EBE 1 ADINA OANA NICOLAE
UNIT 4 TRANSPORT AND TRADE
Contents: Page
4.1. Speaking skills 2
4.2. Boost your vocabulary 2
4.3. Reading skills 5
4.4. Grammar practice 9
4.5. Spelling, pronunciation and listening skills 13
4.6. Writing skills 14
4.7. Food for thought 16
4.8. Summary 16
4.9. Key to exercises 16
4.10. Bibliography 17
Objectives:
After you have completed the study of this unit, you should be able to:
• use adequate and wide-ranging vocabulary related to transport and trade in a variety
of spoken and written communicative exchanges;
• understand and produce various written texts and audio material related to transport
and trade;
• find out and interpret the necessary information for travel arrangements;
• express a wide range of past actions/states using the past tense simple/continuous;
• adequately use a series of indefinites;
• fill out a business expenses form.
Average unit completion time: 2 hours
Keywords: means of transport, trade, past simple, past continuous, indefinites, business
expenses form.
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4.1. Speaking skills
• What’s the most popular means of transportation in your hometown?
• Do you prefer public or private transportation?
• What is your favorite means of transport?
• Do you like riding a bicycle?
• Have you ever traveled abroad? If so, which means of transport did you use?
4.2. Boost your vocabulary
Transport by car Transport by bus Transport by train
A driver drives the car. A bus driver drives the bus. A train driver drives the train.
Passengers who thumb a lift You need to hurry to Train passengers need to
get in/out of the car. A car catch/get/take the bus or hurry to catch/get/take the
runs on fuel (typically you’ll miss it. You get on or train or you’ll miss it. You can
gas/petrol). Drivers may off the bus in a bus stop/ wait for the train and buy
overtake/pull over/keep to station. You need to pay a tickets (either a single or a
the right. At the petrol fare. Buses run at regular return) at a railway station.
station, you can fill up your intervals so that they won’t be There are fast, express and
car with petrol and check the crowded/ full up. If you have stopping trains. There is a big
pressure in the tyres. to commute (=go to work and timetable where you see
back home), the bus is a good when the trains are due to
solution. arrive and depart. You may
find a season ticket useful.
Transport by ship Transport by Transport by plane
A captain is responsible for underground A pilot flies the plane. You
the safe and efficient The underground lines get/take the plane at the
operation of the ship. There is generally form a network in all airport. A plane takes off and
a starting point and a big cities in the world. A line then lands. You have to
destination. You embark in a is defined by a route and set of fasten your seat-belt before
port and if you go abroad, you stations served by trains on take-off. The flight attendants
need to have your passports that route. Stations include will check your boarding
checked at the customs. You ticket vending machines, pass. You have to go
can go on a leisure cruise or wayfinding maps, electronic through the customs and
you can take a cargo ship. message displays, and bench the security check after you
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Nowadays there are many seating. To access platforms have checked in at the check-
different ports of call visited where you can board the train in desk. Have a pleasant and
by cruise ships. you want, you have to go safe flight! Prepare for jet lag
through fare gates and then if you cross the ocean, too.
go downstairs.
Transport by taxi Transport by bike Walking
A taxi driver drives the In order to be ride a bike and If you go on foot or walk, you
taxi/cab. You can pick up a be a cyclist, you need a burn calories and you improve
taxi at a taxi rank. You need regular or a fold up bike. You your fitness. Walking the dog,
to pay a fare and sometimes can get on/off the bike walking in the park, or simply
leave a tip. whenever you like. A ride on a walking around your
bike allows you to explore new neighborhood are simple but
places while doing some great ideas.
gentle exercise.
Exercise 1. Match the words in the two columns below:
a. a. jet 1) expenses
b. cruise 2) pass
c. travel 3) lag
d. boarding 4) rank
e. security 5) gate
f. petrol 6) station
g. taxi 7) check
h. fare 8) ship
Exercise 2. Correct the mistakes:
1. I always travel with the bus when I go at work.
2. Take care to not lose the bus tomorrow morning!
3. The conductor will stop the bus and get you at the next station.
4. Would you like me to give you a journey in my car? If yes, get on!
5. Have you got a broken tyre? Let me call a mechanic!
6. I cannot go by foot, I’m hurrying!
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The noun trade has several meanings:
1. The business of buying and selling commodities, products, or services; commerce.
2. A branch or kind of business: the women's clothing trade.
3. The people working in or associated with a business or industry: writers, editors, and other
members of the publishing trade.
4. The activity or volume of buying or selling: The trade in stocks was brisk all morning.
5. An exchange of one thing for another: baseball teams making a trade of players.
6. An occupation, especially one requiring skilled labor; craft: the building trades.
Its synonyms are: commerce (=commercial exchange; comerţ) and craft (=the skilled practice
of a practical occupation; meserie)
to trade is both transitive (a) and intransitive (b):
a. I will trade my ticket for yours.
b. Stocks traded lower after the release of the jobs report.
to trade down (=to trade something in for something else of lower price) ≠ trade up (=to trade
something in for something else of higher price)
Compounds:
trade agreement → acord comercial trade route → rută comercială
trade barriers → bariere comerciale trade sanctions → sancţiuni comerciale
trade deficit → deficit comercial trade secret → secret comercial/
trade discount → reducere comercială profesional
trade embargo → embargo comercial trade union → sindicat
trade figures → statistici comerciale trade unionist → membru de sindicat
trade gap → deficit comercial trade union leader → líder sindical
trade restrictions → restricţii comerciale trade union official → reprezentant
sindical
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Exercise 3. Match the beginning to the end of the sentence:
a. Trade agreements …
b. Two nations …
c. All trade agreements …
d. Unilateral trade agreements …
e. Bilateral trade agreements …
f. Multilateral trade agreements …
… occur when a country imposes trade restrictions and no other country reciprocates.
… are signed when two countries agree to loosen trade restrictions to expand business
opportunities between them.
… cover a larger geographic area and offer a greater competitive advantage to the
participants.
…affect international trade.
…exist when two or more countries agree on the terms of trade between them.
… may choose to determine the tariffs and duties that countries impose on imports and
exports.
4.3. Reading skills
Read the following extract from a tourist info site and decide how you would like to travel to
and around Rome if you went there on business.
Rome has two airports - Fiumicino (Leonardo da Vinci) and Ciampino.
• Fiumicino is Rome’s main airport and is well-connected with the centre during the day by an
express train. The express train between Fiumicino Airport and Stazione Termini (Rome's
main train station) costs € 9.50 and the journey takes about 30 minutes. The train departs
from and arrives at Termini station at track n.27 and runs from 6.30am till 11.30pm.
• Rome's smaller airport, Ciampino, is mostly used by charter flights and budget airlines. To
get to the centre from this airport, take COTRAL bus, get off at Metro A: Anagnina station,
then to Termini Station.
You can book your place on a Rome airport transfer bus online. Cotral bus runs every 30
minutes, until 11pm. The only way how to get to Rome after this time is to take a taxi.
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Getting around Rome
The historic centre is not particularly large (only 2,5 km/1,5 miles from the Colosseum to
Piazza di Spagna) and so is easy to visit on foot, as most monuments are to be found in the same
area.
• Public transportation
Rome's bus network is extensive and functions quite well, but the metro (subway) is much
simpler for the short-term visitors to master. Public transportation tickets must be purchased
in advance from shops, newsstands, bars, or vending machines (exact change only!) at metro
and major bus stops.
• The Roman metro (called Metropolitana by residents) goes round rather than through the
historic city. It has only two lines, A (red) and B (blue), which cross at Termini Central Station.
Trains run approximately every 7-10 minutes, from 5:30am until 11.30pm every day (until
0:30am on Saturdays).
• Buses and Trams
There are hundreds of bus lines, running from 5:30am till midnight. All buses and trams travel
in both directions.
• Electric buses
In an effort to minimize pollution in the small backstreets of the historic center, the city has
established several electric bus lines to navigate alleyways barely wide enough for a Vespa.
• Night buses
Over 20 night bus lines run from 00:30 am to 5:30am. The main terminal stations are Termini
(Piazza dei Cinquecento) and Piazza Venezia. From these two piazzas buses leave for all
directions every 30 minutes. Night bus stops are marked with an owl. You can purchase
tickets on board.
• Taxi
If you need a taxi, remember to look for the official metered white or yellow taxis. There are
taxi ranks in many locations throughout the center, but it is nearly impossible to hail one
driving down the streets, particularly at night. Make sure your taxi is metered; insist on the
metered fare, rather than an arranged price. To call for a taxi within Rome, try 06 3570, 06
4994, 06 6645, 06 5551, or 06 8822.
• Renting bikes or scooters
Although most of the sights in Rome are within walking distance or accessible by public
transportation, two wheels will give you the freedom to see exactly what interests you, and in
less time.
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To really "do as the Romans do", you have to drive around on a Vespa. You'll have no trouble
finding rental places all around the city. Rental average prices are €40-€50 for one day.
(adapted from https://www.rome.info/transportation/)
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:
a. How many airports does Rome have?
b. How can one book a place on a Rome airport transfer bus?
c. How can one get to Rome if one arrives at the airport after midnight?
d. How do people normally visit the Rome’s historic centre?
e. Where can you buy public transportation tickets?
f. How many subway lines are there in Rome?
g. How many types of buses are there?
h. Which advice are you given in connection to taxis?
i. How much do you expect to pay for renting a scooter for a day?
*Vespa is an Italian brand of scooter; the name means wasp in Italian.
Post-reading. Focus on real English in context
Dialogue 1
A: Is this the right bus for the Town Hall?
B: No, you're going the wrong way. You want a 143 from the church.
A: Have we got much further to go?
B: It's three stops after this one.
Dialogue 2
A: Paddington, please. I want to catch the 11.15.
B: We'll be all right if there are no hold ups.
A: This is it, sir. £6.50, please.
B: Thank you. Here's the fare, and this is for you.
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Dialogue 3
A: Which platform for London Bridge, please?
B: 9.27 from Platform 1.
A: What time does it arrive?
B: It takes roughly two hours. So, you'll arrive just before 11.30.
A: Is it necessary to change?
B: No, there's no need to change.
Dialogue 4
A: Suppose I wanted to hire a scooter, how much would it cost?
B: 40€ per day.
A: Fair enough. Have you got a license?
B: Yes, here it is.
A: Right. In that case there's only a form to fill in.
Dialogue 5
A: Good afternoon! Where are you flying to today?
B: Los Angeles.
A: May I have your passport, please?
B: Here you go.
A: Are you checking any bags?
B: Just this one.
A: OK, please place your bag on the scale.
B: I have a stopover in Chicago – do I need to pick up my luggage there?
A: No, it’ll go straight through to Los Angeles. Here are your boarding passes – your flight leaves
from gate 15A and it’ll begin boarding at 3:20. Your seat number is 26E.
(adapted from https://www.learnrealeng.com/ )
Exercise 5. Where does each dialogue 1-5 take place?
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4.4. Grammar practice
Past Simple versus Past Continuous
The verb to be has the following past simple forms:
• Statements: I/he/she/it WAS ; You/we/they +WERE
e.g. I was there at noon; They were at the station before dawn.
• Questions: (Wh-word) was I/he/she/it?; (Wh-word) were you/we/they?
e.g. Why was I alone? Were you tired after a day’s work?
• Negations: I/he/she/it WAS NOT ; You/we/they +WERE NOT
was not = wasn’t ; were not = weren’t
e.g. It wasn’t a bad proposal after all; We weren’t free back then.
Past simple Past continuous
Form Form
Statements Statements
I/you/he/she/it/we/they + V-ed/ V2 I/he/she/it WAS V-ING
e.g. I called you yesterday. You/we/they WERE V-ING
e.g. I woke you up last week. e.g. She was studying for the exam that night.
e.g. They were studying for the exam that night.
Questions Questions
(Wh-word) Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they learn V? (Wh-word) WAS I/he/she/it V-ING ?
e.g. Did you call me yesterday? (Wh-word) WERE You/we/they V-ING?
e.g. Why did you call me yesterday? e.g. Was she studying for the exam that night?
e.g. What was she studying for that night?
e.g. Were they studying for the exam that night?
e.g. What were they studying for that night?
Negations Negations
I/you/he/she/it/we/they DID NOT V I/he/she/it WAS NOT V-ING
e.g. You didn't call me yesterday. You/we/they WERE NOT V-ING
e.g. She was not studying for the exam that
night.
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e.g. They were not studying for the exam that
night.
was not =wasn’t; were not=weren’t
Functions Functions
• It expresses a past action that took • It expresses an action in progress at a
place at a certain point in the past certain moment in the past
e.g. The guests arrived at 8/in the e.g. Three years ago, we were living in
evening/on Saturday. my home town.
• It expresses a series of past actions in a • It expresses an action in progress in the
sequence of events (narrative use): past which is interrupted by a past action
e.g. I got up, I put on my glasses and I e.g. I broke my leg when I was skiing.
looked out of the window. • It expresses an action in progress in the
• It expresses a past habit past in parallel with another action in
e.g You made your bed every morning. progress in the past
e.g. She was doing a crossword while he
was playing the piano.
Time expressions: last week, three hours ago,
in February, in 2000, then, after that, etc.
Nota bene!
Not all verbs can be used in the continuous aspect!
Exercise 6. Insert either the past simple or the past continuous:
Yesterday we (have) a meeting. I (be) there on time and we (not wait) for others to arrive, the
meeting (start) promptly on schedule. The chair briefly (review) the agenda. While the CEO (make)
a presentation, I (put) down some ideas. A brainstorming session (follow). As the chair (try) to keep
the discussion focused, he (repeat) the main topic. We all (have) the chance to offer an opinion.
We finally (reach) a consensus and the chair (summarize) our decision.
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Exercise 7. Insert the appropriate past simple form:
1. The shops (close) at 9 o’clock in the evening.
2. Peter (pay) for Emily’s ticket at the concert last night.
3. how (you know) all the answers at the final test?
4. she (read) the newspaper every morning when she (be) a PR manager.
5. We really (not want) to see the musical again.
6. During our vacation last summer, we (spend) most of our time in the swimming pool.
7. Many species (disappear) in the last five decades.
8. When my visa (expire), I (have) to renew my passport to go abroad.
9. My father (drive) to Los Angeles last week.
10. I think Samuel (trick) me when he (say) me he (be) an engineer.
11. Mark (not apply) for a master’s degree abroad after he got his diploma.
12. You (attend) an important meeting last month?
13. What (show) studies at the beginning of your research session?
14. Who you (disagree) with in your adolescence?
15. (be) you aware of all the implications when you (submit) your proposal?
Indefinites
Indefinites are words that refer to non-specific people or things. They include:
• Some and its compounds (someone, somebody, something, somewhere)
• Every and its compounds (everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere)
• Any and its compounds (anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere)
• No and its compounds (no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere)
• Denoting large quantities/ numbers: many, much, most
• Denoting small quantities/ numbers: little/ a little, few/ a few, several
• Denoting the group: all, both (=two)
• Denoting part(s): each, every, either (one of two), neither (none of two)
• Denoting alternative: another (+singular), other (+plural), others (replacing a plural)
e.g. There is another problem and some other issues to discuss with the others.
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Nota bene!
Little/ a little/ much are followed by uncountable nouns:
e.g. We need a little more money.
Few/ a few/ several/ many are followed by countable nouns:
e.g. We need a few more chairs.
In questions and negations, any and its compounds are used in order to avoid double
negation:
e.g. I haven’t talked to anybody yet.
Exercise 8. A survey of commuters to worksites located in the City Center area measured the
mode share among 600 employees who commute to work between morning peak hours (6 a.m.
to 9 a.m.) on weekdays. The results are shown below. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate
ending so as to comment accurately on the chart below:
Most people …
Many people …
Some respondents …
A few respondents …
Few people …
Not many …
Commute survey
other
vanpooled
telecommuted
walked
carpooled
rode the train
drove
took the bus
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
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4.5. Spelling, pronunciation and listening skills
Task 1. Revise the rules applying to the spelling of -ing and -ed verb forms:
Adding -ing Adding -ed
1. For most verbs, add -ing to the simple form of 1. To form the simple past and past participle of
the verb: most regular verbs, add -ed to the simple form:
– sleep - sleeping – brush — brushed
2. If the simple form ends in a single e, drop the e – play — played
and add —ing: 2. If the simple form ends with -e, just add -d:
– live — living – race— raced
3. If the simple form ends in -ie, change i.e. to y and – trade —traded
add -ing: 3. If the simple form ends with a consonant + y,
– die — dying change the y to i and add -ed:
4. If the simple form of a one-syllable verb ends – bury —buried
with a single vowel + final consonant, double the – dry — dried
consonant, and add -ing: 4. If the simple form of a one-syllable verb ends with
– hit— hitting a single vowel + consonant double the final consonant
5. If the simple form of a verb with two or more and add -ed:
syllables ends in a single vowel + consonant, double the – plan — planned
final consonant only if the stress is on the final syllable. – stop — stopped
Do not double the final consonant if the stress is not on 5. If the simple form of a verb with two or more
the final syllable: syllables ends in a single vowel + consonant, double the
– admit — admitting final consonant and add -ed only when the stress is on
6. Do not double the final consonants x, w,and y: the final syllable. Do not double the final consonant if the
– fix — fixing stress is not on the final syllable:
– plow — plowing – prefer — preferred
– obey — obeying – enter — entered
7. The final "l" is always doubled in British English 6. The final “l" is always doubled in British English,
, but not in American English: but not in American English:
– travel — travelling (British) – Travel- travelled (British)
– travel — traveling (American) – travel - traveled (American)
8. If the verb ends in -ic, add -king: 7. Do not double the final consonants x, w, and y:
– panic-panicking – coax — coaxed
– snow — snowed
– stay — stayed
8. If the verb ends in -ic, add -ked:
– panic-panicked
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Exercise 9. Provide the spelling of -ing and -ed forms for the following verbs:
Verb V-ed V-ing
study
buzz
touch
decay
hurry
die
phone
destroy
visit
focus
marvel
ban
tap
occur
dye
manage
dread
assist
tie
mimic
bury
refer
Task 2. Check the spelling conventions applying to numbers and currencies on the internet. You
may begin at https://www.dcu.ie/sites/default/files/students_learning/docs/WC_Numbers-in-
academic-writing.pdf.
Task 3. Listen to a dialogue at the railway station: https://www.audioenglish.org/english-
learning/english_dialogue_railway_travel_2.htm
4.6. Writing skills
Exercise 10. Fill out this trial version form for deductible business expenses:
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Unreimbursed Employee Business Expenses
You Can Use This Form Only if All of the Following Apply:
• You are an employee deducting ordinary and necessary expenses attributable to your job. An
ordinary expense is one that is common and accepted in your field of trade, business, or
profession. A necessary expense is one that is helpful and appropriate for your business. An
expense doesn't have to be required to be considered necessary.
• You don't get reimbursed by your employer for any expenses.
Your name Occupation in Social security number
which you
incurred
expenses
Part I
1. Complete Part II. Enter the result here
2. Parking fees, tolls, and transportation, including train,
bus, etc., that didn't involve overnight travel or
commuting to and from work
3. Travel expense while away from home overnight,
including lodging, airplane, car rental, etc. Don't include
meals and entertainment
4. Business expenses not included on lines 1 through 5.
Don't include meals and entertainment
5. Meals and entertainment expenses
Part II Information on Your Vehicle. Complete this part only if you are claiming vehicle expense
on line 1.
1.When did you place your vehicle in service for business use? (month, day, year) / /
2.Of the total number of miles you drove your vehicle during 2017, enter the number of miles
you used your vehicle for:
a Business b Commuting c Other
3.Was your vehicle available for personal use during off-duty hours? Yes No
4. Do you (or your spouse) have another vehicle available for personal use? Yes No
5a. Do you have evidence to support your deduction? Yes No
5b. If “Yes,” is the evidence written? Yes No
Form 2107-UEBE
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4.7. Food for thought
• Some people prefer to use energy-saving modes of transportation like hybrid cars and
bicycles. Others prefer the usual mode of transportation like buses and trains because it is
fast and efficient. Which mode of transportation do you prefer and why?
• Compared to the past, people can now work in places that are far from their homes because
of modern means of transportation. How has this affected the lives of workers?
• What are some things you always take with you on a trip?
• What is the best and worst thing about traveling to a new country?
4.8. Summary
In this unit, you have practised:
✓ How to talk or write about means of transport;
✓ How to discuss trade issues;
✓ The past simple, the past continuous forms and functions; the English indefinites.
✓ How to fill out a business expenses deduction form.
4.9. Key to exercises
1. a3; b8; c1; d2; e7; f6; g4; h5.
2.
1. I always travel by bus when I go to work.
2. Take care not to miss the bus tomorrow morning!
3. The conductor will stop the bus and pick you up at the next stop.
4. Would you like me to give you a ride/lift in my car? If yes, get in!
5. Have you got a flat tyre? Let me call a mechanic!
6. I cannot go on foot/walk, I’m in a hurry!
3. a. Trade agreements exist when two or more countries agree on the terms of trade between them. b. Two nations
may choose to determine the tariffs and duties that countries impose on imports and exports. c. All trade agreements
affect international trade. d. Unilateral trade agreements occur when a country imposes trade restrictions and no other
country reciprocates. e. Bilateral trade agreements are signed when two countries agree to loosen trade restrictions
to expand business opportunities between them. f. Multilateral trade agreements cover a larger geographic area and
offer a greater competitive advantage to the participants.
4. a. Rome has two airports; b. One can book a place on a Rome airport transfer bus online. c. I one arrives at the
airport after midnight one can get to Rome by taxi. d. People normally visit the Rome’s historic centre on foot. e.
Public transportation tickets can be bought from shops, newsstands, bars, or vending machines. f. There are two
subway lines in Rome, A (red) and B (blue). g. There are day buses, night buses, regular buses and electric buses.
h. You should look for the official metered white or yellow taxis, make sure the taxi is metered and insist on the
metered fare, rather than an arranged price. A one-day scooter rental is about 40€-50€.
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5. Dialogue 1: on the bus; Dialogue 2: in a taxi; Dialogue 3: in a railway station; Dialogue 4: at a scooter rental;
Dialogue 5:at the check-in desk in an airport.
6. had; was; didn’t wait; started; reviewed; was making; put; followed; was trying, repeated; had; reached;
summarized.
7. 1.closed; 2. paid; 3. did you know; 4. read; was; 5. did not want; 6. Spent; 7. disappeared.8; expired; had; 9.drove;
10. tricked, said, was; 11. did not apply; 12.did you attend 13. Did some studies show; 14. did you disagree; 15. were;
submitted.
8. Suggested answers: Most people took the bus. Many people rode the bus. Some respondents took the train/
carpooled. A few respondents walked. Few people telecommuted. Not many people vanpooled.
9.
Verb V-ed V-ing
study studied studying
buzz buzzed buzzing
touch touched touching
decay decayed decaying
hurry hurried hurrying
die died dying
phone phoned phoning
destroy destroyed destroying
visit visited visiting
focus focused focusing
marvel marveled/ marvelled marveling/marvelling
ban banned banning
tap tapped tapping
occur occurred occurring
dye dyed dyeing
manage managed managing
dread dreaded dreading
assist assisted assisting
tie tied tying
mimic mimicked mimicking
bury buried burying
refer referred referring
4.10. Bibliography
Hoffmann, Hans G and Hoffmann Marion. Engleza tematică. Bucureşti: Niculescu, 2004.
Ioncică, Diana-Eugenia. New Practical English For Finance, Accounting and Insurance.
Bucureşi: Uranus, 2015.
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Web resources
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
https://www.rome.info/transportation/
https://www.learnrealeng.com/
https://www.dcu.ie/sites/default/files/students_learning/docs/WC_Numbers-in-academic-
writing.pdf
https://www.audioenglish.org/english-learning/english_dialogue_railway_travel_2.htm
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