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Zimbabwe Soil Description

The document summarizes the status, properties, distribution, and management needs of Zimbabwean soils. It finds that 70% of Zimbabwean soils are sandy and infertile, with nitrogen and phosphorus as the most limiting nutrients. The soils are classified into different orders based on their development and chemical properties. The largest soil groups in Zimbabwe include fersiallitic and paraferrallitic soils, which currently support most of the country's maize and tobacco production. Current interventions to improve soil fertility and crop yields include promoting biological nitrogen fixation, integrated soil fertility management, conservation agriculture, microdosing of fertilizers, soil testing, and water harvesting techniques.

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Harnam Singh
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
335 views26 pages

Zimbabwe Soil Description

The document summarizes the status, properties, distribution, and management needs of Zimbabwean soils. It finds that 70% of Zimbabwean soils are sandy and infertile, with nitrogen and phosphorus as the most limiting nutrients. The soils are classified into different orders based on their development and chemical properties. The largest soil groups in Zimbabwe include fersiallitic and paraferrallitic soils, which currently support most of the country's maize and tobacco production. Current interventions to improve soil fertility and crop yields include promoting biological nitrogen fixation, integrated soil fertility management, conservation agriculture, microdosing of fertilizers, soil testing, and water harvesting techniques.

Uploaded by

Harnam Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The needs and priorities for sustainable management

1Dhliwayo D.K.C.,  
y , 1Nyapwere N., 
y p , 1Mhaka L., 
, 1Chkwari E., 
, 1Manyanga A. and   
y g
2Nyamangara, J

1Chemistry  and Soil Research Institute, Box CY 550 Causeway, Harare Zimbabwe

2ICRISAT, Matopos Research Station, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Status
 70% of Zimbabwe soils are sandy & inherently infertile (low in 
SOM, prone to leaching). 
SOM  prone to leaching)  
 N and P  are the most limiting.
 Low pH in high rainfall and fertilized areas..limited effectiveness 
of applied fertiliser (e.g. P).
 Multiple nutrient deficiencies in degraded soils (inc. Ca, Mg, Zn, 
B)  Li i  NPKS f ili   ff i
B).... Limit NPKS fertilizer effectiveness (Zingore et al., 2008).
 (Zi     l   8)
 Soil erosion in high population density areas from cropping and 
overgrazing.
 Majority (ca. 75%) of smallholder areas located on sandy soils in 
semi arid areas. These farmers have limited resources (inputs, 
k
knowledge).
l d )
 Limited experience of newly resettled farmers .
Average nutrient
application rates in
2002/3 (kg/ha arable
land)
SSA – 9
Latin America-73
America 73
South Asia – 100
E & SE Asia- 135
(FAO 2004)
(FAO,

Average Grain Yield


Africa – 1 t/ha
World – 3 t/ha
(Africa Fertiliser Summit,
2006)
The Zimbabwe Soil Classification
 Zimbabwe is one of few countries with own soil 
classification system.

 The Zimbabwe National Soil Classification System is 
based on parent material and physico‐chemical 
based on parent material and physico chemical 
properties of the soil.

 The following table presents the soil classes of 
Zimbabwe
Soil classes of Zimbabwe
So c asses o bab e
ORDER DESCRIPTION GROUP TYPICAL SOIL FAMILIES
1.AMORMIC Little or no g
horizon 1.Regosol - Deepp sands (
1K(Deepp sands derived from
development Kalahari deposits
2.Lithosol -Extremely 2E(derived from mafic rocks)
shallow

CALCIMOPHIC Unleached soils generally 3. Vertisols - Very acidic 3B(derived from basalt)
with large reserves of clay
weatherable minerals: high 4.Siallitic - Active clay 4PE(derived from mafic gneiss)
base saturation.

KAOLINITIC Moderately to strongly 5.Fersiallitic mixed clay 5G(coarse grained sandy soils
leached soils; appreciable 6.Paraferrallitic inert derived from granite)
amounts of free clay 6G
sesquioxides of iron and 7.Orthoferrallitic 7G
aluminum.

NATRIC Dominated byy appreciable


pp 8.Sodic
amounts of sodium as the Weakly sodic 8n
exchangeable ion Strongly sodic 8N
Saline sodic 8h
Distribution, Properties and 
M
Management  of soil types in 
t f il t i
Zimbabwe
Agro ecological Zones of Zimbabwe
Agro ecological Zones of Zimbabwe
Land use and Agro ecological Zones
Land‐use and Agro‐ecological Zones
 the Land‐use (needs and priorities) depends on:

 the soil type
 agro‐ecological zone in which that particular soil class 
g g p
falls in. 
 e.g. Region I (high rainfall), most soils  are acidic and 
g g g
highly leached (Acrisols). 
 This means that proper lime and fertiliser management 
is essential for optimal crop production.
Lithosols(WRB, 2006: Leptosols)
 limitation of depth by continuous rock 
within 25 cm of the soil surface
h f h l f

 Steep slopes‐‐‐‐‐susceptible to erosion

 Most common  land use is Game reserves 
p
and national parks
Geographical Distribution of Leptosols
 Mostly found in the Northern and North‐western part of the country 
on slopy areas
R l(WRB 2006 A l)
Regosol(WRB,2006: Arenosol)
 Thick sand profiles
 Shows little or no horizon development
 Usually found on flat or on gently undulating 
topography
 Used for National Parks, Game Reserves, Forests 
and some smallholder farming areas.
d    llh ld  f i  
Geographical Distribution of Arenosol
 Found mainly in the western part of the country i.e. 
Hwange, Lupane and Nkayi
Vertisols(WRB 2006: Vertisols)
Vertisols(WRB, 2006: Vertisols)
 Seasonal cracking
 High clay content consisting of mainly expansive 
clay
 high moisture‐holding capacity is their clay 
content
 Sugarcane, cotton and citrus tree plantations are 
S   tt   d  it  t   l t ti    
the mainly land of the vertisols in Zimbabwe
Geographical Distribution of Vertisols
 Mostly found in the semi‐arid regions of Zimbabwe
Siallitic(Luvisols Gleysols Cambisols)
Siallitic(Luvisols, Gleysols, Cambisols)
 Clay soils comprising of both 2:1 clay minerals.
Clay soils comprising of both 2:1 clay minerals
 Profile mostly shallow to relatively shallow.
 High agricultural potential soils but are limited 
Hi h  i l l  i l  il  b    li i d 
by aridity of the environment where they occur.
 Used for irrigated sugarcane and wheat 
production in the South‐eastern lowveld.  
 Used for ranging of cattle and wild life in the 
North‐western part of the country.
p y
Geographical Distribution of Siallitic
 These soils are found in the North‐western part of the 
country
Fersiallitic(Nitisols Luvisols)
Fersiallitic(Nitisols, Luvisols)
 Appreciable amounts of free sesquioxides.
pp q
 Have moderate phosphate sorption capacity
 Fersiallitic soils are the most extensive soil group 
in Zimbabwe.
 They  are the most in crop production.
Th      h    i     d i
 Most of Zimbabwe’s maize belt lies within the 
area covered by these soils.
Geographical Distribution of Fersiallitic
 most extensive soil group in Zimbabwe
Paraferrallitic(Lixisol Acrisol)
Paraferrallitic(Lixisol,Acrisol)

 Highly leached soils found in high rainfall zone.
 They occur on the uplands of the central plateau 
at relatively high altitudes.
 Occur in high rainfall potential areas of 
O  i  hi h  i f ll  i l    f 
Zimbabwe
 They are the best for tobacco production.
 Maize production is also practiced.
p p
Geographical Distribution of Paraferrallitic
 these occur in high rainfall potential areas of 
Zimbabwe
O th f llti (A i l F l l )
Orthoferralltic(Acrisols, Ferralsols
 Moderately deep soils.
 Very fine weakly developed crumb structure
y y p
 Very high porosity.
 Orthoferrallitic Soils have a relatively poor 
nutrient status and they are mostly covered by
Forestry
F
Plantations crops e.g. coffee and tea
Geographical Distribution of Orthoferralltic Soils
 Occurs in the eastern highlands, the Bikita – Ndanga
highlands in the south‐east of the country 
(Solonetz Solonchaks) Soils
Sodic(Solonetz,Solonchaks)
 Sodic soils high concentration of Na (E.S.P ≥ 15).
S di   il  hi h  t ti   f N  (E S P    )

 These are not suitable for most cropping 
activities.

 Used to grow crops tolerant to high Na and high 
pH, e.g. cotton, sorghum, millet.
Geographical Distribution of Sodic Soils
 These soils are found in the Zambezi and Save(on the 
south eastern part of the country)  valleys
Current interventions
Current interventions
 BNF for legume production, Govt
g owned factory available for 
y
Rhizobia production.
 IFSM – use of manure and mineral fertilizer, improved seed 
(
(>90% of farmers).
%  f f )
 Conservation Agriculture to control soil degradation (e.g. soil 
erosion)  >100 000 households by 2011
erosion), >100,000 households by 2011.
 Micro‐dosing to encourage fertilizer use in semi arid areas 
where fertilizer previously not used.
p y
 Soil testing based fertilizer and lime recommendations to 
increase crop productivity.
 Water harvesting techniques in semi arid areas (tied ridges, 
graded contours, infiltration pits, etc).
Thank you
Tatenda
Siyabonga
Asante

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