Strike (attack)

A strike is a directed physical attack with either a part of the

human body or with an inanimate object (such as a weapon)
intended to cause blunt trauma or penetrating trauma upon an
opponent.

There are many different varieties of strikes. A strike with the

hand closed into a fist is called a punch, a strike with the leg or
foot is referred to as a kick and a strike with the head is called a
headbutt. There are also other variations employed in martial arts
and combat sports.

"Buffet" or "beat" refer to repeatedly and violently striking an On an aircraft carrier, US Marines practicing
opponent; this is also commonly referred to as a combination, or striking with Senegalese Naval Infantry.
combo, especially in boxing or fighting video games.

Contents
Usage
Hands and arms
Open-hand
Closed-fist
Elbow
Shoulder
Feet and legs
Kick
Knee
Stomp
Others
Bottom
Headbutt
Hip and shoulder check
Principles
Strategies
Risks
See also
References
External links
Video examples

Usage
Strikes are the key focus of several sports and arts, including boxing, savate, karate, muay thai, taekwondo and wing chun, some
martial arts also use the fingertips, wrists, forearms, shoulders, back and hips to strike an opponent as well as the more
conventional fists, palms, elbows, knees and feet that are common in combat sports. Other sports and arts, such as wrestling
employ no strikes in focusing on grappling techniques. There is also a form of karate called goju ryu which focuses on pressure
points (joints) in the legs and arms.

Hands and arms

Arm strikes is the act of striking with some part of the palm, knuckle, arm, elbow, or shoulder. This is usually the elbow, the hand,
the forearm, or the back of the wrist.

Open-hand

Palm
A strike using the palm of the hand. Whether the hand is open or the fingertips are folded against the bottom knuckles, palm
strikes hit with the bottom part of the palm, where the hand meets the wrist. The hand is held perpendicular to the wrist to avoid
hitting the softer inner wrist tissue against the target.

The bottom ridge of the palm is a surprisingly solid striking surface, and can do just as much damage as a closed fist when
utilized properly (some studies have shown that a palm strike actually can produce more energy than a punch), with far less risk
of injury to the striker's own hand.

The palm strike is useful as it is thrown in a more relaxed manner than a clenched fist. This is because clenching the fist shortens
the extensor muscles of the wrist which counter the action of flexor muscles of the wrist used in punching. Many martial arts
teach to keep the fist clench relaxed until impact in order to maximize the speed of the punch.

Targets are numerous and some examples include the nose, jaw, ears, back of the head, the groin, the kidneys, the temples and
abdominal cavity. Some combat sports, such as Pancrase, have forbidden strikes using the clenched fist but permitted strikes
using the palm.

Slap

Knife hand
A strike using the part of the hand opposite the thumb (from the little finger to the wrist), familiar to many people as a karate
chop, Shuto or Tegatana. This refers to strikes performed with the side of the knuckle of the small finger.

Suitable targets for the knife hand strike include the mastoid muscles of the neck, the jugular, the throat, the collar bones, the 3rd
vertebra (key stone of the spinal column), the upper arm, the wrist (knife hand block), the elbow (outside knife hand block), and
the knee cap (leg throw). In many Japanese and Chinese martial arts systems, the knife hand is used to block as well as to strike.
 Knife hand

Ridge hand
By tucking the thumb into the palm, a striking surface called the ridge-hand, or
reverse knife-hand is formed, extending a few inches along the inside of the
hand below the first knuckle of the first finger. Ridge-hand strikes commonly are
delivered with a hooking motion, or with a straight arm swinging sideways.

Suitable targets include the mastoid muscles of the neck, the jugular, throat,
nose, jaw, the eyes, and the groin. The ridge hand is generally considered
obsolete in the martial arts and highly circumstantial. The conditioning required
to effectively use it is usually better suited towards basic conditioning of other Ridge hand
more natural parts of the body, such as punching or kicking. For example, the
buckling that can occur on an unconditioned and sometimes even highly-
conditioned fighter when using the technique and slightly missing the main targets (eyes, neck, or nose) can do more damage to
the striker, even when he hits decent targets instead, like the jaw or forehead. As such, it is considered a high-level and highly-
circumstantial technique in the martial arts that still teach the technique, such as most forms of karate, tae kwon do, jujitsu, and
kung fu. The ridge hand technique is very swift and when mastered can be a formidable technique, it was used successfully by Ian
Fergusson (currently 7th degree Tae Kwon Do Master) in the 1981 Tae Kwon Do championships in Argentina earning him an
individual Bronze Medal and contributed to the team international Gold Medal.

Spear hand
Delivered just as with a punch except that the hand is held open like with a knife
hand. The intended striking area are the tips of the fingers. The ideal targets are
the eyes and throat. This technique is generally unsuitable against most other
targets due to the high probability that one might break their fingers. It does have
the added advantage of increasing the range of normal hand striking by 3–
4 inches or so as opposed to punching, backfisting, or hammer fisting. It is
considered a high-level technique requiring enormous conditioning, but even Spear hand
accidental spear fingering can be quite devastating on the eyes such as punching
mistakes seen in modern MMA circuits.

Closed-fist
Punch
A strike utilizing the hand with the fingers closed into a fist and striking with the knuckles (as opposed to the hammer fist
described below). There are various methods of punches, including but not limited to the straight lead, the backfist, the jab, and
the vertical punch.

Hammerfist
The hammerfist is a strike with the bottom of a clenched fist, using an action like swinging a hammer, but can also be used
horizontally like a backfist strike using the bottom fist.

This strike will not damage the bones of the hands as there is no compression of the knuckles or metacarpals, and there is no
leverage to bend the wrist.

The hammerfist strikes cricket ball sized areas on the body, hence is particularly effective for striking the Occiput, the temples,
the nose, the mandible, the wrist (for blocking punches), the testicles, the sternum, and the ear (although a cupped hand is more
effective). The hammerfist is sometimes used during "ground-and-pound" striking in mixed martial arts to avoid damaging the
bones of the hand.

The hammerfist can also be used to counter grappling charges when the assailant goes low and attempts to grab the defenders legs
by giving them a concussion to the back of the head. It is a non-lethal alternative to performing a karate-chop on the assailant's
exposed neck.

Extended knuckle
Hand strikes can be delivered with an extended knuckle, rather than the classic
fist configuration used for a traditional punch. One of the fingers is moved
forwards so that the impact is made with the knuckle, concentrating force onto a
smaller area. This kind of strike is optimized for attacks to pressure points.
Deriving from traditional and ancient Kung Fu, such striking was considered
high level technique for advanced students/inheritors of the art. The accuracy
required alongside the conditioning requirements (similar to the knuckles for
traditional punching) put it as a circumstantial technique and not as a standard
Extended knuckle (Ippon ken)
one.

Some modern martial arts, such as Krav Maga, Aikido, Hapkido, deliver this
strike to the back of the hand while being held. It puts pressure on the small
bones in the opponent's hand, causing them to loosen up their fingers in the grip.
This lets the practitioner transition smoothly into a small joint manipulation
technique. However, its effectiveness after the opponent is reasonably aware of
the fight in occurrence has been disputed with evidence hard to obtain due to the
nature of the art and its disuse in sport combat sparring or matches.

Elbow Extended knuckle (Nakadaka ken)

An elbow strike is any type of attack utilizing the adjoining bones of the
humerus and the forearm. They can either be linear or circular, and can be used
in similar fashion to a standard hook, uppercut, or overhand. Elbow and knee strikes, especially when delivered from a clinch are
generally associated with the art of Muay Thai.
Shoulder
A shoulder strike (also referred to as a shoulder butt) is a strike with the anterior part of the shoulder. The shoulder strike can be
used against the head of the opponent in close positions such as in a clinch or ground fighting, but is generally not considered to
have knockout power. However, as used as a fulcrum for a joint hyperextention, such as an arm lock in classic jujitsu from stand-
up or ground positions, can serve well to break said joint either when being the surface that an elbow is slammed upon or as a
surface to balance out the break much as the thigh is for the juji-gatame in judo.

Feet and legs

Leg strikes is a physical strike using the ball of the foot, heel, shin, knee or thigh (the latter is also known as a knee strike). This
attack is often used in hand-to-hand combat, especially in stand-up fighting.

Kick
Kicks play a significant role in many forms of martial arts, such as Taekwondo, Karate, Kung fu, Vovinam, Kickboxing, Muay
Thai, Capoeira, Silat, and Kalarippayattu.

Front kick
Delivering a front kick involves raising the knee and foot of the striking leg to the desired height, also known as chambering, and
extending the leg to contact the target, typically with the upper body straight and balanced. The actual strike is usually delivered
by the ball of the foot. Thrusting one's hips is a common method of increasing both reach and power of the kick; depending on
practitioner's particular needs, a front kick may involve more or less body motion. Front kicks are typically aimed at targets
below the chest: abdomen, thighs, groin, knees or lower, however advanced practitioner have the capability of striking head-level
targets with the front kick.

Side kick
The side kick refers to a kick that is delivered sideways in relation to the body of the practitioner. There are two areas that are
commonly used as impact points in sidekicks: the heel of the foot and the outer edge of the foot. The heel is more suited to hard
targets such as the ribs, stomach, jaw, temple and chest. A sidekick is performed by first chambering the kicking leg diagonally
across the body, then extending the leg in a linear fashion toward the target, while flexing the abdominals.

Roundhouse kick
Also referred to as a round kick, this is the most commonly used kick in combat sports due to its power and ease of use. In most
traditional martial arts, the instep is used to strike, whereas in Muay Thai, kickboxing and mixed martial arts the shin is used. To
execute, the attacker swings their leg sideways in a circular motion, kicking the opponent's side with the front of the leg, usually
with the instep, ball of the foot, toe, or shin. An important variation is the downward roundhouse kick, nicknamed the Brazilian
Kick from recent MMA use: A more pronounced twist of the hips allows for a downward end of the trajectory of the kick that is
very deceiving.[1]

Knee
A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the knee, either with the kneecap or the surrounding area.
The most common is the straight knee strike, often employed from a clinch or double collar tie, targeting anywhere from the
groin to the head. Variants include the curved knee strike, which is similar to a roundhouse kick, and the jumping or flying knee.
Stomp

Others
While less common, other parts of the body are used in specific strikes.

Bottom
In a bottom strike, as taught by Impact self-defense and other self-defense systems, the defendant drives his or her hips and
bottom region backward into an attacker holding them from behind in order to cause the attacker to off-balance and bend forward
and possibly cause pain by striking the groin or midsection forcefully. While causing minimal striking damage on average, the
attack can serve to develop a superior and/or freed position for the defendant.

Headbutt
A headbutt is a strike with the head, typically involving the use of robust parts of the cranium as areas of impact. Effective
headbutting revolves around striking a sensitive area with a less sensitive area, such as striking the nose of an opponent with the
forehead. It is known as a risky maneuver: a misplaced headbutt can cause more damage to the person delivering the headbutt
than to the person receiving it.

Hip and shoulder check

Checking involves striking with the side of the body, at the hip or shoulder, by shifting your balance and pushing with the furthest
foot to drive the body into the opponent with force. While these movements are used extensively in ice hockey (see checking (ice
hockey)) they can be performed equally well on dry ground and are part of various self-defense techniques. These strikes rarely
cause damage, but are used to off-balance or knock an opponent down. However, when applied with ample power and to a
vulnerable region they can cause pain, for example, hitting an opponent with the shoulder to the nose, striking the upper
Quadriceps femoris muscle with the hip, or driving the shoulder into the opponent's solar plexus region.

The use of shoulders can also involve charging at the opponent at running speed, similar to a ram or tackle, though a short charge
is possible where the attacker simple lunges straight at their opponent with their shoulder. These moves are generally unrefined
and unprofessional, since they have a big tendency to miss, rely on brute force more than anything and usually require a run-up. If
the charger does hit its intended target however, it can cause both pain and recoil to the target, knocking them over with the
striker's kinetic energy being transferred to them and falling over as a result of the force or pain.

Principles
Strikes in Asian martial arts and Western boxing have many of the same principles in common. These principles apply to strikes
with most parts of the human body. These principles are typically learned by martial artists through multiple repetitions under the
supervision of a qualified instructor. Many martial arts and texts include these principles, such as karate[2] and Jeet Kune Do.[3]
This is only a partial list.

1. Timing of muscular tension: The striker relaxes to the extent possible during the strike, tensing the muscles of
much of the body only at the time of impact, then relaxing again to recoil the striking part. Relaxation enables the
strike to achieve the greatest possible velocity during travel, while rigidity at impact allows the maximum transfer
of energy.
2. Breath control: Practitioners may include a kiai or shout, to help tense the muscles at impact and distract or
frighten the opponent. Strikers generally exhale as the strike nears the target. Breath control is also important to
relax the body when not attacking; novice strikers often waste significant energy because they are tense at
inappropriate times.
 3. Penetration: Strikes should aim for a point 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) behind the target surface, to impart the most
energy into the target. The striker in combat should attempt to strike through the target area, not just contact the
surface. An example of increase penetration is in turning the fist as it is thrown, a very natural punching
technique that the amount of turn depends on the position be it either as an attack, defense, or counter.
Instinctive punching, boxing, along with most martial arts uses this type of punching aside from Wing Chun and
Capoeira who favor adding slightly more speed at the cost of moderate power loss.
4. Focus: Strikes should channel force through a small area of the attacker's body. For example, this is the knuckles
of the middle finger and index finger during a karate reverse punch, or the crescent/blade of the foot in a Tae
Kwon Do side kick technique. Focus helps in achieving proper penetration and in maximizing the damage at the
point of impact.
5. Kinetic linkage / Summation of force: Muscles are activated in a precise sequence to maximize the force
generated. Strikes should generally be thrown with some measure of shifting body weight supporting the blow, as
opposed to just the striking arm or leg. For example, the traditional boxing jab is made more forceful by driving off
the rear leg and shifting body weight into the blow, while twisting the trunk and shoulder to further enhance the
striking force.
6. Footwork: Proper footwork is used to enable the proper balancing of the body, to support combinations of strikes
and launch strikes from the proper angle or distance. This is among the most complex elements of striking, as
power ultimately flows from the legs in striking and optimizing the ability to throw combinations involves precise
footwork.
7. Gravity: Strikes that go from high to low like hammerfists, downwards elbows, and stomp kicks see their force
enhanced by gravity.

Strategies
Besides applying the mechanical elements described above, strikers use particular strategies to help ensure their strikes are
effective. Among these strategies are:

1. Combinations: Strikers may combine techniques in a series to ensure one or more strikes impact their
opponents. These attacks are thrown at various targets on the body, with the greatest force typically thrown with
a particular technique in the sequence.
2. Level of attack: The height of attack is often varied, such as a jab to the head followed by a kick to the ribs. By
varying the level of attack, strikers open the guard of their opponent.
3. Timing and Rhythm: Experienced strikers learn through repetition and muscle memory when (not just how) to
launch particular strikes, based on the circumstances they are facing. Fights and fighters may have ebbs and
flows in momentum and action that become predictable. Disrupting this flow may give the striker an advantage.
4. Direct line: "Telegraphing" refers to moving the striking body part prior to actually launching the blow.
Telegraphing signals the intent to the opponent and increases the likelihood the strike will not be effective. In
general, the striking weapon should move first, with the body driving behind it. This requires proper distancing
and footwork.
5. Deception: Strikers use feints or distractions to disguise the timing or direction of their attacks. Stomping the foot,
noise, frequent hand movement, head movement, switching the guard position, etc. are common feints. Using
feints, then attacking at multiple levels and with various techniques may help deceive the opponent, defeating
their guard.
6. Dominant angle of attack: Achieving a positional advantage relative to your opponent. UFC champion Anderson
Silva wrote: "The ultimate goal in fighting is to utilize footwork to acquire a dominant angle of attack." He defines
this as "...a position from which you can strike your opponent, and your opponent is out of position to hit you with
a strike...you want your hips facing your opponent and your opponents hips facing away from yours."[4]

Risks
The human hand is made up of many small bones which may be damaged by heavy impact. If a hard part of the opponent's body
or other hard object is inadvertently struck, the metacarpals may splay on impact and break. Boxers tape their hands so as to hold
the metacarpals together and keep them from splaying. One can toughen one's bones by striking objects to induce osteoclasts
(cells which remove bone) and osteoblasts (which form bone) to remodel the bone over the struck area increasing the density of
bone at the striking surface. For more information on bone remodeling, see Wolff's law.

The wrist must also be kept in proper alignment during a fist strike. If the wrist bends on impact, it can easily be sprained,
dislocated or broken. Boxers tape their wrists to reduce wrist flex.
See also
Makiwara
Punching bag
One inch punch
Atemi
Varma kalai

References
1. The Essential Book of Martial Arts Kicks: 89 Kicks from Karate, Taekwondo, Muay Thai, Jeet Kune Do, and
Others by Marc De Bremaeker and Roy Faige
2. Funakoshi, Gichin. Karate-Do Kyohan: The Master Text. Tokyo. Kodansha International; 1973.
3. Lee, Bruce and Lee, Linda. Tao of Jeet Kune Do. Burbank, CA. O'Hara Publications; 1975.
4. Silva, Anderson (2007). Mixed Martial Arts Instruction Manual: Striking. Victory Belt. ISBN 978-0-9815044-1-4.

External links

Video examples
Highlights - 1988 Olympic Gold Medalist Myung Sam Jang - Examples of Footwork and Kicking (https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v=dj8IBYJuKAg&playnext_from=TL&videos=jldiTnAI6Nw)
Anderson Silva - Examples of Basic Striking and Combinations (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nBoQgeKP-
0&playnext_from=TL&videos=aR4ARYeirLM)

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Armlock
An armlock in grappling is a single or double joint lock that
Armlock
hyperextends, hyperflexes or hyperrotates the elbow joint or
shoulder joint. An armlock that hyperflexes or hyperrotates the
shoulder joint is referred to as a shoulder lock, and an armlock
that hyperextends the elbow joint is called an armbar. Depending
on the joint flexibility of a person, armlocks that hyperrotate the
shoulder joint can also hyperrotate the elbow joint, and vice versa.

Obtaining an armlock requires effective use of full-body leverage

in order to initiate and secure a lock on the targeted arm, while
preventing the opponent from escaping the lock. Therefore,
performing an armlock is less problematic on the ground, from
Armlock shown is a straight armbar (jūji-
positions such as the mount, side control, or guard. Armlocks are
gatame)
more difficult to perform when both combatants are standing up,
though the stand-up variants are a focus in certain systems such as Classification Joint-lock
Chin Na. Parent hold Various Grappling positions
Child hold(s) Wristlock
Armlocks, considered less dangerous techniques in combat sports
allowing joint locks, are the most common joint locks used as
submission holds. In training, the method of executing an armlock is generally slow and controlled to give the opponent time to
submit prior to any infliction of injury. However, in self-defense applications, or when applied improperly or with excessive
force, armlocks can cause muscle, tendon and ligament damage, even dislocation, or bone fractures.

Contents
Armbar
Flying armbar
Helicopter armbar
Sankaku-gatame
Shoulder locks
Top shoulder lock
Double wristlock (Gyaku ude-garami)
Omoplata (sankaku-garami)
Hammerlock
See also
References
External links

Armbar
The jūji-gatame ( 十 字 固 め , rendered as "Ude-Hishigi-Juji-Gatame"), also
sometimes used interchangeably with the terms armbar, cross armbar or straight
armbar, is a Kodokan Judo technique also widely used in other grappling martial
arts such as BJJ. The English word "bar" is used here to signify the opponent's
extended arm, while the Japanese word "jūji" ( 十字) refers to the armbar's visual
resemblance to the number 10 as written in kanji, 十. The word jūji is also found in
"jūjika" (十字架), meaning a cross. In general, the practitioner secures an arm at the
wrist of the opponent, trapping it by squeezing the knees together. To initiate the
submission one of the legs will be across the chest of the opponent, the second leg's
calf will cross face the opponent, with the hips tight into the armpit, with the arm
held between the thighs, with the elbow pointing against the thigh or hips. By
holding the opponent's wrist to the attacker's chest with the pinky finger on the
sternum and the thumb facing up (arm semi-supinated or semi-pronated), the
practitioner can easily extend the opponent's arm and hyperextend the opponent's
elbow. The attacker can further increase the pressure on the elbow joint by arching
his hips against the elbow. This technique is used in various grappling martial arts, A fighter attempts to escape from
including but not limited to Brazilian jiu-jitsu, catch wrestling, judo, jujutsu, Sambo, an armbar by slamming the
and shoot wrestling, and is one of the most common ways to win a match in mixed opponent to the ground.
martial arts competition.

Flying armbar
The flying armbar or tobi-jūji-gatame ( 飛 び十 字 固 め) is a version of the jūji-gatame that is performed from a stand-up
position. Without a gi, it is typically applied when the opponent has a collar tie and arm control. By tightly holding the opponent's
neck and arm, the practitioner places one of his shins against the opponent's midsection, and leans up on the opponent; at the
same time, the attacker swings the leg on the same side as the opponent's collar tie over the opponent's head, into the typical jūji-
gatame position. A slight modification of this maneuver can also be made. Instead of initiating the move by placing the shin
against the opponent's midsection, the lower leg can be directed through the space between the arm and trunk of the opponent
with the knee generally placed close to the opponent's armpit. The advantage of this modification is that the attacking
practitioner's hips more closely engage with the defender's shoulders, making the forthcoming armbar submission easier to
accomplish. However, the disadvantage of this modification is that the associated risk of injury is increased due to the attacker's
increased height above the ground and near-vertical upside-down angle to the ground. (With a gi, it can be performed without
needing to hold the neck.) If improperly performed, this technique can allow the opponent to escape, and gain an advantageous
position. The flying armbar is considered to be one of the most visually spectacular joint locks, but it is uncommon because of the
associated risk of falling into a poor position.

Helicopter armbar
The helicopter armbar is a slightly different version of the armbar, a combination of an armbar and tomoe nage, which is also
used by wrestling, Judo and BJJ. When the attacker stands in front of the opponent, he grabs both of his arms and falls
backwards, causing the opponent to lean forward. Then the attacker puts his feet on the opponent's stomach or hips and lifts him
up with his feet. While securing one of the opponents arms, the attacker will drop one foot (Same side as the secured arm). This
will cause the opponent to twist and fall, landing with the secured arm extended by the attacker.

Sankaku-gatame
The sankaku-gatame (三角固め) or triangle armlock is a jūji-gatame performed from the sankaku position. Originating from
Judo it is normally used when the shime (strangle) is not working. It is an effective competition technique because the opponent's
arm became exposed while defending the sankaku-jime and their attention is focused in stopping the strangle.

Shoulder locks
The "shoulder lock" is a technique used as a method of upper body restraint. It should not be confused with a choke because the
lock does not block or interfere with the flow of air or oxygen to the brain. The application is executed by applying pressure
between the radial bone and shoulder.

Top shoulder lock

The top shoulder lock, (Also known as the figure-four armlock, bent
armlock, americana, keylock, V1 armlock, paintbrush, or ude-
garami)[1][2] is a grappling keylock technique in which both of the
practitioner’s arms isolate and cause flexion to the shoulder, elbow, and to
a lesser extent the wrist of the opponent. The technique is generally set in
motion by the practitioner, using their opposite side hand, (i.e. to target the
opponents' right hand he uses his own left hand) pinning the opponent's
arm to the ground at the wrist, so that the elbow falls at a right angle with
Ude-garami (americana) being attempted
the palm facing upwards. Subsequently, the practitioner will thread his
in Judo competition
opposite hand under the opponent’s biceps, reach through and grasp his
own wrist, doing so creates the signature “figure four,” from which one
name for this technique was derived, this also gives the practitioner a mechanical advantage over the opponent. To finish the
submission the practitioner slides the wrist of the opponent toward the lower body, while simultaneously elevating the elbow and
forearm, in a motion resembling using a paintbrush, creating opposition to the joints and causing the necessary flexion in the
shoulder and elbow to cause significant pain, and damage if the opponent fails to submit. While it is feasible to execute this
technique from several different positions, the most commonly utilized is the side mount position. This technique also has
numerous variations with their own nomenclature, for instance depending on the rotational direction the arm, the addition of the
word "reverse" signifying medial rotation as in reverse keylock or reverse ude-garami, in which case the usage of "keylock"
indicates lateral rotation only.

Double wristlock (Gyaku ude-garami)

Double wristlock / chicken wing (catch wrestling), kimura (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu), or reverse keylock are terms used to specify a
medial keylock known in judo as gyaku ude-garami (reverse arm entanglement) or simply as ude-garami. The application is
similar to the top wristlock, except that it is reversed. It needs some space behind the opponent to be effective, and can be applied
from the side control or guard. Contrary to the top wristlock, the opponent's wrist is grabbed with the hand on the same side, and
the opposite arm is put behind the opponent's arm, again grabbing the attacker's wrist and forming a figure-four. By controlling
the opponent's body and cranking the arm away from the attacker, pressure is put on the shoulder joint, and depending on the
angle, also the elbow joint (in some variations the opponent's arm is brought behind their back, resulting in a finishing position
resembling that of the hammerlock outlined below).

The name "kimura" started circulating in Brazil after a judoka and a professional wrestler Masahiko Kimura used it to defeat one
of the founders of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hélio Gracie. This variation of the name gained more prominence in MMA after the
introduction of UFC, and the role Gracie had in its early history. Although a top wristlock is technically a reverse double
wristlock, UFC announcer Bruce Buffer still announces fights won by top wristlock as "by tap-out due to a kimura".[3]
Professional wrestler Terry Funk credits Lorigo "Tony" Morelli with introducing the hold to wrestling "in the '20s", and expressed
light frustration with the term "kimura" gradually replacing "double wristlock". He says Morelli set it up by giving opponents
(either in fixed matches or legitimate challenges) his back, while standing, throughout his thirty-year career.[4] A reporter for The
Spokesman-Review used the term in June 1925 to describe a submission by Jim "Cyclone Thompson" Corrigan over the deputy
sheriff of Worley, Idaho, without elaborating on the mechanics.[5] The Wichita Eagle did likewise that April, for Dick
Daviscourt's first fall on strongman Henry "Milo" Steinborn.[6]

The 1928 National Collegiate Athletic Association rulebook noted, "Attention is called to the fact that if the double wristlock is
brought up to a twisting hammerlock, it becomes an illegal hold and must be stopped by the Referee...". Elsewhere, it prohibits
preventing an opponent from escaping with a bodylock, with low-quality photographic illustration. It also noted concern for the
danger of a legally applied double wristlock.[7] Robin Reed had used the move to force pins on his way to an Olympic gold
medal in 1924.[8]

Omoplata (sankaku-garami)
The omoplata (referred to in judo as ashi-sankaku-garami, 三 角 緘 , "triangular
entanglement"[9][10] and in catch wrestling as coil lock) is also a commonly featured
shoulder lock in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. The locking mechanism is similar to the kimura
lock, but instead of using a figure-four, it is applied using a leg. The omoplata can be
applied from the guard, by placing one leg under the opponent's armpit and turning
180 degrees in the direction of that leg, so that the leg moves over the back of the
opponent and entangles the opponent's arm. By controlling the opponent's body and
Royce Gracie demonstrating the pushing the arm perpendicularly away from the opponent's back, pressure can be put
Omoplata.
on the opponent's shoulder. It is also possible to put pressure on the elbow joint by
bending the leg entangling the arm, and twisting it in a specific manner. In order to
secure the opponent and prevent him from rolling out of the lock, the inner arm can be thrown over the opponent's waist as a
"seatbelt" securing the opponent. Though an effective lock, it is more difficult than other armlocks to successfully apply. The
technique called a monoplata is a similar armlock that resembles jūji-gatame or spiderweb position yet has a mechanism like an
omoplata.

Tsunetane Oda, a judo groundwork specialist who died in 1955,[11] was shown on video to have demonstrated the technique.[12]

Hammerlock
A hammerlock is a shoulder lock similar to the double wristlock where the opponent's arm is held bent against their back, and
their hand forced upwards towards the neck, thereby applying pressure to the shoulder joint. In BJJ circles, this is sometimes
referred to as chicken wing.

See also
For armlocks involving a separating motion of the elbow joint, see Biceps slicer.
Leglock
Small joint manipulation
Spinal lock
Wristlock

References
1. "Classification of Techniques in Kodokan Judo" (http://www.judoinfo.com/gokyo3.htm). Retrieved 2008-10-19.
 2. "The 29 Official Grappling Techniques of Kodokan Judo" (http://www.judoinfo.com/gokyo2.htm). Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20081007123501/http://www.judoinfo.com/gokyo2.htm) from the original on 7 October
2008. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
3. MetroPCS Move of the Week - Gabriel Gonzaga vs. Justin McCully (http://www.ufc.com/media/metropcs-motw-g
onzaga-mccully)
4. The Ross Report, episode 55, "Terry Funk". (http://podcastone.com/The-Ross-Report)Jim Ross interviews Terry
Funk, on PodcastOne (1:13:30)
5. "Cyclone Thompson Wins Championship Belt", reprinted from The Spokesan-Review by The WAWLI Papers (htt
p://www.wrestlingclassics.com/wawli/New141-150.htm)
6. "Daviscourt Knows Too Much About Wrestling Game", reprinted from The Wichita Eagle by The WAWLI Papers
(http://www.wrestlingclassics.com/wawli/REDUXNos.1-10.html)
7. "National Collegiate Athletic Association Official Intercollegiate Wrestling Guide", by the Spalding's Athletic
Library, 1928 (page 50) (http://nwhof.org/NCAA-Guides/PDF/NCAA%20Guide%201928.PDF)
8. "Wrestling Tough", by Mike Chapman, page 65-66. (https://books.google.ca/books?id=OcPia9mAlKQC&pg=PA65
&lpg=PA65)
9. Inokuma, Isao; Sato, Nobuyuki (1987). Best Judo. Kodansha America. ISBN 0-87011-786-6.
10. Judo-club Hadamar. Judo von A - Z (http://www.judoclubhadamar.de/Judolexikon.htm) Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20050506044131/http://www.judoclubhadamar.de/Judolexikon.htm) 2005-05-06 at the Wayback
Machine. www.judoclubhadamar.de. URL last accessed August 18, 2006. (In German)
11. Toshikazu Okada. Master Tsunetane Oda (http://judoinfo.com/oda.htm)
12. Tsunetane Oda - judo ne-waza 3 of 3 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_of8P71itic&t=6m59s)

External links
Gracie BJJ. Kimura Lock (https://web.archive.org/web/20090802233310/http://www.mmasubmissionmoves.com/
Joint-Locks/Kimura-Gyaku-ude-garami-3/). mmasubmissionmoves.com.
Bothner, George; Gotch, Frank; Hackenschmidt, George; Liederman, Earle. Hammerlock (http://gnarlmaster.tripo
d.com/gnarlmaster/Hammerlock.htm). gnarlmaster.tripod.com.
Kesting, Stephan. Revolutionary Omo Plata (http://www.grapplearts.com/Omo-Plata-Article.htm).
www.grapplearts.com.
Kesting, Stephan; Soares, Marcus. Mastering the Kimura (http://www.grapplearts.com/Kimura-Article.htm),
www.grapplearts.com.
Ohlenkamp, Neil. The Most Powerful Armlock in Judo (http://judoinfo.com/jujigatame.htm). judoinfo.com.
Trnka, Tue. MMA-ordbogen (https://web.archive.org/web/20110719125940/http://www.mmareporter.dk/?id=26).
www.mmareporter.dk. URL last accessed August 18, 2006. (In Danish)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armlock&oldid=900220009"

This page was last edited on 4 June 2019, at 06:31 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
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Chokehold 1

Chokehold
Chokehold

The lateral vascular neck restraint demonstrated by soldiers of the Maldives Armed Forces

Parent style Judo and other various styles

AKA Stranglehold, shime-waza

A chokehold, choke, stranglehold or, in Judo, shime-waza (Japanese: 絞 技; English: constriction technique)[1] is
a general term for grappling hold that critically reduces or prevents either air (choking)[2] or blood (strangling) from
passing through the neck of an opponent. The restriction may be of one or both and depends on the hold used and the
reaction of the victim. The lack of blood or air may lead to unconsciousness or even death if the hold is maintained.
Chokeholds are used in martial arts, combat sports, self-defense, law enforcement and in military hand to hand
combat applications. They are considered superior to brute-force manual strangling, which generally requires a large
disparity in physical strength to be effective.[3] Rather than using the fingers or arms to attempt to crush the neck,
chokeholds effectively use leverage such as figure-four holds or collar holds that use the clothes to assist in the
constriction. .
The terminology used varies; in most martial arts, the term "chokehold" or "choke" is used for all types of grappling
holds that strangle. This can be misleading as most holds aim to strangle not choke with the exception of "air
chokes" (choking means "to have severe difficulty in breathing because of a constricted or obstructed throat or a lack
of air"). In Judo terminology, "blood chokes" are referred to as "strangleholds" or "strangles" while "air chokes" are
called "chokeholds" or "chokes". In forensics the terms "strangle" and "stranglehold" designate any type of neck
compression, while in law-enforcement they are referred to as "neck holds".[4]

Air choke
An air choke or tracheal choke specifically refers to a "true" choke that compresses the upper airway (trachea,
larynx or laryngopharynx), hence interfering with breathing, and leading to asphyxia. Although less effective at
inducing unconsciousness than its vascular counterpart, the air choke causes excruciating pain and air hunger, and in
combat sports a fighter will usually submit to such a submission hold. Air chokes have been associated with fractures
of the larynx or hyoid bone, and are considered less safe than blood chokes to practice. The common
law-enforcement arm bar choke is an air choke done by placing the forearm across the front of the neck from behind.
The free hand grabs the wrist and pulls back the forearm, hence driving the forearm (usually the radius bone) into the
front of the neck. [citation needed]
Chokehold 2

Blood choke
Blood chokes, carotid restraint or sleeper holds, are a form of strangulation that compress one or both carotid arteries
and/or the jugular veins without compressing the airway, hence causing cerebral ischemia and a temporary hypoxic
condition in the brain.[5] A well applied blood choke may lead to unconsciousness in a matter of seconds. Compared
to strangulation with the hands, properly applied blood chokes require little physical strength.[6]

Use in combat sports

Most chokeholds featured in combat sports and martial
arts are blood chokes, although some air chokes or
combinations occur as well. Blood chokes, especially
the rear naked choke, triangle chokes, or gi chokes, are
commonly used as submission holds in Brazilian
Jiu-Jitsu. In Judo, chokeholds, known as shime-waza,
are used but are often subject to restrictions based on
age or rank. Chokeholds are not allowed in Sport
Sambo but are allowed in Combat Sambo. The
Woman practicing Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu demonstrates the Triangle
choke.
chokeholds used in Catch wrestling and Shoot
wrestling are the inspiration for the "chokeholds" in
modern professional wrestling performances. Due to the effectiveness of chokeholds and their popularity in a wide
variety of martial arts, they are often used to force submissions in mixed martial art and submission grappling
competitions.

Use in law enforcement

The lateral vascular neck restraint (also called sleeper hold) is still a widely taught and utilized blood restriction
hold in law enforcement, and can be performed from behind the suspect (or from the front when the officer is "on
top" of the suspect) by putting an arm around the neck of the suspect, with the crook of the elbow over the midline of
the neck. By pinching the arm together while assisting with the free hand, the carotid arteries and jugular veins are
compressed on both sides of the neck. This hold does not put any pressure on the airway, of course, an improperly
applied hold could quickly turn into an air choke if the person being strangled resists the hold by attempting to turn
around.[7]
Due to risks of injuries, American law enforcement agencies restrict or in some "rare" instances, forbid its use. The
Los Angeles Police Department, for example, prohibited its officers from using air chokes and restricted use of the
carotid hold to instances where death or serious bodily injury was threatened, after routinely using chokeholds for
many years. The Bay Area Rapid Transit Police are completely prohibited from using carotid holds.

Partial list of chokeholds

Chokehold 3

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it [8].

• Anaconda choke – Choke starting with attacker facing the opponent
on all fours. Attacker passes his leading arm under the neck, and
outside past one of the opponent's arms while then grabbing his own
other arm's free arm biceps (resulting in similar arm positioning to a
rear naked choke). The attacker then arches his back, bending
backward to apply the choke.
Gi choke in judo competition.
• Arm triangle choke – Similar to the leg triangle choke except that it
is performed from above a grounded opponent using the arms.
• D'arce Choke – the D'Arce choke, also known as the Brabo choke, is similar to the Anaconda choke, the main
divergence being the choking arm is threaded under the near arm, in front of the opponent's neck, and on top of
the far arm.
• Ezekiel choke – Attacker grabs inside their own sleeve around opponent's neck.
• Shime-waza choke – Any choke applied by using the opponents gi (i.e. uniform), most commonly used in Judo
and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (Example: Ezequiel choke, slide choke, half nelson choke, bow and arrow choke, clock
choke).
• Gogoplata – Performed from full guard by using an Omoplata setup to trap the top man's arm, then pulling the
bottom man's foot past the top man's head, pressing the shin of that leg against the throat. The bottom man then
pulls on his opponent's head, cutting off the airflow and forcing him to submit or risk passing out from lack of
oxygen.
• Guillotine – Applied in front of and above the opponent, the attacker restricts air flow by lifting the forearm into
the neck. A common finishing hold in mixed martial arts.
• North–south choke – Applied from the north-south position with opponent facing up. Uses the shoulder and
biceps to cut off air flow.
• Push Choke – This can be applied a prone opponent, facing the person applying, by simply placing a hand to the
throat, and pushing down, as the name implies. This is an air choke, and if left applied for too long, will result in
fracture of the Hyoid bone in the neck, and death. Because of the high likelihood of death to the opponent, it is
often not used in most fighting, and is an outlawed hold within the wrestling community because of the high
chance of it being misdelivered, resulting in death.
• Rear naked choke – Applied from behind the opponent, starting by looping one arm around the neck so that the
crook of the elbow is under the opponents chin, then placing the hand of that arm on the opposite biceps. The
other hand is then placed on the back of the opponent's head and pushes the opponent's head and neck forward
into the crook of the flexed arm. Additional pressure may be applied by pinioning the opponent's lower body by
locking the legs around the opponent's waist (referred to as "hooks") and arching the back to place more force
against the neck. A simple and effective chokehold, it is the most common[] finishing hold in mixed martial arts
competition.
• Triangle choke – Applied from full guard or from mount, the opponent's neck is trapped in a triangle formed by
their own arm and the attacker's thigh and calf. A common finishing hold in Mixed martial arts.
• Peruvian Necktie – another chokehold variant created by Peruvian MMA fighter Tony DeSouza in which the
arms of the person applying the choke are laced around the neck with the opponent's bottom arom straight through
the hold, the person applying then turns the opponent around, and drapes his legs over the back, applying the
pressure to the choke, this hold is used mostly by American MMA fighters Eddie Alvarez and CB Dollaway.
• Shin choke – Used on a prone opponent, by simply placing the shin across the neck, resulting in constriction of
airflow to the lungs, it will quickly result in the loss of consciousness of the opponent.
• Short Wrist Choke – In Judo, the rear naked choke is known as Hadaka-jime (裸 絞 め): "rear naked choke", one
of the 36 constriction techniques of Kodokan Judo in the Shime-waza list. It digs the blade of the wrist into the
carotid sinus similar to the hand clasp method and uses a lever motion helped by the underhand. It is faster to
Chokehold 4

apply requiring less strength than the figure four/mixed-martial arts version but is more difficult to learn. It is not
an air choke but a carotid choke created entirely by the attacker's arms.
• Von Blut Choke – this choke is mostly used in MMA, and some rare instances in wrestling, because of the rareity
of its use, it is often overlooked in its effectiveness. The choke is applied with the opponent in a supine position,
with his back against the mat, the person applying then laces his closest arm around the back of the head, and
places his entire body weight against the neck, causing both air constriction, and restriction of blood flow to the
brain, prolonged applying of this hold can result in loss of consciousness, either due to loss of blood flow to the
brain, or loss of air to the lungs, if kept applied for too long, it can result in death to the opponent.

Further reading
• Zev Yaroslavsky and Robert C. Farrell, Los Angeles City Council members in the 1970s, who worked to ban
chokeholds in the Los Angeles Police Department.
• Force Science News #198: Vascular neck restraint: Reprieve for a bum-rapped technique [9]

References
[1] Ohlenkamp, Neil. Principles of Judo Choking Techniques (http:/ / judoinfo. com/ chokes. htm). judoinfo.com. URL last accessed March 3,
2006.
[2] The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1999). Oxford University press. ISBN 0-19-861263-X.
[3] Jones, Richard. Asphyxia (http:/ / www. forensicmed. co. uk/ asphyxia. htm), Strangulation (http:/ / www. forensicmed. co. uk/ strangulation.
htm). www.forensicmed.co.uk. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.
[4] Reay, Donald; Eisele, John. Death from law enforcement neck holds (http:/ / www. charlydmiller. com/ LIB/ 1982neckholds. html).
www.charlydmiller.com.URL last accessed March 3, 2006
[5] Koiwai, Karl. Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza) (http:/ / judoinfo. com/ chokes6. htm). judoinfo.com.
URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
[6] Koiwai, Karl. How Safe is Choking in Judo? (http:/ / judoinfo. com/ chokes5. htm). judoinfo.com. URL last accessed March 3, 2006.
[7] DiMaio, Vincent; DiMaio, Dominick (2001). Forensic Pathology, Second Edition. Selected Pages from CHAPTER 8 (http:/ / www.
charlydmiller. com/ LIB/ forensicpathasphyxia. html) and from Deaths Occurring Following the Application of Choke or Carotid Holds (http:/
/ www. datenschlag. org/ howto/ atem/ english/ DiM89. html). www.charlydmiller.com. URL last accessed March 2, 2006.
[8] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Chokehold& action=edit
[9] http:/ / www. forcescience. org/ fsinews/ 2012/ 02/ force-science-news-198-vascular-neck-restraint-reprieve-for-a-bum-rapped-technique/
#more-979

External links
• Hadakajime - Air or Blood Choke? (http://www.bestjudo.com/article1.shtml). Discussion about whether
hadakajime can be classified as an air or blood choke.
• Joe Rogan doing a Blood choke http://www.spike.com/player?ifilmId=2685057&refsite=7063
Article Sources and Contributors 5

Article Sources and Contributors

Chokehold  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=579643083  Contributors: -Marcus-, 1337pino, Aesopian, Akqjt, Barticus88, Beauhobbs, Beland, Ben Ward, BoBoCTiberius,
Bobo192, Brianhe, Bubbajaxn, Capricorn42, ChrisGualtieri, CommonsDelinker, Cwagon, DadaNeem, Dar-Ape, Dartroom, Dbreton, DeadEyeArrow, DiScOrD tHe LuNaTiC, Doug4422,
Dreadstar, Estevezj, Eyu100, Formol, Frze, Funnyman212, Gadlen, GeoMor, GeorgeLouis, Ghetteaux, Gilliam, Gracefool, GraemeL, Hairy Dude, Hardys, Hateless, Helohe,
Heroeswithmetaphors, Hmorris94, Htra0497, Huaiwei, Hutcher, ImperfectlyInformed, InedibleHulk, Iridescent, J.delanoy, JForget, JJL, Jacob Koopa, Jdcollins13, JohnSandersJr, Jorge Stolfi,
Julesd, Kaiser wolf, Kico, Krenair, Kritikos99, LAhighroller103, LEAP AZ, LOL, Leoni2, Ligulem, Lode Runner, Med358, MikeWilson, Nate1481, Nbursch, Neelix, NiciVampireHeart,
NickW557, Notreallydavid, Orenburg1, P4k, PRehse, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Pietrow, Pissant, Pooopwoman, Postdlf, Rackham, Raleymitchell, Rexfan2, Rorybowman, Samuel Pepys,
Scarface999, Scarian, Scotw, Scriberius, Sengkang, Shadowjams, Shawnc, Sjakkalle, Sonicology, SpeculumXL, Srice13, Srich32977, Stavlor, Sue H. Ping, SuzukS, Syrthiss, Taketa, Tarheru,
Thefreshfish, Tim Long, Tinton5, Toddst1, Ttocsic12, Ugncreative Usergname, Updatehelper, Urbanchampion, User5802, Vrenator, WDM27, Ze miguel, Zmaddoc, Артём Алтухов, 178
anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Maldives25a-rear choke.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maldives25a-rear_choke.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cpl. Benjamin M. George
File:BJJ Triangle Choke.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BJJ_Triangle_Choke.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:
User:Scarface999
File:65151912 3mjE6-L-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:65151912_3mjE6-L-1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Gunnex,
Артём Алтухов

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Wristlock 1

Wristlock
Wristlock

A pronating wristlock used to hold a man's head down

Classification Joint-lock

Parent style Judo, Aiki-Jujutsu, Aikido

A Wristlock is a joint lock primarily affecting the wrist-joint and possibly the radioulnar joints through rotation of
the hand. A wristlock is typically applied by grabbing the opponent's hand, and bending and/or twisting it.
Wristlocks are very common in martial arts such as Aikido, Hapkido and jujutsu where they are featured as
self-defense techniques. They are also used as submission holds in combat sports such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu (where
the most common name is mão de vaca, "the cow's hand") and Catch wrestling. While being an illegal technique in
modern Sambo[1] and Judo[2] competitions, it is still practiced in judo forms of self-defense kata Kodokan Goshin
Jutsu.[3] Wristlocks are also widely used by law enforcement and military as pain compliance hold.
The wristlock is a technique that can be applied from a stand-up position, simply by grabbing the opponent's hand
and twisting and/or bending it in a non-natural direction. It is considered to be a relatively safe technique to practice
with a willing opponent,[4] but if applied suddenly and/or forcefully, a wristlock can cause ligament tears or possibly
even dislocation or bone fractures.

Major methods of wrist manipulation

Rotational wristlock
A rotational wristlock (in Aikido referred to as a type
of sankyō, 三 教, "third teaching")[5][6] is a very
common type of wristlock, and involves forced
supination or pronation of the wrist, and is typically
applied by grabbing and twisting the hand. The wrist
joint does not allow rotating motion, and the force is
transferred to the forearm causing radioulnar rotation,
eventually resulting in a joint lock on the radioulnar
joint. Once the radius and ulna have been brought to
their extreme positions, further twisting motion will put
severe torque on the wrist. In martial arts, standing
Rotational wristlock by an Aikido instructor
rotational wristlocks are often accompanied by the
opponent instinctively willingly throwing him or
herself to escape or alleviate the lock.
Wristlock 2

Supinating wristlock
The supinating wristlock (in budō referred to as kote gaeshi,
小 手 返, "forearm return")[7][8] is a rotational wristlock, and
arguably the most common wristlock. It involves rotating the
hand so that it becomes maximally supinated, often referred to
as 'externally rotating' the wrist, and hence putting a joint lock
on the wrist and radioulnar joint. This can be done by
grabbing the opponent's hand with one or both hands, and
twisting the hand so that the opponent's thumb points away
from the opponent. A supinating wristlock performed from a
stand-up position can be used to force the opponent to the
ground on his or her back. Straightening the arm does not
alleviate the pressure, since the shoulder joint does not allow A supinating wristlock demonstrated.
further supination of the hand.

A properly executed lock of this type does not apply torque to the wrist, itself. In practice, the bones of the forearm
and, eventually, the shoulder are the focus of the lock. If performed correctly this technique will break the opponents
wrist, elbow and dislocate the shoulder. In practice uke will turn over his own arm, in order to prevent his wrist from
breaking. The goal of almost all throws executed via joint/bone manipulation, at least from the perspective of some
classical (koryu) martial arts, is to break or dislocate a limb(s).

Pronating wristlock
The pronating wristlock (in budō referred to as kote mawashi, 小 手 回 し,
"forearm turn", and in Aikido referred to as nikyō, 二 教, "second teaching") is
similar to the supinating wristlock except that it is reversed in direction, known
as 'internally rotating' the wrist. The hand becomes maximally pronated,
resulting in a joint lock on the wrist and radioulnar joint. The degree of possible
pronation depends on the degree of flexion at the elbow, as a bent elbow
inhibits rotation of the humerus. Hence, straightening the arm allows rotation of
the whole arm and alleviates the pressure on the joints. The arm has to be
additionally twisted until the shoulder joint reaches maximal rotation to
preserve the joint lock. This typically results in the arm moving posteriorly, and
allows for the complementary technique of pushing the arm at the elbow or
shoulder to force the opponent to the ground.

Pronating wristlock in a professional

wrestling match. Here, William Regal
is applying the hold to Cody Rhodes.
Wristlock 3

Hyperflexing wristlock
A hyperflexing wristlock (in budō referred to as tekubi gatame, 手
首 固 め, "wrist lock") involves forcing the wrist into hyperflexion
by pushing or pulling the hand towards the inside of the forearm. A
hyperflexing wristlock is often performed in combination with
rotational wristlocks, since the hyperflexed hand provides a good
lever for twisting, and in addition it increases the overall
effectiveness of the wristlock. Hyperflexing wristlocks are often
featured as pain compliance techniques, since they allow for good
control, and a gradual pain increase if more leverage is added.
Hyperflexing wristlocks are also a typical wristlock used as a
submission hold. Hyperflexing wrist locks, often applied after an
escape from a rotational wrist lock, is a signature technique in
Chen-style t'ai chi ch'uan.
A hyperflexing wristlock used as a pain compliance
technique.
Hyperextending wristlock
The "hyperextending wristlock" is often combined with a fingerlock as the wristlock itself is not very strong. It
involves bending the wrist so that the knuckles travel back toward the forearm.

Adductive wristlock
An adductive wristlock (in budō referred to as kote hono
gaeshi, "partial forearm return", part of aikido's nikyō, or
second teaching)[9] involves forced ulnar deviation of the
hand. It is typically applied by twisting the opponent's arm so
that the opponent's palm points laterally and the elbow is
slightly bent. The hand is then grabbed using one or both
hands, and the wrist is forced downwards, hence reaching the
limit of possible ulnar deviation, and creating a potent joint
lock on the wrist joint. To avoid damage, it is possible for the
opponent to drop down to the ground, and alleviate the By pressing the opponent's wrist downwards, the hand is
pressure. The adductive wristlock is often taught as a forced into extreme ulnar deviation.
self-defense technique against grabbing.

• Note: in aikido this lock is called Nikyō; It is also commonly referred to as a "Z-Lock" because the bend of the
arm forms a Z.
• Note: in some parts of America this is also called the "Goose Neck" because the bend of the arm forms a S.
Wristlock 4

References

Main references
• United States Marine Corps (1999). MCRP 3-02B Close Combat. Department of the Navy. Commercial ISBN
1-58160-073-9
• University of York Jiu Jitsu Club. Wrist Locks in Jiu Jitsu [10]. www.yorkjitsu.org. URL last accessed February 8,
2006.

Other references
[1] Amateur Athletic Union. SOMBO competition (http:/ / www. aausports. org/ handbooks/ wrestling/ XIX_sombo. pdf). www.aausports.org.
URL last accessed February 4, 2006.
[2] International Judo Federation. IJF Referee Rules (http:/ / www. ijf. org/ rule/ rule_referee. php). www.ijf.org. URL last accessed March 6,
2006.
[3] http:/ / judoinfo. com/ katagosh. htm
[4] Lowry, Dave. Pain Management (http:/ / www. blackbeltmag. com/ document_display. cfm?document_id=379). www.blackbeltmag.com.
URL accessed on February 11, 2006.
[5] Pranin, Stanley. The Encyclopedia of Aikido: Sankyo (http:/ / www. aikidojournal. com/ encyclopedia. php?entryID=573).
www.aikidojournal.com. URL last accessed February 10, 2006.
[6] Robertson, Ross. Ikkyo, Nikyo and Sankyo as Geometric Principles (http:/ / www. mimagazine. com. au/ Issue09_Sept/ 09_Ikkyo. htm).
www.mimagazine.com.au. URL last accessed February 10, 2006.
[7] Arlington Budoshin Ju-Jitsu Dojo. Terminology (http:/ / www. arlingtonjujitsu. org/ terms/ G. shtm#gaeshi). www.arlingtonjujitsu.org. URL
last accessed February 8, 2006
[8] Landman, Howard. The technique of kotegaeshi (http:/ / www. polyamory. org/ ~howard/ Aikido/ kotegaeshi. html). www.polyamory.org.
URL last accessed February 10, 2006.
[9] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Wristlock#endnote_kotegaeshi
[10] http:/ / www. yorkjitsu. org/ jitsu/ techniques/ locks/ wrist. html

External links
• Omo Plata to wristlock (http://www.grapplearts.com/Omo-Plata-Technique-2.htm). Shows the omo plata
position being used to execute a wristlock.
• Joint locks: The wrist (http://www.hwarang.org/Jointlock.html)
Article Sources and Contributors 5

Article Sources and Contributors

Wristlock  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=544249414  Contributors: -Marcus-, Anafar, Behemoth, Bradford44, ChrisGualtieri, ChrisP2K5, Christian Findlay, Closedmouth,
Dsreyn, Ettrig, Freedom skies, GenkiNeko, Ghetteaux, Grafen, Graham87, Hakinu, Hfodf, Hkdharmon, Hutcher, InferKNOX, Jdcollins13, JoeSmack, KerwinBenson, Khoj badami, LOL, La
goutte de pluie, Legion211, Ligulem, LilHelpa, Loudenvier, Markdole, Mateo2006, Nate1481, Nehrams2020, Ohnoitsjamie, Pswift, Razionale, Sreyan, Steven Walling, SunTzu Yeah!, Syrthiss,
That Guy, From That Show!, ThomasSim, 40 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:wristlock4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wristlock4.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -Marcus-
File:Jan hermansson.aikido.b8dn3996379.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jan_hermansson.aikido.b8dn3996379.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
 Contributors: Janwikifoto
Image:supinatingwristlocksmall.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Supinatingwristlocksmall.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -Marcus-, Hfodf
File:Regal-wristlock-on-Rhodes,-RLA-Melb-10.11.2007.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Regal-wristlock-on-Rhodes,-RLA-Melb-10.11.2007.jpg  License: GNU
Free Documentation License  Contributors: Jjron
Image:hyperflexingwristlocksmall.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hyperflexingwristlocksmall.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -Marcus-, Hfodf
Image:2nd MAW trains keepers of the peace 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2nd_MAW_trains_keepers_of_the_peace_02.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Alfred Cunningham

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Spinal lock 1

Spinal lock
Spinal lock

A grappler applies a lock to his opponent's neck

Classification Joint-lock

Parent style Grappling

AKA Neck crank

A spinal lock is a multiple joint lock applied to the spinal column, which is performed by forcing the spine beyond
its normal ranges of motion. This is typically done by bending or twisting the head or upper body into abnormal
positions. Commonly, spinal locks might strain the spinal musculature or result in a mild spinal sprain, while a
forcefully and/or suddenly applied spinal lock may cause severe ligament damage or damage to the vertebrae, and
possibly result in serious spinal cord injury, strokes, or death.
Spinal locks can be separated into two categories based on their primary area of effect on the spinal column: spinal
locks on the neck are called neck cranks and locks on the lower parts of the spine are called spine cranks.
Primarily a feature of some martial arts and wrestling, a 2007 news article reported the dangerous use of spinal locks
in Australia's National Rugby League.

Neck crank
A neck crank (sometimes also referred to as a neck lock, and technically known as a cervical lock) is a spinal lock
applied to the cervical spine causing hyperextension, hyperflexion, lateral hyperflexion, hyperrotation or
extension-distraction, either through bending, twisting or elongating. A neck crank is typically applied by pulling or
twisting the head beyond its normal ranges of rotation. Neck cranks are usually banned from sports competitions,
with notable exceptions in combat sports such as submission wrestling and mixed martial arts, where they are used
as submission holds or as a guard passing technique.

Can opener
The can opener (in Judo referred to as kubi-hishigi) is a hyperflexing neck crank that can be applied from the
opponent's guard or from a mounted position, by grabbing the opponent's head using the hands, and forcing it
towards the chest of the opponent. In competitions (where allowed) it is usually used as a taunting or distracting
move, but if applied effectively in a competition, it may force the opponent to submit.
This may also refer to a type of neck compression employed from a rear mount position in which the back of the
thumbs are used to drive into the neck starting from the high trapezius muscle toward the sternocleidomastoid
muscles, causing severe discomfort, and even submission. As of 2006, this is permitted in shiai as long as the
judoka's thumbs remain straight, and not bent. Its most common uses are to open up an opponent's chin for
shime-waza or as a diversionary tactic.
Spinal lock 2

Cattle catch
The cattle catch (also referred to as reverse crucifix, iron cross or stocks) is a hyperflexing neck crank involving
trapping the opponent's hands and forcing the head towards his or her chest. The technique is performed with the
opponent lying on his or her back, and the combatant performing the neck crank perpendicularly face-down in a side
mount position above the head of the opponent, with the opponent's head resting towards his armpit. The combatant
traps one arm using the legs, and the other using the arms. By using the pinned arms and legs as a point of leverage,
the combatant can forcefully crank the head towards the opponent's chest.

Crucifix neck crank

The crucifix neck crank is similar to the cattle catch, but involves the combatant performing the neck crank being
mounted on the opponent. Both of the opponent's arms are controlled, and the opponent's head is held in the armpit.
By cranking the body upwards while keeping a tight hold on the opponents arms, the opponents head is forced
towards his or her chest.
Both the cattle catch and the crucifix neck crank are colloquially referred to simply as the crucifix, which often leads
to confusion with the traditional crucifix position.

Twister
The twister (a similar move in wrestling is known as a guillotine) is a sideways body bend and neck crank, which
involves forcing the head towards the shoulder while controlling the body, hence causing lateral hyperflexion of the
cervical spine. The technique involves tension in several bodyparts, and depending on the flexibility of the recipient,
can also involve pain in the knees, abdominals and torso. The twister is often confused as being a spine crank since it
involves a degree of lateral non-cervical spinal flexion. The main pressure is however on the cervical spine, hence
making it a neck crank. It is performed from a back mount single vine ride position, where the top man has one
"hook" threaded through the bottom man's legs and secured behind the ankle. The top man then pulls the bottom
man's opposite arm behind his own head and grabs hold of his opponent's head, pulling it down to his shoulder.
Popularized by Eddie Bravo and the 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu system.[1] On March 26, 2011 Chan Sung Jung finished
Leonard Garcia at UFC Fight Night: Seattle in round 2 of their fight using a twister, the first, and as of 2013, the
only twister finish in UFC history.

Spine crank
A spine crank (the term spine lock is also often used to refer exclusively to this type) is a spinal lock that affects the
thoracic and/or lumbar regions of the spinal column. A spine crank is applied by twisting or bending the upper body
beyond its normal ranges of motion, causing hyperextension, hyperflexion, or hyperrotation of the spine. In martial
arts, spine cranks are generally rarer techniques than neck cranks because they are more difficult to apply. Twisting
or bending the upper body to apply pressure to the spinal column requires large amounts of leverage compared to
twisting or bending the head.
One of the most well known spine cranks is the boston crab, which is usually depicted in pro-wrestling context.
Similarly to neck cranks, spine cranks are illegal techniques in most combat sports, excluding some submission
wrestling and mixed martial arts competitions, where they are used as submission holds. Even if allowed, spine
cranks are very rarely featured because of the difficulty of applying them.
Spinal lock 3

References

Main references
• Bernard, Thomas. Cervical Spine Injuries in Olympic Athletes [2]. www.hughston.com. URL last accessed
February 8, 2006.
• Gracie Barra Tampa. Cattle Catch [3], A Confusion of Crucifixes [4]. www.tampabjj.com. URL's last accessed
January 7, 2006.
• Kawaishi, Mikunosuke. Judo dislocation necklocks [5]. judoinfo.com. URL last accessed January 7, 2006.
• Radebold, Andrea. Lumbosacral Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries [6]. www.emedicine.com. URL last accessed January
7, 2006.
• Riccaldi, Alain. Catch Wrestling: Boston Crab & Half-Boston Crab [7]. www.fightordie.it. URL last accessed
February 5, 2006. (In Italian)
• Wieder, Brian. Cervical Spine Injury in Athletes [8]. thecni.org. URL last accessed February 8, 2006.

Other references
[1] Cunliffe, Joseph. On the road to the 2003 Abu Dhabi Championships with Eddie “The Twister” Bravo (http:/ / www. onzuka. com/
news_2003April3. html). www.onzuka.com. URL last accessed January 7, 2006.
[2] http:/ / www. hughston. com/ hha/ a_14_1_1. htm
[3] http:/ / www. tampabjj. com/ 2005/ 11/ 18/ cattle-catch/
[4] http:/ / www. tampabjj. com/ 2005/ 11/ 17/ a-confusion-of-crucifixes/
[5] http:/ / judoinfo. com/ kubiwaza. htm
[6] http:/ / www. emedicine. com/ SPORTS/ topic69. htm
[7] http:/ / www. fightordie. it/ articolo_171. html
[8] http:/ / thecni. org/ reviews/ 11-1-p03-wieder. htm

External links
• Figure 4 Neck Crank (http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=57). Extension-distraction of the neck.
• Neck Extension (http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=56). Hyperextension of the neck.
• Neck Crank from All Fours (http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=491). Hyperextension and
hyperrotation of the neck.
• Eddie "Twister" Bravo: Outside of the Box (http://www.bjj.com.au/eddie_bravo_twister.html). Image series
showing how the twister is applied from the side mount.
• Twister from Head & Arm (http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=533). Image series showing how
the twister is applied when escaping from a scarf hold.
Article Sources and Contributors 4

Article Sources and Contributors

Spinal lock  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=564482223  Contributors: -Marcus-, 87v7t76fc4iguwevf7657436253yd4fug754ws67dtfugiy67t8576, Adanumber, AjaxSmack,
AllPurposeGamer, Allens, Amillar, AnarchMonarch, Bradford44, BullRangifer, Ch0s3n, Chris the speller, CliffC, CommonsDelinker, ENeville, Gromlakh, Hutcher, II MusLiM HyBRiD II,
JMW814, Jdcollins13, Joefromrandb, Jusdafax, Ligulem, LilHelpa, Lockley, Mixer, Nate1481, Nbagigafreak, Nihiltres, Rjaxon90, Squids and Chips, Strongbadmanofme, ThomasSim, Tobym,
Udar55, Unknown on3, User27091, Wyckyd Sceptre, Xnike315x, Yugyug, Артём Алтухов, 55 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Neck_crank.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neck_crank.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/parrhesiastes/

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