Propagation Methods in Plants

Plant Propagation:

Definition:

Plant propagation can be defined as controlled reproduction of a plant by a man in order to

perpetuate a selected individuals, or group of individuals which is having specific values to
him.

There are Two Method of Propagation:

1. Sexual Propagation

2. Asexual Propagation
 

Sexual Propagation in Plants

Multiplication of plants by using seed is called as sexual propagation.

Advantages:

1. The plant raised by seed is planted lived.

2. They are hardy with deep root system. So they are vigorous in growth.

3. The possibility is there to obtain change in seedling, the performance of which are better
than their parents. E.g. mango variety like Alpahanso Dasharia.

4. The polyembryony. The phenomenon of propation of more than one seedling from a
single seed, produce true to type, nuclear embryonic seedling which could be used as
rootstock for uniform performance. E.g. Mango, varieties. Olour and bappakal. It is also
common in citrus and jamun.

5. Seed propagation is necessary when vegetative propagation is unsuccessful or expenses

e.g. papaya, coconut and Areca nut.

6.Exoplotaion of hybrid, vigor is possible only when when the hybrid s are multiplied in the
first instance through sexual propagation although subsequent fixing of heterocyst is
effected through vegetative propagation, e.g. Sapota ( Cricket Ball X oval ) and ratna
Mango ( Alpahanso *Neelum ).

7. Roots stocks are usually raised by seed e.g. Rangpur lime and Jamberi for citrus.

8. When seedling is required in large number, seed propagation is the only easy mean e.g.
Dry land fruit, and Forest spp.

Disadvantages:
1. When progenies are not true type an so they become inferior because in the commercial
orchard, it is necessary to have uniform quality, growth and yielding capacities.

2. Choice tree or any hybrid trees cannot be perpetuated true to type by seed. (except in
Apomixes )

3. Seedling has a long juvenile period. In crops like citrus, coca, and rubber. The seeds
must be sown afresh. i.e. immediately after extraction. Many varieties are seedless.

4. Seeds loose its viability in short period

.
Seed Germination and Seed Propagation:

Seed propagation is necessary in the following cases:

i) Where vegetative propagation is unsuccessful or difficult or expensive.

ii) It is necessary for raising rootstock for grafting and budding. E. g Rangpur lime and
Jamberi for citrus, khirni for Sapota.

In all such cases rootstock plants have to be raised through seeds mostly.

Seed Formation and Maturity:

Seed develops along with the fruit and reaches, full size and maturity when the fruit ripens.
Hence seed should be extracted only from ripe fruit. Seeds gathered from immature fruit
may not germinate to under favorable conditions and may loose viability more quickly than
fully matured seeds.

Seed Storing:

Seeds should be normally stored in relatively dry condition at low temperature. Some seeds
should be sown immediately after extraction. (Citrus).Other must be kept for sometimes
depending upon the kind of plant. Seeds of most plant retain their viability longer when
stored at a relatively low then at a high temperature. Hence store the seeds in dry, cool
place. If exported to damp atmosphere, even after through drying seeds absorb moisture
and rapidly deteriorate. Some seeds like close of apple, stone fruit loose viability if dried
after harvest. They require to be kept moist and exposed o cold or freezing temperature,
known as stratification to after ripen dormant and to modify seed coverings.

Dormancy:

It is term used to describe a seed that will not germinate because of any condition
associated either with the seed itself or with existing environmental factors such as
temperature and moisture.

Some seeds may even germinate within the fruit, e.g.  Jack, avocado, chow- chow, papaya,
called as Viviparous germination.

Best Period:
Some seeds will not germinate immediately after harvest even if conditions are favorable.
This failure to germinate is due to physiological condition. This is said to be the seeds are in
the rest period or they require rest period after ripening period.
Seed viability and longevity:

Viability means the presence of life in the seed. Longevity refers to the length of time that
seeds will retain their viability viability. Some seeds are short lived. (Citrus).

Pre – germination Seed Treatment:

1. Chemical (Acid scarification):

The purpose is to modify hard or important or impermeable seed covering generally soaking
seed in concentrated sulphuric acid is an effective method. The time of treatment may vary
from 10 minutes to 6 hour according to species. After treatment seeds are thoroughly
washed in clean water to make them free of acid and then re sown immediately. i.e. the
seeds of ber, cotton, Asparagus are treated with 50% concentrated H2so4. The seeds are
soaked in acid for 3 to 5 minutes.

2. Mechanical (Scarification):

Seeds of a few species with impermeable seed coat. i.e. hard seed coat can be rendered
permeable to water and gases their germination is greatly improved by mechanical
scarification in taking care that seeds should be injured not be injured heavily. This can be
achieved by

i) Placing the seeds between two sand paper doses, one station and other revolving.

ii) Passing seeds through machine that scratches the surface.

iii) Filling and notching to make the seed coat permeable to water.

iv) By use of harmer. E.g.  Lotus Anna.

3. Seedling (Boiled Water Treatment):

Pouring boiling water over seeds and getting it to cool gradually for about 12 to             
 Hour to soften dry and hard shelled seeds. E.g. Coffee, chicku, canna , Babul,
Chillar,etc.This will lasten the process of germination.

4. Soaking in Water:

The purpose of soaking seeds in water is to modify hard seed coats, to remove inhibitors to
soften seed and to reduce the time of germination. The time of soaking seeds in cold water
depend upon the hardness of the seed coat. E. g Gulmohar, peas, beans, cassia tree etc.

5. Stratification (Moist Chilling):

Seed of many woody trees or shrubs are exposed to low temperature to bring about prompt
and uniform germination. Stratification. Stratification has some benefit in softening the seed
coats. The seeds are arranged in alternate layers of sand in shallow boxes for pits or
trenches. This condition helps in rapid germination peach cherry, plum, oat, grapes.
 

Asexual Propagation in Plants

Asexual propagation or vegetative propagation refers to the multiplication or perpetuation of

any plant from any vegetative parts as plant other then the seed.

Advantages of Vegetative Propagation:

1. The progenies are true to type like mother plant.

2. Vegetative propagation is the only alternate where no seed is formed or germination of

seed is very slow or no viable seed is formed. (e.g. Banana, Pine apple and roses, seedless
grape ).

3. Certain rootstock has the capacity of resisting or tolerating the adverse environment

factors such as frost and adverse soil factors like salinity or alkalinity. E.g. frost resistance,
foncirus trifoliate (Trifoliate orange ). Rangpur lime.

4. The ability of certain rootstock to resistant pest and diseases can be advantageously
expected. An apple when grafted on rootstock like Merton 778,793 is resistant for wholly
aphid.

5. Vegative propagated plants are generally dwarfed in nature than the seedlings. Dwarf
trees facilitate pruning spraying and harvesting easy seedling. Dwarf trees facilate pruning,
spraying and harvesting easy and more number of plants can be accommodated in a unit
area.

6. To replant an undesirable existing tree either with reference to its quality or susceptibility
to pests and diseases. The defect can be overcome easily by vegetative propagation
through grafting or budding of desirable scion to the existence tree by top working
technique.

7. Many plants are propagated by vegetative means because of the speedy easy of

multiplication.

8. Novelty can be developed by grafting or budding on single plant many varieties. E.g.

Roses.

9.  To convert inferior varieties in superior, side grafting in mango.

Disadvantages: 

1. Plant is not vigorous and long lived.

2. No new varieties are evolved or developed.

3. These methods are expensive and labourious and time consuming.

 

Plant Propagation by Cottage

Definition:

“Cottage is a method of asexual propagation in which a portion of any Vegative part such as
stem, leaf or root is cut from the parent plant and is placed under favorable environmental
condition to form roots and shoots, thus producing a new independent plant.”

A) Stem Cutting:

This is the most important type of cutting and can be divide into three types based on the
nature of the wood used in marketing the cutting.
i) Hard wood cutting ii) Semi- hard wood cutting iii) Soft- wood cutting.
In propagated by stem cuttings, segment of shoots containg lateral or terminal buds
handled under proper condition to develop adventitious roots and form independent palnts.

i) Hard Wood Cuttings:

E.g. Grape, pomegranate, fig, mulberry, Acalypa, Rose etc. This is last expensive and
easiest method. Hard wood cuttings are not readily  perishable and may be shifted safely
over long distance , if necessary.  
The cutting usually prepared during the dormant season and from the wood of the previous
season growth.

ii) Semi – hard Wood Cuttings:

E.g. . Eranthemum. The cuttings are prepared from now shoot just after a flush of growth
which is partially matured.

iii) Soft Wood Cutting:

E.G Coleus, pilea, alternanthea, etc. these types of cuttings are also made from succulent,
herbaceous green plants such as carnation, portulaces, etc. These cuttings are always made
with leaves attached to stem.

B) Leaf Cuttings:

In these type cuttings, the leaf blade, sometimes with petiole, is utilized in starting a new
plant. In most cases adventitious roots and an adventitious shoot develop at the leaf base.
The following are the various types of leaf cuttings.

i) Leaf Blade Cuttings:

The long tapering leaves into 2 to 3 pieces are inserted into sand, and after some time a
new leaf from at the base of the piece. E.g. snake plant.

ii) Leaf Vein Cutting:

In this type of cutting the new plant develops from the leaf vein at the base of the leaf
piece. E.g Begonia rex.

iii) Leaf Margin Cutting:

In this case new plants arise from foliar embryos in the notches at the leaf margin.

iv) Leaf Bud Cutting:

This type of cutting consists of a leaf blade, petiole, and a short piece of the stem with the
attached axillary bud. E.g blackberry, camellia.

C) Root Cuttings:

In preparing root cuttings the period when the plant is in rapid growth must be avoided. It
is important to maintain the correct polarity when planting the root cuttings. E.g. Guava,
pahadi gulab, India cork tree.

Plant Propagation by Layering

Definition:

Layering is the development of roots on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant.
The rooted stem is stem is then detached to become a new plant growing on its own roots.
Thus rooted stem stem is known as layer.

Root Formation During Layering is Stimulated by Various Stem Treatments:

1. Bending of shoots to a sharp V shape.

2. Giving a cut or incision of the lower surface of the shoot.

3. Girdling/ by removing a ring of bark or by wrapping copper wire around stem.

Methods:

A)  Simple Layering or Tongue Layering:

In this method a branch is bent to the ground and some portion of it, is covered by soil
leaving the terminal and of the branch exposed. Root initiation takes place at the buried
portion. After the root initiation. i.e. after allowing sufficient time the layer is separated from
the mother plant by cutting the layered shoot. E.g. Guava, jasmine, etc.
B) Compost or Spending Layering: 

Compound layering in essentially the same as simply layering. Except that the branch is
alternatively covered and exposed along length. The branch for compound layering must be
longer one, so that is can be layered at different place and to branch. This method can be
longer one, so that it can be layered at different place and to branch. This method can be
followed easily for creepers. E.g.  Guava.

C) Mound Stool Layering:

In this method a plant is cut back at the ground during the dormant season, and soil is
covered at the base of the newly developing shoots. After allowing sufficient time for root
initiation, the rooted shoots are separated and taken as individual layers.

D) Air Layering:

In air layering, roots, from on an aerial shoots. The rooting medium will be tied to the
shoots for getting root initiation. Best rooting medium for air layering is sphagnum- moss as
it holds large amounts of water so as to supply moisture to the layered shoot till proper root
initiation takes place, (Pomegranate , fig )
 

Difference between Layering and Cutting

Sr No Layering Cutting
Cutting can be
Layering is performed on accomplished with by using
only branches of the branches, leaves, and
1 plant roots.
plant parts are kept Plant parts are first
attached to the mother detached from mother plant
plant till the root and are them induced to
2 formation takes place. produce roots.
Cutting can be taken easily
Layers are produced on from the plant and can be
the spot only and very carried to long distance.
few layers can be More number of cutting can
3 produced from plant. be prepared from a plant.
It is combursam and
difficult requires It is very easy and simple
4 techniques. methods.
Those plants are difficult Those plants are easier to
to root can be root and are propagated by
5 propagated by layerage. cuttage.

Plant Propagation by Specialized Structures

1. Suckers:
A sucker is a shot which arises on a plant from below the ground. The most precise use of
this term is to designate a shoot which arises from an adventitious bud on root. However, in
practices, shoots, which arise from the vicinity of the crown are also referred to as suckers
even though originating from the stem tissues. The tendency to suckers is a characteristic
possessed by some plants and not other. E.g Banana, red raspberry, black berry and
chrysanthemum.

2. Crows:

The term crown is used to designate the part of a plant stem at and below the surface of
the ground from which new shoots are produced. Division of the crown is an important
method of propagation and this division wills plants. E.g. African violet, strawberry.

3. Bulb:

Bulbs are produced by monocotyledons plants in which the usual structure is modified for
storage and reproduction. A bulb is a specialized underground organ consisting a short,
fleshy, unusually vertical stem axis, at apex a growing point and enclosed by thick flexi
scales. Bulb scales morphologically are the continuous sheathing leaf bases. The outer
scales. Bulb scales morphologically are the continuous sheathing leaf bases. The outer
scales are generally fleshy and contain reserve food material. Grown develop in the exile of
these sales , to produce miniature bulbs known as bulbets. Arial bulblets are called bulbils.
Bulvets or bulbils will be separated and used for propagation. E.g. onion, bulbous iris.

4. Corms:

A corm is the swollen base of a stem axis enclosed by the dry, scale like leables. (in
contrast to the bulb ) which is predominantly leaf scalds a corm is a solid stem structure
with district nodes  and internodes. The bulk of the corm consist of storage tissue composed
of parenchyma cells. In the mature corm, the dry leaf bases persist at each of these nodes
and enclose the corm. This covering is known as the tunic and gives a protection against
injury and water loss. Propagation is dry forms which will develop on the corm. E.g.
Gladiolus.

5. Tubers (Stem Tubers):

A stem tuber is the short terminal portion of an underground stem which has become
thickened because of the accumulation of reserve food materials. E.g. potato, propagation
by tuber can be carried out either by planting the whole tubers or by cutting them into
sections, each containing a bud or eye.

6. Tuberous Roots (Root tubers):

Certain herbaceous perennial produce thickened roots which contain large amount of stored
food. The tuberous roots differ from the tubers in that they lack nodes and internodes.
Adventitious buds are present only at stem and these fleshy roots are separated and used
propagation. E.g. Sweet potato, Dahlia.

7. Rhizomes:
A rhizome is a horizontal stem growing either underground or along the surface of the
ground. Typically it is the main axis of the plant, producing roots on it lower surface and
extends leaves and flowering shoots above the ground. It may be thick and fleshy or
slender and elongated but it is always made up of nodes and inters nodes. E.g. Canna,
Ginner, propagation by Rhizomes consist of cutting or dividing the rhizome into selection
each of which is capable of producing new shoot ( it should have nodes) from nodes and
foods from adventitious buds of lower surface.

8. Runners:

A runner is specialized stem which develops from the axial of a leaf at the crown of a plant.
Grows horizontally along the ground and forms a new plant at one of the nodes. E.g.
strawberry, In propagating by runners the rooted daughter plant are dug when they have
become well rooted and transplanted to the desired locations.

9. Stolen:

Stolen is a term used to describe various types of horizontally growing stems that produce
adventitious rots when comes in contact with the soil. Specifically these are prostrate stems
as found in Bermuda grass (Cynocen eactyon), the underground stem of the potato that
terminal as in tuber is a stolen.
 

Grafting

Definition:

Grafting and budding is a art joining two different plant parts together, in such a manner
that they unites and continues their growth as simple plant. In case of building single bud is
inserted  in to the stock, where as in grafting a bud stick consisting two or more buds is
inserted in to the stock.

Stock is a lower portion of the graft union, where as, scion is the upper portion a place at
which both unites is termed as scion or graft union.

Graft Incompatibility:

The ability of two different plants when grafted together to produce a successful union and
also to develop satiory into one composted plant is termed as ‘Compatibility’. The inability of
two different plants to do so when grafted together as often defined as ‘incompatibility; or
graft.

Incompatibility:

The distinction between a compatible and incompatible graft union is not clear cut. On one
hands, stocks and scions of closely related plats unite readily and grows as one plant.  On
the other hands stocks and scions of unrelated plants grafted together are likely to fail
completely in union. Much graft combination lie between these extremes viz, compatible to
incompatible and therefore the characterization of incompatibility is not distinct.
Incapability may be classified as ‘ Translocated Incompatibility’ and ‘Localized
incompatibility ‘.The former type refers those cases in which the incompatible condition
cannot be overcome by insertion of a mutually compatible inter stock. This is due to
apparently some some label influence moving across it. This type involves phloem
degeneration and development of a brown line or necrotic area in the bark.

The second type vig. ‘Localized incompatibility’ includes those combination in which
incompatibly reaction apparently depends upon actual contact between stock and scion.
Introduction of a mutually compatible inters pick will normally overcome the incompatibility
weak with discontinuous in cambium and vascular tissues. A typical example of this kind of
incompatibility is that when battle pear is grafted directly on quince stocks, it is
incompatible. When old home inter stock is introduces in between those combination, the
three parts combination compatible and it grows satisfactory.

In some cases, the stock scion combination grows in an apparently normal fashion for
varying periods of times perhaps for many years and them difficulties arises. This is called
as delayed incompatibility. A good example of the above phenomenon is the Black lien of
walnut, which occur in certain Persian walnut orchards in California and France. When
cultivars of tuglen redia are grafted on seeing rootstocks of J.hindsi or Paradox rootstocks. (
J. Hindsil and regia ) the trees grows satisfactorily for 15 to 20 years or even more years of
age, thereafter the trouble starts. A thin layer of cambium and phloem and the dead tissues
develop at one point and gradually extend around the tree at the graft union until the tree
becomes girdled. The vertical width of the dead area may reach 30 cm . Such girdling may
kill the plants above the graft union but the stock remains alive and sprout. Another
example is that Sapota on Brassica langifolia stocks. Incompatibility is manifested by over
growing of scion resulting in produced distortion at the bud joint and the graft dies
prematurely.

Symptoms of Incompatibility:

Graft union malformation resulting incompatibility usually expresses the following external
symptoms viz.

1. Failure to from a successful graft or bud union with a high percentage of success.

2. Yellowing of leaves in the latter part of the growing season followed by early defoliation
accompanied by decline in vegetative growth. Appearance of shoot dies back and general in
health of the tree.

3. Premature death of the trees which may live only a year or two in the nursery.

4. Marked difference in the growth rate or vigour of scion and stock.

5. over growth at, above or below the graft union.

Incompatibility has been ensured in swat oranges. Cv. Mosabi when grafted on trifoliate
orange. (Citrus maxima).
 
 Why Grafting and Budding
Plant propagation with cottage and leverage is very easy, cheap and economical, however,
grafting and budding is necessary because.

1. When other methods are not successful.

2. Adoptability for pest, diseases, tolerance to cold unsuitable climate by using suitable root

stock.
3. Converting inferior plants in to superior one e.g. side grafting in mango.

4. To modify the growth of fruit plant. E.g. by using dwarfing rootstocks.

 Methods of Grafting

There are several techniques of grafting followed in different plants, suitable in different
situation. Adoption of any suitable technique facilities, sources available etc.

A) Scion Attached Methods:

These are the methods of grafting where in the scion is kept attached to the mother plant
till the graft union takes place and then the graft is separated in stage taking cuts on scion
below the graft union and on root stock above the graft union. This principle is followed in
following methods:

i) Simple approach or inarching.

ii) Saddle grafting.

iii) Tongue grafting.

B) Scion Detached Methods:

These are the grafting methods where in the scion is first detached from mother plan then
inserted in to root stock so as the union takes place and combination continues to grow.
These methods are:

i) Veneer grafting.

ii) Wedge grafting.

iii) Saddle grafting.

iv) Whip and tongue grafting.

v) Whip grafting.

Vi) Softwood grafting.

vi) Stone grafting.

vii) Softwood grafting.

C) Methods of Grafting on Established Trees:

Methods which can be successfully adopted to convert the inferior established plants in to
the superior or desired one. These are

i) Side grafting

ii) Crown grafting

iii) Top working.

Top Working is Performed in Three Ways:

a) By inarching the new shoots growing from the cut ends of branched of stock plants.

b) By Forket budding.

c) By crown grafting.

D) Methods of Renovation:

These are the grafting methods which are adopted to rejuvenable the old threes having
religious feeling or the plants injured deeply due to mechanical operation, pests disease at
their, roots etc.

i) Bridge grafting

ii) Buttress grafting.

 

Budding

Budding is the vegetative method of plant propagation and can be defined as “ an art of
insertion of a single mature bud in to the stem of the rootstock in such way that the union
takes place and the combination continues to grow. It is grafting of a single individual bud
instead of whole bud stick on scion as in done in case of grafting.

There are several techniques or methods of insertion of bud in to the root stock. The
adoption of any of the methods like grafting depends upon the plants to be budded,
situation, facilities and source available etc.

Different Techniques of Methods of Budding:

I) Shield Budding:
This is the methods of budding in which a single bud with a little wood or without wood is
taken but from the scion plant and is given a shape of ‘shield ‘before it is inserted into the
root stock. It is done in following three ways: shield budding by ‘ T’ methods.

A. Shield Budding by T method:

i) Selection of Bud Wood or Bud Stock:

Fairly well matured, round bud stick of pencil thickness and of pest season’s growth,
brownish color, having dormant plumy buds is selected from the desired tree. It must in sap
following condition. The leaves are removed from the bud to avoid injurities to the axillary
buds.

ii) Selection of Stock Plant:

Vigorous growing root stock seedling with pencil thickness having height of about 1 ½ to 2
feet is selected. The seedling should be in free sap flowing condition.

iii) Removal of Bark from the Stalk Plant:

on selected seedling ( root stock ) at the height of about ( 1 ½ inches to 2 inches from
ground level ) vertical cut followed by a horizontal cut across the top at right angle is made
carefully with budding knife. The cuts may be depending upon the wood.

iv) Removal of Bud:

From the selected bud stick a plumpy  bud is taken out carefully with wood by taking a v  ½
inch below the bud . The wood is then removed from the bud along with portion of bark is
given a shape like shield.

V) Inserting the Bud:

The flaps of bark on either sides of the cut on the stock plant are loosened with very portion
of budding knife. And kept ready to receive bud. The bud is then inserted from the top  of
the cut and pushed downward beneath the bark, and is held in position.

vi) Bandaging :

To bring about a firm cambial contact, the operated portion is tied with banana spot  or
polythene strip keeping the growing point of bud exposed.

Under the normal condition union taken in about 5 weeks. After the successful union, the
bud sprouts or new shoots comes out and bud grows vigorously. The portion of stalk above
the union is then cut off step by step and bandage is removed. When the new shoots
develop at its vigorous and the bud graft is hardened in the nursery for 6 to 8 months, it
becomes ready for permanent plantation.

B) Shield Budding by ‘I’ Method:

It is adopted where a great deal of rains occur. Water running down the stem of the root
stock. After in case of the ‘ T’ cut soaks under the bud and causes decay of the shield piece
of bud. Under such condition and ‘inverted’ T budding may give better results, since it is
more likely to the below the bark inform running water. 
The technique required in this method is same as that in T method except that the incision
on the stock has the transceivers ( cross ) is taken on root stock and it is bent so that the
bark become loose. Then the bud is inserted and tied firmly with sutali. Union takes place
within two to three weeks.

C) Simple Shield Budding by Insertion Method:

A simple length wise incision ( cut ) is taken on root stock and it is bent so that the bark
become loose. Then the bud is inserted and tied firmly with sutali. Union takes place within
two to three weeks.

II) Patch Budding: (Mango):

Patch budding is somewhat slower and more difficult to perform than T budding. But is
widely and successfully used on the plants which got thick bark. The patch of bark is
removed from the stem of the root stock. Then the patch of bud of exactly the same size is
removed from the bud stock taken from desired tree and fitted on the root stock exposed
area. Polythene film is tied to protect same. Separating and October are considerable to
rather most suitable months for patch budding in mango.

III) Flute Budding:

This method makes use of the ring of tissues adjoin the bud relatively thick barked tree
thicker than 1 cm. and in active stage of are commonly budded by this method. It is
successfully used in Ber and Cashewnunt trees.

On the bark of root stock two horizontal cuts about ‘1 ½ to 2’ apart are made to the extent
of about 3/ 4 of the diameter of the stem. Vertical cuts connecting the horizontals cuts at
both the ends are mode and semi circular bark is removed. The scion is prepared by
repeating the same methods on the bud stack and the bud accompanying with flute of bark
is placed against the corresponding cut portion of the stock. After this typing is attended in
usual ways. All other operation are also similar to those in shield budding.

IV) Ring Budding:

The nature and method rendered its usefulness only to small stocks of not more than ¾ to 1
diameter. This is more or less an extension of flute method. Budding operation is performed
when the plant is in sap flowing condition. A complete (1 ½ to 2) ring of bark is removed
around the stem of the stock in order to from matrix. A complete ring of bark of the same
with a prominent, plumy, healthy bud is removed from bud stick when placed on stock; it
extends all around the stock. After placing the ring in position typing is done in usual
manner, failure of the bud to unite, result in loss of terminal portion of stock above the
ringed portion.

G) Forket Budding:
In Maharashtra state a fair degree of success has been achieved in mango by this method. 
The favorable season for operation is July to sept.

The selection of the bud sticks as well as the root stock is the same as that in the shield
budding. At the height of about 9 to12 from the ground level horizontal cut is taken on the
root stock and then two vertical cuts from the either end of the horizontal cut extending
downwards are taken and a flap of bark is pooled out exposing a rectangular portion of
about 1 to 2 on the root stock. A rectangular piece of bark along with a matured primly bud,
of the same size, ( 1 *2 ) is removed from the selected bud stick. This piece of bark is then
fitted on the exposed portion on root stock and secured well. The panel of bark is then
released to its original position and tied by sutali is done in a usual way. The manuring,
watering of the root stock is carried out as and when required.

After about 15 days the bandage is removed. The panel of bark is pooled out again and the
inside is observed. If the bud shown the sign of sprouting, the panel of bark is removed by
taking horizontal incision the downside of its on the root stock and the bud is again
bandage, keeping exposed the growing  point in a usual way. If the bud does not show the
sign of sprouting the panel of bark is released to its original position and bandage is done in
a usual way.  After 15 days same procedure is followed.

Within 3 to 5 weeks from the operation the buds sprouts. When the shoot coming from the
bud grows vigorously the terminal shoot of the root stock is removed or cut off in two to
three steps as is deon in the case of shield budding. The after cases are the same as those
are in case of the methods.

Formation of Graft Union:

i) Freshly cut scion tissue is brought into intimate with freshly cut rootstock tissue in such a
manner that the regions of each are in close proximity. Temperature and humidity condition
must be such as to promote activity in the newly be posed and surrounding cells.
Temperature I n the range of activity in the range of 45 to 90 would be conductive to rapid
growth. The spring months are usually favorable when cambium region of the graft union
should be kept at a high level so that the thin- walled, turgid parenchymatous cells may not
desiccated and dried.

ii) The outer exposed layers or cells in the cambia region or both scion and stock,
parenchymatous cells in the soon intermingle and interlock this is commonly called as callus
tissue. In grafting scion on the established stocks, the stock produces most of the callus,
taking major part in filling up the gaps between the components. These parenchymatous
cells, composting the spongy callus tissue fill the space between the two components or
stock and scion, becoming interlocks and providing some mechanical support as well as
allowing for soak passage of water and nutrients from the stock into the scion.

iii) Certain cells of the newly formed callus which are in line with the cambium layer of the
intact scion differentiated into new cambium cells.

iv) These new cambium cells produce new vascular tissue, xylem, towards the inside and
phloem wares the outside, thus establishing a vascular connection between the scion and
rootstock, a requisite for a successful graft union, the newly formed camila sheath in the
callus bridge begins typical cambium activity, layering own new xylem and phloem along
with original vascular cambium of the stock and the scion, on through the life of the plant.

The new production of xylem and phloem and the establishment or vascular connection
between the scion and stock must occur before much new shoot growth takes place from
buds on the scion, otherwise the enlarging leaf surface on the scions will have little or no
water supply to offset the loss by transpiration and the scion will quickly desiccated and die.

Limits of Grafting and Budding

1. These are only possible in dicot plants.

2. Grafting in to different genus in the same family is possible e.g Trifoliate orange and
Mosabi (Poincicus and citrus) or Khirni and Sapota ( nonilifora and Acharus ).

3. Grafting in two different species within the same genus is possible e.g  Rangpur lime and
santra ( Citrus lemon X Citrus reticulta ).

4. Grafting in two different families is generally impossible. For successful union, cambium
tissue of both stock and scion should be in close contact and it is usually carried out during
the sap flowing condition of both. Cover the operated portion immediately with grafting
wax.