For New Designs: AOZ1051PI
For New Designs: AOZ1051PI
                                                                                                      ns
                                                                 z Up to 95 % efficiency
adjustable down to 0.8 V.
                                                                 z External soft start
                                                                                                  ig
The AOZ1051PI comes in an exposed pad SO-8                       z Output voltage adjustable to 0.8 V
package and is rated over a -40 °C to +85 °C operating
                                                                 z 3 A continuous output current
                                                                                              es
ambient temperature range.
                                                                 z 500 kHz PWM operation
                                                                                         D
                                                                 z Cycle-by-cycle current limit
Replacement Parts:
                                                                 z Pre-bias start-up
AOZ6663DI
                                                                             ew
                                                                 z Short-circuit protection
AOZ6683CI                                                        z Thermal shutdown
                                                                         N
                                                                 z Exposed pad SO-8 package
                                                               r Applications
                                                            Fo
                                                                 z Point of load DC/DC converters
                                                                 z LCD TV
                                                       d
Typical Application
                  VIN
                        ec
                        C1                                       CSS
                        10µF
                       R
                                             VIN            SS
                                                                           L1 4.7µH
             ot
                                        EN                                                        VOUT
                                              AOZ1051PI           LX
        N
                                        COMP                                             R1
                                                                                                  C2, C3
                               RC                                 FB                              22µF
CC AGND PGND R2
Ordering Information
  Part Number          Ambient Temperature Range                          Package                        Environmental
    AOZ1051PI                    -40 °C to +85 °C                        EPAD SO-8                         Green Product
      AOS Green Products use reduced levels of Halogens, and are also RoHS compliant.
      Please visit www.aosmd.com/web/quality/rohs_compliant.jsp for additional information.
Pin Configuration
                                                                                                           ns
                                         PGND       1                     8   NC
                                                                                                      ig
                                                                                               es
                                             VIN    2                     7   SS
                                                            PAD
                                         AGND               (LX)              EN
                                                                                          D
                                                    3                     6
FB 4 5 COMP
                                                                                 ew
                                                    Exposed Pad SO-8
                                                                              N
                                                          (Top View)
                                                                   r
                                                                Fo
Pin Description
                                                          d
                                                    de
        2                  VIN         Supply voltage input. When VIN rises above the UVLO threshold and EN is logic high,
                                       the device starts up.
                               m
        3                AGND          Analog ground. AGND is the reference point for controller section. AGND needs to be
                             om
        5                COMP          External loop compensation pin. Connect a RC network between COMP and AGND to
                                       compensate the control loop.
                      R
        6                  EN          Enable pin. Pull EN to logic high to enable the device. Pull EN to logic low to disable the
                                       device. If on/off control in not needed, connect EN to VIN and do not leave it open.
            ot
Block Diagram
VIN
Reference ISen
                                                                                                                            ns
                                     Softstart                                                                   –
                    & Bias
                                                                                                                             Q1
                                                                                    ILimit
                                                                                                                      ig
                                           SS
       SS
                                     5µA
                                                                                                               es
                                                                  +
                               +                                                    PWM            Level
                 0.8V                                                 PWM                          Shifter
                                   EAmp                           –                Control
                                                                                                             D
       FB                      –                                      Comp                           +
                                                                                    Logic
                                                                  +                                 FET                                       LX
                                                                                                   Driver
                                                                                               ew
                                                                                                                            Q2
   COMP
                                                                                             N
                                                                  500kHz
                                                                 Oscillator         r
                                                                                 Fo
                                                                         d
                                                               de
                                                                                                AGND                           PGND
                                                     en
Exceeding the Absolute Maximum Ratings may damage the                            The device is not guaranteed to operate beyond the Maximum
device.                                                                          Recommended Operating Conditions.
                                    om
 LX to AGND                                       -0.7 V to VIN +0.3 V            Output Voltage Range                            0.8 V to 0.85 • VIN
 LX to AGND (20 ns)                                          -5 V to 22 V         Ambient Temperature (TA)                         -40 °C to +85 °C
                        R
Note:
1. Devices are inherently ESD sensitive, handling precautions are
  required. Human body model rating: 1.5 kΩ in series with 100 pF.
Electrical Characteristics
TA = 25 °C, VIN = VEN = 12 V, VOUT = 3.3 V unless otherwise specified(3)
                                                                                                                      ns
                Load Regulation                                                                                      0.5                 %
                Line Regulation                                                                                       1                  %
                                                                                                                  ig
     IFB        Feedback Voltage Input Current                                                                                 200       nA
                                                                                                         es
     VEN        EN Input Threshold                            Off Threshold                                                    0.6
                                                                                                                                         V
                                                              On Threshold                                  2
                                                                                                    D
    VHYS        EN Input Hysteresis                                                                                  100                mV
                                                                                         ew
                EN Leakage Current                                                                                              1        µA
                SS Time                                       CSS = 10 nF                                             2                 ms
 MODULATOR
                                                                                    N
      fO        Frequency                                                                                  400       500       600      kHz
    DMAX        Maximum Duty Cycle                                        r                                85                            %
                                                                       Fo
    TMIN        Controllable Minimum On Time                                                                                   150       ns
                Current Sense Transconductance                                                                        8                 A/ V
                                                                  d
 PROTECTION
     ILIM       Current Limit                                                                              3.5       4.5                 A
                                                  en
 OUTPUT STAGE
                                  om
                                                                                                                                        mΩ
                                                              VIN = 5 V                                              50
                       R
Note:
3. Specification in BOLD indicate an ambient temperature range of -40 °C to +85 °C. These specifications are guaranteed by design.
              ot
            N
                                                                                                          Vin ripple
                                                                                                          0.5V/div
                                               Vin ripple
                                               0.1V/div
                                                                                                          Vo ripple
                                               Vo ripple
                                                                                                          0.1V/div
                                               0.1V/div
                                                                                                     ns
                                                                                                          IL
                                               IL
                                                                                                          2A/div
                                               2A/div
                                                                                              ig
                                                                                                          VLX
                                               VLX
                                                                                                          10V/div
                                                                                       es
                                               10V/div
                                                                                  D
                       2µs/div                                                   2µs/div
                                                                         ew
                Start Up to Full Load                                     Short Circuit Protection
                                                                     N
                                               Vin                                                        LVX
                                               5V/div                                                     10V/div
                                                               r
                                                            Fo
                                               Vo
                                                                                                          Vo
                                                           d
                                               2V/div
                                                                                                          2V/div
                                               de
                                                                                                          IL
                                         en
                                               lin                                                        2A/div
                                               2A/div
                                   m
                       2ms/div                                                   20ms/div
                                 om
                                                                                                          VLX
                       R
10V/div
                                               Vo
             ot
                                               0.1V/div
                                                                                                          Vo
        N
2V/div
                                               Io
                                               2A/div                                                     IL
                                                                                                          2A/div
100µs/div 20ms/div
Efficiency
95
90
                                          85
                        Efficiency (%)
                                                                                                              ns
                                          80
                                                                                                             ig
                                                                                         5V OUTPUT
                                          75                                             3.3V OUTPUT
                                                                                                    es
                                                                                         1.8V OUTPUT
                                                                                         1.2V OUTPUT
                                          70
                                                                                              D
                                          65
                                                                                       ew
                                          60
                                            0.3   0.6   0.9   1.2     1.5     1.8      2.1    2.4      2.7    3.0
                                                                                N
                                                                    Load Current (A)
                                                                         r
                                                                      Fo
Detailed Description
                                                                d
with an integrated high-side PMOS switch and a low-side                 Under heavy load steady-state conditions, the converter
NMOS switch. The AOZ1051PI operates from a 4.5 V to                     operates in fixed frequency and Continuous-Conduction
18 V input voltage range and supplies up to 3 A of load
                                                        en
                                                                        Mode (CCM).
current. Features include enable control, power-on reset,
input under voltage lockout, output over voltage                        The AOZ1051PI integrates an internal P-MOSFET as the
                                            m
protection, external soft-start and thermal shut down.                  high-side switch. Inductor current is sensed by amplifying
                                                                        the voltage drop across the drain to source of the high
                                          om
The AOZ1051PI is available in an exposed pad SO-8                       side power MOSFET. Output voltage is divided down by
package.                                                                the external voltage divider at the FB pin. The difference
                                                                        of the FB pin voltage and reference voltage is amplified
                       ec
in-rush current and ensure the output voltage ramps up                  compared against the current signal, which is the sum of
smoothly to regulation voltage. The soft start process                  inductor current signal and ramp compensation signal, at
             ot
begins when the input voltage rises to 4.1 V and voltage                the PWM comparator input. If the current signal is less
on the EN pin is HIGH. In the soft start process, the                   than the error voltage, the internal high-side switch is on.
        N
FB voltage is ramped to follow the voltage of the soft start            The inductor current flows from the input through the
pin until it reaches 0.8 V. The voltage of the soft-start pin           inductor to the output. When the current signal exceeds
is charged by an internal 5 µA current.                                 the error voltage, the high-side switch is off. The inductor
                                                                        current is freewheeling through the internal low-side
The EN pin of the AOZ1051PI is active high. Connect the                 N-MOSFET switch to output. The internal adaptive FET
EN pin to VIN if the enable function is not used. Pulling               driver guarantees no turn on overlap of both the
EN to ground will disable the AOZ1051PI. Do not leave                   high-side and the low-side switch.
EN open. The voltage on the EN pin must be above 2 V
to enable the AOZ1051PI. When the EN pin voltage falls
below 0.6 V, the AOZ1051PI is disabled.
Compared with regulators using freewheeling Schottky            Since the switch duty cycle can be as high as 100 %, the
diodes, the AOZ1051PI uses a freewheeling NMOSFET               maximum output voltage can be set as high as the input
to realize synchronous rectification. This greatly              voltage minus the voltage drop on the upper PMOS and
improves the converter efficiency and reduces power             the inductor.
loss in the low-side switch.
                                                                Protection Features
The AOZ1051PI uses a P-Channel MOSFET as the
high-side switch. This saves the bootstrap capacitor            The AOZ1051PI has multiple protection features to
normally seen in a circuit using an NMOS switch. It also        prevent system circuit damage under abnormal
allows 100 % turn-on of the high-side switch to achieve         conditions.
linear regulation mode of operation. The minimum
                                                                Over Current Protection (OCP)
voltage drop from VIN to VO is the load current times DC
                                                                                                      ns
resistance of the MOSFET plus DC resistance of the              The sensed inductor current signal is also used for over
buck inductor. It can be calculated by equation below:          current protection. Since the AOZ1051PI employs peak
                                                                                                 ig
                                                                current mode control, the COMP pin voltage is
 V O_MAX = V IN – I O × R DS ( ON )                             proportional to the peak inductor current. The COMP pin
                                                                                           es
                                                                voltage is limited to be between 0.4 V and 2.5 V internally.
where;                                                          The peak inductor current is automatically limited
                                                                                      D
VO_MAX is the maximum output voltage,                           cycle-by-cycle.
VIN is the input voltage from 4.5 V to 18 V,
                                                                            ew
                                                                When the output is shorted to ground under fault
IO is the output current from 0 A to 3 A, and
                                                                conditions, the inductor current slowly decays during a
RDS(ON) is the on resistance of the internal MOSFET.            switching cycle because the output voltage is 0 V.
                                                                        N
                                                                To prevent catastrophic failure, a secondary current limit
Output Voltage Programming
                                                                is designed inside the AOZ1051PI. The measured
Output voltage can be set by feeding back the output to          r
                                                                inductor current is compared against a preset voltage
                                                              Fo
the FB pin using a resistor divider network as shown in         which represents the current limit, between 3.5 A and 5.0
Figure 1. The resistor divider network includes R1 and          A. When the output current is greater than the current
R2. Usually, a design is started by picking a fixed R2          limit, the high side switch will be turned off. The converter
                                                          d
value and calculating the required R1 with the equation         will initiate a soft start once the over-current condition is
                                                   de
below:                                                          resolved.
            ⎛     R ⎞
V O = 0.8 × ⎜ 1 + ------1-⎟                                     Power-On Reset (POR)
                                                en
Some standard value of R1 and R2 for the most common            operation. When input voltage falls below 3.7 V, the
                                 om
Application Information                                            For reliable operation and best performance, the input
                                                                   capacitors must have a current rating higher than
The basic AOZ1051PI application circuit is show in
                                                                   ICIN_RMS at the worst operating conditions. Ceramic
Figure 1. Component selection is explained below.
                                                                   capacitors are preferred for input capacitors because of
Input Capacitor                                                    their low ESR and high current rating. Depending on the
                                                                   application circuits, other low ESR tantalum capacitors
The input capacitor must be connected to the VIN pin and
                                                                   may be used. When selecting ceramic capacitors, X5R or
the PGND pin of AOZ1051PI to maintain steady input
                                                                   X7R type dielectric ceramic capacitors should be used
voltage and filter out the pulsing input current. The
                                                                   for their better temperature and voltage characteristics.
voltage rating of input capacitor must be greater than
                                                                   Note that the ripple current rating from capacitor
maximum input voltage plus ripple voltage.
                                                                   manufactures are based on a certain operating life time.
                                                                                                           ns
The input ripple voltage can be approximated by                    Further de-rating may need to be considered for long
equation below:                                                    term reliability.
                                                                                                          ig
              IO            ⎛      VO ⎞ VO                         Inductor
ΔV IN = ----------------- × ⎜ 1 – --------
                                         -⎟ × ---------
                                                                                                       es
                                                                   The inductor is used to supply constant current to output
        f × C IN ⎝                V IN⎠ V IN                       when it is driven by a switching voltage. For a given input
                                                                   and output voltage, inductance and switching frequency
                                                                                                D
Since the input current is discontinuous in a buck                 together decide the inductor ripple current, which is:
converter, the current stress on the input capacitor is
                                                                                   ew
another concern when selecting the capacitor. For a buck                    VO ⎛               VO ⎞
circuit, the RMS value of input capacitor current can be           ΔI L = ----------- × ⎜ 1 – --------
                                                                                                     -⎟
                                                                          f×L ⎝               V ⎠
calculated by:                                                                                    IN
                                                                             N
                   VO ⎛           VO ⎞                             The peak inductor current is:
I CIN_RMS = I O × --------
                         - ⎜ 1 – --------
                                        -⎟                            r
                  V IN ⎝         V IN⎠
                                                                   Fo
                                                                                   ΔI
                                                                   I Lpeak = I O + -------L-
if we let m equal the conversion ratio:
                                                                                      2
                                                               d
 VO
                                                           de
current and voltage conversion ratio is calculated and             peak ripple current on the inductor is designed to be
shown in Figure 2 below. It can be seen that when VO is            20 % to 40 % of output current.
                                          om
                                                                   operating temperature.
                 0.4
                           R
      IO
                                                                   Surface mount inductors in different shape and styles are
          N
             0.2
                                                                   available from Coilcraft, Elytone and Murata. Shielded
                 0.1                                               inductors are small and radiate less EMI noise. However,
                                                                   they cost more than unshielded inductors. The choice
                   0                                               depends on EMI requirement, price and size.
                       0                         0.5           1
                                                 m
Output Capacitor                                                  Usually, the ripple current rating of the output capacitor is
The output capacitor is selected based on the DC output           a smaller issue because of the low current stress. When
voltage rating, output ripple voltage specification and           the buck inductor is selected to be very small and
ripple current rating.                                            inductor ripple current is high, the output capacitor could
                                                                  be overstressed.
The selected output capacitor must have a higher rated
voltage specification than the maximum desired output             Loop Compensation
voltage including ripple. De-rating needs to be                   The AOZ1051PI employs peak current mode control for
considered for long term reliability.                             ease of use and fast transient response. Peak current
                                                                  mode control eliminates the double pole effect of the
Output ripple voltage specification is another important          output L&C filter. It also greatly simplifies the
factor for selecting the output capacitor. In a buck
                                                                                                                              ns
                                                                  compensation loop design.
converter circuit, output ripple voltage is determined by
inductor value, switching frequency, output capacitor             With peak current mode control, the buck power stage
                                                                                                                             ig
value and ESR. It can be calculated by the equation               can be simplified to be a one-pole and one-zero system
                                                                                                                   es
below:                                                            in frequency domain. The pole is dominant pole can be
                                                                  calculated by:
 ΔV O = ΔI L × ⎛ ESR CO + -------------------------⎞
                                     1
               ⎝          8 × f × C O⎠
                                                                                                           D
                                                                                           1
                                                                    f P1 = -----------------------------------
                                                                           2π × C O × R L
                                                                                         ew
where,
CO is output capacitor value, and                                 The zero is a ESR zero due to the output capacitor and
                                                                  its ESR. It is can be calculated by:
                                                                                N
ESRCO is the equivalent series resistance of the output
capacitor.
                                                                                                 1
                                                                   f Z1 = ------------------------------------------------
                                                                   r      2π × C O × ESR CO
                                                                Fo
When a low ESR ceramic capacitor is used as the output
capacitor, the impedance of the capacitor at the switching
                                                                  where;
frequency dominates. Output ripple is mainly caused by
capacitor value and inductor ripple current. The output           CO is the output filter capacitor,
                                                            d
ripple voltage calculation can be simplified to:                  RL is load resistor value, and
                                                        de
capacitor ESR and inductor ripple current. The output             capacitor and resistor network connected to the
ripple voltage calculation can be further simplified to:          COMP pin sets the pole-zero and is adequate for a stable
ΔV O = ΔI L × ESR CO                                              high-bandwidth control loop.
                                ec
For lower output ripple voltage across the entire                 and the output of the internal error amplifier. A series
operating temperature range, X5R or X7R dielectric type           R and C compensation network connected to COMP
                 ot
of ceramic, or other low ESR tantalum capacitors are              provides one pole and one zero. The pole is:
recommended as output capacitors.
                                                                                         G EA
          N
The zero given by the external compensation network,               Thermal Management and Layout
capacitor CC and resistor RC, is located at:                       Considerations
                       1                                           In the AOZ1051PI buck regulator circuit, high pulsing
f Z2 = -----------------------------------                         current flows through two circuit loops. The first loop
       2π × C C × R C
                                                                   starts from the input capacitors, to the VIN pin, to the
                                                                   LX pad, to the filter inductor, to the output capacitor and
To design the compensation circuit, a target crossover
                                                                   load, and then returns to the input capacitor through
frequency fC to close the loop must be selected. The
                                                                   ground. Current flows in the first loop when the high side
system crossover frequency is where the control loop
                                                                   switch is on. The second loop starts from the inductor,
has unity gain. The crossover is the also called the
                                                                   to the output capacitors and load, to the low side
converter bandwidth. Generally a higher bandwidth
                                                                   NMOSFET. Current flows in the second loop when the
                                                                                                         ns
means faster response to load transients. However, the
                                                                   low side NMOSFET is on.
bandwidth should not be too high because of system
stability concern. When designing the compensation
                                                                                                    ig
                                                                   In PCB layout, minimizing the area of the two loops will
loop, converter stability under all line and load condition        reduce the noise of the circuit and improves efficiency.
                                                                                              es
must be considered.                                                A ground plane is strongly recommended to connect the
                                                                   input capacitor, the output capacitor, and the PGND pin
Usually, it is recommended to set the bandwidth to be
                                                                                         D
                                                                   of the AOZ1051PI.
equal or less than 1/10 of the switching frequency.
                                                                               ew
                                                                   In the AOZ1051PI buck regulator circuit, the major power
The strategy for choosing RC and CC is to set the cross
                                                                   dissipating components are the AOZ1051PI and the
over frequency with RC and set the compensator zero
                                                                   output inductor. The total power dissipation of converter
with CC. Using selected crossover frequency, fC, to
                                                                           N
                                                                   circuit can be measured by input power minus output
calculate RC:
                                                                   power:
              VO              2π × C C                              r
                                                                    P total_loss = V IN × I IN – V O × I O
                                                                 Fo
 R C = f C × ---------- × -----------------------------
                                                      -
             V            G ×G
                          FB             EA      CS
                                                                   The power dissipation of the inductor can be
                                                               d
fC is the desired crossover frequency. For best performance,       value of the inductor:
fC is set to be about 1/10 of the switching frequency;
                                                                   P inductor_loss = IO2 × R inductor × 1.1
                                                          en
VFB is 0.8V,
GEA is the error amplifier transconductance, which is              The actual junction temperature can be calculated by the
200 x 10-6 A/V, and
                                                 m
8 A/V
                                                                    T junction = ( P total_loss – P inductor_loss ) × Θ JA
The compensation capacitor CC and resistor RC together
                                        ec
make a zero. This zero is put somewhere close to the               The maximum junction temperature of the AOZ1051PI is
dominate pole fp1 but lower than 1/5 of the selected               150 ºC, which limits the maximum load current capability.
crossover frequency. CC can is selected by:
                                R
C C = -----------------------------------
      2π × R C × f P1                                              the design process to ensure that the IC will operate
                                                                   under the recommended environmental conditions.
            N
      CO × RL
C C = ---------------------
             RC
Layout Considerations
The AOZ1051PI is an exposed pad SO-8 package.
Several layout tips are listed for the best electric and
thermal performance.
                                                                               ns
   dissipation.
3. The input capacitor should be connected as close as
                                                                              ig
   possible to the VIN pin and the PGND pin.
                                                                           es
4. A ground plane is preferred. If a ground plane is not
   used, separate PGND from AGND and only connect
                                                                          D
   them at one point to avoid the PGND pin noise
   coupling to the AGND pin.
                                                                      ew
5. Make the current trace from the LX pad to L to Co to
   the PGND as short as possible.
                                                                      N
6. Pour copper plane on all unused board area and
   connect it to stable DC nodes, like VIN, GND or
   VOUT.                                                       r
                                                            Fo
7. Keep sensitive signal trace away from the LX pad.
                                                           d
                                                  de
                                           en
                                m
                              om
                       ec
                       R
             ot
        N
                                                                                             Gauge plane
                                            D0                                                 0.2500
                                                                                                                   C
L1
E2 E3 E1 E
                                                                                                                            ns
                                                                                                                   ig
                                                                                                           es
                                                                                                       D
                                            D1                                                                          L1'
                                                                         Note 5
                                            D
                                                                                                             θ
                                                                                             ew
                7 (4x)
                                                                                         N
                                                               A2   A
                                                                                r
                                                                             Fo
                                        B               e
                                                               A1
                         3.70
                                                                    A2        1.40      1.50    1.60          A2         0.055          0.059   0.063
                                                                    B         0.31      0.406   0.51          B          0.012          0.016   0.020
                                      m
                                                 2.71
                                                                     e         —      1.27       —              e          —     0.050    —
 2.87                                                               E1        3.80    3.90      4.00           E1        0.150 0.153 0.157
                         R
         Carrier Tape                                                    P1
                                    D1
                                                                    P2
                          T
E1
E2 E
                                                                                                                    ns
                                  B0
                                                                                                              ig
                K0                                                  D0
                                                          A0                  P0                        Feeding Direction
                                                                                                      es
            UNIT: mm
             Package    A0      B0        K0      D0      D1         E         E1      E2      P0      P1          P2           T
                                                                                                D
              SO-8     6.40    5.20      2.10    1.60    1.50      12.00      1.75    5.50    8.00    4.00        2.00        0.25
             (12mm)    ±0.10   ±0.10     ±0.10   ±0.10   ±0.10     ±0.10      ±0.10   ±0.10   ±0.10   ±0.10       ±0.10       ±0.10
                                                                                      ew
                                                                                   N
         Reel
                                                                              W1
                                                                      r
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                                                                                                              S
                                           G
                                                           d
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                                                                                N
                                                           M                                                         K
                                           V
                                            en
                                    R
                                 m
                                                                                                        H
                               om
                                                                            W
            UNIT: mm
             Tape Size Reel Size    M       N    W                W1           H         K        S         G       R           V
                       ec
Part Marking
                                                         Z1051PI
                                                                             Part Number Code
                                                         FAYWLT
                                                                                                   ns
                                                                                                ig
                              Fab & Assembly Location               Assembly Lot Code
                                                                                          es
                                                 Year & Week Code
                                                                                        D
                                                                             ew
                                                                 r       N
                                                              Fo
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                                          en
                               m
                             om
                      ec
This data sheet contains preliminary data; supplementary data may be published at a later date.
Alpha & Omega Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes at any time without notice.
                      R
ALPHA & OMEGA SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL
COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS.
       N
As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or              2. A critical component in any component of a life
systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into      support, device, or system whose failure to perform can
the body or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose         be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life
failure to perform when properly used in accordance            support device or system, or to affect its safety or
with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be     effectiveness.
reasonably expected to result in a significant injury of
the user.