Our Parliament: An Introduction

Index
 Introduction
 Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
 Lok Sabha
 Important Parliamentary Terms

Introduction
 The term ‘Parliament’ is usually associated with the British system of parliamentary government,
a system which has influenced the development of representative assemblies in many parts of the
world.
 In pre-revolutionary France the word ‘Parlement’ was applied to courts of justice which were not
representative bodies at all. The word itself is derived from the Latin ‘parliamentum’ and the
French word ‘parler’ and originally meant a talk; and talking is, of course, what Parliaments do
most of the time.
 The origins of Parliaments and similar assemblies can be traced back to many centuries. They are
the central institutions of many systems of government. Although conceived in ancient times, they
seem to be infinitely adaptable and their numbers have proliferated and developed many forms in
modern times.
 The Indian Parliament has two Houses–Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha is Upper House
and represents the States of India while the Lok Sabha is Lower House. It is also called popular
House because it represents the people of India. The President is an integral part of the Parliament
though he is not a member of the either House.
 The Indian Parliament is the base of Indian Polity and Indian polity is an important part of
General Knowledge. So we are going to study both houses for enhance our knowledge about
Indian Parliamentary System.

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

1. When was the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) first

constituted?
 On 3 April 1952.

2. When did the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) meet for the first time?
 On 13 May 1952.

3. When was the Council of States named as Rajya Sabha in Hindi?

 On 23 August 1954. The Chairman, Rajya Sabha made an announcement in the House that
the Council of States would now be called ‘Rajya Sabha’ in Hindi.

4. Who was the first Chairman of Rajya Sabha?

 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan.

5. Who was the first Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha?

 Shri S.V.Krishnamoorthy Rao (31.5.1952 - 2.4.1956 & 25.4.1956 -
1.3.1962).

6. Who are the Chairmen of Rajya Sabha who have held office
consecutively for two terms?
 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was the first Chairman of Rajya Sabha for two
consecutive terms (13.5.1952 to 12.5.1962). The current Chairman, Shri Mohammad
Hamid Ansari is also continuing as the Vice-President of India for a second term
(11.08.2007 to 10.08.2012 and again from 11.08.2012 till date).

7. What is the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha?

 Two hundred and fifty (250), of which 238 are to be elected and 12 are to be nominated by
the President of India.

8. What is the actual strength of Rajya Sabha?

 Two hundred and forty five (245), of which 233 are elected and 12 are nominated.

9. How many members does each state have in Rajya Sabha?


S. No. States No. of seats
1. Uttar Pradesh 31
2. Maharashtra 19
3. Tamil Nadu 18
4. Bihar 16
5. West Bengal 16
6. Karnataka 12

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

7. Andhra Pradesh 11
8. Gujarat 11
9. Madhya Pradesh 11
10. Odisha 10
11. Rajasthan 10
12. Kerala 9
13. Assam 7
14. Punjab 7
15. Telangana 7
16. Jharkhand 6
17. Chhattisgarh 5
18. Haryana 5
19. Jammu and Kashmir 4
20. Himachal Pradesh 3
21. National Capital Territory of Delhi 3
22. Uttarakhand 3
23. Arunachal Pradesh 1
24. Goa 1
25. Manipur 1
26. Meghalaya 1
27. Mizoram 1
28. Nagaland 1
29. Puducherry 1
30. Sikkim 1
31. Tripura 1

10. Currently how many members are elected from Union territories?
 In total four members are elected from the Union territories (3 from Delhi and 1 from
Puducherry). Other Union territories are not represented in Rajya Sabha.

11. Why is Rajya Sabha called a permanent body?

 Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution; as nearly as possible, one-third of its members
retire every second year.

12. What is the term of a member of Rajya Sabha?

 It is six years; but a member elected in a bye-election serves for the remainder of the term
of the vacancy caused.

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

13. What is the quorum to constitute a meeting of Rajya Sabha?

 It is one-tenth of the total members of the House, i.e., 25 members.

14. Which is the party will maximum members in the House?

 Indian National Congress.

15. Who acts as the Chairman, Rajya Sabha?

 The Vice-President is the ex officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

16. How is the Vice-President of India elected?

 The Vice-President is elected by the members of an electoral
college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in
accordance with the system of proportional representation by
means of the single transferable vote.

17. What is the term of office of Vice-President of India?

 The Vice-President holds office for a term of five years from the
date on which he enters upon his office.

18. Currently who is the Chairman of Rajya Sabha?

 Shri Mohammad Hamid Ansari

19. How is the Deputy Chairman elected?

 The Deputy Chairman is elected by the members of Rajya Sabha from amongst its
members.

20. What are the responsibilities of the Deputy Chairman?

 While the office of Chairman is vacant, or during any period when the Vice-President is
acting as, or discharging the functions of the President, the duties of the office of the
Chairman are performed by the Deputy Chairman.

21. Currently who is the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha?

 Prof. P. J. Kurien

22. Who presides over the proceedings of the Rajya Sabha in the absence of both the
Chairman and the Deputy Chairman?
 Under Rule 8 of the of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya
Sabha),the Chairman, Rajya Sabha nominates six members on the panel of Vice-Chairmen,
one of whom presides over the House in the absence of both the Chairman and the Deputy
Chairman. When neither the Chairman nor the Deputy Chairman and none of the Vice
Chairmen is present to preside, the House may decide about any other member present to
preside.

23. Currently who is the Leader of the House?

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

 Shri Arun Jaitley

24. What are the responsibilities of the Leader of the House?

 Leader of the House plays an important role in drawing up the programme of official
business in the House. Normally, the Prime Minister nominates a Minister who is a member
of the Rajya Sabha as Leader of the House, but if the Prime Minister himself is a member of
Rajya Sabha, he will act as the Leader of the House.

25. Currently who is the Leader of the Opposition?

 Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad

26. Currently who is the Secretary-General of Rajya Sabha?

 Shri Shumsher K. Sheriff

27. How is the Secretary-General appointed?

 The Secretary-General is appointed by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha and holds a rank
equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary, the highest civil servant of the Union Government.

28. What is the role of the Secretary-General?

 He assists the Presiding Officers in conducting the proceedings of the House by giving them
advice and expert opinion. He does not participate in the debate except for reporting
messages from the Lok Sabha about Bills or any other matter. All notices under the rules
are addressed to him. He is the custodian of the records of the House. He prepares full
report of the proceedings of the House and also issues the List of Business for the day. He is
the administrative head of the Rajya Sabha Secretariat.

29. How are members of Rajya Sabha elected?

 Members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the Assemblies of States
and Union territories in accordance with the system of proportional representation by
means of the single transferable vote.

30. What are the requirements to become a member of Rajya Sabha?

 He should be a citizen of India above 30 years of age and possessing such other
qualifications as may be prescribed by law of Parliament.

31. Should a Member be a domicile of the State from which he is elected to Rajya Sabha?
 No. It is no longer essential. He has to be an elector in a parliamentary constituency
anywhere in India.

32. Are there nominated members in Rajya Sabha?

 Yes, there are twelve members nominated by the President of India from amongst persons
having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social
service.

33. Do the nominated members vote in the election of the Vice-President and the President?

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

 While the nominated members of Rajya Sabha have a right to vote in the election of the
Vice-President of India, they are not entitled to vote in the election of the President of India.

34. Who was the first woman nominated member of the Rajya Sabha?
 Smt. Rukmini Devi Arundale (1952-56 and 1956-62).

35. Who are the current nominated members in Rajya Sabha?

 Twelve (12)
1. Ms. Anu Aga,
2. Shri Mani Shankar Aiyar,
3. Shri Javed Akhtar,
4. Shri H.K. Dua,
5. Dr. Ashok S. Ganguly,
6. Smt. B. Jayashree,
7. Prof. Mrinal Miri,
8. Dr. Bhalchandra Mungekar,
9. Shri K. Parasaran,
10. Ms. Rekha,
11. Shri Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar and
12. Shri K.T.S. Tulsi

36. Currently how many members of Rajya Sabha are there in the Council of Ministers?
 Sixteen (16), they are
1. Shri Arun Jaitley,
2. Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu,
3. Shri Manohar Parrikar,
4. Shri Suresh Prabhu,
5. Dr. Najma A. Heptulla,
6. Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad,
7. Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda,
8. Shri Birender Singh,
9. Shri Thaawar Chand Gehlot,
10. Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani,
11. Shri Dharmendra Pradhan,
12. Shri Prakash Javadekar,
13. Shri Piyush Goyal,
14. Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman,
15. Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, and
16. Shri Y.S. Chowdary

37. Can a Minister who is a Member of Lok Sabha participate in the proceedings of Rajya
Sabha?
 A Minister who is a Member of Lok Sabha has the right to speak in and otherwise to take
part in the proceedings of Rajya Sabha but has no right to vote in Rajya Sabha and vice
versa.

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

38. Currently how many women members are there in Rajya Sabha and what is their
percentage?
 Thirty one(31), 12.7%

39. Who is currently the youngest member in Rajya Sabha?

 Shri Anubhav Mohanty

40. Who is currently the oldest member in Rajya Sabha?

 Shri Ram Jethmalani

41. Who is currently the longest serving member in Rajya

Sabha?
 Dr. Najma A. Heptulla

42. Among the current members of Rajya Sabha, who has the longest legislative experience?
 Shri Sharad Pawar

43. Who decides if the member is disqualified from being a member of Rajya Sabha?
 If any question arises as to whether a member of the House has become subject to
disqualification under article 102 (1), the question is referred for the decision of the
President and his decision is final. Before giving any decision on any such question, the
President obtains the opinion of the Election Commission of India and acts according to
such opinion. If under article 102 (2) any question arises as to whether a member of the
House has become subject to disqualification under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution,
the question is referred to the Chairman, Rajya Sabha and his decision is final.

44. What are the special powers of Rajya Sabha?

 Rajya Sabha being a federal chamber - representing States/Union territories, enjoys certain
special powers:
I. to empower Parliament to make laws in respect of any matter enumerated in the State List
in the national interest by adopting a resolution to this effect (article 249),
II. Creation of All India Services (article 312) and
III. approving Proclamations (issued under article 352 or article 356 or article 360) if the Lok
Sabha stand dissolved or the dissolution of the Lok Sabha takes place within the period
allowed for the approval of the Proclamation by Parliament.

45. What is the legislative relationship between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha?
 In legislative matters, Rajya Sabha enjoys almost equal powers with Lok Sabha, except in
the case of Money Bills where the latter has overriding powers. Such Bills cannot be
introduced in Rajya Sabha and are deemed to have been passed if these are not returned to
Lok Sabha within fourteen days.

46. Is any deadlock between the two Houses possible?

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 Yes. In the case of Bills, a disagreement between the two Houses may arise when a Bill
passed by one House is rejected by the other House; or the Houses have finally disagreed as
to the amendments to be made in the Bill; or more than six months lapse from the date of
the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it.

47. What is the mechanism for resolving the deadlock between the two Houses?
 A joint sitting of the Houses is convened for this purpose. In the case of Money Bills, there is
no question of a deadlock as the Rajya Sabha has a limited say in such matters. There is no
provision for a joint sitting in case of a deadlock over a Constitution Amendment Bill.

48. How many joint sittings of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha have been convened so
far?
 In the history of Parliament of India, there have been three occasions when both Houses of
Parliament held a joint sitting to resolve deadlock on Bills between them, i.e.,
I. 6 and 9 May 1961 on the Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1959;
II. 17 May 1978 on the Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill, 1977; and
III. 26 March 2002 on the Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002.

49. What are the different categories of Parliamentary Committees of Rajya Sabha?
 Parliamentary Committees of the Rajya Sabha may be categorized as ad hoc Committees
and Standing Committees.

50. What are ad hoc Committees?

 Ad hoc Committees are those Committees which may be constituted by the House or by the
Chairman or by the Presiding Officers of both Houses jointly to consider and report on
specific matters. Such Committees become functus officio as soon as they complete their
work. These Committees may be divided into two categories:
I. Select/Joint Committees on Bills constituted by the House(s) on specific motion to consider
and report on Bills; and
II. Committees which are constituted from time to time to enquire into and report on specific
subjects.

51. What are Standing Committees?

 Standing Committees are permanent Committees whose members are either elected by the
House or nominated by the Chairman every year or from time to time. These are: Business
Advisory Committee, General Purposes Committee, Committee on Government assurances,
House Committee, Committee on Petitions, Committee on Subordinate Legislation,
Committee on Papers Laid on the Table, Committee of Privileges, Committee on Rules,
Committee on Ethics, Committee on Provision of Computers to Members of Rajya Sabha,
Committee on Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme and the
Department-related Standing Committees.

52. What are Department-related Standing Committees?

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 DRSCs were set up in 1993 to scrutinize the functioning of the various Ministries/
Departments of the Union Government assigned to them in order to further strengthen the
accountability of the Government to Parliament.

53. How many DRSCs have been constituted?

 Twenty-four DRSCs have been constituted consisting of not more than thirty-one members,
out of which twenty-one members are nominated by the Speaker, Lok Sabha and ten
members are nominated by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha.

54. How many DRSCs are there under the jurisdiction of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha?
 Eight DRSCs function under the control and direction of the Chairman, Rajya Sabha, while
sixteen such Committees function under the control and direction of the Speaker, Lok
Sabha.

55. Which are the DRSCs under Rajya Sabha and the Ministries/ Departments under their
purview?


S. No. Name of the Committee Ministries/ Departments

1. Committee on Commerce Commerce and Industry
2. Committee on Home Affairs 1. Home Affairs
2. Development of North-Eastern Region
3. Committee on Human Resource 1. Human Resource Development
Development 2. Youth Affairs and Sports
3. Women and Child Development
4. Committee on Industry 1. Heavy Industries and Public
Enterprises
2. Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
(MSME)
5. Committee on Science & 1. Science and Technology
Technology, Environment & 2. Space
Forests 3. Earth Sciences
4. Atomic Energy
5. Environment, Forests
& Climate Change
6. Committee on Transport, 1. Civil Aviation
Tourism & Culture 2. Road Transport and Highways
3. Shipping
4. Culture
5. Tourism
7. Committee on Health and Family 1. Health and Family Welfare
Welfare 2. Ayurveda,Yoga and Naturopathy,
Unani,Siddha and Homoeopathy

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

(AYUSH)
8. Committee on Personnel, Public 1. Law and Justice
Grievances, Law & Justice 2. Personnel, Public Grievances and
Pensions

56. What are the functions of the Committee on Ethics?

 Under Rule 290 of the Rule of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States,
the Committee on Ethics has the following functions:
(i) to oversee the moral and ethical conduct of members:
(ii) to prepare a Code of Conduct for members and to suggest amendments or additions to
the Code from time to time in the form of reports to the Council;
(iii) to examine cases concerning the alleged breach of the Code of Conduct by members as
also cases concerning allegations of any other ethical misconduct of members; and
(iv) to tender advice to members from time to time on questions involving ethical standards
either suo motu or on receiving specific requests.

57. What sanctions the Committee on Ethics can impose on proved unethical behavior or
misconduct of a member?
 The Committee may recommend imposition of one or more of the following sanctions, viz.
I. censure;
II. reprimand;
III. suspension from the Council for a specific period; and
IV. any other sanction determined by the Committee to be appropriate.

58. What is a Bill?

 A Bill is a legislative proposal brought before the House for its approval.

59. What are the types of Bills?

 The Bills initiated by Ministers are called Government Bills and those introduced by
Members who are not Ministers, are known as Private Members’ Bills. Depending on their
contents, Bills may further be classified broadly into
(a) Original Bills (Bills embodying new proposals, ideas or policies);
(b) Amending Bills (Bills which seek to modify, amend or revise the existing Acts);
(c) Consolidating Bills (Bills which seek to consolidate existing laws on a particular subject;
(d) Expiring Laws (Continuance) Bills (Bills to continue an expiring Act);
(e) Repealing Bills (Bills seeking to repeal existing Acts);
(f) Bills to replace Ordinances;
(g) Constitution (Amendment) Bills; and
(h) Money and Financial Bills.

60. What is the difference between a Bill and an Act?

 A Bill passed by both Houses of Parliament becomes an Act only after it has been assented
to by the President.

61. Who decides whether a Bill is an ordinary Bill or a Money Bill?

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 In case any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker,
Lok Sabha, thereon, is final. When a Bill is held to be a Money Bill, the Speaker endorses a
certificate thereon duly signed by the Speaker to that effect that it is a Money Bill before the
Bill is sent to the Rajya Sabha or presented to the President for assent.

62. What are the steps involved in the passage of a Bill?

 A Bill while being considered has to undergo three stages in each House of Parliament. The
first stage is the Introduction, which is done on a motion moved by either a Minister or a
Member.
 During the second stage any of the following motions can be moved: that the Bill be taken
into consideration; or that it be referred to a Select Committee of Rajya Sabha; or that it be
referred to a Joint Committee of the two Houses; or that it be circulated for the purpose of
eliciting opinion thereon. Thereafter, the Bill is taken up for the clause-by-clause
consideration as introduced or as reported by the Select/Joint Committee.
 The third stage is confined to the discussion on the motion that the Bill be passed and the
Bill is passed/rejected either by voting or voice vote (or returned to Lok Sabha, in the case
of a Money Bill).

63. Does the Chairman have a right to cast a vote?

 The Chairman has a casting vote in the case of an equality of votes.

64. What are the methods of voting in Rajya Sabha?

 In Rajya Sabha, generally four methods of voting are adopted: Voice vote, Counting,
Division by automatic vote recorder and Division by going into the Lobbies

65. What are the effects of dissolution of Lok Sabha on the Business of Rajya Sabha?
 I. Bills originating in Rajya Sabha which are still pending in that House do not lapse on the
dissolution of Lok Sabha.
II. Bills originating in Rajya Sabha which having been passed by the House and transmitted to
Lok Sabha and pending there lapse on the dissolution of Lok Sabha.
III. Bills originating in Lok Sabha which having been passed by that House and transmitted to
Rajya Sabha and still pending there on the date of dissolution of Lok Sabha, lapse.
IV. Bills originating in Rajya Sabha and returned to that House by Lok Sabha with amendments
and still pending there on the date of its dissolution, lapse.
V. A Bill upon which the Houses have disagreed and the President has notified his intention to
summon a Joint Sitting of the Houses to consider the Bill prior to dissolution does not lapse
on dissolution of Lok Sabha.
VI. A Bill passed by the two Houses of Parliament and sent to the President for assent does not
lapse on the dissolution of Lok Sabha.
VII. A Bill returned by the President to Rajya Sabha for reconsideration of the Houses does not
lapse if the dissolution of Lok Sabha takes place without the Houses having considered the
Bill

66. What is Calling Attention?

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 Rule 180 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Rajya Sabha provides that a
Member may with the previous permission of the Chairman call the attention of a Minister
to any matter of urgent public importance and the Minister may make a brief statement or
ask for time to make a statement at a later hour or date. The Calling Attention is an Indian
innovation in the parliamentary procedure.

67. What is Special Mention?

 Under Rules 180A - 180E, a Member may mention a matter of public importance in the
House; he has to give a notice in writing along with the text of the matter to be raised not
exceeding 250 words. No member is permitted to make more than one Special Mention
during a week.

68. What is a Motion?

 Rules 167-174 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Rajya Sabha provide
that no discussion on a matter of general public interest shall take place except on a motion
made with the consent of the Chairman.
 The term ‘motion’ in parliamentary parlance means any proposal made for the purpose of
eliciting a decision of the House. It is phrased in such a way that, if passed, it will purport to
express the will of the House.

69. What is No-Day-Yet-Named-Motion?

 If the Chairman admits notice of a motion and no date is fixed for the discussion on such a
motion, it is immediately notified in the Bulletin Pt. II under the heading ‘No-Day-Yet-
Named-Motion’ Date and time is allotted for discussion on such motions by the Chairman,
in consultation with the Leader of the House after taking into consideration the state of
business before the House.

70. What is a Resolution?

 The House declares its own opinions and purposes by its resolutions. Every question, when
agreed to, by the House, assumes the form of either a resolution or an order.
 Resolutions may be categorized as: Private Members’ Resolutions (which are moved by a
member not a Minister); Government Resolutions (which are moved by Ministers); and
Statutory Resolutions (which are moved in pursuance of a provision contained in the
Constitution or an Act of Parliament).

71. What is the President's Address?

 The President of India addresses both Houses of Parliament assembled together at the
commencement of the first session after a new Lok Sabha has been constituted and also at
the commencement of first session each year. The matters referred to in the President’s
Address to the Houses are discussed on a Motion of Thanks moved by a Member and
seconded by another Member.

72. How does a member ask a question in Rajya Sabha?

 He has to give a notice about it on a prescribed form at least 15 days before he wants to ask
question.

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73. What are starred and unstarred questions?

 A question for which an oral answer is desired by a member is distinguished by an asterisk
and is called a starred question. A question without an asterisk is called unstarred and is
admitted for written answers.

74. Who decides the admissibility of questions?

 The Chairman, Rajya Sabha decides whether a question or a part thereof is or is not
admissible.

75. What is the total limit of questions admitted for a particular day?
 The total number of questions to be admitted for any one day shall be limited to 175, of
which 15 would be for oral answers and 160 for written answers.

76. What is a Parliamentary Forum? At present, how many such forums are there?
 A Parliamentary Forum is a group of Members of Parliament who are nominated by the
Speaker, Lok Sabha and the Chairman, Rajya Sabha, as the case may be, from amongst the
Leaders of various Political Parties/Groups or their nominees who have special
knowledge/keen interest in the subject. Each Forum consists of not more than 31 Members
(excluding the President and ex officio Vice-Presidents) out of whom not more than 21 are
from Lok Sabha and not more than 10 are from Rajya Sabha. There are at present eight
Parliamentary Fora, viz.
I. Parliamentary Forum on Water Conservation and Management;
II. Parliamentary Forum on Children;
III. Parliamentary Forum on Youth;
IV. Parliamentary Forum on Population and Public Health;
V. Parliamentary Forum on Global Warming and Climate Change;
VI. Parliamentary Forum on Disaster Management;
VII. Parliamentary Forum on Artisans and Craftspeople and
VIII. Parliamentary Forum on Millennium Development Goals.

77. How are the forums distinct from the Parliamentary Committees?
 Unlike the Department-related Committees which are governed by the Rules of Procedure,
these forums are governed by a separate set of guidelines issued by the Speaker, Lok Sabha
in consultation with the Chairman, Rajya Sabha.

78. Where do I get more information about Rajya Sabha?

 Visit the Rajya Sabha website: (http://rajyasabha.nic.in) or ask me 

79. Whether the functioning of Rajya Sabha Secretariat comes under the purview of the
Right to Information Act, 2005?
 Yes, functioning of the Rajya Sabha Secretariat comes under the purview of the Right to
Information Act, 2005. To facilitate the supply of information to anyone desirous of getting
it, the Chairman, Rajya Sabha has made rules for the Secretariat as per Section 28 of the Act.

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

80. Who are the persons to be contacted and what are their details?
 Contact Persons in this regard are as follows:-
Shri K. P. Singh,
Director (PPG) & CPIO,
Room No. 006, Ground Floor, Parliament House Annexe,
New Delhi-110001
Tel. No. 011-23034543, 23792819
Residence No. 011-46061961
kp.singh@sansad.nic.in

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

Lok Sabha

1. No. of MPs in Sixteenth Lok Sabha

 543

2. No. of male MPs

 477

3. No. of woman MPs

 66

4. Oldest MP
 Shri Lal Krishna Advani, Age - 87 (D.O.B. - 08.11.1927)

5. Youngest MP
 Shri Dushyant Chautala, Age-27 (D.O.B. - 03.04.1988)

6. When was the Lok Sabha (the House of the People) first
constituted?
 The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted
for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General
Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.

7. When was the first Session of the Lok Sabha held?

 The first Session of the First Lok Sabha commenced on 13 May 1952.

8. Why is the Lok Sabha called the popular chamber?

 The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct election on
the basis of adult suffrage. That is why it is called the popular chamber.

9. How many General Elections to the Lok Sabha have been held till date?
 As many as sixteen General Elections to the Lok Sabha have been held till date.
1. The first General Elections were held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952;
2. The second from 24 February to 14 March 1957;
3. The third from 19 to 25 February 1962;
4. The fourth from 17 to 21 February 1967;
5. The fifth from 1 to 10 March 1971;
6. The sixth from 16 to 20 March 1977;
7. The seventh from 3 to 6 January 1980;
8. The eighth from 24 to 28 December 1984;
9. The ninth from 22 to 26 November 1989;
10. The tenth from 20 May to 15 June 1991;
11. The eleventh from 27 April to 30 May 1996;
12. The twelfth from 16 to 23 February 1998;
13. The thirteenth from 5 September to 6 October 1999;

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

14. The fourteenth from 20 April to 10 May 2004;

15. The fifteenth from 16 April to 13 May 2009 and
16. The sixteenth General Elections from 7 April 2014 to 12 May
2014.

10. Who was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha?

 Shri G.V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May
1952- 27 February 1956).

11. Who was the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha?

 Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker of
Lok Sabha (30 May 1952-7 March 1956).

12. What is the strength of the Lok Sabha as prescribed in the Constitution?
 The Lok Sabha, as per the Constitution, consists of not more than five hundred and thirty
Members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the States, not more
than twenty Members to represent the Union Territories [Article 81] and not more than
two Members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the President, if he/she
is of the opinion that the Anglo-Indian Community is not adequately represented in the Lok
Sabha [Article 331]. The limit on the maximum number of Members chosen directly from
territorial constituencies in States may be exceeded if such an increase is incidental to the
reorganisation of States by an Act of Parliament.

13. What is the life of the Lok Sabha?

 Unless sooner dissolved by the President, the Lok Sabha continues for five years from the
date appointed for its first meeting and no longer, as the expiration of the period of five
years operates as a dissolution of the House. However, while a Proclamation of Emergency
is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law for a period not
exceeding one year at a time and not exceeding in any case beyond a period of six months
after the Proclamation has ceased to operate.

14. What is the quorum to constitute a sitting of the Lok Sabha?

 The quorum to constitute a sitting of the House is one-tenth of the total number of
Members of the House under article 100(3) of the Constitution.

15. Which is the party having the largest number of Members in the Sixteenth Lok Sabha?
 The Bharatiya Janata Party having 282 Members is the largest party in the Sixteenth Lok
Sabha followed by the Indian National Congress having 44 Members.

16. Who is the Presiding Officer of the Lok Sabha?

 The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are the Presiding Officers of the Lok Sabha.

17. What is the term of Office of the Speaker?

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 The Speaker continues in office till immediately before the first meeting of Lok Sabha after
dissolution of the one to which he/she was elected, unless he/she ceases to be a Member
by any of the reasons specified in articles 94, 101 and 102 of the Constitution.

18. Who presides over the Lok Sabha when the Speaker is absent from the sitting of the
House?
 The Deputy Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha when the Speaker is absent from the
sitting of the House.

19. Who presides over the Lok Sabha when both the Speaker's and the Deputy Speaker's
offices fall vacant?
 When the Offices of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker fall vacant, the duties of the
Office of the Speaker are performed by such Member of the Lok Sabha as the President may
appoint for the purpose. The person so appointed is known as the Speaker pro tem.

20. Who presides over the House in the absence of both the Speaker and the Deputy
Speaker?
 The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha provide that at the
commencement of the House or from time to time, as the case may be, the Speaker shall
nominate from amongst the Members a Panel of not more than ten Chairpersons, any one
of whom may preside over the House in the absence of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker
when so requested by the Speaker or, in the absence of the Speaker, by the Deputy Speaker.
A Chairperson so nominated, holds office until a new Panel of Chairpersons is nominated,
unless he/she resigns earlier from the Panel or is appointed a Minister or elected as Deputy
Speaker.

21. Who is the present Speaker of the Lok Sabha?

 Smt. Sumitra Mahajan.

22. Who is the present Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha?

 Dr. M. Thambi Durai

23. Who is the Leader of the House in the Sixteenth Lok Sabha?
 Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi.

24. Who is the Leader of the Opposition in the Sixteenth Lok Sabha?
 No Leader of the Opposition has been recognised by the Hon’ble Speaker in the 16thLok
Sabha. (as on 19.05.2015)

25. Who is the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha?

 Shri Anoop Mishra.

26. How are the Members of the Lok Sabha elected?

 The Members of the Lok Sabha are elected through General Elections, held on the basisof
universal adult suffrage. Parliament, from time to time, by law makes provision with

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the Lok Sabha,
including the preparation of electoral rolls, the delimitation of constituencies and all other
matters necessary for securing the due constitution of the Lok Sabha. When the seat of a
Member elected to the House becomes vacant or is declared vacant, or his/her election is
declared void, the same is filled through bye-election.

27. What are the qualifications to become a Member of the Lok Sabha?
 To become a member of the Lok Sabha, a person should be a citizen of India, not less than
25 years of age and possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by or under any
law made by Parliament [Art. 84]

28. Who are the nominated Members of the Sixteenth Lok Sabha?
 Prof. Richard Hay and Shri George Baker have been nominated to Lok Sabha under article
331 of the Constitution by the President to represent the Anglo-Indian Community.

29. Who is the longest serving Member in the Sixteenth Lok Sabha?
 Shri Kamal Nath and Shri Ram Vilas Paswan and Shri Purno Agitok Sangma are the longest
serving Members in the Sixteenth Lok Sabha.

30. Which Member of the Lok Sabha has become the Speaker of the House in his very first
term?
 The Members of the Lok Sabha who became the Speaker of the House in their first term
itself are:

S.No Name of the Speaker Period Lok Sabha

1. Shri Ganesh Vasudev 15.5.1952 to First
Mavalankar 27.2.1956
2. Shri M. Ananthasayanam 8.3.1956 to First *
Ayyangar 10.5.1957
3. Dr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17.3.1967 to Fourth
19.7.1969
4. Dr. Gurdial Singh Dhillon 8.8.1969 to Fourth **
19.3.1971
5. Shri Kawdoor Sadananda Hegde 21.7.1977 to Sixth
21.1.1980
6. Dr. Bal Ram Jakhar 22.1.1980 to Seventh
15.1.1985
7. Shri Manohar Joshi 10.5.2002 to Thirteenth
2.6.2004

* Shri M.A. Ayyangar became the Speaker in the first Lok Sabha due to the sudden demise
of the then Speaker, Shri G.V. Mavalankar
** Following the resignation of the then Speaker, Dr. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy to contest the
Presidential elections, Dr.G.S. Dhillon was unanimously elected as the Speaker of the
Lok Sabha on 8 August 1969.

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

31. What are the powers of Lok Sabha relating to Money Bills?
 A Bill is deemed to be a 'Money Bill' if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of
the following matters:
(a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
(b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or giving of any guarantee by the Government
of India, or the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations
undertaken or to be undertaken by the Government of India;
(c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of
moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund;
(d) the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
(e) the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of
India or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure;
(f) the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account
of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union
or of a State; or
(g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) [Art.110].
 A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot make
amendments in a Money Bill passed by the Lok Sabha and transmitted to it. It can, however,
recommend amendments in a Money Bill. It is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject any
or all of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha with regard to a Money Bill. If the Lok
Sabha accepts any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Money Bill is deemed to
have been passed by both Houses with amendments recommended by the Rajya Sabha and
accepted by the Lok Sabha and if the Lok Sabha does not accept any of the
recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by
both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha without any of the
amendments recommended by the Rajya Sabha. If a Money Bill passed by the Lok Sabha
and transmitted to the Rajya Sabha is not returned to the Lok Sabha within the period of
fourteen days, it is deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said
period in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha.

32. Who presides over the joint sitting of the two Houses?
 The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint sitting of the two Houses. [Article
118(4)]

33. Does the Speaker have the right to vote?

 The Speaker has a casting vote in the event of a tie. It is customary for the Presiding Officer
to exercise the casting vote in such a manner as to maintain the status quo.

34. How many Sessions of the Lok Sabha are held in a year?
 Normally three Sessions of the Lok Sabha are held in a year, viz.,
 Budget Session - February - May
 Autumn or Monsoon Session - July - August
 Winter Session - November – December

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35. What is meant by Adjournment, Prorogation and Dissolution of the Lok Sabha?
 "Adjournment" is a postponement of the sitting or proceedings of the House from one time
to another specified for the reassembling of the House. During the course of a Session, the
Lok Sabha may be adjourned from day to day or for more than a day. It may also be
adjourned sine die which means the termination of a sitting of the House without any
definite date being fixed for its next sitting.
 "Prorogation" means the termination of a Session of the House by an order made by the
President under article 85(2)(a) of the Constitution. The Prorogation of the House may take
place any time, even while the House is sitting. However, usually, prorogation follows the
adjournment of the sitting of the House sine die.
 "Dissolution" of the House means the end of the life of the Lok Sabha either by an order
made by the President under article 85 (2) (b) of the Constitution or on the expiration of
the period of five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. Dissolution puts an
end to the representative character of the individuals who at the time compose the Lok
Sabha.
 On adjournment of the Lok Sabha or its adjournment sine die, the pending business does
not lapse. Bills pending before either House or Select/Joint Committee, Motions,
Resolutions, and amendments which have already been moved and pending in the House,
and business pending before a Parliamentary Committee do not lapse on prorogation
whereas all business pending before the House or any of its Committee lapse on
dissolution. Prorogation terminates a Session and does not constitute an interruption in the
continuity of life of the Lok Sabha which is brought to an end only by dissolution.

36. What are the methods of voting in the Lok Sabha?

 The procedure regarding Voting and Divisions in the House is governed by article 100(1) of
the Constitution and Rules 367, 367A, 367AA and 367B of the Rules of Procedure and
Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. The various methods adopted for voting in the Lok
Sabha are:
(i) Voice Vote: It is a simple method for deciding a question put by the Chair on a motion
made by a Member. Under this method, the question before the House is determined by
the `Ayes' or the `Noes', as the case may be.
(ii) Division: There are three methods of holding a Division, i.e. (a) byoperating the
Automatic Vote Recording Equipment; (b) by distributing `Ayes' and `Noes' slips in the
House; and (c) by Members going into the Lobbies. However, the method of recording of
votes in the Lobbies has become obsolete ever since the installation of the Automatic
Vote Recording Machine.
(iii) Secret Ballot: During an 'open' voting period, the individual results are shown by the
three Colours: Green for ‘Ayes’, Red for ‘Noes’ and Yellow for ‘Abstain’ on the Individual
Result Display Panel. Secret voting, if any, is held on similar lines except that the Light
Emitting Diode (LED) on the Individual Result Display Panel flashes only white light to
show that the vote has been recorded.
(iv) Recording of votes by distribution of slips: The method of recording of votes by
Members on `Ayes' and `Noes' slips is generally resorted to in the eventuality of (i)
sudden failure of the working of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment; and (ii) at the

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

commencement of the new Lok Sabha, before the seats/division numbers have been
allotted to Members.
(v) Physical count of Members in their places instead of a formal division: If in the
opinion of the Chair, a Division is unnecessarily claimed, he/she may ask the Members
who are for `Ayes' and those for `Noes', respectively, to rise in their places and on a count
being taken, he/she may declare the determination of the House. In such a case, the
particulars of voting of the Members are not recorded.
(vi) Casting Vote: If in a Division the number of `Ayes' and `Noes' is equal, the question is
decided by the casting vote of the Chair. Under the Constitution, the Speaker or the
person acting as such cannot vote in a Division; he/she has only a casting vote which
he/she must exercise in the case of equality of votes.

37. What is Question Hour?

 Rule32 of the “Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha” provides that
unless the Speaker otherwise directs, the first hour of every sitting of the House shall be
available for the asking and answering of Questions. Thus, it is taken up from 1100hrs to
1200 hrs in every sitting. Normally, there is no Question Hour during the first Session of the
new Lok Sabha and also on the day when the President addresses both houses assembled
together or on the day when General Budget is presented in Lok Sabha and on the sittings
held during the extended period of session or on Saturdays/Sundays and Holidays.

38. What is a Parliamentary Question?

 Question is one of the important Parliamentary devices available to the Members to seek
information on a matter of urgent public importance subject to conditions imposed by the
Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and the Directions by the
Speaker. A Member may ask question for the purpose of obtaining information on a subject
matter of public importance within the special cognizance of the minister to whom it is
addressed.

39. What are the different types of Questions?

 There are basically four types of Questions:-
 Starred: A Member who desires an oral answer to his question is required to distinguish it
by an asterix. Maximum 20 Questions are included in the list of Starred Questions for a
particular day. This is printed on green paper. Minimum of 15 clear days notice is required
for tabling Starred Questions. The Questions not orally answered in the Starred list of
questions are treated as Unstarred Questions and their replies are laid on the Table of the
House.
 Unstarred: These do not carry the asterix mark and are meant for obtaining written reply.
Not more than 230 Questions can be placed on the Unstarred list for a particular sitting.
This list is printed on white paper. Minimum 15 clear days notice is required for tabling
Unstarred Questions. Written answers given by the Ministers are deemed to have been laid
on the Table of the House at the end of Question Hour.
 Short Notice Question: Question can also be asked on a matter of urgent public
importance at a notice of less than ten clear days. The list of admitted SNQ is printed on a
pink paper. The procedure of SNQ is regulated by Rule 54 and the basic test for its

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

admissibility is the urgency of matter. SNQ is asked and answered soon after the Question
Hour.
 Question to Private Members: A Question may also be addressed to a Private Member
under Rule 40 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, which
provides that the subject matter of the question should be related to some Bill, Resolution
or other matter connected with the Business of the House for which that Member is
responsible. For instance, the Questions which relates to matters under the purview of
Parliamentary Committees can be addressed to respective Chairperson. Similarly, Members
piloting Private Members Bills and Resolutions can be addressed questions, which are
within cognizance of them under this provision. The procedure in regard to such questions
is the same as that followed in the case of questions addressed to a Minister with such
variations as the Speaker may consider necessary.

40. What is the maximum number of Questions admitted for a particular day?
 The maximum number of Questions to be placed on the list of Questions for oral answers
(Starred Question) on a particular day is 20, while the maximum number of questions to be
placed on the list of Unstarred Question is 230. However, the number of Unstarred
Questions may exceed by a maximum of 25 Questions pertaining to State/States under
President’s Rule.

41. Whether there is any restriction regarding the number of notices that each Member may
give with regard to Questions?
 A Member is permitted to give not more than 10 notices of Questions both Starred and
Unstarred combined for any day.

42. Who decides the admissibility of Questions?

 Admissibility of questions is governed by Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in
Lok Sabha, Directions by the Speaker as also the past precedents.

43. What is an Half-an-Hour Discussion?

 Another instrument available to the Members of Lok Sabha for raising issue of public
importance is the Half-an-Hour Discussion. Under this, a Member may raise discussion on a
matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question,
Starred, Unstarred or Short Notice Question and the answer to which needs further
elucidation on a matter of fact.

44. When a Half-an-Hour Discussion is taken up?

 Half-an-Hour Discussions are normally held on three sittings in a week namely, Monday,
Wednesday and Friday. Normally, Half-an-Hour Discussion is not held on the first sitting of
the session. Further, normally the Half-an-Hour Discussion is not held till the passage of the
Finance Bill by the House. As the name suggests, normally the discussion is for half an hour
on the said days and is taken up during the last half an hour of the sitting.

45. What is Budget?

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 Budget is the `Annual Financial Statement' or the Statement of the Estimated Receipts and
Expenditure of the Government of India in respect of each financial year, presented to the
Lok Sabha on such day as the President may direct. A copy of the Budget is laid in the Rajya
Sabha soon after its presentation in the Lok Sabha. The preparation and presentation of the
Budget for the approval of the Legislature is a constitutional obligation on the part of the
Government, both at the Centre and in the States.

46. When is the Budget Session of Parliament held?

 The Budget Session of Parliament is normally held during February to May of the year.
During this period, the Budget comes before the Parliament for its deliberation, voting and
approval; the Departmentally related Standing Committees consider the Demands for
Grants of Ministries/Departments and report on the same to the Houses of Parliament.

47. Who presents the Budget in the House?

 Two types of Budgets are usually presented in the House namely, the General Budget and
the Railway Budget. The General Budget is presented by the Minister of Finance and the
Railway Budget by the Minister of Railways.

48. What is a Calling Attention?

 Under this procedural device, a Member may, with the prior permission of the Speaker, call
the attention of a Minister to any matter of urgent public importance and the Minister may
make a brief statement thereon. There shall be no debate on such a statement at the time it
is made. After the statement, brief clarifications can be sought from the Minister by the
Member who has initiated the Calling Attention and other Members whose names appear
in the List of Business are called by the Speaker. Only those matters which are primarily the
concern of the Union Government can be raised through a Calling Attention notice. The
Calling Attention procedure is an Indian innovation which combines asking a question with
supplementaries and making brief comments; the Government also gets adequate
opportunity to state its case. The Calling Attention matter is not subject to the vote of the
House.

49. What is a Motion?

 The term `motion' in parliamentary parlance means any formal proposal made to the
House by a Member for the purpose of eliciting a decision of the House. It is phrased in such
a way that, if adopted, it will purport to express the judgement or will of the House. Any
matter of importance can be the subject matter of a motion. The mover of a motion frames
it in a form in which he/she wishes it ultimately to be passed by the House and on which a
vote of the House can conveniently be taken.

50. What are the different types of Motions?

 Motions may be classified into three broad categories, namely, substantive motions,
substitute motions and subsidiary motions.
 A substantive motion is a self-contained, independent proposal made in reference to a
subject which the mover wishes to bring forward. All Resolutions, Motions for election of

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, and Motion of Thanks on the Address by the President,
etc. are examples of substantive motions.
 A substitute motion, as its name suggests, is moved in substitution of the original motion
for taking into consideration a policy or situation or statement or any other matter.
Amendments to substitute motions are not permissible.
 Subsidiary motions depend upon or relate to other motions or follow up on some
proceedings in the House. By itself, a subsidiary motion has no meaning and is not capable
of stating the decision of the House without reference to the original motion or the
proceedings of the House.

51. What is an Adjournment Motion?

 Adjournment Motion is the procedure for adjournment of the business of the House for the
purpose of discussing a definite matter of urgent public importance, which can be moved
with the consent of the Speaker. The Adjournment Motion, if admitted, leads to setting
aside of the normal business of the House for discussing the matter mentioned in the
motion. To be in order, an adjournment motion must raise a matter of sufficient public
importance to warrant interruption of normal business of the House and the question of
public importance is decided on merit in each individual case. The purpose of an
Adjournment Motion is to take the Government to task for a recent act of omission or
commission having serious consequences. Its adoption is regarded as a sort of censure of
the Government.

52. What is a Motion of No-confidence?

 The Government must always enjoy majority support in the popular House to remain in
power. If need be, it has to demonstrate its strength on the floor of the House by moving a
Motion of Confidence and winning the confidence of the House. In view of the express
Constitutional provision regarding collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to
the Lok Sabha, a motion expressing want of confidence in an individual Minister is out of
order; under the Rules, only a motion expressing want of confidence in the Council of
Ministers as a body is admissible. Rule 198 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of
Business in Lok Sabha lays down the procedure for moving a Motion of No-Confidence in
the Council of Ministers. The usual format of such a motion is that "this House expresses its
want of confidence in the Council of Ministers". A Motion of No-confidence need not set out
any grounds on which it is based. Even when grounds are mentioned in the notice and read
out in the House, they do not form part of the No-confidence Motion.

53. What is a No-Day-Yet-Named Motion?

 If the Speaker admits notice of a motion and no date is fixed for its discussion, it is called a
"No-Day-yet-Named Motion" and a copy of the admitted motion is forwarded to the
Minister concerned with the subject matter of the motion.
 Admitted notices of such motions may be placed before the Business Advisory Committee
for selecting the motions for discussion in the House according to the urgency and
importance of the subject-matter thereof, and allotting time for the same.

54. What is meant by a Discussion under Rule 193?

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 Discussion under Rule 193 does not involve a formal motion before the House. Hence no
voting can take place after discussion on matters under this rule. The Member who gives
notice may make a short statement and such of the Members as have previously intimated
to the Speaker, may be permitted to take part in the discussion. The Member who raises the
discussion has no right of reply. At the end of the discussion, the Minister concerned gives a
brief reply.

55. What is a Short Duration Discussion?

 In order to provide opportunities to Members to discuss matters of urgent public
importance, a convention was established in March 1953 which was incorporated later into
the Rules of Procedure and conduct of Business in Lok Sabha under Rule 193 as Short
Duration Discussion. Under this Rule, Members can raise discussion for short durations
without a formal motion or vote thereon.

56. What is meant by matters under Rule 377?

 Matters, which are not points of order can be raised by way of Special Mentions under Rule
377. This procedural device, framed in 1954, provides opportunity to the Members to raise
matters of general public interest. At present, the number of matters that can be raised by
Members under rule 377 on a single day is 20.

57. What is ‘Zero Hour’?

 The time immediately following the Question Hour and laying of papers and before any
listed business is taken up in the House has come to be popularly known as the `Zero Hour'.
As it starts around 12 noon, this period is euphemistically termed as `Zero Hour'. For
raising matters during the ‘Zero Hour’ in Lok Sabha, Members give notice between 8.30
a.m. and 9.00 a.m. everyday to the Speaker stating clearly the subject which they consider
to be important and wish to raise in the House. It is, of course, for the Speaker to allow or
not to allow for raising such matters in the House. The term `Zero Hour' is not formally
recognised in our parliamentary procedure.

58. How many matters are allowed to be raised under ‘Zero Hour’?
 At present, twenty matters per day as per their priority in the ballot are allowed to be
raised during "Zero Hour". The order in which the matters will be raised is decided by the
Speaker at his/her discretion. In the first phase, 5 matters of urgent national and
international importance, as decided by the Chair, are taken up after Question Hour and
laying of papers, etc. In the second phase, the remaining admitted matters of urgent public
importance are taken up after 6.00 P.M. or at the end of the regular business of the House.
However, since there is no provision in the rules regarding ‘Zero Hour’, hence there is no
maximum limit on the number of matters that can be raised on any given day.

59. What is a Resolution?

 A Resolution is a formal expression of the sense, will or action of the Legislative Body.
Resolutions may be broadly divided into three categories:

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 Resolutions which are expression of opinion by the House: Since the purpose of such a
Resolution is merely to obtain an expression of opinion of the House, the Government is not
bound to give effect to the opinions expressed in these Resolutions.
 Resolutions which have statutory effect: The notice of a Statutory Resolution is given in
pursuance of a provision in the Constitution or an Act of Parliament. Such a Resolution, if
adopted, is binding on the Government and has the force of law.
 Resolutions which the House passes in the matter of control over its own proceedings: It
has the force of law and its validity cannot be challenged in any court of law. The House, by
such a Resolution, evolves, sometimes, its own procedure to meet a situation not
specifically provided for in the Rules.

60. What is a Point of Order?

 A Point of Order relates to the interpretation or enforcement of the Rules of Procedure and
Conduct of Business in the House or convention or such Articles of the Constitution as
regulate the business of the House and raises a question which is within the cognizance of
the Speaker.
 A Point of Order may be raised only in relation to the business before the House at the
moment, provided that the Speaker may permit a Member to raise a Point of Order during
the interval between the termination of one item of business and the commencement of
another if it relates to maintenance of order in, or arrangement of business before, the
House. A Member may formulate a Point of Order and the Speaker shall decide whether the
point raised is a Point of Order and if so give the decision thereon, which is final.

61. Does the Speaker have the power to adjourn the House or suspend the sitting?
 Under Rule 375, in the case of a grave disorder arising in the House, the Speaker may, if
thinks it necessary to do so, adjourn the House or suspend any sitting for a time to be
named by the Speaker.

62. When does the President address the Parliament?

 The Constitution provides for an Address by the President to either House or both Houses
assembled together [Article 86(1)]. The Constitution also makes incumbent upon the
President to address both Houses of Parliament assembled together at the commencement
of the first Session after each General Election to the Lok Sabha and at the commencement
of the first Session each year and inform Parliament of the causes of its summons. [Article
87(1)]. The matters referred to in the Address by the President to the Houses are discussed
on a Motion of Thanks moved by a Member and seconded by another Member.

63. Can Members raise questions on the Address by the President?

 No Member can raise questions on the Address by the President. Any action on the part of a
Member which mars the occasion or creates disturbance is punishable by the House to
which that Member belongs. Discussion on matters referred to in the Address takes place
on a Motion of Thanks moved by a Member and seconded by another Member. The scope of
discussion on the Address is very wide and the functioning of the entire administration is
open for discussion; the limitations inter aliaare that Members should not refer to matters
which are not the direct responsibility of the Government of India, and the name of the

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President should not be brought in during the debate since the Government, and not the
President, is responsible for the contents of the Address.

64. What are parliamentary privileges?

 The term `parliamentary privilege' refers to certain rights and immunities enjoyed by each
House of Parliament and Committees of each House collectively, and by Members of each
House individually, without which they cannot discharge their functions efficiently and
effectively. The object of parliamentary privileges is to safeguard the freedom, the
authority and the dignity of Parliament. The powers, privileges and immunities of either
House of Parliament and of its Committees and Members have mainly been laid down in
article 105 of the Constitution. The House has the power to punish any person who
commits a contempt of the House or a breach of any of its privileges.

65. Are the parliamentary privileges codified in India?

 No law has so far been enacted by Parliament in pursuance of article 105(3) of the
Constitution to define the powers, privileges and immunities available to each House and
its Members and the Committees thereof. In the absence of any such law, the powers,
privileges and immunities of the Houses of Parliament, and of the Members and the
Committees thereof, shall be those of that House and of its Members and Committees
immediately before the coming into force of section 15 of the Constitution (Forty-fourth
Amendment) Act, 1978.

66. What is the difference between breach of privilege and contempt of the House?
 When any of the privileges, either of the Members individually or of the House in its
collective capacity, is disregarded or attacked by any individual or authority, the offence is
called a `breach of privilege'.
 Contempt of the House may be defined generally as any act or omission which obstructs or
impedes either House of Parliament in the performance of its functions, or which obstructs
or impedes any Member or officers of such House in the discharge of his or her duty, or
which has a tendency, directly or indirectly, to produce such results even though there is no
precedent of the offence. Whereas all breaches of privilege are contempts of the House, a
person may be guilty of a contempt of the House even though he does not violate any of the
privilege of the House, e.g. when he disobeys an order to attend a Committee or publishes
reflections on the character or conduct of a Member in his capacity as a Member.

67. What is the procedure for addressing a question of privilege?

 A question of privilege may either be considered and decided by the House itself or it may
be referred by the House or by the Speaker to the Committee of Privileges for examination,
investigation and report.

68. What is the rule relating to 'Automatic Suspension' of a Member?

 Rule 374A of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha provides that in
the event of grave disorder occasioned by a Member coming into the well of the House or
abusing the rules of the House persistently and wilfully obstructing its business by
shouting slogans or otherwise, such Member shall, on being named by the Speaker, stand

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automatically suspended from the service of the House for five consecutive sittings or the
remainder of the Session, whichever is less.

69. What is the MPLAD Scheme?

 The Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) was introduced in
December 1993. Under this Scheme, a Member of Lok Sabha has the choice to suggest to
the Head of the District, developmental works to the tune of Rs. Five crore per year, to be
taken up in his/her constituency.

70. What is the current salary of a Member?

 At present, a Member of Parliament is entitled to Rs. 50,000/- per month as salary, Rs.
45,000/- per month as Constituency Allowance, Rs.45,000/- per month as Office Expense
Allowance out of which Rs. 15,000/- is for meeting expenses of stationery items and
postage; and up to Rs. 30,000/- is paid by the Lok Sabha Secretariat to the person(s) as may
be engaged by a member for obtaining secretarial assistance. A Member also gets daily
allowance of Rs. 2,000 for the period of residence on duty. Daily allowance will be paid only
when he/she signs the register maintained for the purpose.

71. Are Members of Parliament entitled to pension/family pension?

 Every person who has served as a Member of the Provisional Parliament or either House of
Parliament for any period is entitled to a pension of Rs.20,000/- per month w.e.f. 18 May
2009. Where any person has served for a period exceeding five years, he/she shall be paid
an additional pension of Rs.1500/- per month for every year in excess of five years. For the
purpose of calculation of years for determination of additional pension, the period of nine
months or more is treated as one complete year.
 The spouse or dependent of a deceased Member of Parliament/Ex-Member of Parliament is
entitled for the remaining period of her / his life to receive family pension equal to one half
of the pension otherwise admissible to the deceased Member of Parliament / Ex-Member of
Parliament at the time of his death.

72. Where do I get more information about Lok Sabha?

 Visit the Lok Sabha web site (http://loksabha.nic.in)
 Or ask me 

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

Important Parliamentary Terms

1. Act– A Bill passed by both Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President.
2. Ad hoc Committee– A Committee constituted by the House or by the Chairman or by the
presiding officers of both the Houses jointly to consider and report on specific matter and
becomes functus officio as soon as the task is completed. –
3. Adjournment of Debate– Adjournment on a motion adopted by the House, of the debate on a
Motion/Resolution/Bill on which the House is then engaged until a future day or sine die as
specified in the motion.
4. Adjournment of the sitting of the House– Termination of the sitting of the House which
meets again at the time appointed for the next sitting.
5. Adjournment sine die– Termination of a sitting of the House without any definite date being
fixed for the next sitting.
6. Appropriation Bill– A Money Bill passed annually (or at various times of the year) providing
for the withdrawal or appropriation from and out of the Consolidated Fund of India, of moneys,
voted by Lok Sabha and moneys charged on the Consolidated Fund for the services of a
financial year or a part of a financial year.
7. Ballot– A process to determine inter se priority of more than one notice through a draw of lot.
8. Bill– The draft of a legislative proposal put in the proper form which, when passed by both
Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President becomes an Act.
9. Budget– Annual financial statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the
Government of India in respect of a financial year. The Budget is laid in Rajya Sabha in two
parts viz., the Railway Budget and the General Budget.
10. Bulletin– Bulletin means the Bulletin of Rajya Sabha. It is published in two parts. Part I
contains a brief record of the proceedings of the House at each of its sittings; and Part II
contains information on any matter relating to or connected with the business of the House or
Committees or other matter which in the opinion of the Chairman may be included therein.
11. Calendar of Sittings– A calendar showing the provisional days on which Rajya Sabha is to sit
and the nature of business to be transacted by it on those days.
12. Calling Attention – A procedure whereby a Member calls the attention of a Minister to a
matter of urgent public importance, the Minister makes a brief statement thereon and
thereafter the Members seek clarifications.
13. Casting Vote– The vote cast by the Chairman, or a Member acting as such in the House and by
the Chairman or a Member acting as such in a Committee, in the case of an equality of votes on
a matter.
14. Crossing the floor– Passing between the member addressing the House and the Chair which is
considered breach of Parliamentary etiquette.
15. Demand for Grants– Earmarking of budgetary allocation for meeting the plan and non– plan

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 Our Parliament: An Introduction

expenditure of a Ministry/Department.
16. Division– The mode of arriving at a decision on a proposed measure or question before the
House by recording votes for or against it.
17. Draw of lot – A method applied to determine the relative precedence of private members' Bills
and Resolutions, notices of questions, half– an– hour discussions or any other notice given by
more than one member simultaneously for being taken up on the same day.
18. Expunction– Deletion of words, phrases or expressions from the proceedings or records of
Rajya Sabha by an order of the Chairman for being defamatory or indecent or unparliamentary
or undignified.
19. Finance Bill– A Bill ordinarily introduced every year to give effect to the financial proposals of
the Government of India for the following financial year and includes a Bill to give effect to
supplementary financial proposals for any period.
20. Financial Business – The financial business of the House consists of the laying of the Railway
and General Budgets and statements of supplementary Demands for Grants on the Table after
they are presented to the Lok Sabha, general discussion on the General and Railway Budgets,
consideration and return of connected Appropriate Bills and Finance Bills, laying of Budges,
etc. of States which are under the President’s Rule.
21. Gazette– The Gazette of India.
22. Half– an– Hour Discussion– A Member with the permission of the Chairman may raise a
discussion on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent
oral or written question and the answer to which needs elucidation on a matter of fact.
23. Leader of the Council– The Prime Minister, if he is a member of the Council or a Minister who
is a member of the Council and is nominated by the Prime Minister to function as the Leader of
the Council.
24. Leader of the Opposition– A Member of the House, who is, for the time being, the leader in
that House of the Party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical
strength and recognised as such by the Chairman.
25. Leave of absence– A member wishing to obtain permission of the House for remaining absent
from its sittings is required to make an application stating the reasons and the period for
which he may be permitted to be absent from the sittings of the House.
26. Legislative Business – Introduction, consideration and passing of a bill, piloted by a Minister
or a Private Member, in the House.
27. List of Business– A list of items of business scheduled to be taken up in Rajya Sabha on a
particular day of the sittings in the order in which they stand on it.
28. Lobby– The covered corridor immediately adjoining the Chamber and co– terminus with it.
29. Maiden Speech– The first speech of a member after his election/nomination to the Rajya
Sabha in the House.
30. Matters raised with permission– Immediately after the Question Hour and laying of papers,
a Member may raise an issue of urgent public importance with the prior permission of the

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Chairman.
31. Member in charge of the Bill– The Minister/Private Member who has introduced the
government/Private Members’ Bill.
32. Memorandum of business – It is meant for the use of the Chair to help him while calling the
items listed in the Agenda paper of the day.
33. Message– A communication from the President to a House or Houses of Parliament under
articles 86(2) and 111 of the Constitution and a communication sent from one House of
Parliament to the other House.
34. Motion– A formal proposal made to the House by a Minister or a member that the House do
something, order something to be done or express an opinion with regard to some matter, and
is so phrased that, if adopted, it will purport to express the judgment or will of the House.
35. Motion of Thanks– A formal motion moved in the House, expressing its gratitude to the
President for the Address delivered by him/her under article 87(1) of the Constitution to both
Houses of Parliament assembled together.
36. Naming a Member– The drawing of attention of the House by the Chairman to the conduct of
a member who disregards the authority of the Chair or abuses the Rules of the House by
persistently and willfully obstructing the business thereof, with a view to action being taken to
suspend him from the service of the House for a period not exceeding the remainder of the
session.
37. Ordinance– A law made by the President in exercise of the powers vested in him under article
123 of the Constitution.
38. Panel of Vice– Chairmen– A panel of six members of Rajya Sabha nominated by the Chairman,
any one of whom may preside over the House in the absence of the Chairman and the Deputy
Chairman when so requested by the Chairman, or in his absence, by the Deputy Chairman.
39. Papers laid on the Table– The papers or documents laid on the Table of the House for
purpose of bringing them on the record of the House by a Minister or by a private member or
by the Secretary– General with the permission of the Chairman in pursuance of the provisions
of the Constitution or the Rules of Procedure of Rajya Sabha or an Act of Parliament and the
Rules and Regulations made thereunder.
40. Personal explanation – A Member or a Minister against whom comments or criticism of a
personal nature are made on the floor of the House is entitled to make, with the consent of the
Chairman, personal explanation in his defence.
41. Point of Order– A point relating to the interpretation or enforcement of the Rules of
Procedure or such articles of the Constitution as regulate the business of the House raised in
the House and submitted for the decision of the Chair.
42. Precincts of Rajya Sabha– This includes the Chamber, the Lobbies, the Galleries and such
other places as the Chairman may from time to time specify.
43. Private Members’ Resolution– A resolution, on a matter of general public interest, a Member,
other than a Minister, on a day allotted for Private Members Resolutions which is in the form of
a declaration of opinion by the House or in such other form as the Chairman may consider

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appropriate.
44. Prorogation– The termination of a session of Rajya Sabha by an order made by the President
under article 85(2)(a) of the Constitution.
45. Putting the Question– When debate on a question is closed, the Chairman, rising from the
Chair, states or reads the question to the House, beginning with The question is, that.
46. Question Chart– A chart circulated to members, along with the Summons for a Session, which
indicates the dates for answering questions and the last date for receiving notices of questions
pertaining to various Ministries/ Departments.
47. Question Hour– The first hour of a sitting of the House allotted for asking and answering of
questions.
48. Question of Privilege– A question involving a breach of privilege either of a member or of the
House or of a Committee thereof or a contempt of the House.
49. Quorum– The minimum number of members required to be present at a sitting of the House
or a Committee for valid transaction of its business, which is one– tenth of the total number of
members of the House, as provided under article 100(3) of the Constitution.
50. Rajya Sabha debate – A verbatim record of everything said in the House is reported by the
official Reporter for each of the sittings of the Rajya Sabha, except certain words, phrases and
expression, if any, ordered by the Chair to be expunged or ordered by the Chairman not to be
recorded, when Members speak without his permissions.
51. Roll of Members– A register in which newly elected members sign, after making and
subscribing the oath or affirmation and before taking their seats for the first time in the House.
52. Session– A session of Rajya Sabha comprises the period commencing from the date and time
mentioned in the order of the President summoning Rajya Sabha and ending with the day on
which the President prorogues Rajya Sabha.
53. Short Duration Discussion– For raising a discussion on a matter of urgent public importance
for which a notice has to be given by a Member supported by two other Members specifying
clearly and precisely the matter to be raised.
54. Short Notice Question– A question relating to a matter of urgent public importance asked for
oral answer by a Member with shorter notice than fifteen clear days by giving the reasons for
asking the question with short notice.
55. Sitting of the House– A sitting of the House is duly constituted when it is presided over by the
Chairman or a member competent to preside over a sitting of the House under the Constitution
or the Rules of Procedure of Rajya Sabha.
56. Special Mention– A procedure available to a Member who wishes to mention a matter of
public importance in the House by reading out from the text not exceeding 250 words.
57. Standing Committee– Committee constituted by election by the House or nomination by the
Chairman every year or from time to time which are permanent in nature.
58. Starred Question– A question to which a member wishes to have an oral answer on the floor
of the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk.

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59. Statutory Resolution– A resolution in pursuance of a provision in the Constitution or an Act of

Parliament.
60. Subordinate Legislation– Rules, regulations, orders, schemes, bye– laws, etc. having the force
of law, framed by the Executive or other subordinate authority in pursuance of the power
conferred on it by the Constitution or delegated to it by an Act of Parliament.
61. Summons– An official communication issued by the Secretary– General of Rajya Sabha under
the orders of the President to the Members of Rajya Sabha informing them of the place, date
and time of the commencement of a session of Rajya Sabha.
62. Supplementary question – A Question asked by any member when called by the Chairman for
the purpose of further elucidating any matter of fact regarding which an answer has been
given during the question hour.
63. Table of the House– The Table just in front of the desk of the Secretary– General below the
Chairman's Chair, on which papers which are required to be laid on the Table of the House, are
deemed to be placed.
64. Unstarred Question– A question which is not called for oral answer in the House and the
written answer to such a question is deemed to have been laid on the Table.
65. Valedictory remarks– It is customary in every Session for the Chair to make the Valedictory
remarks at the end of Session thanking Members and leaders of parties and groups for their
cooperation in the conduct of business of the House.
66. Whips – Members drawn from the party in power and the parties/groups in opposition to
perform specified functions and form vital links in the internal organization of a party inside
Parliament.

Source of Information
https://parliamentofindia.nic.in
https://sansad.nic.in
https://loksabha.nic.in
https://rajyasabha.nic.in

~~~ The End ~~~

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