg's sister took it to the cleaner's. 30.(A) From college.

(B)Meg cleaned it. (B)Through her roommate.
(C)Meg wore it to class. (C)From the reception.
(D)Meg's sister borrowed it. (D)Through her sister.

24.(A) They must go to an orientation session.

(B)They are not new students.
(C)They won't be allowed to register.
(D)They were given the wrong schedule.
 PART A – SHORT CONVERSATIONS TEST 3
1.(A) She broke the window herself. 11.(A) It's near the elevator.
(B)She repaired the broken window. (B)He doesn't know where it is.
(C)She was able to get the widow open. (C)It's on another floor.
(D)She hurt herself on the broken glass. (D)The directory doesn't list it.

2.(A) The golf tournament made it famous. 12.(A) She's heard it only a few times.
(B)It's grown a lot lately. (B)She doesn't get to listen to it very often.
(C)It can't be found without a map. (C)She once liked it, but she's heard enough.
(D)Very few people there play golf. (D)She enjoys it very much.

3.(A) Where she got her information. 13.(A) It's no wonder that she had to work.
(B)How the copy was made. (B)It wasn't busy because of the weather.
(C)Who painted the picture. (C)She was very busy at work.
(D)Why the copy was made. (D)The snow made her late for work.

4.(A) Groceries. 14.(A) He doesn't have any money left either.

(B)A used car. (B)The club is looking for some new members.
(C)Gasoline. (C)He can lend the woman some money.
(D)Medicine. (D)It doesn't cost much to join the club.

5.(A) She read it again and again. 15.(A) He doesn't enjoy receptions.
(B)She covered it up. (B)He uses his computer a lot.
(C)She read every page of it. (C)His computer isn't working.
(D)She ripped its cover off. (D)He will definitely attend.

6.(A) He can no longer play. 16.(A) Only one person in the group is older
(B)He's played every day for years. than he.
(C)His playing has improved. (B)His group is almost the oldest.
(D)He played quite well. (C)He's the youngest person in the group.
(D)He appears only in the second photograph.
7.(A) He needs to get more camping equipment.
(B)He is an experienced camper. 17.(A) Pancakes are not his favorite dish.
(C)He is taking too much equipment. (B)His pancakes don't taste very good.
(D)He shouldn't go camping for such a long time. (C)He never makes enough pancakes.
(D)He can't cook many dishes.
8.(A) Try to get elected mayor.
(B)Attend a class. 18.(A) She thinks Professor Bryant is unfair.
(C)Interview the mayor. (B)She doesn't know Professor Bryant.
(D)Apply for a job. (C)She agrees with the man.
(D)She doesn't understand the man's remark.
9.(A) She was mistaken about Professor Leguin.
(B)She just returned from San Francisco. 19.(A) In a few days.
(C)She doesn't know what the professor looks like. (B)Before they eat.
(D)She's an admirer of Professor Leguin. (C)During lunch.
(D)When lunch is over.
10.(A) He's speaking a language they don't know.
(B)He doesn't have a microphone. 20.(A) The woman would enjoy the mountain
(C)He's speaking much too quickly. scenery.
(D)He's using a defective microphone. (B)The weather has been hot this month.
(C)The weather in the mountains is unusual.
(D)The woman probably doesn't like cool
weather.
21.(A) It has exceptionally good service. 26.(A) He thinks it will be better than the old one.
(B)It has excellent food. (B)He's anxious for it to be completed.
(C)The service there is disappointing. (C)He's worried that it's not long enough.
(D)Everything there is great. (D)He feels that it shouldn't have been built.

22.(A) If his name sounds familiar. 27.(A) Where he's studying.

(B)If she's spoken to him on the phone. (B)What subject he's studying.
(C)If he's a musician. (C)How long he's been in Europe.
(D)If she likes his name. (D)When he's returning.

23.(A) He thought other science courses 28.(A) Charlotte wouldn't be attending

would be harder. graduate school.
(B)It's a required class for all students. (B)Charlotte had gotten a scholarship.
(C)He's studied geology before. (C)Graduate school wouldn't start until September.
(D)It was the only science course open to him. (D)Scholarships were easy to get.

24.(A) He's never been to the zoo. 29.(A) He paid it today for the first time.
(B)He's seen only one bear. (B)He pays it on the last day of the month.
(C)He's never seen a bear in the wild. (C)He pays it after it's due.
(D)There weren't any bears at that zoo. (D)He's planning to pay it tomorrow.

25.(A) When she will answer the questions. 30.(A) The debate involved only a few issues.
(B)Where she drove. (B)Many people changed their plans.
(C)What kind of car she has. (C)A lot of people attended.
(D)Why she asked so many questions. (D)The debate lasted longer than expected.
 PART A - SHORT CONVERSATIONS TEST 4
1. (A) Discuss the situation with the person in 9. (A) She wanted to visit Joe's home.
charge of the dormitory.  (B) She doesn't understand why Joe left without her. 
(B) Ask her roommate not to make so (C) Joe should take a taxi to her house.
much noise. (D) Joe didn't want to take the taxi to his house.
(C) Go to bed after midnight.
(D) Send a letter to the residents. 10. (A) He has always admired her.
(B) He wishes he could spend more time with her.
2. (A) Now he understands the system. (C) She's taller than he is.
(B) He has no use for technology. (D) She looks very different from him.
(C) He has to do some calculations.
(D) He doesn't know how to operate 11. (A) Train service will return to normal in a few days.
the computer. (B) It's better to take a train later in the day.
(C) The man took the wrong train.
3. (A) He's growing very quickly.  (D) Delays in train service will continue. 
(B) He's the tallest of three boys.
(C) He can jump high. 12. (A) Put the briefcase back in the elevator.
(D) He has to leave to day at three. (B) Contact the owner of the briefcase.
(C) Find out if the receptionist lost a briefcase.
4. (A) Nothing can help Debra pass the exam. (D) Take the briefcase to the reception desk. 
(B) Debra doesn't need to study at all.
(C) Being well rested will help Debra 13. (A) Sports.
on the exam. (B) Music. 
(D) Debra should get some fresh air in (C) Hardware.
the morning. (D) Arts and crafts.

5. (A) The woman's roommate went to get it. 14. (A) She works long hours.
(B) It was sent to the woman's roommate (B) She found another job.
by mistake. (C) She is too tired to teach.
(C) The woman picked it up at the post office. (D) No one can take her place. 
(D) The postal service delivered it to the
woman's house. 15. (A) The band needs more practice.
(B) The band members are being paid to play.
6. (A) He has to wash a thousand dishes. (C) The band has been working hard. 
(B) He has more dishes than his brother. (D) Band practice begins in an hour.
(C) His brother takes too much time washing
the dishes. 16. (A) She has changed her schedule. 
(D) He has asked his brother to wash the (B) She was sick on Friday.
dishes many times.  (C) She works less than she used to.
(D) Her vacation started on Monday.
7. (A) He's like to reschedule the party.
(B) He and Jill aren't free next week. 17. (A) Where the woman is going to dinner.
(C) He's not sure if Jill is available on Friday.  (B) Where the new restaurant is located.
(D) He doesn't know what to bring to the party. (C) Where the woman got the coupon. 
(D) Where the woman's cousin lives.
8. (A) The bicycle is being repaired. 
(B) The bicycle is new. 18. (A) She'd also like to get a printer.
(C) She lent the bicycle to a friend. (B) She needs a printer more than the man does.
(D) The bicycle is parked outside. (C) The man should buy a high-quality printer. 
(D) The man should invest in a printing company.
19. (A) Hurry.  25. (A) He doesn't remember exactly what he said.
(B) Pick up the Browns. (B) He told the woman to try to get more sleep.
(C) Go downstairs. (C) He knew the woman would benefit from
(D) Move to a new house. his advice. 
(D) He didn't expect the woman to listen to him.
20. (A) She wants to change her major.
(B) She's not going to graduate school immediately.  26. (A) It's easier to take the subway.
(C) She'll stop at the office before returning to school. (B) Automobiles pollute the air. 
(D) She'll switch colleges for graduate work. (C) The subway is less than half full.
(D) Cars are expensive to operate.
21. (A) The picnic will probably be canceled. 
(B) He's glad that the picnic is this weekend. 27. (A) She thinks it's cold too. 
(C) It's not going to rain. (B) They need to get the freezer fixed again.
(D) He knows where the picnic is to be held. (C) She'd like the man to repeat what he said.
(D) The man told her that before.
22. (A) To try out for the volleyball team.
(B) Not to worry about what people think. 28. (A) The man caused the newsletter to be late.
(C) To get them tickets to the volleyball game. (B) The man's article won't be published
(D) To spend more time on her studies.  right away.
(C) She hasn't had time to read the man's article.
23. (A) Mike probably won't find an apartment in time.  (D) She doesn't know what happened to
(B) Mike should talk to his old landlord. the man's article.
(C) Mike always manages to find an apartment.
(D) Mike hasn't registered for school this year. 29. (A) The sisters share a lot of things.
(B) She and her sister will switch seats.
24. (A) Read a gas meter. (C) Things are going well for her sister.
(B) Start a camp fire. (D) Her sister finished her cooking.
(C) Get gas for his car.
(D) Cook some food. 30. (A) Eat a late dinner. 
(B) Cancel the break.
(C) Skip dinner.
(D) Bring the man something to eat.
 PART A - SHORT CONVERSATIONS TEST 5
1. (A) He doesn't have enough money to buy a 10. (A) The man should take the stereo back to the store.
printer now.  (B) The man should refer to the instruction manual. 
(B) He's not sure how much a printer costs. (C) She'll go to the man's house and help him.
(C) He'll buy a computer later this week. (D) She'll give the man her instruction manual.
(D) He lost the money he was saving.
11. (A) Candy has been ordered for the machine.
2. (A) Wait to play until after his 9 o'clock class. (B) They still have some candy left over.
(B) Ask Carol to play tennis.  (C) The machine isn't working right now. 
(C) Ask Carol if she's going to class. (D) The machine was moved to another building.
(D) Get a tennis lesson from Carol.
12. (A) Discuss a magazine article with the woman.
3. (A) They should ask for an increase (B) Help the woman find a new doctor.
in the budget. (C) Go to the store for some medicine.
(B) The calculations appear correct to her. (D) Buy the woman some magazines. 
(C) She'll try to see what method was used. 
(D) They need to make a copy of the budget. 13. (A) The plants may need more light. 
(B) The plants should get less water.
4. (A) He could bring something to the woman. (C) The area in front of the window is too
(B) He'd be happy to go with the woman. cold for plants.
(C) He wants the woman to get him (D) Plants rarely do well in the dormitory.
a newspaper. 
(D) He'd like something to eat. 14. (A) The restaurant closes early during the week.
(B) He thought the woman's birthday was next week.
5. (A) The barbecue has been canceled. (C) The woman should find out if
(B) The weather will probably be cool. she can reserve a table. 
(C) The man will not be able to attend (D) He won't be able to go with the woman.
the barbecue.
(D) Casual dress will be appropriate.  15. (A) Find out where their professor is going to perform.
(B) Go to a concert. 
6. (A) He has bad study habits.  (C) Perform in a musical recital.
(B) He sleeps too much. (D) Interview the violinist.
(C) He wakes up early.
(D) He's an excellent student. 16. (A) He has to go home to feed his pet.
(B) He's expecting Cindy to arrive soon.
7. (A) She dislikes fireworks. (C) He cannot go to Cindy's. 
(B) She has plans for the evening.  (D) He must keep an appointment with his doctor.
(C) She doesn't feel like going out.
(D) She has to get theatre tickets. 17. (A) Join the dormitory council himself.
(B) Attend the next council meeting.
8. (A) The library is closed tonight. (C) Persuade the other council members not to quit.
(B) He doesn't know how to get to the library. (D) Help the woman find someone to fill
(C) Jean is using the car. the vacancy. 
(D) He won't be able to help the woman. 
18. (A) The center has just opened.
9. (A) He has received his telephone bill.  (B) He's looking forward to using the center. 
(B) His calls weren't listed. (C) The door to the fitness center is locked.
(C) The woman has already paid for her call. (D) There are long lines to get into the center.
(D) He has received a long distance call.
19. (A) The film committee is full. 25. (A) Somebody frightened the birds away.
(B) Being on the committee requires a (B) The berries aren't ripe yet.
great deal of time.  (C) She doesn't like berries.
(C) It is difficult to be selected for the committee. (D) The berries aren't good to eat. 
(D) The man needs to sign up at another place.
26. (A) She thought her hair was too short.
20. (A) Disappointed. (B) Her new hairstyle is more practical. 
(B) Surprised. (C) She cut her hair herself.
(C) Nervous.  (D) She has to tie back her hair.
(D) Uninterested.
27. (A) Write his paper on a more general topic.
21. (A) The weather is usually bad at the picnics.  (B) Take the woman's advice about his paper. 
(B) He'll need a change of clothes for the picnic. (C) Choose an entirely new topic for his paper.
(C) He's not looking forward to attending the picnic. (D) Retype his paper.
(D) He's looking for a new place to hold the picnic.
28. (A) She decided not to cancel her appointment.
22. (A) He agrees that the custodian will have (B) Her new glasses aren't comfortable.
a lot of work to do.  (C) She's too busy to get a checkup. 
(B) He doesn't want to mess up the clean room. (D) She has to check when the appointment is.
(C) He wants the woman to speak a little louder.
(D) He doesn't think the woman should 29. (A) He hadn't noticed any change in Mark.
talk to the custodian again. (B) Mark looks different without a beard. 
(C) He thinks Mark looked better with
23. (A) He usually isn't hungry until lunch time. the beard.
(B) His stomach hurts when he eats too fast.  (D) He hasn't seen Mark yet.
(C) He likes to eat lunch at two o'clock.
(D) He needs to run errands during lunch. 30. (A) She didn't like the food the man prepared.
(B) She's not a very good cook.
24. (A) He put some notes on the desk last night. (C) She's annoyed with the man.
(B) The woman should check with the school. (D) She thinks the man spent too much
(C) The woman shouldn't have moved his books. time cooking.
(D) The notebook might be among some
other books. 
 PART B – EXTENDED CONVERSATIONS SAMPLE TEST
31.(A) Student and advisor. 35.(A) Amounts of money.
(B)Museum curator and visitor. (B)Names of riders.
(C)Manager and job applicant. (C)Types of cars.
(D)Professor and teaching assistant. (D)Regions of the United States.

32.(A) In a few weeks. 36.(A) Information about places to visit.

(B)Next year. (B)Help with expenses and driving.
(C)In three years. (C)Plane reservations.
(D)In four years. (D) A used car.

33.(A) Change her major. 37.(A) In the campus cinema.

(B)Make a quick decision. (B)Next door to the Student Union building.
(C)Take elective courses in art history. (C)In a travel agent's office.
(D)Work full time at a museum. (D)On the second floor of the Student Union
building.
34.(A) She couldn't get airline reservations.
(B)She can't find an important book.
(C)She's been studying too much.
(D)She doesn't have a car.

PART B – EXTENDED CONVERSATIONS TEST 2

31.(A) At a newspaper. 35.(A) From a newspaper advertisement.
(B)At an advertising agency. (B)From a magazine article.
(C)At a furniture store. (C)From a television program.
(D)At a real estate office. (D)From an automobile dealer.

32.(A) A two-bedroom apartment. 36.(A) To warn of dangers.

(B)A sofa. (B)To explain traffic regulations.
(C)A chair. (C)To wake up drivers who are falling asleep.
(D)A roommate. (D)To give directions.

33.(A) Her phone number. 37.(A) He has a good sense of direction.

(B)The location of the apartment. (B)He owns a "smart" car.
(C)The best time to call her. (C)He doesn't know how to drive.
(D)Her first name. (D)He doesn't know the way to the woman's house.

34.(A) $5. 38.(A) He got lost.

(B)$15. (B)He ran out of gas.
(C)$30. (C)He was in an accident.
(D)$250. (D)His car broke down.
 PART B – EXTENDED CONVERSATIONS TEST 3
31.(A) Because it was cheap. 35.(A) To attend a conference.
(B)Because it is in such good condition. (B)To see the planetarium.
(C)Because it is a collector's item. (C)To change planes.
(D)Because he can re-sell it at a high price. (D)To go sightseeing.

32.(A) In the 1930's. 36.(A) She recently went there.

(B)In the 1940's. (B)It's not a very good one.
(C)In the 1950's. (C)There's one in her hometown.
(D)In the 1960's. (D)It will be closed when she's free.

33.(A) Replace its engine. 37.(A) On foot and by boat.

(B)Enter it in some shows. (B)By car and on foot.
(C)Take it on a long drive. (C)By air and by car.
(D)Re-sell it for more money. (D)By car and by bus.

34.(A) At a conference hall.

(B)At an art gallery.
(C)At an airport.
(D)At a hotel.

PART B – EXTENDED CONVERSATIONS TEST 4

31. (A) To make an appointment to look at a house. 35. (A) She isn't there in the morning.
(B) To get information about special housing. (B) Her assistant isn't there in the morning.
(C) To ask about getting a loan to buy a house. (C) She won't have the forms he
(D) To renew his housing contract. needs until the afternoon.
(D) She isn't as busy in the afternoon.
32. (A) With his grandparents.
(B) In student housing. 36. (A) They lived in caves.
(C) With his wife's parents. (B) They traveled in groups.
(D) In his own apartment. (C) They had an advanced language.
(D) They ate mostly fruit.
33. (A) He has more than one child.
(B) His wife is a graduate student. 37. (A) They lived in large groups.
(C) He is a full-time student. (B) They used sand as insulation.
(D) He works at the university housing office. (C) They kept fires burning constantly.
(D) They faced their homes toward the south.
34. (A) He earns less than $15,000 a year.
(B) He's looking for a full-time job. 38. (A) Meet his anthropology teacher.
(C) He thinks his rent is too high. (B) Lend him her magazine when
(D) He plans to go back to graduate school. she's done with it.
(C) Come over to his house after class.
(D) Help him study for an anthropology test.
 PART B – EXTENDED CONVERSATIONS TEST 5
31. (A) She's waiting for her father. 36.(A) Students are not required to attend
(B) She's having her bicycle repaired. regular class lectures.
(C) She wanted to surprise John. (B) The professor videotapes class lectures for review.
(D) She works there. (C) Classes are held at various locations
throughout the area.
32. (A) To replace his stolen bicycle. (D) Students receive credit for work experience.
(B) To begin bicycling to work.
(C) To join a bicycle club. 37. (A) It allows them to meet students
(D) To train for a bicycle race. from other universities
(B) It promotes the concept of self learning
33. (A) Buy a used bicycle. (C) It allows more flexibility in students' schedules
(B) Buy a racing bicycle. (D) It doesn't require any examinations
(C) Replace the tires on his bicycle.
(D) Sell his old bicycle to the shop. 38. (A) It's a requirement for psychology majors.
(B) She wasn't able to get into the traditional course.
34. (A) It must be the right height. (C) She lives far from the university.
(B) It must have several gears. (D) She has to work a lot of hours this semester.
(C) It must have good tires.
(D) It must be the right weight. 39. (A) It requires too much traveling.
(B) It limits interaction among students.
35. (A) On television. (C) It will increase class size.
(B) At registration. (D) It will encourage students to watch
(C) In class. too much television.
(D) At work.
 PART C- LONG CONVERSATIONS SAMPLE TEST

38.(A) An airplane. 45.(A) Walk up 898 steps.

(B)A satellite. (B)Take the elevator to the top.
(C)A fireworks display. (C)Come down on the elevator.
(D)A flying saucer. (D)Walk down the stairs.

39.(A) To change tires. 46.(A) They jumped over it.

(B)To avoid the danger. (B)They took pictures of it.
(C)To get a hotel room. (C)They wrote their names on it.
(D)To change drivers. (D)They touched it.

40.(A) From the news on the radio. 47.(A) Music appreciation.

(B)From a newspaper. (B)American history.
(C)From his mother. (C)Dance.
(D)From the news on television. (D)Geography.

41.(A) It burned up in the upper atmosphere. 48.(A) They were an important part of the
(B)It injured a woman as she was sleeping. daily lives of the people of the frontier.
(C)It caused damage to a parked car. (B)They were all extremely old.
(D)It broke into pieces before striking (C)They were all written as theme songs for
the ground. political campaigns.
(D)They were primarily written as dance music.
42.(A) Frightened.
(B)Upset. 49.(A) They weren't as enduring.
(C)Fortunate. (B)They were harder to sing and play.
(D)Relieved. (C)They were livelier.
(D)They weren't concerned with politics.
43.(A) On board a bus.
(B)At the top of the Washington Monument. 50.(A) Sing songs.
(C)On an elevator. (B)Look at some sheet music.
(D)At the Lincoln Memorial. (C)Go to a dance.
(D)Listen to a recording.
44.(A) Four years.
(B)Thirty-six years.
(C)Forty years.
(D)Forty-eight years.
 PART C- LONG CONVERSATIONS TEST 2
39.(A) To present an award. 45.(A) On the college campus.
(B)To say goodbye to Professor Callaghan. (B)On downtown streets.
(C) To explain computer models. (C)In Woodland Park.
(D) To welcome a new college president. (D)In the nearby countryside.

40.(A) An administrator. 46.(A) Take part in the race.

(B)A faculty member. (B)Travel to the country.
(C)A chancellor of the college. (C)Avoid the downtown area.
(D)A graduate student. (D)Ride a bicycle to work.

4l. (A) Computer science. 47.(A) In an art history class.

(B)History. (B)In a painter's studio.
(C)Economics. (C)In a photography class.
(D)Physics. (D)In an art museum.

42.(A) Two. 48.(A) A famous person.

(B)Four. (B)A beautiful landscape.
(C)Six. (C)An empty phone booth.
(D) Eight. (D)Geometric shapes.

43.(A) A bicycle racer. 49.(A) They are very valuable.

(B)A radio announcer. (B)They are quite large.
(C)A coach. (C)They are highly abstract.
(D)A television reporter. (D)They are extremely lifelike.

44.(A) The benefits of bicycle commuting. 50.(A) Paint pictures.

(B)Local traffic problems. (B)Write papers.
(C)A series of bicycle races. (C)View some slides.
(D)The American university system. (D)Discuss their reactions.
 PART C- LONG CONVERSATIONS TEST 3

38.(A) Tourists. 45.(A) In the spring.

(B)Professional dancers. (B)In the summer.
(C)Students. (C)In the fall.
(D)Traditional musicians. (D)In the winter.

39.(A) It will be different from the ones performed 46.(A) New theories about the origin of language.
in Hawaii today. (B)How to teach grammar to children.
(B)It will involve women wearing grass skirts. (C)Mistakes children sometimes make.
(C)It will involve only male dancers. (D)The stages of children's language learning.
(D)It was once performed for great Hawaiian
leaders. 47.(A) "Koo, Koo."
(B)"Da-da."
40.(A) They prohibited it. (C)"More milk!"
(B)They sponsored it. (D)"Na-na."
(C)They proposed some small changes in it.
(D)They exported it to other islands. 48.(A) Between four and eight months.
(B)Between one year and eighteen months.
41.(A) Attend a live performance. (C)Between two and three years.
(B)Go on a tour. (D) Between three and four years.
(C)Perform a dance.
(D)Watch a DVD. 49.(A) They are the same in all languages.
(B)They are often misinterpreted.
42.(A) To discuss a weather phenomenon. (C)They are learned by imitation.
(B)To explain how to drive during storms. (D)They are quite logical.
(C)To describe supercooled water.
(D)To warn gardeners of the danger of hail. 50.(A) They are too complicated.
(B)She doesn't have time to talk about them
43.(A) Because of its size. today.
(B)Because of its color. (C)The class didn't have a chance to read about
(C)Because of its layers. them.
(D)Because of its weight. (D)She doesn't agree with them.

44.(A) As a drop of supercooled water.

(B)As a snowflake.
(C)As a particle of dust.
(D)As a ball of ice.
 PART C- LONG CONVERSATIONS TEST 4

39. (A) Putting a roof on a barn. 46. (A) They will run out of coffee.
(B) Harvesting water reeds. (B) They will successfully compete with gourmet
(C) Using stone as a building material. coffee sellers.
(D) Daily farm operations. (C) They will introduce new regular brands
of coffee.
40. (A) Clay tiles. (D) They will lose some coffee business.
(B) Slate or stone.
(C) Wooden shingles. 47. (A) Photographic techniques common in
(D) Reeds or straw. the early 1900's.
(B) The life of Alfred Stieglitz.
41. (A) Later colonists did not know how to thatch. (C) The influence of weather on
(B) Thatching was considered dangerous. Alfred Stieglitz' photography.
(C) Other roofing materials were available. (D) Alfred Stieglitz' approach to photography.
(D) Thatching was unsuitable for the climate.
48. (A) How to analyze photographic techniques.
42. (A) It's manufactured to be strong. (B) How to define photography.
(B) It bends without breaking. (C) How Alfred Stieglitz contributed to
(C) Thatchers nail it down securely. the history of photography.
(D) The winds can pass through it easily. (D) Whether photography is superior to
other art forms.
43. (A) If people had more time to learn how to do it.
(B) If its cost went down. 49. (A) They were influenced by his
(C) If it could make buildings more attractive. background in engineering.
(D) If people realized its many advantages. (B) They were very expensive to take.
(C) They were among the first taken
44. (A) The coffee market in Boston. under such conditions.
(B) The role of supermarkets in (D) Most of them were of poor quality.
the coffee business.
(C) A new trend in the United States. 50. (A) He thought the copying process took too long.
(D) The advertising of a new product. (B) He considered each photograph to be unique.
(C) He didn't have the necessary equipment
45. (A) Gourmet coffee is less expensive. for reproduction.
(B) Regular brands of coffee have (D) He didn't want them to be displayed outside
too much caffeine. of his home.
(C) Gourmet coffee tastes better.
(D) Gourmet coffee is grown in
the United States.
 PART C- LONG CONVERSATIONS TEST 5

40. (A) He was well known on the West Coast. 45. (A) They may not be able to inflate their balloons.
(B) He served as James Polk's Vice President. (B) There are too many balloons to launch at once.
(C) He supported financial aid to farmers. (C) Their flight pattern could be uncertain due
(D) He was a popular war hero. to the wind.
(D) They'll lose money if some balloons
41. (A) He was not interested in political reform. can't take off.
(B) He had an unusual military career.
(C) He had no political experience. 46. (A) They're expensive.
(D) He expressed many controversial ideas. (B) They were the first kind of balloon ever used.
(C) They're faster than air balloons.
42. (A) He lost the support of farmers. (D) They're popular in the United States.
(B) He was opposed by the Whig party.
(C) He died early in his term. 47. (A) To review what students know about
(D) He came into conflict with railroad owners. volcanic activity.
(B) To demonstrate the use of new
43. (A) Listen to a talk about another President. measurement device.
(B) Write a report about Taylor's (C) To explain the answer to an examination
accomplishments. question.
(C) Discuss the differences between (D) To provide background for the
Polk and Taylor. next reading assignment.
(D) Begin working on their reports about
Vice Presidents. 48. (A) They occur at regular intervals.
(B) They can withstand great heat.
44. (A) To commemorate a historic flight. (C) They travel through the Earth's interior.
(B) To try out eighty new balloons. (D) They can record the Earth's internal temperature.
(C) To recruit balloonists from all over
the United States. 49. (A) When the Earth was formed.
(D) To determine whether helium balloons are (B) The composition of the Earth's interior.
better than hot air balloons. (C) Why lava is hot.
(D) How often a volcano is likely to erupt.

50. (A) How deep they are.

(B) Where earthquakes form.
(C) How hot they are.
(D) What purpose they serve.
 1 She must live somewhere else. The cost of flying has increased. She repaired the broken window.
2 She can use his phone if she wants. Only four of the books are expensive. The golf tournament made it famous.
3 It was too hard to solve. It will probably rain today. Where she got her information.
4 He cleaned up after cooking Nearly all of the students can meet. Medicine.
5 His father taught him. He was wearing shorts on his hike. She read every page of it.
6 When the paper is due. He intends to see Michelle. He played quite well.
7 There is some classical music she doesn't like. Getting more chairs. He is taking too much equipment. (
8 He left some questions unanswered on it. He can't read the sign. Interview the mayor.
9 Warming the lid. It's not easy to find inexpensive housing near campus. She was mistaken about Professor Leguin.
10 She paid very little for it. To buy tickets. He's using a defective microphone.
11 She was in the traffic herself. They still need more money. He doesn't know where it is.
12 The weather is pleasant. He is impolite. She enjoys it very much.
13 Gary can keep her audio player. He doesn't think Tony is a good fisherman. She was very busy at work.
14 Cover her head with it There's no hurry. He doesn't have any money left either.
15 She originally supported Margaret. He has visited Seattle once. He uses his computer a lot.
16 She and her brother painted the apartment. Disapproved of her plan. Only one person in the group is older than he.
17 Show him another route. It was much too loud. He can't cook many dishes.
18 Hanging it. It was unexpectedly busy. She agrees with the man.
19 Buy her own computer. The lab is generally locked on Saturdays. During lunch.
20 His.team needs to improve. He needs the insurance no matter how much it costs. The weather has been hot this month.
21 She seems to be feeling better. She did well on the test. The service there is disappointing.
22 They'll start when Lou arrives. An elevator. If his name sounds familiar.
23 She doesn't like them at all. Meg's sister took it to the cleaner's. He thought other science courses would be harder.
24 To improve his game quickly. They are not new students. He's never seen a bear in the wild.
25 End the discussion. He'd rather not help his brother move. Why she asked so many questions.
26 He needs some matches. She knows a lot about coins. He's anxious for it to be completed.
27 He can take either street. Its melody is hard to forget. How long he's been in Europe.
28 It was surprising. His picture hadn't been taken. Charlotte wouldn't be attending graduate school.
29 His hands are already full. They're inexpensive now. He pays it on the last day of the month.
30 She had to prepare for an exam. Through her sister. Many people changed their plans.
31 They both have the same teacher. At a newspaper. Because it is a collector's item.
32 In the afternoon. A roommate. In the 1950's.
33 The tools used by ancient people. Her phone number. Enter it in some shows.
34 He found it uninteresting. $30.00 At a hotel.
35 At a television station. From a magazine article. To attend a conference.
36 He wants the experience. To give directions. There's one in her hometown.
37 Journalism. He has a good sense of direction. By car and on foot.
38 Complete a form. He ran out of gas. Students.
39 Lighter-than-air craft. To present an award. It will be different from the ones performed in Hawaii today.
40 Blimps. A faculty member. They prohibited it.
41 The age of zeppelins ended in disaster there. Economics. Watch a DVD.
42 They would use less fuel. Four. To discuss a weather phenomenon.
43 The history of daylight saving time. A radio announcer. Because of its layers.
44 In the fall. A series of bicycle races. As a snowflake.
45 As amusing. In the nearby countryside. In the spring.
46 To standardize daylight saving time. Ride a bicycle to work. The stages of children's language learning.
47 A program the city is starting. In an art history class. Koo, Koo.
48 Plastic bottles. An empty phone booth. Between two and three years.
49 The central. They are extremely lifelike. They are quite logical.
50 Look in the local newspaper. View some slides. She doesn't have time to talk about them today.
 1 A major concern among archaeologists today is the preservation of archaeological sites, which many are threatened by development.
2 A mastery of calculus depends on an understanding of algebra.
3 A person of any age may suffer from defects of vision.
4 Agnes De Mille's landmark musical play Oklahoma! was a successful combination of story, music, and dance.
5 Although sheep are well adapted to cold climates, they can thrive in hot, dry climates as well.
6 Anyone who has ever pulled weeds from a garden well aware roots firmly anchor.
7 As coal mines became deeper, the problems of draining water, bringing in fresh air, and transporting ore to the surface increased.
8 As late as 1890, Key West, with a population of 18,000, was Florida's largest city.
9 By the end of 1609, Galileo had a 20-power telescope that enabled him to see what he called what he called planets revolving around Jupiter.
10 Centuries of erosion have exposed rainbow-colored rock surfaces in the Painted Desert of northern Arizona.
11 Certain fish eggs contain droplets of oil, allowing them to float on the surface of the water.
12 Charles Darwin's first scientific book, published in 1842, sea levels were a since substantiated theory on the origin of coral reefs and atolls.
13 Clifford Holland, a civil engineer, was in charge of the construction of the first tunnel under the Hudson River.
14 Coins last approximately twenty times longer than paper bills.
15 Considered America's first great architect, Henry Hobson Richardson designed many of the buildings at Harvard University.
16 Coral islands such as the Maldives are the tips of reefs built during periods of warm climate, when sea levels were higher.
17 Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, and many others became prominent in public life began their careers by teaching school.
18 Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the people of France
19 Different hormones usually act at the same time on a particular target issue.
20 Dr. Seuss, whose real name was Theodore Seuss Geisel, wrote and illustrated delightfully humorous books for children.
21 Ellen Swallow Richards became the flrst woman to enter, graduate from, and teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
22 Frontier surgeon Ephraim MacDonald had to perform operations without anesthesia.
23 Hail forms within large, dense cumulonimbus clouds that develop on hot, humid summer days.
24 Hurricanes move with the large-scale wind currents in which they are imbedded.
25 If a bar magnet is broken, the two pieces form two complete magnets, each with a north and south pole.
26 In 1775 Daniel Boone opened the Wilderness Trail and made possible the ftrst settlements in Kentucky.
27 In 1791 Quebec was divided into two sections, Upper Canada and Lower Canada, both of which were ruled by elected assemblies.
28 In 1837 the University of Michigan became the first state university to be controlled by a board of regents elected by the voters of the state.
29 Indoor heating systems have made it possible for people to live and work comfortably in temperate climates.
30 It has been estimated that there are over a million species of animals.
31 Many bugs possess defensive scent glands and emit disagreeable odors when disturbed.
32 Many communities are dependent on groundwater obtained from wells for their water supply.
33 Martha Graham, one of the pioneers of modern dance, didn't begin dancing until she was twenty-one.
34 Measles is a highly contagious viral disease accompanied by a characteristic skin rash.
35 Most ofAnnie]ump Cannon's career as an astronomer involved the observation, classification, and analysis of stars.
36 Most radioactive elements oceur in igneous and metamorphic rocks, but nearly all fossils occur in sedimentary rocks.
37 Most young geese leave their nests at an early age, and young snow geese are no exception.
38 Not only are botanical gardens places of beauty; they serve scientific and educational purposes as well.
39 Not only is the Linden tree valuable as a shade tree, but it also produces wood used for boxes and furniture.
40 On every continent except Antarctica are some of the more than 30,000 species of spiders.
41 One of the ftrst industries to be affected by the Industrial Revolution was the textile industry.
42 Phytoplanktons thrive where upwelling currents circulate phosphorus into the upper layers of a body of water.
43 Piedmont glaciers are formed when several valley glaciers join and spread out over a plain.
44 Platinum is harder than copper and is almost as pliable as gold.
45 Printing ink is made in the form of a paste, which is applied to the printing surface with rollers.
46 Rarely are spotted turtles seen far from water.
47 Sharp knives are actually safer to use than dull ones.
48 The higher the temperature of a molecule, the more energy it has.
49 The Masters, one of the most important of all golf tournaments, is held every year in Augusta, Georgia.
50 The Missouri River, the longest river in the United States, flows through seven states from its source in Montana to its confluence with the Mississippi.
51 The tidal forces on the Earth due to the Sun are only 0.46 of those due to the Moon.
52 The type of plant and animal life living in and around a pond depends on the soil of the pond, the quality of the water , and the pond's location.
53 There were no federal laws regulating mining practices until 1872.
54 Tiger moths have wings marked with stripes or spots.
55 Vancouver, British Columbia, has a temperate climate for a city situated so far north.
56 While all birds are alike in that they have feathers and lay eggs, there are great differences among them in terms of size, structure, and color.
57 the Were all the Earth's ice to melt, the Earth's oceans would rise by about two hundred feet.
58 radioisotope When an unknown radioisotope is encountered, the first step in its identification is the determination of its half-life.
59 are That diamonds are a form of carbon has been known since the late eighteenth century.
60 quicksand Although quicksand can be found all over the world, little was known about its composition until recently.
61 experimental Through experimental studies of the aging process, psychologist Ross McFarland determined that people could work productively much longer than had previously been
62 often To operate, corporations often raise funds from the sale of stock.
63 American One of the most famous American landscape architects was Hideo Sasaki.
64 because Perhaps because of the complexity of his writing, Henry James never became a popular writer, but his works are admired by critics and other writers.
65 have Wherever people have settled, one of their first concerns has been to locate an adequate water supply.
66 he Although he was not a musician himself, Lawrence Hammond developed an electronic keyboard instrument called the Hammond organ.
67 in Beginning in 1849, Manuel A. Alonso recorded the customs, language, and songs of the people of Puerto Rico in his poetry and prose.
68 is That measles is caused by a virus was not known until 1911.
69 one All but one of Laura Ingalls Wilder's many books about the American frontier are based on her own childhood experiences.
70 parrots That all parrots are native to tropical regions is untrue.
71 single No single dialect of American English has ever become dominant.
72 team All team sports require cooperation.
73 the Because of the curve of the Earth, the sails of a distant ship are visible before the body of the ship.
74 the However the outer rings of a gyroscope are turned or twisted, the gyroscope itself continues to spin in exactly the same position.
75 young When young, chimpanzees are easily trained.

1 A microscope can reveal vastly more detail than is visible to the naked eye.
2 A quilt that looks ordinary lying on a bed may become a work of abstract art when it is hung on a white wall.
3 A regional writer with a gift for dialect, Eudora Welty peoples her fiction with the eccentric, comic, but vital inhabitants of rural Mississippi.
4 A strong swimmer, the polar bear eats chiefly fish and seal.
5 According to some critics, the novels of William Burroughs demonstrate the major hazard of absurd literature, its tendency toward overembellishment and incoherence.
6 According to some educators, the goal of teaching is to help students learn what they need to know to live a well-adjusted and successful life.
7 After quartz, calcite is the most abundant mineral in the crust of the Earth.
8 After the Second World War the woman wage earner became a standard part of middle-class life in the United States.
9 Alaska found the first years of its statehood costly because it had to take over the expense of services provided previously by the federal government.
10 Algonkian-speaking Native Americans greeted the Pilgrims who settled on the eastern shores of what is now New England.
11 Although Emily Dickinson is now a well-known American poet, only seven of her poems were published while she was alive.
12 Although thunder and lightening are produced at the same time, light waves travel faster than sound waves do , so we see the lightening before we hear the thunder.
13 An elephant flaps its ears vigorously when it is overheated.
14 Any critic, teacher, librarian, or poet who hopes to broaden poetry's audience faces the difficult challenge of persuading skeptical readers that poetry is important today .
15 As consumers' response to traditional advertising techniques declines, businesses are beginning to develop new methods of reaching customers.
16 Associated with the Denishawn company from 1916 until 1923, Martha Graham developed a powerful, expressive style that was integral to the foundations of modern dance.
17 Because it was so closely related to communication, drawing was probably the earliest art form to develop.
18 Beef cattle are the most important of all livestock for economic growth in certain geographic regions.
19 Beginning in the Middle Ages, composers of Western music used a system of notating their compositions so they could be performed by musicians.
20 Beneath the streets of a modem city exists the network of walls, columns, cables, pipes, and tunnels required to satisfy the needs of its inhabitants.
21 Broadway musical comedy has been called the major contribution of the United States to modern theater.
22 Celluloid and plastics have largely replaced genuine ivory in the manufacture of such things as buttons, billiard balls, and piano keys.
23 Civil Rights are the freedoms and rights a person may have as a member of a community, state, or nation.
24 Clinical psychologist Dr. Carl Rogers found that 80 of all percent verbal communication involved five types of responses: evaluative, interpretive, supportive, probing, and understanding.
25 Coinciding with the development of jazz in New Orleans in the 1920's was one of the greatest periods in blues music.
26 Cold temperatures; short growing seasons, and heavy snows prevent the growth of trees at high elevations.
27 Color and light, taken together, very powerfully influence the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.
28 Computers that once took up entire rooms are now small enough to put on desktops and into wristwatches.
29 Dairy farming is a leading agricultural activity in the United States.
30 Deserts are arid land areas where more water is lost through evaporation than is gained through precipitation.
31 Despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain common features that give it its own special character.
 32 DNA, the material of inheritance, is found in the cell nucleus in the form of very long and thin molecules consisting of two spiral strands.
33 During the course of its growth, a frog undergoes a true metamorphosis beginning with a fishlike larval stage.
34 During the late fifteenth century, only a few of the native societies of America had professions in the fields of arts and crafts.
35 During the Pleistocene glacial periods there were portions of the Earth where plant and animal life flourished, making it possible for people to subsist.
36 Except for the Sun, all stars are too far from the Earth for their distances to be conveniently measured in miles or kilometers.
37 Fibers of hair and wool are not continuous and must normally be spun into thread If they are to be woven into textile fabrics.
38 Fish are the most ancient form of vertebrate life, and from them evolved all other vertebrates.
39 Flag Day is a legal holiday only in the state of Pennsylvania, where Betsy Ross sewed the first American flag.
40 Flower oils are among the most expensive of the ingredients used in making perfume.
41 Following the guidelines for speaking and voting established by the book Robert's Rules of Order, large decision-making organizations avoid procedural confusion during meetings.
42 Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first President to understand fully the great force of radio and the opportunity it provided for taking government policies directly to the people.
43 Halley's Comet had its first documented sighting in 240 B.C. in China and since then it has been seen from the Earth 29 times.
44 Helicopters can rise or descend vertically, hover, and move forward, backward, or laterally .
45 Hubble's law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater is their relative speed of separation.
46 In 1879, at the age of twenty-four , Alice Freeman Palmer became head of the history department at Wellesley College.
47 In 1935 seismologist Charles F. Richter devised a numerical scale for rating the strength of earthquakes.
48 In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature.
49 In bas-relief sculpture, a design projects very slightly from its background, as on some coins.
50 In her time, Isadora Duncan was what we would call today a liberated woman.
51 In its pure state antimony has no important uses, but when combined physically or chemically with other substances, it is extremely useful metal.
52 In many areas the slope and topography of the land do not permit excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.
53 Indigo is a vat color, so called because it does not dissolve in water.
54 Industrialization has been responsible for the most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.
55 Located in Boston, the first free public library in the United States was founded in 1852.
56 Mahalia Jackson, whose singing combined powerful vitality with great dignity, was one of the best-known gospel singers in the United States.
57 Mango trees, which are densely covered with glossy leaves and bear small fragrant flowers, grow rapidly and can attain heights of up to 90 feet.
58 Many gases, including the nitrogen and oxygen in air, have no color or odor.
59 Many technological innovations, such as the telephone, that appear to be the result of sudden bursts of inspiration in fact were preceded by many inconclusive efforts.
60 Margaret Brent, because of her skill in managing estates, became one of the largest landholders in colonial Maryland.
61 Most of what archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.
62 Narcissus bulbs should be planted at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well-drained soil.
63 Not only are whales among the largest animals that ever lived, but they are also among the most intelligent.
64 Not until Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in 1972. *was its full extent realized *
65 Now considered an art form, quilt making originated as a means of fashioning bed covers from bits of fabric that otherwise had no use.
66 One of the tenets of New Criticism is that a critic need not tell readers what to think about a story.
67 Outside the bright primary rainbow, a much fainter secondary rainbow may be visible.
68 Part of the Great Plains, Kansas is famous for its seemingly endless fields of wheat.
69 Penicillin, probably the best-known antibiotic , came into widespread use after the Second World War.
70 Portland, Maine, is where the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow spent his early years.
71 Precious metals, gems, and ivory have been used to make buttons, but most buttons are made of such materials as wood, glass, or plastic.
72 Recent engineering developments have made it possible to recycle plastic soda bottles into polyester fabric.
73 Regarded as the world’s foremost linguistic theorist, Noam Chomsky continues to create new theories about language and language learning.
74 Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor the air contains at a certain temperature compared with the amount it could hold at that temperature.
75 Richard Wright enjoyed success and influence unparalleled among Black American writers of his era.
76 Scientists believe the first inhabitants of the Americas arrived by crossing the land bridge that connected Siberia and what is now Alaska more than I 0,000 years ago.
80 The American Academy of Poets, which was founded in the 1930's, provides financial assistance to support working poets.
81 The art of the 1970's was characterized by diversity and by the independence of artists whose main affinities were more often sociopolitical than stylistic.
82 The best known books of Ross Macdonald, the writer of detective novels, feature the character Lew Archer, a private detective.
83 The chair may be the oldest type of furniture, although its importance has varied from time to time and from country to country.
84 The Chisos Mountains in Big Bend National park in Texas were created by volcanic eruptions that occurred when dinosaurs roamed the area .
85 The Dallas Theater Center presents plays in two buildings, one of which was designed by the internationally renowned architect, Frank Lloyd Wright.
86 The dawn redwood appears to have flourished some 100 million years ago in northern forests around the world.
87 The discovery of the halftone process in photography in 1881 made it possible to reproduce photographs in books and newspapers.
88 The early feminist leader Susan B. Anthony became increasingly aware through her work in the temperance movement that women were not granted the same rights as men.
89 The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning whether the federal government or individual states should have more power.
90 The first building to employ steel skeleton construction, the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago, Illinois, was completed in 1885 .
91 The first explorer to reach California by land was Jedediah Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in 1826.
92 The growth of psychobiology owes much to major conceptual advances in the way people think about the brain.
93 The Hawaiian alphabet, introduced by missionaries in the 1820's, consists of five vowels and only seven consonants.
94 The knee is more likely to be damaged than most other joints in the body because it cannot twist without injury.
95 The onion is characterized by an edible bulb composed of leaves rich in sugar and a pungent oil, the source of the vegetable's strong taste.
96 The outer ear, which includes the fleshy pinna and the auditory canal, picks up and funnels sound waves toward the eardrum.
97 The photographs of Carrie Mae Weems, in which she often makes her family members her subjects, are an affectionate and incisive representation of the African American experience.
98 The ponderosa pine is the source of the most of the timber used by forestproduct firms in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
99 The province of Newfoundland has a longer history than any other region of North America in which the first language is English.
100 The quince is an attractive shrub or small tree that is closely related to the apple and pear trees.
101 The sapphire’s transparency to ultraviolet and infrared radiation makes it useful in optical instruments.
102 The sidereal day is the period during which the Earth completes one rotation on its axis.
103 Thomas Jefferson served as president of the American Philosophical Society, an organization that encouraged of scientific and intellectual research. *a wide range *
104 Total color blindness, a rare condition, is the result of a defect in the retina.
105 Trilobites, a group of spineless animals, flourished in the oceans for several hundred million years until they became extinct some 200 million years ago.
106 United States spends more money on advertising than any other country in the world.
107 Usually, the more skilled an athlete is the more effortless the athlete's movements appear to be.
108 Volcanoes are divided into three main groups, based on their shape and the type of material they are made of.
109 When goshawk chicks are young, both parents share in the hunting duties and in guarding the nest.
110 When wood, natural gas, oil, or any other fuel burns, substances in the fuel combine with oxygen in the air to produce heat.
111 Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is abundant in various forms.
112 With age, the mineral content of human bones decreases, thereby making them more fragile.
113 Working like a telescope, consists of five vowels the size of objects at great distances.
114 Written to be performed on a stage bare of scenery, Thornton Wilder’s play Our Town depicts life in a small New England community.
115 350 There are about 350 species of sharks, and although they are all carnivorous, only a few species will attack people.
116 any Whenever any area receives more water than the ground can absorb, the excess water flows to the lowest level, carrying loose mineral.
117 around Hearing the sounds around us gives us vital information about our environment.
118 around If the air is cool around stones that are sun warmed, even the smallest of stones creates tiny currents of warm air.
119 bottle- When trained , bottle-nosed dolphins become talented performers at many aquariums.
120 dolphins As far as is known, dolphins have no sense of smell.
121 in The Corporation for Public Broadcasting was established in 1968 as a nonprofit agency to finance the growth of noncommercial radio and television in the United States.
122 initial Most famous scientists achieve initial recognition while still quite young.
123 is The increasing use of the computer is helping to break new ground in drug research.
124 many There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, a fact which contributes significantly to the state’s economy.
125 no Although no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.
126 of Two species of large mammals once dominated the North American Prairies: the American bison and the pronghorn antelope.
127 plants Unlike plants, which manufacture their own food, animals obtain nourishment by acquiring and ingesting their food.
128 rainfall Although rainfall in the desert is low, it is one of the most important climatic factors in the formation of desert erosion features.
129 stem Because folk ballads stem from the everyday life of common people, the most popular themes are love, jealousy, revenge, disaster, and adventure.
130 that It is likely that Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.
131 that The major error that managers commit in problem solving is jumping to a conclusion about the cause of a given problem.
132 the A prolific artist the Canadian composer Barbara Pentland wrote four symphonies, three concertos, and an opera, among other works.
133 the Brilliantly colored , the hummingbird gets its name from the sound that its wings make during flight.
134 to Attributing emotion to inanimate objects, such as machines, is a form of animism.
135 vastness Because of the vastness of the Grand Canyon, it is difficult to capture it in a single photograph.
 1 A dark nebula consists of a cloud of interstellar dust enough dense to obscure the stars beyond it.
2 A mousebird's tail is double as long as its body.
3 A tapestry consists of a foundation weave, called the warp, which across are passed different colored threads, called the weft, forming decorative patterns.
4 Abigail Adams' letters to her husband present a graphic picture of the age which she lived.
5 All root vegetables grow underground, and not all vegetables that grow underground are roots.
6 Although the social sciences different a great deal from one another, they share a common interest in human relationships.
7 Ballet performers must be believable actors and actresses as well as experts dancers.
8 Because of their color and shape, seahorses blend so well with the seaweed in which they live that it is almost impossible to see themselves.
9 Biochemists have solved many of the mysteries about photosynthesis, the process which plants make food.
10 Ceramics can be harder, light, and more resistant to heat than metals.
11 Certain species of penicillin mold are used to ripe cheese.
12 Chemical compounds with barium, cobalt, and strontium are responsible to many of the vivid colors in fireworks.
13 Chemical engineering is based on the principles of physics, chemists, and mathematics.
14 Commercially honey is heated and filtered in order to stabilize and clarify !!:.
15 Composer John Cage used many unusual objects as instrument in his music, including cowbells, flower pots, tin cans, and saw blades.
16 Dreams are commonly made up of either visual and verbal images.
17 Ducks are less susceptible to infection than another types of poultry.
18 Duke University in North Carolina has an outstanding collecting of documents concerning Southern history.
19 Georgia has too many types of soil that virtually any temperate-zone crop can be grown there.
20 Haywood Broun was a read widely newspaper columnist who wrote during the 1920's and 1930's.
21 Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick describes the dangers, difficult, and often violent life aboard a whaling ship.
22 In about 1920, experimental psychologists have devoted more research to learning than to any other topic.
23 In the architecture, a capital is the top portion of a column.
24 In the early days of jet development, jet engines used great numbers of fuel.
25 Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior can only be reached by the boat.
26 It is their nearly perfect crystal structure that gives diamonds their hardness, brilliance, and transparent.
27 It was in a cave near Magdalena, New Mexico, when the oldest known ears of cultivated corn were discovered.
28 Many bridges in New England were covered with wooden roofs to protect it from rain and snow.
29 Many of the important products obtained from trees, one of the most important is wood pulp, which is used in paper-making.
30 Mary Rinehart was a pioneer in the field of journalist in the early twentieth century.
31 Mold is extremely destruction to books in a library.
32 More than 10,000 years ago, glaciers moved across the Minnesota region four time, leveling most of the land.
33 Most modern barns are both insulated, ventilated, and equipped with electricity.
34 Most types of dolphins live at less 25 years, and some species may reach 50 years of age.
35 Near equator, the slant of the sun's rays is never great enough to cause temperatures to fall below the freezing point.
36 Needles are simple-looking tools, but they are very relatively difficult to make.
37 Not everyone realizes that the most largest organ of the human body is the skin.
38 Not longer are contributions to the advancement of industry made primarily by individuals.
39 Oceanic islands have been separated from the mainland for too long that they have evolved distinctive animal populations.
40 One of the greatest of mountains climbers, Carl Blaurock was the ftrst to climb all of the mountains higher than 14,000 feet in the United States.
41 One of the most beautiful botanical gardens in the United States is the wildly and lovely Magnolia Gardens near Charleston, South Carolina.
42 One reason birds have been so successful is because of their able to escape from danger quickly.
43 P T. Barnum opened his own circus in 1871 and become the most famous showman of his time.
44 Perhaps mankind's first important musical influence were the songs of birds.
45 Researches in economics, psychology, and marketing can help businesses.
46 River transportation in the United States consists primarily of barges pull by towboats.
47 RunnerWilma Rudolph win three gold medals at the 1960 Olympics, and she set the world record for the laO-meter dash in 1961.
48 Sharks can detect minute electrical discharges coming from its prey.
49 Sheep have been domesticated for over 5,000 years ago.
50 Sidney Lanier achieved fame both as a poet or as a symphony musician.
51 Some critics have called Theodore Dreiser's book Sister Carrie a first modern novel because it broke so many traditions.
52 Stephen Hopkins was a cultural and political leadership in colonial Rhode Island.
53 The author Susan Glaspell won a Pulitzer Prize in 1931 for hers play, Alison's House.
54 The Dave Brubek Quartet, one of the most popular jazz bands of the 1950's, had a particularly loyal following on campuses college.
55 The discover of gold and silver in the rugged mountains of Nevada in 1858 attracted many fortune-seekers to that area.
56 The fossil remains of much extinct mammals have been found in the tar pits at Rancho La Brea in Los Angeles.
57 The horses used play polo are not of any special breed or of any definite size.
58 The main divisions of geologic time, called eras, are subdivided to periods.
59 The process of fermentation takes place only in the absent of oxygen.
60 The rock formations in the Valley of Fire in Nevada has been worn into many strange shapes by the action of wind and water.
61 The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism's living cells are called its metabolism.
62 The techniques of science and magic are quite different, but their basic aims-to understand and control nature-they are very similar.
63 The tools used most often by floral designers are the knives, scissors, and glue gun.
64 The Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah are the only range of mountains in North America that runs from east and west for its entire length.
65 The various parts of the body require so different surgical skills that many surgical specialties have developed.
66 The way a child plays with other children reveals a lots about the child's emotional development.
67 The wood of the rosewood tree is used to do fine musical instruments.
68 The works of early American woodcarvers had many artistic qualities, but these craftsmen probably did not think of them as artists.
69 The Yale Daily News is oldest than any other college newspaper still in operation in the United States.
70 Today, successful farmers are experts not only in agriculture, but also in market, finance, and accounting.
71 Transfer taxes are imposed on the sell or exchange of stocks and bonds.
72 Unlike competitive running, race walkers must always keep some portion of their feet in contact with the ground.
73 Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is exactly almost the same size as the Earth.
74 Viscosity is a measurement describing the relative difficulty or easy with which liquids flow.
75 Woody Guthrie wrote thousands of songs during the lifetime, many of which became classic folk songs.
 1 It was in a cave near Magdalena, New Mexico, when the oldest known ears of cultivated corn were discovered.
2 A dark nebula consists of a cloud of interstellar dust enough dense to obscure the stars beyond it.
3 A museum in Denver, Colorado, chronicles black cowboys and his role in the history of the American West.
4 A number of the materials used in manufacturing paint are potential dangerous if mishandled.
5 A tapestry consists of a foundation weave, called the warp, which across are passed different colored threads, called the weft, forming decorative patterns.
6 A wooden barrel is made from strips of wood called staves holding together with metal hoops.
7 As the International Dateline at 180 degrees longitude is crossed westerly, it becomes necessary to change the date by moving it one day fOIWard.
8 Attorney Clarence Darrow is knowing for his defense of unpopular persons and causes.
9 Ballet performers must be believable actorsand actresses as wellas experts dancers.
10 Bluegrass music is a kind of country music who was pioneered by Bill Monroe of Rosine, Kentucky.
11 Boolean algebra is most often used to solve problems in ligic, probability, and engineer.
12 Ceramics can be harder, light , and more resistant to heat than metals.
13 Chemical compounds withbarium, cobalt,and strontium areresponsible tomany ofthe vivid colorsin fireworks.
14 Chemical engineering is based on theprinciplesof physics, chemists, andmathematics.
15 Chestnuts were once the most common tree in the eastern United States, but almost of themwere destroyed by a disease called chestnut blight.
16 Despite they are small, ponies are strong and have great stamina.
17 During the last Ice Age, which ended about 10,000 years ago, there was about three times more ice than is today.
18 Each number on the Richter scale represent a tenfold increase in the amplitude of waves of ground motion recorded during an earthquake.
19 Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first U.S. women's rights convention in 1848 and was instrumentally in the struggle to win voting and property rights for women.
20 Established in 1789 and operated bj"the Jesuits. Georgetown University in Washington. D.C. is the older Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in the United States.
21 For seventeen years, between 1932 to 1949, FredAllen was one of the most popular comedians on radio.
22 From 1865 to 1875, a remarkable various of inventions was produced.
23 Historical records show that Halley's comet has return about every seventy-six years for the past 2.000 years.
24 In 1964, GAIT established the International Trade Center in order to assist developing countries in the promotion of its exports.
25 In Roots, Alex Haley uses fictional details to embellish a factual histories of seven generations of his family.
26 In the late nineteenth century, many public buildings, specially that on college campuses, were built in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture.
27 It is possible to get a sunburn on a cloudy day because eighty percent of the ultraviolet rays from the Sun would penetrate cloud cover.
28 Jaguarundis are sleek, long-tailed creatures colored either an unifonn reddish brown or dark grey.
29 Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 satirizes both the horrors of war as well as the power of modem bureaucratic institutions.
30 Kilauea's numerous eruptions are generally composed in molten lava, with little escaping gas and few explosions.
31 Lake Tahoe, located on the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada range, is feed by more than thirty mountain streams.
32 Liquids take the shape of any container which in they are placed.
33 Melons most probably originated in Persia and were introduced the North American continent during the sixteenth century.
34 Mold is extremely destruction to books in a library.
35 More than 600 million individual bacteria lives on the skin of humans.
36 Most modern barns are both insulated, ventilated, and equipped with electricity.
37 Most of the outer planets has large swarms of satellites surrounding them.
38 Not everyone realizes that the most largest organ of the human body is the skin.
39 One reason birds have been so successful is because of their ableto escape from dangerquickly.
40 Perhaps humans’ first important musicalinfluence were the songs of birds.
41 Phi Beta Kappa is a honor society that encourages scholarship in science and art.
42 Physical therapists help patients relearn how to use their bodies after disease or injure.
43 Present in rocks of all types. hematite is particular abundant in the sedimentary rocks known as red beds.
44 Robert Heinlein was instrumental in popularizing science fiction with a series ofstories that is first published in the Saturday Evening Post.
45 Salt was once too scarce and precious that it was used as money.
46 Sharks acquire many sets of tooth during their lifetimes.
47 Sharks can detect minute electrical dis-charges coming from its prey.
48 Since 1908 breeders set out to produce chickens that could survive Canada's cold climate.
49 Sponges have neither heads nor separate body organs.
50 The brilliantly colored rhinoceros viper has two or three horns above each nostrils.
51 The carbon atoms of the diamond are so strongly bonded that a diamond can only be scratched with other diamond.
52 The fIrst recorded use of natural gas to light streetlamps it was in the town of Frederick, New York, in 1825.
53 The French Quarter is the most famous and the most old section of New Orleans.
54 The French Quarter is the most famous and the most old section of New Orleans.
55 The incubation period of tetanus is usually five to ten days, and the most frequently occurred symptom is jaw stiffness.
56 The more directly overhead the Moon is, the great is the effect that it exhibits on the Earth.
57 The simplest kind of plant, alike the simplest kind of anim:u, consists of only one cell.
58 The Sun supplies the light and the warmth that permit life on Earth existing.
59 The surface of the planet Venus is almost completely hid by the thick clouds thatshroud it
60 The techniques of science and magic are quite different , but their basic aims- to understand and control nature—they are very similar.
61 The various parts of the body require so different surgical skills that many surgical specialties have developed.
62 The workof the early American woodcarvers had manyartistic qualities, but thesecraftsmen probably did notthink of themasartists.
63 There are several races of giraffes, but there are only one species.
64 There are thousand of different types of roses.
65 There was once a widespread believe that all lizards were poisonous.
66 Tropical cyclones. alike extratropical cyclones. which derive much of their energy from the jet stream. originate far from the polar front.
67 Viruses are extremely tiny parasites that are able to reproduce only within the cells of theirs hosts.
 1 A coral reef, a intricate aquatic community of plants and animals, is found only in warm, shallow, sunlit seas.
2 A food additive is any chemical that food manufacturers intentional add to their products.
3 A goose's neck is a little longer that than of a duck, and not so gracefully curved as a swan's.
4 A great aviation pioneer, Amelia Earhart was already famous when she sets out on her ill-fated attempt to circle the globe in 1937.
5 A lightning flash produces electromagnetic waves that may travels along the Earth’s magnetic field for long distances.
6 A mirage is an atmospheric optical illusion in what an observer sees a nonexistent body of water or an image of some object.
7 A monsoon is an enormous cycle of air set in motion by differences temperature over land and sea.
8 A mortgage enables a person to buy property without paying for it outright; thus more people are able to enjoy to own a house.
9 A musical genius, John Cage is noted for his highly unconventional ideas, and he respected for his unusual compositions and performances.
10 A number of the American Indian languages spoken at the time of the European arrival in the New World in the late fifteen century have become extinct.
11 A seismograph records oscillation of the ground caused by seismic waves, vibrations that travel from its point of origin through the Earth or along its surface.
12 A smile can be observed, described, and reliably identify; it can also be elicited and manipulated under experimental conditions.
13 According to most psychological studies, body language expresses a speaker's emotions and attitudes, and it also tends to affect the emotions and attitudes of the listen.
14 Alaska's vast areas of untamed wilderness attracts many people who enjoy the outdoors.
15 Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systemic observations, but they also gather data from documentary and oral sources.
16 All nations may have to make fundamental changes in their economic, political, and the technological institutions if they are to preserve the environment.
17 Although apples do not grow during the cold season, apple trees must have a such season in order to flourish.
18 Although best known for her prose works, Maya Angelou was also published several collections of poetry.
19 Although color is a minor factor in soil composition, it is excellent characteristic by which to distinguish different soil layers.
20 Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is abundant, and humidity is moderate.
21 Although pure diamond is colorless and transparent, when contaminated with other material it may appear in various color, ranging from pastels to opaque black.
22 Although research has been ongoing since 1930, the existence of ESP – perception and communication without the use of sight, hear, taste, touch, or smell – is still disputed.
23 Although the pecan tree is chiefly value for its fruit, its wood is used extensively for flooring, furniture, boxes, and crates.
24 Although they reflect a strong social conscience, Arthur Miller's stage works are typical more concerned with individuals than with systems.
25 American painter Georgia 0’Keeffe is well known as her large paintings of flowers in which single blossoms are presented as if in close-up.
26 An involuntary reflex, an yawn is almost impossible to slop once the mouth muscles begin the stretching action.
27 Antique collecting became a significant pastime in the 1800's when old object began to be appreciated for their beauty as well as for their historical importance.
28 Any group that conducting its meetings using parliamentary rules will encounter situations where prescribed procedures cannot be applied.
29 Anyone rowing a boat in a strong wind knows it is much easy to go with the wind than against it.
30 As many as 50 percent of the income from motion pictures produced in the United States comes from marketing the films abroad.
31 As secretary of transportation from 1975 to 1977, William Coleman worked to help the bankrupt railroads in the northeastern United States solved their financial problems.
32 Asteroids may be fragments of a planet shattered long ago or from material the nuclei of old comets.
33 At 1939, television programs were being broadcast in the United States, and the World's Fair of that year featured demonstrations of this advance in technology.
34 Bacteria lived in the soil play a vital role in recycling the carbon and nitrogen needed by plants.
35 Ballads were early types of poetry and may have been among a first kinds of music.
36 Basal body temperature refers to the most lowest temperature of a healthy individual during waking hours.
37 Because of a high birthrate and considerable immigration, the United States population in the late nineteenth century increased tremendously into 31 million in 1860 to 76 million in 1900.
38 Because of its vast tracts of virtually uninhabited northern forest, Canada has one of the lowest population density in the world.
39 Besides the age of nine and fifteen, almost all young people undergo a rapid series of physiological changes.
40 Born in Texas in 1890, Katherine Anne Porter produced three collection of short stories before publishing her well-known novel Ship of Fools in 1962.
41 By 1860 the railroads of the United States had 3,000 miles of track, three-quarters of which it was east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River.
42 California has more land under irrigation than any another state.
43 Carnegie Hall was the first building in New Y ark designed special for orchestral music.
44 Carrie Chapman Catt organized the League of Women Voters after successfully campaign for the constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote.
45 Charleston, West Virginia, was named for Charles Clendenin who son George acquired land at the junction of tile Elk and Kanawha rivers in 1787.
46 Chocolate is prepared by a complexity process of cleaning, blending, and roasting cocoa beans, which must be ground and mixed with sugar.
47 Comparative anatomy is concerned to the structural differences among animal forms.
48 Composed of heavy-textured clay soil, adobe has great elasticity when moist, but when dry is able of holding its shape.
49 Composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II brought to the musical Oklahoma! extensive musical and theatrical backgrounds as well as familiar with the traditional forms of Operetta and
50 Corporations, companies owned by much stockholders rather than by a single proprietor, began to play an important economic role in the late nineteenth century.
51 Cotton is one of the most popular fiber used to make clothes.
52 Dentistry is a branch of medicine that has developed very dramatic in the last twenty years.
53 Despite television is the dominant entertainment medium for United States households, Garrison Keillor’s Saturday night radio show of folk songs and stories is heard by millions of people.
54 Diamonds have the unique ability to allow the passage of neither infrared and visible light.
55 Dictionaries frequently explain the origin of the defined word, state its part of speech, and indication its correct use.
56 Dinosaurs are traditionally classified as cold-blooded reptiles, but recent evidence based on eating habits, posture, and skeletal structural suggests some may have been warm-blooded.
57 During early nineteenth century, the building of canals and railroads strengthened the state of Indiana's links with the eastern United States.
58 During the 1870’s iron workers in Alabama proved they could produce iron by burning iron ore with coke, instead than with charcoal.
59 During the 1940's science and engineering had an impact on the way music reach its audience and even influenced the way in which it was composed.
60 During the Jurassic period plant life was abundance, providing herbivores in particular with a plentiful supply of food.
61 Each chemical element is characterized to the number of protons that an atom of that element contains, called its atomic number.(b)
62 Eagles are predatory birds that have large, heavy, hooked bills and strong, sharp claws called as "talons."
63 Early European settlers in North America used medicines they made from plants native to treat colds, pneumonia, and ague, an illness similar to malaria.
64 Eleanor Roosevelt set the standard against which the wives of all United States Presidents since have evaluated.
65 Elected to serve in the United States House of Representatives in 1968, Shirley Chisholm was known for advocacy the interests of the urban poor.
66 Electric lamps came into widespread use during the early 1900’s and have replaced other type of fat, gas, or oil lamps for almost every purpose.
67 Electric motors range in size from the tiny mechanisms that operate sewing machine to the great engines in heavy locomotives.
68 Elizabeth Bishop’s poems are frequently long and carefully constructed, uses elaborate rhyme or half-rhymes.
69 Emily Dickinson, among the greatest women poets in the English language, died with all of hers poems unpublished, except for seven that appeared in publications of limited circulation.
70 Energy research, medicinal, tourism, and copper and molybdenum mining are important to the economy of Butte, Montana.
71 Even as he wrote copiously on such diverse topic as education, politics, and religion, Lewis Mumford remained active in city and regional planning.
72 Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets will have been contacted within the near 50 years.
 73 Faced with petroleum shortages in the 1970's, scientists and engineers in the United States stepped up its efforts to develop more efficient heating systems and better insulation.
74 Farms of maize, beans, and tobacco, the Wendat, Native American tribes that inhabited present-day Michigan, lived a sedentary life in densely populated villages.
75 Faults in the Earth’s (a) crust are most evidently in sedimentary formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers.
76 Financier Andrew Mellon donated most of his magnificent art collection to the National Gallery of Art, where it is now locating.
77 For centuries the aromatic spices of the Far East has been in demand by the people of the East and West.
78 For most of their history, especially since the 1860's, New York City has been undergoing major ethnic population changes.
79 Fossils in 500-inillion-year-old rocks demonstrate that life forms in the Cambrian period were mostly marine animals capability of secreting calcium to form shells.
80 Founded by the Spanish as Yerba Buena in 1835, what is now San Francisco was taken over by the United States in 1846 and later renamed it.
81 From 1905 to 1920, American novelist Edith Wharton was at the height of her writing career, publishing of her three most famous novels.
82 From the monitoring of earthquake waves it is evidence that the Earth's outer core is liquid, whereas the inner core is solid.
83 Geologists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory rely on a number of instruments to studying the volcanoes in Hawaii.
84 George Gershwin was an American composer whose concert works joined the sounds of jazz with them of traditional orchestration.
85 Gilbert Newton Lewis, a chemist, helped to develop the modern electron theory of valence, a theory what explains the forces holding atoms together in molecules.
86 Gone With the Wind, the epic novel about life in the South during the CiviI War period, took ten years write.
87 Government money appropriated for art in the 1930’s made possible hundreds of murals and statues still admiration in small towns all over the United States.
88 Great technical advances in aerial and satellite photography have been made since end of the Second World War.
89 Homo erectus is the name commonly given into the primate species from which humans are believed to have evolved.
90 Hot at the equator causes the air to expand, rise, and flow toward the poles.
91 Human hair grows at rate of about one-half to one inch a month.
92 Humus, a substance found in soil, is soft and spongy and enables plant roots to send out tiny hairs through that they absorb water and food.
93 If it is kept dry, a seed can still sprout up to forty years after their formation.
94 In 1852 Massachusetts passed a law requiring all children from four to eighteen years of old to attend school.
95 In Florida, when the temperature drops below freezing, citrus growers keep young tree warm by constantly showering them with water.
96 In human beings, as in other mammals, hairs around the eyes are ears and in the nose prevent dust, insects, and other matter from entering these organs.
97 In laboratory experiments, an investigator often begins by work out different conditions for two groups of subjects.
98 In some species of fish, such the three-spined stickleback, the male, not the female, performs the task of caring for the young.
99 In the 1800's store owners sold everything from a needle to a plow, trust everyone, and never took inventory.
100 In the 1920’s cinema became an important art form and one of the ten largest industry in the United States.
101 In the 1970’s consumer activities succeeded in promoting laws that set safety standards for automobiles, children’s clothing, and a widely range of household products.
102 In the early twentieth century, there was considerable interesting among sociologists in the fact that in the United States the family was losing its traditional roles.
103 In the New England colonies, Chippendale designs were adapted to locally tastes, and beautiful furniture resulted.
104 In the nineteenth century, women used quilts to inscribe their responses to social, economic, and politics issues.
105 In The Sociology of Science, now considered a classic, Robert Merton discusses cultural, economy, and social forces that contributed to the development of modem science.
106 In the spring the woodcock builds a simple nest of leaves and grass in a dry, quiet spots and lays four multicolored eggs.
107 Insulation from cold, protect against dust and sand, and camouflage are among the functions of hair for animals.
108 Jessamyn West's first and most famous novel, The Friendly Persuasion, describes the life of a Quaker farmed family in the mid-1800's.
109 Knowledge of the rate at which a ship is traveling through the water is important if the navigator need to estimate the time of arrival.
110 Light rays what enter the eye must be focused onto a point on the retina In order for a clear visual image to form.
111 Linseed oil is used as a drying oil in paints and varnishes and as making linoleum, oilcloth, and certain inks.
112 Located in Canada, the Columbia Icefield covers area of 120 square miles and is 3,300 feet thick in some places.
113 Long before boats became important in recreation, they were valuable to people for many essential tasks, included transportation and fishing.
114 Many flowering plants benefit of pollination by adult butterflies and moths.
115 Margaret Mead studied many different cultures and she was one of the first anthropologists to photograph hers subjects.
116 Martin Luther King, Jr., is well known for organize the huge human rights march that took place in Washington in 1963.
117 Mary Cassatt's paintings of mothers and children are known for its fine linear rhythm, simple modelings, and harmonies of clear color.
118 Maryland, even though a southern state, remained loyalty to the Union during the Civil War.
119 Massachusetts was first explored in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and the first permanent settlement at Plymouth in 1620.
120 Matthew C. Perry, a United States naval commander, gained fame not in war and through diplomacy
121 Most of our ideas of what ancient people looked and dressed come from the works of Renaissance artists.
122 Most sand dunes are always in motion as wind pushes sand upward one side of each dune, over the top, and down the other side.
123 Nathaniel Hawthorne often complained of how few material his life provided for his fiction.
124 None two butterflies have exactly the same design on their wings.
125 Of the much factors that contributed to the growth of international tourism in the 1950’s, one of the most important was the advent of jet travel in 1958.
126 One inventor that Thomas Edison can take credit for is the light bulb.
127 One of the earliest plants domesticated in the Western Hemisphere, manioc was introduced to Europe by Spaniards returning from the New World.
128 One of the most impressive collections of nineteenth-century European paintings in the United States can be found to the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
129 One of the problems of United States agriculture that has persisted during the 1920’s until the present day is the tendency of farm income to lag behind the costs of production.
130 Oscillation is a electronic function that changes direct current to the signal of desired frequency.
131 Paint must be stirred and sometimes dilution before it is applied.
132 Papier-mâché figures by Stephen Hensen, which they cheerfully depicted life in the Information Age, were the focus of an exhibit at the Museum of American History.
133 Pharmacist fill drug prescriptions, keeping records of the drugs their patients are taking to make sure that harmful combinations are not prescribed.
134 Phoenix, Arizona, stands where the Hohokam Indians built a canal system and carried on irrigated farming before long the time of Columbus.
135 Plants range in size to tiny, single-celled, blue-green algae, invisible to the naked eye, to giant sequoias, the largest living plants.
136 Plants require much less moist in cold weather than in warm weather.
137 Plants synthesize carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide with the aid of energy is derived from sunlight.
138 Ponds are noted for their rich and varied types of plant(c) and animal life, all maintain in a delicate ecological balance.
139 Protecting Florida’s coral reefs in difficult because some of the corals are very fragile: even the touch of a diver’s hand can kill it.
140 Quasars, faint celestial objects resembling stars, are perhaps the most distant objects know.
141 Rabbits have large front tooth, short tails, and hind legs and feet adapted for running and jumping.
142 Rainbows in the shape of complete circles are sometimes seen from airplanes because they are not cutting off by the horizon.
143 Recently scientists have apply new tools of biochemistry and molecular biology to investigate the structure of human hair.
144 Research in the United States on acupuncture has focused on it use in pain relief and anesthesia.
145 Rice, which it still forms the staple diet of much of the world’s population, grows best in hot, wet lands.
146 Ripe fruit is often stored in a place who contains much carbon dioxide so that the fruit will not decay too rapidly.
147 Rocks have forming, wearing away and re-forming ever since the Earth took shape.
148 Sarah Vaughan had a voice like a perfect instrument, and it was an instrument that she knew how to use it with the utmost skill.
149 Scientists have found that occasional exposure to bright light can be help a person get used to working the night shift.
150 Scientists usually character the disease leukemia as an overabundance of white blood cells in the bloodstream.
151 Several million points on the human body registers either cold, heat, pain, or touch.
152 Since it lives in the desert, the collared lizard depends from insects for water as well as for food.
153 Since the Great Depression of the 1930’s, social programs such as Social Security have been built into the economy to help avert severity business declines.
154 Since their appearance on farms in the United Stales between 1913 and 1920, trucks have changed patterns of production and market of farm products.
155 Sleep is controlled by the brain and associated by characteristic breathing rhythms.
156 Soapberry trees and shrubs thrive in tropical regions, and being ornamental plants in California and Florida.
157 Soil temperatures in Death Valley, California, near the Nevada border, have been known to reach 90 of degrees Celsius.
158 Some hangers, buildings used to hold large aircraft, are very tall that rain occasionally falls from clouds that form along the ceilings.
159 Some insects bear a remarkable resemblance to dead twigs, being long, slenderness, wingless, and brownish in color.
160 Some maple trees are raised for their sap, which has a high sugar content for yields sugar and syrup.
161 Some snakes have hollow teeth are called fangs that they use to poison their victims.
162 Stars derive their energy from thermonuclear reactions that take place in their heat interiors.
163 Talc, a soft mineral with a variety of uses, sold is in slabs or in powdered form.
164 The ancient Romans used vessels equipped with sails and banks of oars to transporting their armies.
165 The antique collector must be able to distinguish real antiques from later imitations, which can be either reproductions nor fakes.
166 The Armory Show, held in New York in 1913, was a important exhibition of modern European art.
167 The ballad is characterized by informal diction, by a narrative largely dependent on action and dialogue, by thematic intense, and by stress on repetition.
168 The best American popular music balances a powerful emotions of youth with tenderness, grace, and wit.
169 The body structure that developed in birds over millions of years is well designed for flight, being both lightly in weight and remarkably strong. (d)
170 The Caldecott Medal, awarded annual to the best illustrated children's book, is one award that identifies excellent books.
171 The Canadian province of Alberta it is believed to have some of the richest oil deposits in the world.
172 The dachshund is a hardy, alert dog with a well sense of smell.
173 The dandelion plant has a straight, smoothly, and hollow stem that contains a white, milky juice.
174 The delicious of chocolate depends not only on the quality of the cacao but also on a complex process of grinding, heating, and blending.
175 The dramatic first-floor gallery of the New Britain Museum of American Art is devoted to Thomas Benton's series of five oversized mural.
176 The ease of solving a jigsaw puzzle depends the number of pieces, their shapes and shadings, and the design of the picture.
177 The extraordinary beautiful of orchids makes them the basis of a multimillion dollar floral industry.
178 The first Native Americans to occupy what is now the southwestern United States were the Big-Game Hunters, which appeared about 10,000 B.C.
179 The first women governor in United States history was Nellie Tayloe Ross, who was elected governor of Wyoming in 1925.
180 The firstly naval battle of the Revolutionary War was fought off the coast of Machias, Maine, in June 1775.
181 The foot is used primary for locomotion, but some primates, notably the apes, also use their feet for grasping and picking up objects.
182 The frequency of meteors in the Earth’s atmosphere increases (c)when the Earth passes through a swarm of particle generated by the breakup of a comet.
183 The giant panda closely resembles the bear, but account of certain anatomical features it is placed in the raccoon family.
184 The Hopi, the westernmost tribe of Pueblo Indians, have traditionally lived large multilevel structures clustered in towns.
185 The importance of environmental stimuli in the development of coordination between sensory input and motor response varies lo species to species.
186 The introduction of new species of plants into the Hawaiian islands offers an opportunity to study the responsively of a natural system to stress.
187 The main purpose of classifying animals is to show the most probable evolutionary relationship of the different species to each another.
188 The manufacture of automobile was extremely expensive until assembly-line techniques made them cheaper to produce
189 The Mississippi, the longest river in the United States, begins as small, clear stream in northwestern Minnesota.
190 The Moon’s gravitational field cannot keep atmospheric gases from escape into space.
191 The New Deal was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's program to pull the United States out the Great Depression in the 1930's.
192 The nitrogen makes up over 78 percent of the Earth's atmosphere, the gaseous mass surrounding the planet.
193 The notion that students are not sufficiently involved in their education is one reason (c) for the recently surge of support for undergraduate research.
194 The number 8½ is an example of a "mixed number" because it is composing of an integer and a fraction.
195 The ode was original a ceremonial poem written to celebrate public occasions or exalted subjects.
196 The orangutan's hands and feet are designed for holding and grasping branches, and its powerful immensely arms enable it to climb and swing in trees without difficulty.
197 The pitch of a musical instrument is defined as the relative highness or low of the sound it produces.
198 The public ceremonies of the Plains Indians are lesser elaborate than those of the Navajo in the Southwest.
199 The Rocky Mountains were explored by fur traders during the early 1800’s in a decades preceding the United States Civil War.
200 The strongly patriotic character of Charles Sangster's poetry is credited about greatly furthering the cause of confederation in Canada.
201 The Texas Panhandle region, in the northwestern part of the state, produces more wheat, cotton, and grain sorghum than any of other area of Texas.
202 The thin outer layer of the skin is called the epidermis, while the layer inner, which is slightly thicker, is called the dermis.
203 The United States capital in Washington, D.C., developed slow, assuming its present gracious aspect, with wide avenues and many parks, only in the twentieth century.
204 The Vermont Elementary Science Project, according to its founders, are designed to challenge some of the most widely held beliefs about teaching.
205 The walls around the city of Quebec, which was originally a fort military, still stand, making Quebec the only walled city in North America.
206 The wood of the tulip tree, sometimes referred to as American whitewood, is one of the most valuable timber product in the United States.
207 The work which the poet Emma Lazarus is best known is “The New Colossus,” which is inscribed on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.
208 The works of the author Herman Melville are literary creations of a high order, blending fact, fiction, adventure, and subtle symbolic.
209 Thomas Moran’s magnificent, colorful paintings onto Wyoming landscapes captured the spirit of the western wilderness in the late nineteenth century.
210 Three of every four migrating water birds in North America visits the Gulf of Mexico's winter wetlands.
211 Throughout her length career, Grace Paley has been known for her ability to capture the distinct rhythms of New York speech in her short stories.
212 To improvise effectively, a musician must thorough understand the conventions of a given musical style.
213 To save the California condor from extinction, a group of federal, local, and privately organizations initiated a rescue program.
214 Today modern textile mills can manufacture as much fabrics in a few seconds as it once took workers weeks to produce by hand.
215 Turquoise, which found in microscopic crystals, is opaque with a waxy luster, varying in color from greenish gray to sky blue.
216 Turreted mansions decorated with elaborate wooden ornamentation became a mark of wealthy and elegance in the United States in the late nineteenth century.
217 Two unique features of the Arctic they are lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground.
218 Underlying aerodynamics and all other branches of theoretical mechanics are the laws of motion who were developed in the seventeenth century.
219 Volcanism occurs on Earth in several geological setting, most of which are associated with the boundaries of the enormous, rigid plates that make up the lithosphere.
220 Was opened in 1918, the Philips Collection in Washington, D.C., was the first museum in the United States devoted to modern art.
221 When she retires in September 1989, tennis champion Christine Evert was the most famous woman athlete in the United States.
222 When the Sun, Moon, and Earth are alignment and the Moon crosses the Earth's orbital plane, a solar eclipse occurs.
223 While highly prized for symbolizing good luck, the four-leaf clover is rarity found in nature.
224 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.
225 Zoos in New Orleans, San Diego, Detroit, and the Bronx have become biological parks where animals roams free and people watch from across a moat.
9 Through her researc, her teaching, and her writing, Maria Cadrilla de Martinez helped preserve the traditions and customs of her native Puerto Rico.
 The Sun today… the Earth's surface. The time when… such an extent. To date, Canada… in the book.
1 To describe changes that the Sun will go through The relationship between man and mammoth in the New introduce
World Montgomery and her Anne books
2 powered tools a Canadian children's classic
3 condition humans by her grandparents
4 is approximately halfway through its life as a yellow dwarf
In the southern part of North America From 1908 to 1911
5 Its center will grow smaller and hotter. had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia old
6 It will become too hot for life to exist. Bones the town of Avonlea
7 thousands of times smaller than it is today apparently They were at least partially autobiographical.
8 Yellow dwarf, red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf The cause of their extinction is not definitely known. reputation
9 eject clever Nature
10 our own planet They were concentrated in a small area. a ballet
11 Objective The mammoth Search
It is said… development of the railroads. Just before and… the Swing era. Certain animals have… conditioning by trainers.
12 He was involved in pioneering efforts to build canals.The early history of jazz Although some animals may be aware of quantities, they cannot actually co
13 possibility style To provide evidence that some birds are aware of quantities
14 Hudson River and Lake Erie New Orleans secretly
15 Relatively In 1923 vacate
16 Intermittent King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band Numbers such as 1, 3, 5, and so on
17 the state of New York constant caterpillars
18 seven million dollars The piano reports
19 Fees used written arrangements When asked by its trainer how old it is, a monkey holds up five fingers.
20 It established Boston and Philadelphia as the most important
Carefully centers
plannedof trade. As mistaken
21 They had begun to compete with the Erie Canal for traffic.
A small group undeniably
22 justified third paragraph achievements
23 Lines 16-18 the Swing era Lines 15-16
It's a sound… one scientist said. A pioneering study… of their community. It would be hard… the total U.S. production.
24 The sounds made by distressed trees startling The effects of one method of making steel
25 trees they have varying amounts of traffic the manufacture of weapons during the Civil War
26 Dehydrated 16,000 At one time, more of it was produced than Bessemer steel.
27 condition increased amounts of trash expanding
28 cannot be heard by the unaided human ear point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic They lasted longer.
29 broken Octavia Street Driven
30 Lack of water talked 1886
31 Perceive People on this street have more and more space for which
It primarily
they feel involved
responsible.
methods of production other than the Bessemer Proce
32 changes in color HEAVY, LIGHT, MEDIUM the open-hearth method of making steel
33 was continuing Rachel Carson was… Science Advisory Committe lines 14-16
The concepts of… evolved from the fin. as a writer Nearly 515 blocks… their former splendor.
34 A contrast is drawn between two concepts by meansZoology
of examples. To discuss housing problems in San Francisco today
35 easier to understand through examples than through34 definitions showy
36 inflexible sold many copies Nob Hill
37 A spider's legs and a horse's legs A research expedition Queen Anne
38 are genetically related Highly technical architectural features
39 features of an animal's anatomy irresponsible A tower
40 meaning a warning about the dangers of misusing insecticides From 1907 to 1960
41 Lines 9-1 1 faulty They were painted in many colors.
Probably the most… an over-mechanized world. To support Carson's ideas Sea otters dwell… Prince William Sound, Alaska.
42 analyze an important film What is meant… heading of labor. A group of mammals that contains sea otters
43 a conversation with a reporter To define economic resources 30 pounds
44 suddenly the topic of economic resources is a broad one each sea otter eats only a few kinds offood
45 takes place outside a factory is much more restrictive than when economists use it used up
46 Going insane fertile The otters protect the kelp by eating animals that destroy it.
47 The scene consumer goods Abundant
48 helplessness A railroad keeps the underfur from getting wet
49 Complete category overjoyed
50 Revolutionary entrepreneurs Its growth rate is not as fast as that of the Alaska sea otters.
 The conservatism of… knew in England. With Robert Laurent… rectangle or square. Around the year… snowshoes and toboggan
1 preference for stone or wood region
2 projecting The material is an important element in a sculpture. Tundra
3 a lock and a key determines 8-9 months
4 To drill a hole Sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.
soaked
5 Screws observed difficult
6 unable to make elaborate parts Paris not flowing
7 protect a departure from lack of supplies
8 colonists It is made of marble. Cement
9 based their furniture on English models Birds that feed… margins of the roost. Lines 27-29
10 “joiners” (line 10) Why some species of birds nest together Social parasitism involves… with other ants.
In addition to their… by military surgeons. retain Ants belonging to the genus Polyergus have an unusual relationship with an
11 Forts were important to the development of the American
diggingWest
tunnels into the snow rear
12 bold intensified are social parasites
13 Formal clothing nest together for warmth egg
14 posts feed The Polyergus are heavily dependent on the Formica.
15 raised The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrelRaiddoesanother
not. nest
16 It was expensive to import produce from far away. negated dig
17 Illness Several members of the flock care for the young. enlist
18 hindered Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds
The Polyergus
are. and the Formica move to a new nest.
19 By maintaining records of diseases and potential causes
mass roosts dulotic species of ants (line 5)
20 listing their contributions to western life Before the mid-nineteenth… more varied fare. The Winterthur Museum… place of manufacture.
Anyone who has… proteins of bone Inventions that led to changes in the American diet Elements that make Winterthur an unusual museum
21 The composition of fossils a particular time of year specializing in
22 version avoid The house was repaired.
23 Spaces within the bone fill with minerals. available in limited quantities Winterthur does not look like a typical museum.
24 holes before 1890 brought together
25 It was exposed to large amounts of mineral-laden water
perishables
throughout time. Winterthur
26 Environmental conditions commonplace object evolving
27 To prove that a fossil’s age cannot be determined by decreased
the amount inof
number
mineralization. past ownership
28 hydroxyapatite however The second paragraph explains a term that was mentioned in the first para
29 apparent Chemical additives lines 13-16
30 Collagen Tin cans and iceboxes helped to make many foods more The widely
modem
available.
comic… around the country.
In the last third… Fifth Avenue shopping area. The ability of falling… perceptions a thousandfold. Features of early comic strips in the United States
31 apartment buildings The explanation of an interesting phenomenon They owned major competitive newspapers.
32 attractive the righting of a tumbling cat They provided a break from serious news stories.
33 The arrangement of the rooms was not convenient. The purpose of the photographs was to explain the process. Hearst convinced Outcault to leave the World.
34 luxurious It was a relatively new technology. The “Yellow Kid”
35 young turns appear in a Chicago newspaper
36 *un rectángulo largo* flexible combine
37 It was spacious inside. easily model
38 provide By analyzing photographs regular feature
39 Apartments were preferable to tenements and cheaper Thethan
changing
row houses
profile… "megalopolises" and so on. In the order in which they were created
40 they are examples of large, welldesigned apartment buildings
The changing definition of an urban area Every drop of water… during the month.
A snowfall consists… a moist airstream. 1870 The tides are the most powerful force to affect the movement of ocean wa
41 How are snowflakes formed? differentiated detected
42 tiny 8,000 actually
43 A nucleus City borders had become less distinct. distance
44 stick persons similarly
45 Where the moisture to supply the nuclei comes frommaking up The gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon when nearly in line with the
46 snowfall city *sMoE*
47 A continuous infusion of moisture It consists of at least two cities. arrangement
48 Moisture rises from a lake into the airstream. 1/3 the Sun counteracts the Moon's gravitational attraction
49 begin 1950 The strongest tides occur at the quarters of the Moon.
50 Atmospheric temperatures above the freezing point.Lines 27-29 Lines 2-5
 In the 1500's when… to conquer them. Hotels were among… high social position. The growth of cities,… of North American mines.
1 watered their crops tied Demand for better medical facilities
2 holes holding a convention functioned as
3 levels gathering oil
4 A forty-year-old woman conventions Greasy texture
5 crops community It was not widely available until midcentury.
6 arguments influential citizens was similar to
7 Making baskets Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them. Kerosene was less expensive.
8 The political and social organization of the Anasazi Beads were probably… and cultural sophistication. kerosene
9 Anasazi society exhibited a well-defined division of labor.
The reasons for studying beads A description of events in chronological order
Barbed wire, first… called concertina wire. decorated Lines 16-19
10 A type of fencing. clothing The penny press,… in England and France.
11 unlimited scarcity The penny press became an important way of disseminating information in
12 break odor Penny-press news reporting was more accurate than that in twentieth-cent
13 Increased strength discover A story about land being given away in the West
14 protect them against rust ordinary America
15 put have been moved from their original locations The publisher of the first penny-press paper to make a profit
16 cut the wire that becomes barbs Anthropologist discussable
17 To describe how the wire is made Lines 6-8 eager
18 military purposes In the world of birds,… white-wings rely on. support the belief that Americans were enthusiastic readers of periodicals
19 *dos palos con 2 alambres* The efficiency of the bill of the crossbill prove
Under certain circumstances,… during ascent. Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the contrasts
available food supply.
20 The effects of pressure on gases in the human body They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food thorough
supply.
21 subjected to finch Broad-tailed hummingbirds… days, two chicks.
22 cause *pico enredado* Selection of nest sites
23 travels force If the eggs are destroyed early in the season
24 It forms bubbles. opening matters
25 bubbles gets rid of unobstructed
26 burst bills male hummingbirds
27 An air embolism skilled It is not involved in caring for the chicks.
28 Rise slowly. strong birds
Each advance in microsc...-based instruments. The size of its bill does not fit the size of its food source. A protected branch
29 A new kind of microscope how the Newfoundland crossbill survives with a large billbarely
30 discover single-celled plants and animals they had never
The second
seen before
paragraph Paper
31 tiny If you look closely… hold a federal position. a golf ball
32 a type of microscope The accomplishments of a female publisher Two to three weeks
33 To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective
she published the document Lines 20-22
34 The source of illumination was not bright enough untilannounced
recently. The ice sheet that… Illinois and Wabash rivers.
35 allows took over her brother's printing shop The formation of the Great Lakes
36 instead Baltimore north to south
37 investigations an accomplished businesswoman margin
38 They will provide information not available from otherjobkinds of microscopes. plain
Perhaps the most… hear them expressed. Galaxies are the major… the animal world. reclines
39 Reasons for the popularity of satire principal small
40 awareness Major categories of galaxies In the two decades… from which it is composed.
41 They are famous examples of satiric literature. gas limitation
42 artistically the compression of gas and dust They used a wider variety of materials and techniques.
43 Odd combinations of objects and ideas proportionally balanced Some sculpture became lighter and thinner.
44 reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate apparent cause
45 unusual They contain a high amount of interstellar gas. movement
46 people They are a type of elliptical galaxy. It changed the concept of sculptural unity.
47 dedicate 10% dissimilar
48 reexamine their opinions and values distances The use of found objects changed the way sculpture is created.
49 introducing readers to unfamiliar situations To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth made
50 It is an ideal that is rarely achieved were prevalent in Making a bronze cast
 The United States Const…transportation facilities The word laser… concept of the laser. It is commonly believed… process of schooling.
1 The emergence of the party system created All of life is an education.
2 In the early 1800's influence limits
3 It did not include enough citizens. energy unplanned
4 parties A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light
an essential
5 an unexpected fact It was easier to work with longer wavelengths. slices of reality
6 extremely important light amplification the boundaries of classroom subjects
7 funding 1953 Going to school is only part of how people become educated.
8 federal and state laws appeared contrasting the meanings of two related words
9 responsible for summarizing The hard, rigid plates… gave them an answer.
10 politically aware citizens Several people were developing the idea at the same time.
The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge
11 Lines 2-3 Panel painting, common… museum collections. asthenosphere
Several hundred million… the plant kingdom. Production A boat floating on the water
12 An ancient form of plant life Preparing the panel masses
13 plants composition parts of Laurasia separated from each other
14 They clung to tree trunks and bushes for support careful support
15 genuine Applying many layers of paint Clustered
16 coal It dries quickly. It was first proposed in the 1960's.
17 provide required why certain geological events happen where they do
The economic expansion… three million people selling the painting In the United States… nineteenth century.
18 Industrial growth during the 1940's attracted large numbers
copy of people to the West. The roles of state and federal governments in the economy of the nineteen
19 generated theft influence
20 As examples of western population booms panel paintings higher education
21 The population of the cities increased significantly. Crows are probably… ate its food. separate
22 A lack of population growth in the West The characteristics that make crows difficult to study sometimes built in part by state companies
23 Many new shipbuilding yards were established on the ThePacific
largecoast
number
during
of stories
the 1940's.
about crows inspecting materials used in turnpike maintenance
24 expansion similarly establishing
25 immense very rare goals
26 A reduction in the price of land researchers It made it increasingly possible for settlers to obtain land in the West.
27 Many civilian jobs were created. They can be quite aggressive. Regulation of the supply of money
28 the industrial mobilization necessitated by the Secondidentify
Worldindividual
War crows Life originated in the early… terrestrial life-forms.
For 150 years scientists… satellite since 1978. They thrive in a wide variety of environments. radical
29 The measurement of variations in the solar constant preferences Vascular plants
30 They interfere with accurate measurement of the solar Theconstant.
clever ways that crows solve problems New life-forms on land developed at a rapid rate.
31 The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight. Crows are very intelligent. removed
32 disperse In the early days… their post office. They are older than the megafossils.
33 satellite A comparison of urban and rural postal services cases
34 registered differed specimens
35 sunspot activity It had to be purchased by the sender in advance. trapped
36 fall Its postal service was inadequate for its population. The time estimate for the first appearance of terrestrial life-forms was revis
37 Solar Max's instruments were getting old. burdensome The evolution of terrestrial life was as complicated as the origin of life itself
38 instruments are providing inaccurate data businesses What we today call… with portrait painting.
39 an ongoing research effort Deliver mail faster. appreciated portraits
Even before the turn… art that conceals art. A salary pronounced
40 Styles of filmmaking limited In Connecticut and Massachusetts
41 Most films are neither exclusively realistic nor formalistic.
Archaeology has long been… laws to the contrary. New England
42 realism and reality How the methods and purpose of historical archaeologyIthavebecame
changed
five times larger.
43 The director Investigating the recent past beginning
44 form During the 1950' sand 1960's horse-drawn carriage
45 maintain posed The invention of the camera
46 formalists quite different from each other created
47 It obviously manipulates images. social scientists had no formal art training
48 concrete a finding that conflicts with written records drawing
49 Exaggerated seemingly Lines 21-23
50 A travel documentary health profitable
 John James Audubon,… were ensured. Niagara Falls, one… of the area. The final battle… reached the battlefield.
1 Audubon's route to success as a painter of birds It has been necessary to protect Niagara Falls from the many
the Battle
tourists
of New
who Orleans
go there.was unnecessary
2 leading come in large numbers battle
3 Audubon's unsuccessful business practices The Niagara River has two falls, one in Canada and one inhappen
the United States.
4 method a boat Shortly before the War of 1812
5 he was put in prison because he owed money all the way up forced to work on British ships
6 follow visit Niagara Falls during warmer weather the site of the final battle
7 were realistic portrayals To protect the area around Niagara Falls fought
8 provide for control on January 8, 1815
9 became wealthy pure and natural Lines 8-9
These stories of… of isoamyl acetate. steps take by government agencies to protect the falls The last paragraph
10 stories in the media about killer bees What is commonly… Piper nigrum family. Mount Rushmore is… his father's death.
11 are not as aggressive as their reputation suggests explain why there is confusion today over peppers Mount Rushmore was a huge project filled with numerous obstacles.
12 exaggerated change Borglum and Rodin were friends.
13 did not exist early in the twentieth century are ground from dried out peppercorns Almost
14 They were very aggressive. The outer covering of the fruit Mount Rushmore was finished when Borglum predicted it would be.
15 a mixture The color of the flower expected the best to happen
16 are less aggressive than African bees drive break
17 experts plants It is an example of a problem caused by nature.
18 Inclement weather America Mount Rushmore
19 Lines 19-20 Lines 17-18 Less than eight months after his father's death
There is a common… a blue tint. Just two months… by the Sun. Lines 7-8
20 an idiomatic expression a different space trip art history
21 For more than 100 years What the Moon is made of Carbon dating can… than carbon has.
22 a full moon that is not blue in color a large amount one method of dating old objects
23 color Tiny pieces of stones and glass approximate
24 December 31 circular carbon dating
25 35 Plant life It and nitrogen always exist in equal amounts in any substance.
26 after large volcanic eruptions a clue serving ai a basis for
27 spurred the creation of when objects struck the Moon not as much as 5,570 years old
28 Line 8 were not originally from the Moon approximately
The organization that… of overseas development. sent out remains
29 later changed the name of the Bank of Italy explain some of the things learned from space flights carbon-I 4 does not have the longest known half-life
30 In what used to be a bar rock and soil samples werc only some or a myriad of significant
various items
other from
age-dating
thc Moon
methods
31 It occurred in the aftermath of a fire. Today, the most… developed years earlier. Madison Square Garden,… the original name.
32 intense explaining history with three specific cases has had a varied history in various locations
33 to hide the gold unusual The third paragraph
34 total confusion is a landlocked city A place where people corne together
35 merged offspring named the property that he bought Madison Square Garden
36 returned 10 work two French words elaborate
37 survived the ordeal of name 34 years
38 Lines 2-5 changed A tiger show
39 In chronological order He used an existing type of material. a building
40 the international development of the Bank of America Lines 18-19 It is above a transportation center.
Thunderstorms, with their… source of tornadoes. During the heyday… became a millionaire. It is often… truly take place.
41 the development of thunderstorms and squall lines Pullman's idea for a sleeping car became workable after folktales
Lincoln's are
death.
often not very factual
42 methods a period of great success developed from
43 the greater temperature differential between higher were
and lower
thought
altitudes
to be amakes
good idea
thunderstorms more likely toItoccur
meant that someone was playful.
44 harmless Trial With respect
45 as a cluster They were too large. did not mean to remain in England
46 a string of thunderheads He saved money for his project. in fact
47 an advancing cold front Location John Smith
48 are of short duration It was superior to other cars. In 1612
49 Meteorology controlled the railroad tracks between Detroit and Chicago
His account of the rescue did not appear until well after the event suppose
50 the development of tornadoes within supercells History accuracy
 A rather surprising… to accomplish this. Harvard University, today...or four tutors. The technology of the… to charcoal iron.
1 present an unexpected aspect of Antarctica's geography what is today a great university started out small The effects of an abundance of wood on the colonies
2 sits the oldest university in America dramatically
3 It is beneath a thick slab of ice. rather well educated They covered the entire continent.
4 Extremely cold university graduates present in large numbers
5 was controlled by a satellite units of money was slightly higher than in previous years
6 there were no lake city They were usually built from materials other than wood.
7 Tiny organisms Where he was buried To give an example of a product made with wood
8 It may contain uncontaminated microbes. Newborn provided
9 negative aspect the position of president of Harvard was not merely an administrative
do the same thing
position in the early years
10 ways to study Lake Vostok without contaminating it more or less It led to advances in technology.
In the American colonies… sixteen to one. Lines 12-15 continue to use
11 the American monetary system of the seventeenth and A binary
eighteenth
star… centuries
star's powerful gravity. Lines 21-22
12 scarce two stars pulled together by gravity The Peales were… painter in America.
13 for a short time during one year differentiated A family of artists
14 a method for One star circles the other. Charles Willson Peale's painting was very lifelike
15 Cotton Ratio Environments
16 Paper money a star whose gravitational force blocks the passage of light
Mastodon
17 almost nothing All empty space contains black holes. In what year was it founded?
18 resolve pass dug up
19 Only the United States Congress could issue money. At least some scientists find it credible. Fashion
20 Gold could be exchanged for silver at a rate of sixteenstrong
to one. portraits of George Washington
21 set astrophysics Sarah Miriam Peal
The human brain,… and the cerebrum. Clara Barton is well… 20,000 missing soldiers. admiring
22 To describe the functions of the parts of the brain to present one of Clara Barton's lesser-known accomplishmentsAccording to the best… would be staggering.
23 stockpiles That she served as an elected government official The possibility of changing the Martian environment
24 cerebrum end harsh
25 a ridged layer covering the cerebrum in the brain The U.S. government was not officially prepared to deal Mars with the issue.
26 receives and processes information from the senses limited in scope Daytime temperatures are dangerously high.
27 Keeps track of information carbon dioxide
28 It is responsible for balance. They searched military records. a possible means of warming Mars
29 Long and thin Lines 18-19 appropriate
30 Route The third paragraph could be started in 40 to 50 years
Though Edmund Halley… bell to the helmet. Mutualism is a type… except the cheetah. a system of creating Earth-like conditions on other planets
31 work as an astronomer A concept is explained through an extended example. deeper
32 Halley's invention of a contraption for diving dissimilar a knowledge of Earth's ecology
33 provided more air helpful astonishing
34 was almost exhausted A relationship that is beneficial to only one partner Another critical factor… lowering resistance generally.
35 For hours at a time They share a mutualistic relationship. a factor that affects susceptibility to colds
36 was completely enclosed It is usually able to catch only weaker zebras and ostriches.
Specific facts
37 as they wanted work together Its results apparently are relevant for the population as a whole.
38 float ostrich Infant boys
39 Line 20 The zebra is able to run faster than the ostrich. Children infect their parents with colds.
40 In the second paragraph Lines 18-19 people in their twenties
41 oceanography Esperanto is what… make this happen. discuss the relationship between income and frequency of colds
Paul Bunyan is perhaps… has a strong tradition. one man's efforts to create a universal language crowded
42 discuss a "larger than life" folk hero to resolve cultural differences neutral
43 serious nature hopeless About flfty years… of amino acids.
44 in oral stories opening What can be learned by growing roots in isolation
45 The campaign did little to enhance the company's profitability.
in 1907 roots
46 publications It never took place. A chemical compound
47 mixed together highs and lows whole
48 Lines 22-24 The second paragraph useful
49 a large number of applied linguistics obtain organic compounds from the roots
50 The fourth paragraph how current supporters of Esperanto are encouraging itsThe growth
fIndings of an experiment are explained.
31 There is too much noise. Relaxing at the seashore. On a piece of paper.
32 To get help in the course. She had schoolwork to do. How much the cut hurt.
33 Try to get a room to use for meetings. She was too tired to continue. The number of nerve endings irritated.
34 She thinks it might work. The water was too cold. Keep the cut closed.
35 The evolution of certain forms of sea life. A research project. Put a bandage on it.
36 He was sick and unable to attend. More buffalo are surviving the winter. The presence of life-forms far below the Earth's surface.
37 The first giant squid was captured. She has been studying animal diseases. Its size.
38 She heard about them in New Zealand. Collecting information about the bacteria. The bacteria would die if brought to the surface.
39 To recruit elementary school teachers for a special To
program.
provide an overview of the park's main attractions.That babies have simple Mathematical skills.
40 To offer tutorials to elementary school students. It's easy to get lost. Staring at the dolls longer.
41 He advises students participating in a special program.
There are fewer insects. They're born with the ability.
42 Talk to Professor Dodge. To inform the audience about the space suit. Parents may force their children to learn at too early an age.
43 To provide background information for a class discussion.
The lack of air pressure. To introduce a tour of Jefferson's home.
44 Merchants. In the torso of the space suit. Jefferson read books on Palladio's work.
45 The amount of danger involved in shipping the goods.A picture. He built his house on a mountain.
46 They include features similar to earlier policies. Someone from the audience will try on the helmet. It provides a good view of the area.
47 The weights on the divers. To provide background for a video presentation. The committee chairperson.
48 Walking on Mars will be easier than walking on the Moon
The filming techniques made the dance easier to understand.
They sold T-shirts.
49 They look longer, coordinated steps. Rock. They had worked with the nursery before.
50 Martian suits will be more flexible. What the pineapple symbolizes. Review the budget.

31 To get information about special housing. She works there. He's interested in seeing a certain species.
32 With his wife's parents. To begin bicycling to work. It is the largest kind of penguin.
33 His wife is a graduate student. Buy a used bicycle. They are used for swimming.
34 He earns less than $15,000 a year. It must be the right height. He keeps the egg warm.
35 She isn't as busy in the afternoon. At registration. Reasons for certain behavior problems.
36 They lived in caves. Students are not required to attend regular class lectures.
He wants attention.
37 They faced their homes toward the south It allows more flexibility in students' schedules. He's late for social occasions but not for work.
38 Lend him her magazine when she's done with it. She has to work a lot of hours this semester. Telling Mark to come earlier than the planned meeting time.
39 Putting a roof on a barn. It limits interaction among students. What information food manufacturers should provide to consumers.
40 Reeds or straw. He was a popular war hero. To indicate that most consumers actively research the products they buy
41 Other roofing materials were available. He had no political experience. More detailed labels on food.
42 It bends without breaking. He died early in his term. They were unable to comprehend a label without percentages.
43 If people realized its many advantages. Listen to a talk about another President. To recruit people for a job.
44 A new trend in the United States. To commemorate a historic flight. Experience working with the public.
45 Gourmet coffee tastes better. Their flight pattern could be uncertain due to the wind. Psychology.
46 They will lose some coffee business. They're expensive. To describe some of the skills flight attendants need.
47 Alfred Stieglitz' approach to photography. To provide background for the next reading assignment. The chance to meet people.
48 How to define photography. They travel through the Earth's interior. By defining the term “climate.”
49 They were among the first taken under such conditions.
The composition of the Earth's interior. The rate at which sunlight is converted to heat by the Earth.
50 He considered each photograph to be unique. How deep they are. Computer models are inadequate.

31 They both have the same teacher. At a newspaper. Because it is a collector's item.
32 In the afternoon. A roommate. In the 1950's.
33 The tools used by ancient people. Her phone number. Enter it in some shows.
34 He found it uninteresting. $30.00 At a hotel.
35 At a television station. From a magazine article. To attend a conference.
36 He wants the experience. To give directions. There's one in her hometown.
37 Journalism. He has a good sense of direction. By car and on foot.
38 Complete a form. He ran out of gas. Students.
39 Lighter-than-air craft. To present an award. It will be different from the ones performed in Hawaii today.
40 Blimps. A faculty member. They prohibited it.
41 The age of zeppelins ended in disaster there. Economics. Watch a DVD.
42 They would use less fuel. Four. To discuss a weather phenomenon.
43 The history of daylight saving time. A radio announcer. Because of its layers.
44 In the fall. A series of bicycle races. As a snowflake.
45 As amusing. In the nearby countryside. In the spring.
46 To standardize daylight saving time. Ride a bicycle to work. The stages of children's language learning.
47 A program the city is starting. In an art history class. Koo, Koo.
48 Plastic bottles. An empty phone booth. Between two and three years.
49 The central. They are extremely lifelike. They are quite logical.
50 Look in the local newspaper. View some slides. She doesn't have time to talk about them today.
31 Student and advisor.
32 In three years.
33 Take elective courses in art history.
34 She couldn't get airline reservations.
35 Regions of the United States.
36 Help with expenses and driving.
37 On the second floor of the Student Union building.
38 A flying saucer.
39 To change drivers.
40 From the news on the radio.
41 It broke into pieces before striking the ground.
42 Fortunate.
43 On board a bus.
44 Thirty-six years.
45 Take the elevator to the top.
46 They jumped over it.
47 Music appreciation.
48 They were an important part of the daily lives of the people of the frontier.
49 They were livelier.
50 Listen to a recording.
 A
As coal mines became deeper, the problems of draining water, bringing in fresh air, and
_____________ to the surface increased.
(A)transporting ore
(B)to transport ore
(C)how ore is transported
(D)ore is transporting

As late as 1890, Key West, with a population of 18,000, ______________ Florida's largest city.
(A)that was
(B)to be
(C)was
(D)it was

A mastery of calculus depends on ___________ of algebra.

(A)an understanding
(B)is understood
(C)to understand
(D)understand

Agnes De Mille's landmark musical play Oklahoma! was ____________ of story, music, and dance.
(A)successfully combined
(B)a successful combination
(C)to combine successfully
(D)successful combining

Algonkian-speaking Native Americans greeted the Pilgrims ________ settled on the eastern shores of
what is now New England.

A) Who
B) Of which
C) Which
D) To whom

A regional writer with a gift for dialect, __________ her fiction with the eccentric, comic, but vital
inhabitants of rural Mississippi.

A) Eudora Welty peoples

B) Because Eudora Welty peoples
C) And Eudora Welty is peopling
D) Eudora Welty, to people

Any critic, teacher, librarian, or poet who hopes to broaden poetry's audience faces the difficult
challenge of persuading skeptical readers _________.
(A) that poetry is important today
(B) for poetry to be important today
(C) to be important poetry today
(D) poetry that is important today
Although ______________ cold climates, they can thrive in hot, dry climates as well.
A) sheep adapted well
B) sheep are well adapted to
C) sheep, well adapted to
D) well-adapted sheep

____________ American landscape architects was Hideo sasaki

A) Of the one most famous
B) One of the most famous
C) The one most famous of
D) The most famous one of

Associated with the Denishawn company from 1916 until 1923, Martha Graham developed a powerful,
__________ that was integral to the foundations of modern dance.
A) Expressive style
B) Stylishly expressive
C) Expressively stylish
D) A style expressive

As consumers' response to traditional advertising techniques declines, businesses are beginning

________ new methods of reaching customers.

(A) the development that

(B) it developing
(C) develop
(D) to develop

B
By the end of 1609, Galileo had a 20-power telescope that enabled him to see ______planets revolving
around Jupiter.
(A) the call
(B) he called
(C) to call him
(D) what he called

_____________ because of the complexity of his writing, Henry James never became a popular
writer, but his works are admired by critics and other writers.
(A)It may be
(B)Perhaps
(C)Besides
(D)Why is it

Because it was so closely related to communication, ________ art form to develop.

A) Early drawing probably
B) The earliest draw
C) Drawing was probably the earliest
D) To draw early was probably
 C
Coral islands such as the Maldives are the tips of reefs built during periods of warm climate, when
_______ higher.
(A) were sea levels
(B) sea had levels
(C) having sea level
(D) sea levels were

Charles Darwin's first scientific book, published in 1842, _____ a since substantiated theory on the
origin of coral reefs and atolls.
(A) to present
(B) presented
(C) presenting
(D) it presents

Certain fish eggs contain droplets of oil, ______________ to float on the surface of the water.
(A)allowing them
(B)allows them
(C)they are allowed
(D)this allows them

Considered America's first great architect,___________________.

(A)many of the buildings at Harvard University were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson
(B)Henry Hobson Richardson designed many of the buildings at Harvard University
(C)Harvard University has many buildings that were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson
(D)it was Henry Hobson Richardson who designed many of the buildings at Harvard University

Coins last approximately twenty times ________ paper bills.

A) long
B) longer than
C) as long
D) longer

D
Different hormones ______ at the same time on a particular target issue.
(A) usually act
(B) usually acting
(C) they usual act
(D) the usual action

Daniel Webster, Thaddeus Stevens, and many others _______________ prominent in public life began
their careers by teaching school.
(A)they became
(B)once they became
(C)became
(D)who became
During the Pleistocene glacial periods _____ portions of the Earth where plant and animal life
flourished, making it possible for people to subsist.

(A) the An
(B) it was It were
(C) there were there were
(D) have there been Has there been

During the course of its growth, a frog undergoes a true metamorphosis _____ with a fishlike larval
stage.
(A) begin
(B) began
(C) beginning
(D) is begun

Dr. Seuss, _________ was Theodore Seuss Geisel, wrote and illustrated delightfully humorous books
for children.
A) with his real name
B) his real name
C) who had as his real name
D) whose real name
E

Ellen Swallow Richards became the first woman to enter, graduate from, and _______________
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

(A)teach
(B)a teacher
(C)who taught
(D)to teach
F

Fibers of hair and wool are not continuous and must normally be spun into thread _____ woven into
textile fabrics.

(A) as are they

(B) when to be
(C) that they are
(D) if they are to be

Following the guidelines for speaking and voting established by the book Robert's Rules of Order,
_________________ during meetings.
(A) and avoid large decision-making organizations' procedural confusion
(B) large decision-making organizations avoid procedural confusion
(C) is procedural confusion avoided by large decision making organizations
(D) are avoiding procedural contusion in large decision making organizations
 G

H
Hail forms within large, dense cumulonimbus _______ develop on hot, humid summer days.
(A) clouds
(B) clouds that
(C) clouds that are
(D) clouds that they

Hurricanes move with the large- scale wind currents ——— are imbedded.
(A) that they
(B) which they
(C) in that they
(D) in which they

____________he was not a musician himself, Lawrence Hammond developed an electronic keyboard
instrument called the Hammond organ.
(A)Although
(B)That
(C)Despite
(D)For

Hubble's law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, ____________ is their
relative speed of separation.
A) The greatest
B) Greater than
C) As great than
D) The greater

Halley's Comet had its first documented sighting in 240 B.C. in China and _____ it has been seen from
the Earth 29 times.

(A) after
(B) because of
(C) since then
(D) that is
 I
In 1837 the University of Michigan became the first state university ______________ by a board of
regents elected by the voters of the state.
(A)under the control
(B)it was controlled
(C)being controlled
(D)to be controlled

Indoor heating systems have made ______________ for people to live and work comfortably in
temperate climates.
(A)it is possible
(B)possible
(C)it possible
(D)possibly

_______________ is caused by a virus was not known until 1911.

(A) That measles
(B) As measles
(C) Measles
(D) What if measles

_______________ in 1849, Manuel A. Alonso recorded the customs, language, and songs of the people
of Puerto Rico in his poetry and prose.
(A) He began
(B) Having begun
(C) Beginning
(D) The beginning was

It has been estimated that _______ species of animals.

A) are over a million of
B) more than a million
C) there are over a million
D) it is a million or more

Indigo is a vat color, __________ called because it does not dissolve in water.
(A) which it
(B) it is
(C) but
(D) so

L
 M
Most radioactive elements occur in igneous and metamorphic _____ fossils occur in sedimentary
rocks.
(A) rocks, nearly all
(B) rocks, but nearly all
(C) rocks, nearly all are
(D) rocks, which nearly all are

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease______ by a characteristic skin rash.

(A) accompany
(B) is accompanied
(C) accompanied
(D) it is accompanied

Many bugs possess defensive scent Glands and emit disagreeable odors when _____.
(A) disturbed
(B) are disturbed
(C) they disturbed
(D) are they disturbed
Many gases, including the nitrogen and oxygen in air, ____________ color or odor
A) Have no
B) In having no
C) Not having
D) Them do not have

Most young geese leave their nests at an early age, and young snow geese are _______ exception.
A) no
B) not
C) never
D) none

Mahalia Jackson, _____ combined powerful vitality with great dignity, was one of the best-known
gospel singers in the United States.
A) It was her singing
B) Which songs
C) Who sang
D) Whose singing

Margaret Brent, because of her skill in managing estates, became ________largest landholders in
colonial Maryland.

(A) what the

(B) one of the
(C) who the
(D) the one that
 N
Not only ____________ as a shade tree, but it also produces wood use for boxes and furniture.
A) the value of the Linden tree is
B) the Linden tree is of value
C) the valuable Linden tree is used
D) is the Linden tree valuable
O

On every continent except Antarctica ___________ more than 30,000 species of spiders.
(A) some are
(B) some of the
(C) are some of the
(D) is some

_____________ one of Laura Ingalls Wilder’s many books about the American frontier are based on
her own childhood experiences

(A) Except
(B) All but
(C) Without
(D) Not any

Outside the bright primary rainbow, _____ much fainter secondary rainbow may be visible.
(A) so /soil
(B) a
(C) since
(D) still

One of the first industries to be affected by the Industrial Revolution ________ .

A) he textile industry
B) the textile industry was
C) in the textile industry
D) was the textile industry
P

Phytoplanktons thrive where _____________ phosphorus into the upper layers of a body of water.
(A) upwelling currents circulate
(B) the circulation of upwelling currents
(C) are upwelling currents
(D) circulates upwelling currents

Piedmont glaciers are formed ___________ several valley glaciers join and spread out over a plain.
(A)by
(B)when
(C)from
(D)that
Printing ink is made ________ of a paste, which is applied to the printing surface with rollers.
A) in the form
B) so that it forms
C) to form
D) the form

Precious metals, gems, and ivory have been used to make buttons, but most buttons are made of _____
wood, glass, or plastic.
A) Such materials
B) Such materials that
C) Materials as such
D) Such materials as

Portland, Maine, is _____ the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow spent his early years.

(A) where
(B) it where
(C) where is
(D) which is where

_______ radioisotope is encountered, the first step in its identification is the determination of its half-
life.
(A) An unknown
(B) Afterwards, an unknown
(C) When an unknown
(D) During an unknown

Reative humidity is the amount of water vapor the air contains at a certain temperature _________ with
the amount it could hold at that temperature.
A) Compares
B) Compared
C) Comparing
D) To compare
 S

Sharp knives are actually safer to use _______________.

(A)as dull ones
(B)as ones that are dull
(C)than dull ones
(D)that are dull ones

____________ single dialect of American English has ever become dominant.

(A)No
(B)Not only a
(C)Not
(D)Nor a

Some snakes lay eggs, but others ______ birth to live offspring.
A) To have given
B) They give
C) Giving
D) Give

Scientist believe the first inhabitants of the Americas arrived by crossing the land bridge that connected
Siberia and ____________ more than 10,000 years ago.
A) Is at the present Alaska
B) What is, nowadays, Alaska What is now Alaska
C) Actually is Alaska now
D) Alaska is now

The tidal forces on the Earth due to_____ only 0.46 of those due to the Moon.
(A) the Sun is
(B) the Sun they are
(C) the Sun it is
(D)the Sun are

The Missouri _______ longest river in the United States, flows through seven states from its source in
Montana to its confluence with the Mississippi.
(A) River; the
(B) River is the
(C) River is one of the
(D) River, one of the

______ the Earth's ice to melt, the Earth's oceans would rise by about two hundred feet.
(A) If all
(B) Were all
(C) If all were
(D) All was
______________ the sails of a distant ship are visible before the body of the ship.

A) Because the curve of the Earth

B) The curve of the Earth makes
C) The Earth, in that it curves, makes
D) Because of the curve of the Earth

The first building to employ steel skeleton construction, _________________.

A) Because the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago, Illinois, was completed in 1885
B) The Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago, Illinois, was completed in 1885
C) Chicago, Illinois,the home of the Home Insurance Company Building completed in 1885
D) The Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago, Illinois,in 1885

____________ the outer rings of a gyroscope are turned or twisted, the gyroscope itself continues to
spin in exactly the same position.
A) Somehow
B) Otherwise
C) However
D) No matter

The onion is characterized by an edible bulb composed of leaves rich in sugar and a pungent oil, _____
the vegetable's strong taste.
(A) which the source of which the source of
(B) that the source is is the source of
(C) the source of The source of
(D) of the source is What the source is

The American Academy of Poets, ____________ the 1930's, provides financial assistance to support.
A) Was founded
B) Which was founded in
C) When it was founded
D) Working poets

The quince is an attractive shrub or small tree ____________ closely related to the apple and pear trees.
A) Was
B) That is
C) Which is that
D) That is it

The knee is _____________ most other joints in the body because it cannot twist without injury
A) More than probable to be damaged
B) To be damaged more than probable
C) More likely to be damaged than
D) Likely to be more damaged
 ______ that mangers commit in problem solving is jumping to a conclusion about the cause of a given
problem
A) Major errors
B) Of the major errors
C) The major error
D) Since the major error

The best known books of Ross Macdonald, _____ writer of detective novels, feature the character Lew
Archer, a private detective.

(A) is the
(B) is an
(C) they are by
(D) the

The photographs of Carrie Mae Weems, in which she often makes her family members _____, are an
affectionate and incisive representation of the African American experience.
(A) are her subjects
(B) her subjects
(C) are subjects
(D) which her subjects
U

V
Vancouver, British Columbia, has a temperate climate for a city situated _______ far north.
A) very
B) so
C) by
D) as

Z
 A
ii). As the International Dateline at 180 degrees longitude is crossed westerly, it becomes necessary
A B C
to change the date by moving it one day forward.
D

ii). Abigail Adams' letters to her husband present a graphic picture of the age which she lived.
A B C D

ii) An involuntary reflex, an yawn is almost impossible to slop once the mouth muscles begin the
A B C
stretching action.
D

ii). Although research has been ongoing since 1930, the existence of ESP-perception and
A B
communication whithout the use of sight, hear, taste,touch, or smaell - is still disputed.
C D

ii) A mirage is an atmospheric optical illusion in what an observer sees a nonexistent body of water or
A B C
an image of some object.
D

ii) Antique collecting became a significant pastime in the 1800's when old object began to be
A B C
appreciated for their beauty as well as for their historical importance.
D

ii) Although the social sciences different a great deal from one another, they share a common
A B C
interest in human relationships.
D

ii) A smile can be observed, described, and reliably identify; it can also be elicited and manipulated
A B C
under experimental conditions.
D

ii) A mousebird’s tail is double as long as its body.

A B C D

ii) All root vegetables grow underground, and not all vegetables that grow underground are roots.
A B C D

ii) American painter Georgia 0'Keeffe is well as her large paintings of flowers in which single
A B
blossoms are presented as if in close-up.
C D
ii) According to most psychological studies, body language expresses a speaker's emotions and
A B C
attitudes, and it also tends to affect the emotions and attitudes of the listen.
D
ii) As many as 50 percent of the income from motion pictures produced in the United States
A B
comes from marketing the films abroad.
C D

ii) A musical genius, John Cage is noted for his highly unconventional ideas, and he respected for his
A B C
unusual compositions and performances.
D

ii) Although they reflect a strong social conscience, Arthur Miller's stage works are typical more
A B
concerned with individuals than with systems.
C D

ii) Biochemists have solved many of the mysteries about photosynthesis, the process which plants
A B C
make food.
D
ii) Because of their color and shape, seahorses blend so well with the seaweed in which they live
A B C
that it is almost impossible to see themselves.
D

ii). Composer John Cage used many unusual objects as instrument in his music, including
A B C
cowbells, flower pots, tin cans, and saw blades.
D

ii) Certain species of penicillin mold are used to ripe cheese.

A B C D

ii) Chocolate is prepared by a complexity process of cleaning, blending, and roasting cocoa beans,
A B
which must be ground and mixed with sugar.
C D

ii) Charleston, West Virginia, was named after Charles Clendenin, who son George acquired land at
A B C
the junction of the Elk and Kanawha rivers in 1787.
D
 D
ii). During the last Ice Age, which ended about 10,000 years ago, there was about three times more ice
A B C
than is today.
D

ii). Dreams are commonly made up of either visual and verbal images.
A B C D

ii). Ducks are less susceptible to infection than another types of poultry.
A B C D
ii) Despite television is the dominant entertainment medium for United States households, Garrison
A
Keillor's Saturday night radio show of folk songs and stories is heard by millions of people.
B C D

II). Each number on the Richter scale represent a tenfold increase in the amplitude of waves of
A B
ground motion recorded during an earthquake.
C D

II). Established in 1789 and operated by the Jesuits, Georgetown University in Washington,D.C. is
A
the older Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in The United States.
B C D

ii). Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first U.S. women's rights convention in 1848 and was
A B
instrumentally in the struggle to win voting and property rights for women.
C D

ii) Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets
A B
will have been contacted within the near 50 years.
C D

ii) Elected to serve in the United States House of Representatives in 1968, Shirley Chisholm
A
was known for advocacy the interests of the urban poor.
B C D

ii) Eleanor Roosevelt set the standard against which the wives of all United States
A B C
Presidents since have evaluated.
D
 F

ii) Financier Andrew Mellon donated most of his magnificent art collection to the National Gallery of
A B C
Art, where it is now locating.
D
ii) Fossils in 500-million-year-old rocks demonstrate that life forms in the Cambrian period were
A B C
mostly marine animals capability of secreting calcium to form shells.
D

ii). Georgia has too many types of soil that virtually any temperate-zonecrop can be grown there.
A B C D

H
ii) Historical records show that Halley's comet has return about every seventy-six years for the past
A B C D
2,000 years.

ii) Homo erectus is the name commonly given into the primate species from which humans
A B C
are believed to have evolved.
D

ii) Hot at the equator causes the air to expand, rise, and flow toward the poles.
A B C D

ii) Haywood Broun was a read widely newspaper columnist who wrote during the 1920's and 1930's.
A B C D

ii) Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick describes the dangers, difficult, and often violent life aboard a
A B C D
whaling ship.
 I

ii). It is possible to get a sunburn on a cloudy day because eighty percent of the ultraviolet rays from
A B
the Sun would penetrate cloud cover.
C D

ii). In 1964, GATT established the International Trade Center in order to assist developing countries in
A B
the promotion of its exports.
C D

ii). In Roots, Alex Haley uses fictional details to embellish a factual histories of seven generations of
A B C
his family.
D

ii). In the architecture, a capital is the top portion of a column.

A B C D

ii). In the early days of jet development, jet engines used great numbers of fuel.
A B C D

ii). It is their nearly perfect crystal structure that gives diamonds their hardness, brilliance, and
A B C
transparent.
D

ii) In the New England colonies, Chippendale designs were adapted to locally tastes, and beautiful
A B C
furniture resulted
D

ii) In the 1800's store owners sold everything from a needle to a plow, trust everyone, and never took
A B C D
Inventory

ii) In 1852 Massachusetts passed a law requiring all children from four to eighteen years of old to
A B C D
attend school.

ii) Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior can only be reached by the boat.
A B C D

ii) In about 1920, experimental psychologists have devoted more research to learning than to
A B C
any other topic.
D
ii) In the nineteenth century, women used quilts to inscribe their responses to social, economic, and
A B C
politics issues.
D

ii). Jaguarundis are sleek, long-tailed creatures colored either an uniform reddish brown or dark grey.
A B C D

ii). Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 satirizes both the horrors of war as well as the power of modern
A B C
bureaucratic institutions
D

K
ii). Kilauea's numerous eruptions are generally composed in molten lava, with little escaping gas and
A B C
few explosions.
D

L
II). Lake Tahoe, located on the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada range, is feed by more than thirty
A B C
mountain streams.
D

ii) Most of the outer planets has large swarms of satellites surrounding them.
A B C D

ii). Melons most probably originated in Persia and were introduced the North American continent
A B C
during the sixteenth century.
D

ii). More than 600 million individual bacteria lives on the skin of humans.
A B C D

ii). Mary Rinehart was a pioneer in the field of journalist in the early twentieth century.
A B C D
ii). Most modern barns are both insulated, ventilated, and equipped with electricity.
A B C D

ii). Many bridges in New England were covered with wooden roofs to protect it from rain and snow.
A B C D

ii). More than 10,000 years ago, glaciers moved across the Minnesota region four time, leveling
A B C
most of the land.
D

ii) Mathew C. Perry, a United States naval commander, gained fame not in war and through
A B C
diplomacy.
D

ii) Most types of dolphins live at less 25 years, and some species may reach 50 years of age.
A B C D

ii) Many of the important products obtained from trees, one of the most important is wood pulp,
A B C
which is used in paper-making.
D
ii) Mary Cassatt's paintings of mothers and children are known for its fine linear rhythm, simple
A B C
modelings, and harmonies of clear color.
D

N
ii). Needles are simple-looking tools, but they are very relatively difficult to make.
A B C D

ii) Near equator, the slant of the sun’s rays is never great enough to cause temperatures to fall below
A B C
the freezing point.
D
ii) Not longer are contributions to the advancement of industry made primarily by individuals.
A B C D
 O

ii). One of the most beautiful botanical gardens in the United States is the wildly and lovely
A B C
Magnolia Gardens near Charleston, South Carolina.
D

ii) Oceanic islands have been separated from the mainland for too long that they have evolved
A B C
distinctive animal populations.
D

ii) One of the most impressive collections of nineteenth-century European paintings in the United
A B
States can be found to the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
C D

ii) One of the greatest of mountains climbers, Carl Blaurock was the first to climb
A B
all of the mountains higher than 14,000 feet in the United States.
C D

ii). Present in rocks of all types, hematite is particular abundant in the sedimentar rocks known as
A B C D
red beds

ii) Plants synthesize carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide with the aid of energy is derived
A B C
from sunlight.
D

Q
ii)) Quasars, faint celestial objects resembling stars, are perhaps the most distant objects know.
A B C D
 R
ii) Robert Heinlein was instrumental in popularizing science fiction with series of stories that is first
A B C D
published in the Saturday Evening Post.

ii). River transportation in the United States consists primarily of barges pull by towboats.
A B C D

ii). RunnerWilma Rudolph win three gold medals at the 1960 Olympics, and she set the
A B C
world record for the laO-meterdash in 1961.
D

ii) Researches in economics, psychology, and marketing can help businesses.

A B C D

ii) Ripe fruit is often stored in a place who contains much carbon dioxide so that the fruit will not
A B C
decay too rapidly
D
ii) Rainbows in the shape of complete circles are sometimes seen from airplanes because
A B
they are not cutting off by the horizon
C D

S
ii). Some critics have called Theodore Dreiser's book Sister Carrie a first modern novel because
A B C
it broke so many traditions.
D

ii) Since their appearance on farms in the United States between 1913 and 1920, trucks have changed
A B C
patterns of production and market of farm products.
D

ii) Stephen Hopkins was a cultural and political leadership in colonial Rhode Island.
A B C D

ii) Soil temperatures in Death Valley, california, near the Nevada border, have been known to reach 90
A B C
of degrees Celsius.
D

ii) Several million points on the human body registers either cold, heat, pain, or touch.
A B C D

ii) Sleep is controlled by the brain and associated by characteristic breathing rhythms.
A B C D
 T
ii) The brilliantly colored rhinoceros viper has two or three horns above each nostrils.
A B C D

II). The surface of the planet Venus is Almost completely hid by the thick clouds that shroud it.
A B C D

ii). Tropical cyclones, alike extratropical cyclones, which derive much of their Energy from
A B C
the jet stream, originate far from the polar front.
D

ii). The carbon atoms of the diamond are so strongly bonded that a diamond can only be scratched
A B C
with other diamond.
D

ii). The more directly overhead the Moon is, the great is the effect that it exhibits on the Earth.
A B C D

ii). The incubation period of tetanus is usually five to ten days, and the most frequently occurred
A B C
symptom is jaw stiffness.
D

ii). The Yale Daily News is oldest than any other college newspaper still in operation in the United
A B C D
States.

ii). The Dave Brubek Quartet, one of the most popular jazz bands of the 1950's, had a particularly
A B
loyal following on campuses college.
C D

ii). Today, successful farmers are experts not only in agriculture, but also in market, finance, and
A B C
accounting.
D

ii). The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism's living cells are called its metabolism.
A B C D

ii). The discover of gold and silver in the rugged mountains of Nevada in 1858 attracted many
A B C
fortune-seekers to that area.
D
ii) The ballad is characterized by informal diction, by a narrative largely dependent on action and
A B
dialogue, by thematic intense, and by stress on repetition
C D

ii) The dachshund is a hardy, alert dog with a well sense of smell.
A B C D

ii) The walls around the city of Quebec, which was originally a fort military, still stand, making
A B C
Quebec the only walled city in North America.
D

ii) Three of every four migrating water birds in North America visits the Gulf of Mexico's winter
A B C D
wetlands.

ii) The Hopi, the westernmost tribe of Pueblo Indians, have traditionally large multilevel structures
A B C
clustered in towns.
D

ii) The process of fermentation takes place only in the absent of oxygen.
A B C D

ii) The main purpose of classifying animals is to show the most probable evolutionary relationship
A B
of the different species to each another.
C D

ii) Turquoise, which found in microscopic crystals, is opaque with a waxy luster, varying in color
A B C
from greenish gray to sky blue.
D

ii)The manufacture of automobile was extremely expensive until assembly-line techniques made
A B C D
them cheaper to produce.

ii) Today modern textile mills can manufacture as much fabrics in a few seconds as it once took
A B
workers weeks to produce by hand.
C D

ii) The tools used most often by floral designers are the knives, scissors, and glue gun.
A B C D

ii) The best American popular music balances a powerful emotions of youth with tenderness,
A B C D
grace, and wit.
ii) The rock formations in the Valley of Fire in Nevada has been worn into many strange shapes
A B C
by the action of wind and water.
D

ii) Three of every four migrating water birds in North America visits the Gulf of Mexico's winter
A B C D
wetlands.

ii) The author Susan Glaspell won a Pulitzer Prize in 1931 for hers play, Alison's House.
A B C D

ii) The Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah are the only range of mountains in North America
A
that runs from east and west for its entire length.
B C D

ii) The importance of environmental stimuli in the development of coordination between sensory input
A B
and motor response varies to species to species.
C D

ii) The main divisions of geologic time, called eras, are subdivided to periods.
A B C D

ii) Transfer taxes are imposed on the sell or exchange of stocks and bonds.
A B C D

ii) The Armory Show, held in New York in 1913, was a important exhibition of
A B C
modern European art.
D

ii) The work which the poet Emma Lazarus is best known is “The New Colossus,” which is inscribed
A B C
on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.
D

ii). Unlike competitive running, race walkers must always keep some portion of their feet
A B C
in contact with the ground.
D

V
ii). Viruses are extremely tiny parasites that are able to reproduce only within the cells of theirs hosts.
A B C D

ii). Viscosity is a measurement describing the relative difficulty or easy with which liquids flow.
A B C D
 W
ii). Woody Guthrie wrote thousands of songs during the lifetime, many of which became classic
A B C
folk songs.
D

ii) When the sun, Moon, and Earth are alignement and the Moon crosses the Earth's orbital plane, a
A B C
solar eclipse occurs.
D

ii) While highly prized for symbolizing good luck, the four-leaf clover is rarity found in nature.
A B C D

Z
 A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity.
Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they
generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes
one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be
determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the
gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.
Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that
such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black
hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the
existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about
two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at
the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few
decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified
based on the interactions of objects around them, as happen when a potential black hole is part of a
binary star; they of course cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the star's
powerful gravity.

1. A binary star could best be described as ….

C. two stars pulled together by gravity

2. The word “distinguished” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ….

D. differentiated

3. According to the passage, what happens as a result of the gravitational force between the stars?
A. One star circles the other.

4. The word “proportion” in paragaph 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

B. ratio

5. According to the passage, what is a “black hole”?

C. A star whose gravitational force blocks the passage of light

6. Which of the following statements about black holes is NOT supported by the passage?
C. All empty space contains black holes.

7. The word “get” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ….

A. pass

8.Which of the following is implied in the passage about the theory of black holes?
B. it has only recently been hypothesized.

9. The word “intense” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ….

D. strong

10. This passage would probably be assigned reading in a course on ….

B. astrophysics
 According to the best evidence gathered by space probes and astronomers, Mars is an inhospitable
planet, more similar to Earth's Moon than to Earth itself-a dry, stark, seemingly lifeless world. Mars'
air pressure is equal to Earth's at an altitude of 100,000 feet. The air there is 95% carbon dioxide. Mars
has no ozone layer to screen out the Sun's lethal radiation. Daytime temperatures may reach above
freezing, but because the planet is blanketed by the mere wisp of an atmosphere, the heat radiates back
into space. Even at the equator, the temperature drops to -50°C(-60°F)at night. Today there is no liquid
water, although valleys and channels on the surface show evidence of having been carved by running
water. The polar ice caps are made of frozen water and carbon dioxide, and water may be frozen in the
ground as permafrost.
Despite these difficult conditions, certain scientists believe that there is a possibility of transforming
Mars into a more Earth-like planet. Nuclear reactors might be used to melt frozen gases and eventually
build up the atmosphere. This in turn could create a "greenhouse effect" that would stop heat from
radiating back into space. Liquid water could be thawed to form a polar ocean. Once enough ice has
melted, suitable plants could be introduced to build up the level of oxygen in the atmosphere so that, in
time, the planet would support animal life from Earth and even permanent human colonies. "This was
once thought to be so far in the future as to be irrelevant," said Christopher McKay, a research scientist
at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "But now it's starting to look practical. We could
begin work in four or five decades."
The idea of "terra-forming" Mars, as enthusiasts call it, has(30) its roots in science fiction. But as
researchers develop a more profound understanding of how Earth's ecology supports life, they have
begun to see how it may be possible to create similar conditions on Mars. Don't plan on homesteading
on Mars any time soon, though. The process could take hundreds or even thousands of years to
complete, and the cost would be staggering.

23. With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?

(A) The possibility of changing the Martian environment

24. The word "stark" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) harsh

25.The word "there" in line 5 refers to

(C)Mars

26.Which of the following does the author NOT list as a characteristic of the planet Mars that would
make colonization difficult?
(B)Daytime temperatures are dangerously high.

27.According to the passage, the Martian atmosphere today consists mainly of

(A)carbon dioxide

28.It can be inferred from the passage that the "greenhouse effect" mentioned in line 19 is
(D)a possible means of warming Mars

29.The word "suitable" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(C)appropriate

30.According to Christopher McKay, the possibility of transforming Mars

 (D)could be started in 40 to 50 years

31.As used in line 29, the term "terra-forming"refers to

(D)a system of creating Earth-like conditions on other planets

32.The phrase "more profound" in lines 30-31is closest in meaning to

(A)deeper

33.According to the article, the basic knowledge needed to transform Mars comes from
(B)a knowledge of Earth's ecology

34.The word "staggering" in line 35 is closest in meaning to

(A)astonishing

Another critical factor that plays a part in susceptibility to colds is age. A study done by the
University of Michigan School of Public Health revealed particulars that seem to hold true for the
general population. Infants are the most cold-ridden group, averaging more than six colds in their first
year. Boys have more colds than girls up to age three. After the age of three, girls are more susceptible
than boys, and teenage girls average three colds a year to boys' two.
The general incidence of colds continues to decline into maturity. Elderly people who are in good
health have as few as one or two colds annually. One exception is found among people in their
twenties, especially women, who show a rise in cold infections, because people in this age group are
most likely to have young children. Adults who delay having children until their thirties and forties
experience the same sudden increase in cold infections.
The study also found that economics plays an important role. As income increases, the frequency at
which colds are reported in the family decreases. Families with the lowest income suffer about a third
more colds than families at the upper end. Lower income generally forces people to live in more
cramped quarters than those typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowding increases the
opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person to person. Low income may also adversely
influence diet. The degree to which poor nutrition affects susceptibility to colds is not yet clearly
established, but an inadequate diet is suspected of lowering resistance generally.

35.The paragraph that precedes this passage most probably deals with
(C)a factor that affects susceptibility to colds

36.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "particulars" in line 3?

(B)Specific facts

37.What does the author claim about the study discussed in the passage?
(D) Its results apparently are relevant for the population as a whole.

38.It may be inferred from the passage that which of the following groups of people is most likely to
catch colds?
(A)Infant boys

39.There is information in the second paragraph of the passage to support which of the following
conclusions?
 (B)Children infect their parents with colds.

40.The phrase "people in this age group" (line 13) refers to

(B)people in their twenties

41.The author's main purpose in writing the last paragraph of the passage was to
(C)discuss the relationship between income and frequency of colds

42.The word "cramped" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(B)crowded

43.The author's tone in this passage could best be described as

(A)neutral

43.1 The paragraph that follows this passage most probably deals with
(D) methods of preventing colds in young people

About fifty years ago, plant physiologists set out to grow roots by themselves in solutions in
laboratory flasks. The scientists found that the nutrition of isolated roots was quite simple. They
required sugar and the usual minerals and vitamins. However, they did not require organic nitrogen
compounds. These roots got along fine on mineral inorganic nitrogen. Roots are capable of making
their own proteins and other organic compounds. These activities by roots require energy, of course.
The process of respiration uses sugar to make the high energy compound ATP, which drives the
biochemical reactions. Respiration also requires oxygen. Highly active roots require a good deal of
oxygen.
The study of isolated roots has provided an understanding of the relationship between shoots and
roots in intact plants. The leaves of the shoots provide the roots with sugar and vitamins, and the roots
provide the shoots with water and minerals. In addition, roots can provide the shoots with organic
nitrogen compounds. This comes in handy for the growth of buds in the early spring when leaves are
not yet functioning. Once leaves begin photosynthesizing, they produce protein, but only mature leaves
can "export" protein to the rest of the plant in the form of amino acids.

44.What is the main topic of the passage?

(B)What can be learned by growing roots in isolation

45.The word "themselves" in line 2 refers to

(D)roots

46.According to the passage, what is ATP?

(C)A chemical compound

47.The word "intact" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(C)whole

48.The use of the phrase "comes in handy" in line 17 indicates that the process is
(A)useful
49.It can be inferred from the passage that, in the early spring, the buds of plants
(D)obtain organic compounds from the roots

50.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(C)The findings of an experiment are explained.

51. The paragraph that precedes this passage most probably deals with
(D) Methods of growing roots

52. Why is the nutrition of isolated roots quite simple?

(D) Because they require a small amount of nutriments

53. The paragraph that follows this passage most probably deals with
(D) The study of different shoots and leaves

A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the astounding discovery that a sudden increase in the
volume of traffic through an area affects people in the way that a sudden increase in crime does.
Appleyard observed this by finding three blocks of houses in San Francisco that looked much alike and
had the same kind of middle-class and working-classresidents, with approximately the same ethnic
mix. The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia Street (LIGHT street, in
Appleyard's terminology) while Gough Street (MEDIUM street) was used by 8,000 cars daily, and
Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000 cars a day. Franklin Street often had as many cars
in an hour as Octavia Street had in a day.
Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily. That is, the
cars didn't bring in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom picked it up. The cars,
Appleyard determined, reduced the amount of territory residents felt responsible for. Noise was a
constant intrusion into their homes. Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows
and spent most of their time in the rear of their houses. Most families with children had already left.
Conditions on Octavia Street were much different. Residents picked up trash. They sat on their front
steps and chatted with neighbors. They had three times as many friends and twice as many
acquaintances as the people on Franklin.
On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as traffic
increased. People were becoming more and more preoccupied with their own lives. A number of
families had recently moved, and more were considering it. Those who were staying expressed deep
regret at the destruction of their community.

24.The word "astounding" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) startling

25.The three streets mentioned in this passage are different in that

(C) they have varying amounts of traffic

26.Approximately how many cars use Fntnklin Street daily?

 (C) 16,000

27.All of the following are direct results of heavy traffic EXCEPT

(A) increased amounts of trash

28.The author's main purpose in the second paragraph is to

(B) point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic

29.On which street is there the most social interaction?

(A) Octavia Street

30.The word "chatted" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(B) talked

31.Which of the following is NOT a statement you would expect from a resident of Gough Street?
(C) People on this street have more and more space for which they feel responsible.

32.In what order does the author present detailed discussions of the three streets?
(C) HEAVY, LIGHT, MEDIUM

32.2 What did Appleyard observe in San Francisco?

(D) A rise of criminal activities

Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the
development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose
their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching,
since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to
conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.
Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which was
unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to
contraction. The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an
Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were
devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.
Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminum. Mild steel and
aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable that is stronger than
single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes. Single- strand wire, round or oval, is
made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are
galvanized – coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or
cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted together
and barbed. The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by
knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process continues
automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire, in lengths of
400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms.
A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formed into long coils or
entanglements called concertina wire.

10. What is the main topic of the passage?

A type of fencing.

11. The word "unrestricted" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

unlimited

12. The word "snap" in line 9 could best be replaced by which of the following?
Break

13. What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?

Increased strength

14. According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to
protect them against rust

15. The word "fed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

put

16. The knives referred to in line 21 are used to

cut the wire that becomes barbs

17. What is the author's purpose in the third paragraph?

To describe how the wire is made

18. According to the passage, concertina wire is used for

military purposes

19. Based on the information in the passage, what it would be a following paragraph
(A) Purposes of barbed wire
Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relationship they
had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in
ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with
beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried
with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads, and if
they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is
imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.
Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the
desirable characteristics of every collectible: they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and
often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and
touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort
them.
Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural
context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes to unravel. Even the
most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences.
The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a
generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the
problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of
ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.
The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While often regarded
as the "small change of civilizations,” beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to
date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural
sophistication.

8. What is the main subject of the passage?

(C) The reasons for studying beads

9. The word "adorned" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(B) decorated

10. The word "attire" in line 9 is Closest in meaning to

(C) clothing

11. All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT
(D) scarcity

12. According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want to touch beads
EXCEPT the
(D) odor

13. The word "unravel" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(D) discover

14. The word "mundane" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(C) ordinary
15. It is difficult to trace the history of certain ancient beads because they
(C) have been moved from their original locations

16. Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies done by which of the
following?
(A) Anthropologist

17. Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance beads may change?
(B) Lines 6-8

Certain animals have an intuitive awareness of quantities. They know without analysis the difference
between a number of objects and a smaller number. In his book The Natural History of Selbourne
(1786), the naturalist Gilbert White tells how he surreptitiously removed one egg a day from a plover's
nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one. He noted that other
species of birds ignore the absence of a single egg but abandon their nests if more than one egg has
been removed. It has also been noted by naturalists that a certain type of wasp always provides five-
never four, never six-caterpillars for each of their eggs so that their young have something to eat when
the eggs hatch. Research has also shown that both mice and pigeons can be taught to distinguish
between odd and even numbers of food pieces.
These and similar accounts have led some people to infer that creatures other than humans can
actually count. They also point to dogs that have been taught to respond to numerical questions with the
correct number of barks, or to horses that seem to solve arithmetic problems by stomping their hooves
the proper number of times.
Animals respond to quantities only when they are connected to survival as a species-as in the case of
the eggs-or survival as individuals-as in the case of food. There is no transfer to other situations or from
concrete reality to the abstract notion of numbers. Animals can "count" only when the objects are
present and only when the numbers involved are small-no more than seven or eight. In lab experiments,
animals trained to "count" one kind of object were unable to count any other type. The objects, not the
numbers, are what interest them. Animals' admittedly remarkable achievements simply do not amount
to evidence of counting, nor do they reveal more than innate instincts, refined by the genes of
successive generations, or the results of clever, careful conditioning by trainers.

12.What is the main idea of this passage?

(D)Although some animals may be aware of quantities, they cannot actually count.

13.Why does the author refer to Gilbert White's book in line 3?

(C)To provide evidence that some birds are aware of quantities

14.The word "surreptitiously" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(B)secretly

15.The word "abandon" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A)vacate

16.The word "odd;' as used in line 14, refers to which of the following?
(B)Numbers such as 1, 3, 5, and so on

17.The author mentions that all of the following are aware of quantities in some way EXCEPT
(C)caterpillars
18.The word "accounts" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(C)reports

19.According to information in the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to occur as a result
of animals' intuitive awareness of quantities?
(B)When asked by its trainer how old it is, a monkey holds up five fingers.

20.How would the author probably characterize the people who are mentioned in line 15?
(A)As mistaken

21.The word "admittedly" in line 29 is closest in meaning to

(D) undeniably

22.In line 31, the word "they" refers to

(C)achievements

23.Where in the passage does the author mention research that supports his own view of animals'
inability to count?
(D)Lines 27-28

Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspective, on the
function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the
visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of
single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes
have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of
microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of
examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.
The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually
halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly.
During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with
a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In
recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such
as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today
is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available
sources of soft X rays.
The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical
microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements.
Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special
capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy,
X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that
biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The
illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms
(an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact
biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray
microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes.
Rather, their special properties will make possible investiga- tions that will complement
those performed with light- and electron-based instruments.

29.What does the passage mainly discuss?

A new kind of microscope

30. According to the passage, the invention of the visible-light microscope allowed scientists to
discover single-celled plants and animals they had never seen before

31. The word "minuscule" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

tiny

32. The word "it" in line 7 refers to

a type of microscope

33. Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?
To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective

34. Why did it take so long to develop the X-ray microscope?

The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently.

35. The word "enables" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

allows

36. The word "Rather" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

instead

37. The word "those" in line 29 refers to

investigations

38. Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about X-ray microscopes in the
future?
They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes.
 Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe. A galaxy is a giant family of many millions of
stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field. Most of the material universe is organized
into galaxies of stars, together with gas and dust.
There are three main types of galaxy: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Milky Way is a spiral
galaxy: a flattish disc of star with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus. About one-quarter
of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new
stars form; as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust,
triggering the formation of bright young stars in its arms. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical
elliptical or spheroidal shape with no obvious structure. Most of their member stars are very old and
since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them.
The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about 1013 times that
of the Sun; these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio
emission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two-thirds of all galaxies are elliptical.
Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in many sub classes.
Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth. Some terrestrial distances can
be expressed as intervals of time: the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to
drive to work, for example. By comparison with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to the galaxies
are incomprehensibly large, but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this
case, the distance that light travels in one year. On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy, the
Andromeda galaxy, is two million light years away. The most distant luminous objects seen by
telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away. Their light was already halfway here
before the Earth even formed. The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still
dominated the animal world.

39. The word "major" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(B) principal

40. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

(B) Major categories of galaxies

41. The word "which" in line 7 refers to

(B) gas

42. According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to
(B) the compression of gas and dust

43. The word "symmetrical" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) proportionally balanced

44. The word "obvious" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(B) apparent

45. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?
(C) They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.

46. Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage?
(A) They are a type of elliptical galaxy.
47. What percentage of galaxies is irregular?
(A) 10%

48. The word "they" in line 21 refers to

(C) distances

49. Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy in the third paragraph?
(C) To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth

50. The word "dominated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(D) were prevalent in

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from
very inauspicious and humble beginnings.
This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims
landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period
were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and these
university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same
educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an
institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a
college in October 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this
land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin
and is the site of the present-day university.
When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the
fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court
named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest
may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had
found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.
Henry Dunster was appointed in the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in
addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four
students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire
teaching staff consisted of the president and three of four tutors.

1. The main idea of this passage is that ….

B. what is today a great university started out small

2. The passage indicates that Harvard is …

D. the oldest university in America

3. it can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans who traveled to the Massachusetts colony were
A. rather well educated

4. The pronoun “they” in paragraph 2 refers to ….

B. university graduates
5. A “pound” in paragraph 2 is probably ….
C. a type of money / units of money

6. The “English Cousin” in paragraph 2 refers to a ….

A. city

7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about John Harvard?

C. Where he was buried

8. The word “fledgling” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. newborn

9. The passage implies that ….

D. the position of president of Harvard was not merely an administrative position in the
early years

10. The word “somewhat” in the last paragraph could best be replaced by ….
D. more or less

11. Where in the passage does it indicate how much money Minister Harvard was really responsible for
giving to the university?
C. Paragraph 3 / Lines 12-15

Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were both
creatures and creators of communities, as well symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in
the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were already forming the habit of gathering from all
corners of the nation for both public and private, business and pleasure, purposes. Conventions were
the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventions possible. The
first national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the National
Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was
held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in
Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments, helps explain
why many other early national political conventions were held there.
In the longer run, American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant
and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of
groups – not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and
avocations ones – in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By the mid-twentieth century, conventions
accounted for over a third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation; about eighteen
thousand different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million persons.
Nineteenth-century American hotel keepers, who were no longer the genial, deferential "hosts" of the
eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large stake in the community,
they exercised power to make it prosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of the public,”
they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly
shocked by this high social position.

1. The word "bound" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(C) tied
2. The National Republican party is mentioned in line 8 as an example of a group
(D) holding a convention

3. The word "assembling" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(C) gathering

4. The word "ones" in line 16 refers to

(B) conventions

5. The word "it" in line 23 refers to

(C) community

6. It can be inferred from the passage that early hotel keepers in the United States were
(D) influential citizens

7. Which of the following statements about early American hotels is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them.

In the world of birds, bill design is a prime example of evolutionary fine-tuning.

Shorebirds such as oystercatchers use their bills to pry open the tightly sealed shells of their prey;
hummingbirds have stiletto-like bills to probe the deepest nectar-bearing flowers; and kiwis smell out
earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks. But few birds are more intimately tied to
their source of sustenance than are crossbills. Two species of these finches, named for the way the
upper and lower parts of their bills cross, rather than meet in the middle, reside in the evergreen forests
of North America and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.
The efficiency of the bill is evident when a crossbill locates a cone. Using a lateral motion of its
lower mandible, the bird separates two overlapping scales on the cone and exposes the seed. The
crossed mandibles enable the bird to exert a powerful biting force at the bill tips, which is critical for
maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the scales apart. Next, the crossbill snakes its long
tongue into the gap and draws out the seed. Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the bird
cracks open and discards the woody seed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel. This whole
process takes but a few seconds and is repeated hundreds of times a day.
The bills of different crossbill species and subspecies vary – some are stout and deep, others more
slender and shallow. As a rule, large-billed crossbills are better at securing seeds from large cones,
while small-billed crossbills are more deft at removing the seeds from small, thin-scaled cones.
Moreover, the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine
which bill design is the best.
One anomaly is the subspecies of red crossbill known as the Newfoundland crossbill. This bird has a
large, robust bill, yet most of Newfoundland's conifers have small cones, the same kind of cones that
the slender-billed white-wings rely on.

18. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(B) The efficiency of the bill of the crossbill

19. Which of the following statements best represents the type of “evolutionary fine-tuning" mentioned
in line 1?
(A) Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food supply.
20. Why does the author mention oystercatchers, hummingbirds, and kiwis in lines 2-4?
(C) They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food supply.

21. Crossbills are a type of

(D) finch

******22. Which of the following most closely resembles the bird described in lines 6-8?

23. The word "which" in line 12 refers to

(C) force

24. The word "gap" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) opening

25. The word "discards" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(D) gets rid of

26. The word "others" in line 18 refers to

(A) bills

27. The word "deft" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(B) skilled

28. The word "robust" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) strong

29. In what way is the Newfoundland crossbill an anomaly?

(C) The size of its bill does not fit the size of its food source.

30. The final paragraph of the passage will probably continue with a discussion of
(D) how the Newfoundland crossbill survives with a large bill

31. Where in the passage does the author describe how a crossbill removed a seed from its cone?
(B) The second paragraph

If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration or Independence, beyond the
flourished signature of John Hancock and the other fifty-five men who signed it, you will also find the
name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first
official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore
heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.
Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing
shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and
creditors. it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began
publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother
as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in
to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her
brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor's prison, Mary
Katherine Goddard's name appeared on the newspaper's masthead for the first time.
When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard
to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the
documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.
During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's only newspaper,
which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies." She was also the city's
Postmaster from 1775 to 1789 – appointed by Benjamin Franklin – and is considered to be the first
woman to hold a federal position.

32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) The accomplishments of a female publisher

33. Mary Goddard's name appears on the Declaration of Independence because

(B) she published the document

34. The word "heralded" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(B) announced

35. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she
(C) took over her brother's printing shop

36. The word "there" in line 17 refers to

(C) Baltimore

37. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was
(A) an accomplished businesswoman

38. The word "position" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) job

38.1 Mary Goddard's first publication was

(A) Providence Gazette

38.2 The word "its" in line 5 refers to

(B) Signers

38.3 According to the passage, where was located the Continental Congress
(A) In Philadelphia
In the 1500's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United
States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples. These
ancestors, known variously as the Basket Makers, the Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in
the area for at least 2,000 years. They were
an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.
The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houses were originally built
in pits and were entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D., the Anasazi began to build
their homes above ground and join them together into rambling multistoried complexes, which the
Spanish called pueblos or villages.
Separate subterranean rooms in these pueblos – known as kivas or chapels – were set aside for
religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole that was believed to lead to the
underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800 rooms.
The Anasazi family was matrilinear; that is, descent was traced through the female.
The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest female, but the actual
ceremonies were conducted by her brother, or son. Women owned the rooms in the pueblo and the
crops, once they were harvested. While still growing, crops belonged to the men, who, in contrast to
most other Native American groups, planted them. The women made baskets and pottery; the men
wove textile and crafted turquoise jewelry.
Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with land disputes and religious affairs. The war
chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages
and directed the men in community building projects. The cohesive political and social
organization of the Anasazi made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer them.
1. The Anasazi people were considered "agriculturally advanced" because of the way they
(C) watered their crops

2. The word "pits" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(D) holes

3. The word "stories" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(C) levels

4. Who would have been most likely to control the sacred objects of an Anasazi family?
(D) A forty-year-old woman

5. The word "they" in line 16 refers to

(B) crops

6. The word "disputes" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(B) arguments

7. Which of the following activities was NOT done by Anasazi men?

(A) Making baskets

8. According to the passage, what made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer the
Anasazi ?
 (A) The political and social organization of the Anasazi

9. The passage supports which of the following generalizations?

(C) Anasazi society exhibited a well-defined division of labor.

9.1 What does the passage mainly discuss?

(C) The culture of Anasazi people

It would be hard to cite a development that has had more impact on American industry than the
Bessemer process of making steel. It made possible the production of low-cost steel and established the
foundation of the modern steel industry. In many ways it was responsible for the rapid industrialization
of the United States that took place in the formative period of the late 1800's.
The first Bessemer plant in the United States was built in Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1864, near the
end of the Civil War. It was capable of producing only 2 tons of steel ingots at a time. The ingots were
rolled into rails-the first steel rails made in the United States. Acceptance of the process was initially
slow. By 1870, the annual output of Bessemer steel was a mere 42 thousand tons. Production grew
rapidly after about 1875, rising to 1.2 million tons in 1880, when it exceeded that of wrought iron for
the first time.
The rise of the US. steel industry in the last quarter of the 19th century was brought about largely by
the demand for Bessemer steel rails for the nation's burgeoning rail network. Steel rails were far more
durable than those made of iron. Spurred by this demand, the us. steel industry became the largest in
the world in 1886, when it surpassed that of Great Britain.
The Bessemer Process was the chief method of making steel until 1907, when it was overtaken by
the open-hearth process. By the 1950's, the Bessemer Process accounted for less than 3% of the total
U.S. production.

24.With what topic is this passage mainly concerned?

(D) The effects of one method of making steel

25.According to the passage, the Bessemer process contributed to all of the following EXCEPT
(B) the manufacture of weapons during the Civil War

26.What can be inferred from the passage about wrought iron?

(A)At one time, more of it was produced than Bessemer steel.

27. The word "burgeoning" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(C)expanding

28.According to the passage, why were Bessemer steel rails used in place of iron rails?
(A)They lasted longer.

29.The word "Spurred" in line 20 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(A)Driven

30.According to the passage, in what year did the steel industry of the United States begin to produce
more steel than that of Great Britain did?
(D)1886
31.What can be inferred about the steel industry in the United States during the 1950's?
(C)It primarily involved methods of production other than the Bessemer Process.

32.The paragraph following this one probably concerns

(B)the open-hearth method of making steel

33.The author first begins to discuss the growth of the Bessemer Process in
(C)lines 14-16

Just before and during World War I, a number of white musicians came to Chicago from New Orleans
playing in an idiom they had learned from blacks in that city. Five of them formed what eventually
became known as the Original Dixieland Band. They moved to New York in 1917 and won fame there.
That year they recorded the first phonograph record identified as jazz.
The first important recording by black musicians was made in Chicago in 1923 by King Oliver's
Creole Jazz Band, a group that featured some of the foremost jazz musicians of the time, including
trumpet player Louis Armstrong. Armstrong's dynamic trumpet style became famous worldwide. Other
band members had played in Fate Marable's band, which traveled up and down the Mississippi River
entertaining passengers on riverboats.
The characteristics of this early type of jazz, known as Dixieland jazz, included a complex
interweaving of melodic lines among the cornet or trumpet, clarinet, and trombone, and a steady
chomp-chompbeat provided by the rhythm section, which included the piano, bass, and drums. Most
bands used no written notations, preferring arrangements agreed on verbally.
Improvisation was an indispensable element. Even bandleaders such as Duke Ellington, who provided
his musicians with written arrangements, permitted them plenty to freedom to improvise when playing
solos.
In the late 1920's, the most influential jazz artists in Chicago were members of small bands such as
the Wolverines. In New York, the trend was toward larger groups. These groups played in revues, large
dance halls, and theaters. Bands would become larger still during the next age of jazz, the Swing era.

12. What is the main topic of this passage?

(A) The early history of jazz

13. The word "idiom" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(D) style

14. The musicians who made the earliest jazz recordings were originally from
(A) New Orleans

15.When was the first important recording by black jazz musicians made?
(B) In 1923
16.According to the passage, Louis Armstrong was a member of which of the following?
(C) King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band

17.The word "steady" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) constant

18. According to the passage, which of the following instruments helped provide the beat for Dixieland
jazz?
(B) The piano

19.Duke Ellington is given as an example of a bandleader who

(D) used written arrangements

20.Which of the following phrases would be LEAST likely to be applied to Dixieland jazz?
(D) Carefully planned

21.According to the passage, who were the Wolverines?

(D) A small group

22.The author provides the most detailed description of early jazz music in the
(C) third paragraph

23.The paragraph following this one most likely deals with

(B) the Swing era

Nearly 515 blocks of San Francisco, including almost all of Nob Hill, were destroyed by the 1906
earthquake and fires. Many of San Francisco's "painted ladies" -its gaudy, nineteenth century Victorian
houses-were lost in the disaster. Today, some 14,000 surviving houses have been preserved, particularly
in the Cow Hollow, Mission, Pacific Heights, and Alamo Square districts.
Distinguished by their design characteristics, three styles of San Franciscan Victorians can be found
today. The Italianate, which flourished in the 1870's, is characterized by a flat roof, slim pillars flanking
the front door, and bays with windows that slant inward. The ornamentation of these narrow row
houses was patterned after features of the Roman Classical styles. The Stick style, which peaked in
popularity during the 1880s, added ornate woodwork outlines to the doors and windows. Other
additions included the French cap, gables, and three-sided bays. Designs changed dramatically when
the Queen Anne style became the rage in the 1890's. Turrets, towers, steep gabled roofs, and glass art
windows distinguished Queen Anne houses from their predecessors.
In the period after the earthquake, the Victorians came to be regarded as impossibly old-fashioned, but
beginning around 1960, owners began peeling off stucco, tearing off false fronts, reapplying custom
woodwork, and commissioning multi-hued paint jobs. Before long, many of these houses had been
restored to their former splendor.
34.Which of the following is NOT one of the author's purposes in writing the passage?
(B)To discuss housing problems in San Francisco today

35.The word "gaudy" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A)showy

36.According to the passage, in what district of San Francisco are authentic Victorian houses LEAST
likely to be found today?
(D)Nob Hill

37.According to the passage, which of the following styles of architecture was the last to become
fashionable in San Francisco?
(D)Queen Anne

38.As used in the second paragraph, the word "bays" refers to

(C)architectural features

39.Which of the following is most likely to be seen only on a Queen Anne style house?
(B)A tower

40.During which of the following periods were San Francisco's Victorian houses generally thought of
as old-fashioned?
(C)From 1907 to 1960

41.What can be inferred from the passage about Victorian houses after they had been restored?
(A)They were painted in many colors.
41.1 The word "slant" in line 11 is closest meaning to
(D) slope
41.2 The multi-hued paint refers to
(B) In 1960 the houses at San Francisco where restored to the former Roman Classical style
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective.
Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not
offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at
familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or
affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the
values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New
World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating
cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists
objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before
Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of
expression, the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are
read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome
or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness
they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire
rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a
personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it. It his lived because readers appreciate a refreshing
stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap
moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though
rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see,
hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life
resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies
attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.
Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
Reasons for the popularity of satire

40. The word "realization" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

awareness

41. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World, and A Modest Proposal in lines
6-8?
They are famous examples of satiric literature.

42. The word "aesthetically" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

artistically

43. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?

Odd combinations of objects and ideas

44. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be
reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate

45. The word "refreshing" in line 19 is closest ill meaning to

unusual
46. The word "they" in line 22 refers to
people

47. The word "devote" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

dedicate

48. As a result of reading satiric literature, readers will be most likely to

reexamine their opinions and values
49. The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT
introducing readers to unfamiliar situations

50. Why does the author mention “service of humanity" in line 25?
It is an ideal that is rarely achieved

Rachel Carson was born in 1907 in Springsdale, Pennsylvania. She studied biology at college, and
zoology at Johns Hopkins University, where she received her master's degree in 1933. In 1936, she was
hired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, where she worked most of her life.
Carson's first book, Under the Sea Wind, was published in 1941. It received excellent reviews, but
sales were poor until it was reissued in 1952. In that year she published The Sea Around Us, which
provided a fascinating look beneath the ocean's surface, emphasizing human history as well as geology
and marine biology. Her imagery and language had a poetic quality. Carson consulted no fewer than
1,000 printed sources. She had voluminous correspondence and frequent discussions with experts in
the field. However, she always realized the limitations of her non-technicalreaders.
In 1962 Carson published Silent Spring, a book that sparked considerable controversy.It proved how
much harm was done by the uncontrolled, reckless use of insecticides. She detailed how they poison
the food supply of animals, kill birds and fish, and contaminate human food. At the time, spokesmen
for the chemical industry mounted personal attacks against Carson and issued propaganda to indicate
that her findings were flawed. However, her work was vindicated by a 1963 report of the President's
Science Advisory Committee.

33.The passage mainly discusses Rachel Carson's work

(D) as a writer

34.According to the passage, what did Carson primarily study at Johns Hopkins University?
(D) Zoology

35.When she published her first book, Carson was closest to the age of
(C) 34

36.It can be inferred from the passage that in1952, Carson's bookUnder the Sea Wind
(D) sold many copies
37.Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the passage as a source of information for The
Sea Around Us?
(C) A research expedition

38.Which of the following words or phrases is LEAST accurate in describing The Sea Around Us?
(A) Highly technical

39.The word "reckless" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(D) irresponsible

40.According to the passage, Silent Spring is primarily

(C) a warning about the dangers of misusing insecticides

41.The word "flawed" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) faulty

42.Why does the author of the passage mention the report of the President's Science Advisory
Committee (lines 23-24)?
(B) To support Carson's ideas

Sea otters dwell in the North Pacific. They are the largest of the mustelids, a group which also includes
freshwater otters, weasels, and badgers. They are from four to five feet long, and most weigh from 60
to 85 pounds. Large males may weigh 100 pounds or more.
Unlike most marine mammals, such as seals or dolphins, sea otters lack a layer of blubber, and
therefore have to eat up to 30% of their body weight a day in clams, crabs, fish, octopus, squids, and
other delicacies to maintain body heat. Their voracious appetites do not create food shortages, though,
because they are picky eaters, each animal preferring only a few food types. Thus no single type of
food source is exhausted. Sea otters play an important environmental role by protecting forests of
seaweed called kelp, which provide shelter and nutrients for many species. Certain sea otters feast on
invertebrates like sea urchins and abalones that destroy kelp.
Sea otters eat and sleep while floating on their backs, often on masses of kelp. They seldom come on
shore. Sea otters keep warm by means of their luxuriant double-layered fur, the densest among animals.
The soft outer fur forms a protective cover that keeps the fine underfur dry. One square inch of
underfur contains up to 1 million hairs. Unfortunately, this essential feature almost led to their
extinction, as commercial fur hunters drastically reduced their numbers.
Under government protection, the sea otter population has recovered. While elated by the otters
return, scientists are concerned about the California sea otter population growth of 5% a year, lagging
behind the 18% a year rate among Alaska otters. Sea otters are extremely sensitive to pollution. In 1989
up to 5,000 sea otters perished when the Exxon Valdez spilled oil in Prince William Sound, Alaska.

42.According to the passage, what are mustelids?

(C)A group of mammals that contains sea otters
43.It can be inferred from that passage that, if a large male sea otter weighs 100 pounds, it must eat
approximately how many pounds of food a day to maintain its body heat?
(C)30 pounds
44.The author refers to sea otters as "picky eaters" Oine 11) because
(D)each sea otter eats only a few kinds of food
45.The word "exhausted" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(B)used up
46.According to the passage, which of the following best describes sea otters' relationship with kelp
forests?
(B)The otters protect the kelp by eating animals that destroy it.
47.Which of the following could best replace the word "luxuriant" in line 19?
(C)Abundant
48.According to the passage, the outer fur of sea otters
(A)keeps the underfur from getting wet
49.The word "elated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(D)overjoyed
50.According to the passage, why are scientists concerned about the population of California sea
otters?
(C)Its growth rate is not as fast as that of the Alaska sea otters.
51. In 1989 what cost, more than 5,000 sea otters to perished?
(A) A petroleum ship sank, spreading oil
 The technology of the North American colonies did not differ strikingly from that of Europe, but in
one respect, the colonists enjoyed a great advantage. Especially by comparison with Britain, Americans
had a wonderfully plentiful supply of wood.
The first colonists did not, as many people imagine, find an entire continent covered by a climax
forest. Even along the Atlantic seaboard, the forest was broken at many points. Nevertheless, all sorts
of fine trees abounded, and through the early colonial period, those who pushed westward encountered
new forests. By the end of the colonial era, the price of wood had risen slightly in eastern cities, but
wood was still extremely abundant.
The availability of wood brought advantages that have seldom been appreciated. Wood was a
foundation of the economy. Houses and all manner of buildings were made of wood to a degree
unknown in Britain. Secondly, wood was used as a fuel for heating and cooking. Thirdly, it was used as
the source of important industrial compounds, such as potash, an industrial alkali; charcoal, a
component of gunpowder; and tannic acid, used for tanning leather.
The supply of wood conferred advantages but had some negative aspects as well. Iron at that time
was produced by heating iron ore with charcoal. Because Britain was so stripped of trees, she was
unable to exploit her rich iron mines. But the American colonies had both iron are and wood; iron
production was encouraged and became successful. However, when Britain developed coke smelting,
the colonies did not follow suit because they had plenty of wood and besides, charcoal iron was
stronger than coke iron. Coke smelting led to technological innovations and was linked to the
emergence of the Industrial Revolution. In the early nineteenth century, the former colonies lagged
behind Britain in industrial development because their supply of wood led them to cling to charcoal
iron.

1.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(B)The effects of an abundance of wood on the colonies

2.The word "strikingly" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(B)dramatically

3.Which of the following is a common assumption about the forests of North America during the
colonial period?
(D)They covered the entire continent.

4.The use of the word "abounded" in line 8 indicates that the trees were
(A)present in large numbers

5.According to the passage, by the end of the colonial period, the price of wood in eastern cities
(C)was slightly higher than in previous years

6.What can be inferred about houses in Britain during the period written about in the passage?
(D)They were usually built from materials other than wood.

7.Why does the author mention gunpowder in line 19?

(B)To give an example of a product made with wood

8.The word "conferred" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(C)provided
9.The phrase "follow suit" in line 27 means
(A)do the same thing

10.According to the passage, why was the use of coke smelting advantageous?
(A)It led to advances in technology.

11.The phrase "cling to" in line 33 is closest in meaning to

(C)continue to use

12.Where in the passage does the author begin to discuss in detail the disadvantages that an abundant
supply of wood brought to the colonies?
(D)Lines 21-22

The Peales were a distinguished family of American artists. Charles Willson Peale is best
remembered for his portraits of leading figures of the American Revolution. He painted portraits of
Franklin and Jefferson, and over a dozen of George Washington. His life-size portrait of his sons
Raphaelle and Titian was so realistic that George Washington reportedly once tipped his hat to the
figures in the picture.
Charles Willson Peale gave up painting in his middle age and devoted his life to the Peale Museum,
which he founded in Philadelphia. The world's first popular museum of art and natural science, it
featured paintings by Peale and his family as well as displays of animals in their natural settings. Peale
found the animals himself and devised a method of taxidermy to make the exhibits more lifelike. The
museum's most popular display was the skeleton of a mastodon-a huge, extinct elephant-which Peale
unearthed on a New York farm in 180l.
Three of Peale's seventeen children were also famous artists. Raphaelle Peale often painted still lifes
of flowers, fruit, and cheese. His works show the same luminosity and attention to detail that the works
of the Dutch masters show. In the late eighteenth century, however, portraiture was the rage, and so
Raphaelle Peale found few buyers for his still lifes at the time. His brother Rembrandt studied under his
father and painted portraits of many noted people, including one of George Washington. Another
brother, Rubens Peale, painted mostly landscapes and portraits.
James Peale, the brother of Charles Willson Peale, specialized in miniatures. His daughter Sarah
Miriam Peale was probably the first professional female portrait painter in America.

13.What is the main topic of the passage?

(D)A family of artists

14.The author probably mentions that Washington "tipped his hat to the figures in the painting" (lines
6-7)to indicate that
(A)Charles Willson Peale's painting was very lifelike

15.The word "settings" in line 12 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(A)Environments

16. For which of the following terms does the author give a definition in the second paragraph?
(D) Mastodon
17.Which of the following questions about the Peale Museum does the passage NOT supply enough
information to answer'
(D) In what year was it founded?

18. The word “unearthed” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(B) dug up

19. Which of the following words could best be substituted for the word "rage" in line 2l?
(A)Fashion

20.According to the passage, Rembrandt Peale and his father both painted
(B)portraits of George Washington

21.Which of the following is NOT one of the children of Charles Willson Peale?
(D) Sarah Miriam Peale

22.The author's attitude toward the Peales is generally

(C)admiring

To date, Canada has produced only one classic children's tale to rank with Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland and the works of Mark Twain; this was Lucy Maud Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables.
Lucy Maud Montgomery was born in Clinton, Prince Edward Island. Her mother died soon after her
birth, and when her father went to Saskatchewan to assume a business position, she moved in with her
grandparents in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. There she went to school, and later qualified to be a
teacher.
Montgomery wrote the Anne books while living in Cavendish and helping her grandmother at the
post office. The first of the books, Anne of Green Gables, was published in 1908, and in the next three
years she wrote two sequels. Like Montgomery, the heroine of the book is taken in by an elderly couple
who live in the fictional town of Avonlea, and Montgomery incorporated many events from her life in
Cavendish into the Anne books.
In 1911, Montgomery married Ewan MacDonald, and the couple soon moved to Ontario, where she
wrote many other books. However, it was her first efforts that secured her prominence, and the Anne
books are still read all around the world. Her novels have helped create a warm picture of Prince
Edward Island's special character. Several movies, a television series, and a musical play have been
based on her tales, and today visitors scour the island for locations described in the book.

1.The main purpose of this passage is to

(A)introduce Montgomery and her Anne books

2.The word "this" in line 3 refers to

(D)a Canadian children's classic

3.According to the passage, Montgomery was raised primarily

(B)by her grandparents

4.Approximately when did Lucy Maud Montgomery write the two sequels to her book Anne of Green
Gables?
 (B)From 1908 to 1911

5.The word "elderly" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(B)old

6.In the Anne books, the main character lives in

(C)the town of Avonlea

7.Which of the following can be concluded from the passage about the Anne books?
(A)They were at least partially autobiographical.

8.The word "prominence" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A)reputation

9.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "character" in line 21?
(B)Nature

10.All of the following have been based on the Anne books EXCEPT
(D)a ballet

11.In line 22, the word "scour" could be replaced by which of the following without changing the
meaning of the sentence?
(C)Search

The time when humans crossed the Arctic land bridge from Siberia to Alaska seems remote to us
today, but actually represents a late stage in prehistory of humans, an era when polished stone
implements and bows and arrows were already being used and dogs had already been domesticated.
When these early migrants arrived in North America, they found woods and plains dominated
by three types of American mammoths. Those elephants were distinguished from today’s elephants
mainly by their thick, shaggy coats and their huge, upward-curving tusks. They had arrived on the
continent hundreds of thousands of years before their human followers. The wooly mammoth in the
North, the Columbian mammoth in middle North America, and the imperial mammoth of the South
together with their distant cousins the mastodons, dominated the land. Here, as in the Old World,
there is evidence that humans hunted these elephants, as shown by numerous spear points found with
mammoth remains.
Then, at the end of the Ice Age, when the last glaciers had retreated, there was a relatively sudden
and widespread extinction of elephants. In the New World, both mammoths and
mastodons disappeared. In the Old World, only Indian and African elephants survived.
Why did the huge, seemingly successful mammoths disappear? Were humans connected with
their extinction? Perhaps, but at the time, although they were hunters, humans were still widely
scattered and not very numerous. It is difficult to see how they could have prevailed over the
mammoth to such an extent.
1.With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?
(D)The relationship between man and mammoth in the New World
2.The word "implements" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) tools
3.The phrase "these early migrants" in line 6 refers to
(B) humans
4.Where were the imperial mammoths the dominant type of mammoth?
(C) In the southern part of North America
5.It can be inferred that when humans crossed into the New World, they
(A) had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia
6.Which of the following could best substitute for the word "remains" in line 17?
(A) Bones
7.The word "seemingly" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(B) apparently

8.The passage supports which of the following conclusions about mammoths?

(C) The cause of their extinction is not definitely known.
9. The word "cunning" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) clever
10.Which of the following is NOT true about prehistoric humans at the time of the mammoths'
extinction?
(C) They were concentrated in a small area.
11.Which of the following types of elephants does the author discuss in the most detail in the
passage?
(B)The mammoth
Under certain circumstances, the human body must cope with gases at greater-than- normal
atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba
gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay
underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1
atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is
exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal
the external pressure applied to the body; otherwise breathing is very difficult. Therefore all of the
gases in the air breathed by a scuba
diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which composes 80
percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of
well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitrogen causes symptoms resembling
alcohol intoxication, known as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct
effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen dissolved in the blood. Deep dives are less
dangerous if helium is substituted for nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not exert
a similar narcotic effect.
As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses
from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs when the diver
surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the
blood, and from the blood into the lungs. If
the return to the surface is too rapid, nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse out rapidly
enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed. They can cause severe pains, particularly around the
joints.
Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent. During ascent from a depth of 10
meters, the volume of air in the lungs will double because the air pressure at the surface is only half of
what it was at 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture.
This condition is called air embolism. To avoid this event, a diver must ascend slowly, never at a rate
exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.

20. What does the passage mainly discuss?

The effects of pressure on gases in the human body

21. The words "exposed to" in line 6 are closest in meaning to

subjected to

22. The word "exert" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

cause

23. The word "diffuses" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

travels

24. What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly?
It forms bubbles.

25. The word "they" in line 21 refers to

bubbles
26. The word " rupture " in line 26 is closest in meaning to
burst

27. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following presents the greatest danger to a
diver?
An air embolism
28. What should a diver do when ascending?
Rise slowly.

28.1 Why does the author mention the human body at the beginning of reading?
(B) To talk about complications while breathing

What is meant by the term economic resources? In general, these are all the natural, man-made,and
human resources that go into the production of goods and services. This obviously covers a lot of
ground: factories and farms, tools and machines, transportation and communication facilities, all types
of natural resources, and labor. Economic resources can be broken down into two general categories:
property resources-land and capital- and human resources-labor and entrepreneurial skills.
What do economists mean by land? Much more than the non-economist. Land refers to all natural
resources that are usable in the production process: arable land, forests, mineral and oil deposits, and
so on. What about capital? Capital goods are all the man-madeaids to producing, storing, transporting,
and distributing goods and services. Capital goods differ from consumer goods in that the latter satisfy
wants directly, while the former do so indirectly by facilitating the production of consumer goods. It
should be noted that capital as defined here does not refer to money. Money, as such, produces
nothing.
The term labor refers to the physical and mental talents of humans used to produce goods or services
(with the exception of a certain set of human talents, entrepreneurial skiIIs, which will be considered
separately because of their special significance). Thus the services of a factory worker or an office
worker, a ballet dancer or an astronaut all fall under the general heading of labor.

43.What is the author's main purpose in writing this passage?

(D) To define economic resources

44.In lines 3-4, the author uses the expression "This obviously covers a lot of ground ..." to indicate
that
(C) the topic of economic resources is a broad one

45.When non-economists use the term "land," its definition

(B) is much more restrictive than when economists use it
46.The word "arable" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(B) fertile

47.The phrase "the latter" in line 15 refers to

(D) consumer goods

48.Which of the following could be considered a capital good as defined in the passage?
(A) A railroad

49.The word "heading" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(C) category

50.The skills of all the following could be considered examples of labor, as defined in the passage,
EXCEPT
(D) entrepreneurs