The needs and priorities for sustainable management
1Dhliwayo D.K.C.,
y , 1Nyapwere N.,
y p , 1Mhaka L.,
, 1Chkwari E.,
, 1Manyanga A. and
y g
2Nyamangara, J
1Chemistry and Soil Research Institute, Box CY 550 Causeway, Harare Zimbabwe
2ICRISAT, Matopos Research Station, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Status
70% of Zimbabwe soils are sandy & inherently infertile (low in
SOM, prone to leaching).
SOM prone to leaching)
N and P are the most limiting.
Low pH in high rainfall and fertilized areas..limited effectiveness
of applied fertiliser (e.g. P).
Multiple nutrient deficiencies in degraded soils (inc. Ca, Mg, Zn,
B) Li i NPKS f ili ff i
B).... Limit NPKS fertilizer effectiveness (Zingore et al., 2008).
(Zi l 8)
Soil erosion in high population density areas from cropping and
overgrazing.
Majority (ca. 75%) of smallholder areas located on sandy soils in
semi arid areas. These farmers have limited resources (inputs,
k
knowledge).
l d )
Limited experience of newly resettled farmers .
Average nutrient
application rates in
2002/3 (kg/ha arable
land)
SSA – 9
Latin America-73
America 73
South Asia – 100
E & SE Asia- 135
(FAO 2004)
(FAO,
Average Grain Yield
Africa – 1 t/ha
World – 3 t/ha
(Africa Fertiliser Summit,
2006)
The Zimbabwe Soil Classification
Zimbabwe is one of few countries with own soil
classification system.
The Zimbabwe National Soil Classification System is
based on parent material and physico‐chemical
based on parent material and physico chemical
properties of the soil.
The following table presents the soil classes of
Zimbabwe
Soil classes of Zimbabwe
So c asses o bab e
ORDER DESCRIPTION GROUP TYPICAL SOIL FAMILIES
1.AMORMIC Little or no g
horizon 1.Regosol - Deepp sands (
1K(Deepp sands derived from
development Kalahari deposits
2.Lithosol -Extremely 2E(derived from mafic rocks)
shallow
CALCIMOPHIC Unleached soils generally 3. Vertisols - Very acidic 3B(derived from basalt)
with large reserves of clay
weatherable minerals: high 4.Siallitic - Active clay 4PE(derived from mafic gneiss)
base saturation.
KAOLINITIC Moderately to strongly 5.Fersiallitic mixed clay 5G(coarse grained sandy soils
leached soils; appreciable 6.Paraferrallitic inert derived from granite)
amounts of free clay 6G
sesquioxides of iron and 7.Orthoferrallitic 7G
aluminum.
NATRIC Dominated byy appreciable
pp 8.Sodic
amounts of sodium as the Weakly sodic 8n
exchangeable ion Strongly sodic 8N
Saline sodic 8h
Distribution, Properties and
M
Management of soil types in
t f il t i
Zimbabwe
Agro ecological Zones of Zimbabwe
Agro ecological Zones of Zimbabwe
Land use and Agro ecological Zones
Land‐use and Agro‐ecological Zones
the Land‐use (needs and priorities) depends on:
the soil type
agro‐ecological zone in which that particular soil class
g g p
falls in.
e.g. Region I (high rainfall), most soils are acidic and
g g g
highly leached (Acrisols).
This means that proper lime and fertiliser management
is essential for optimal crop production.
Lithosols(WRB, 2006: Leptosols)
limitation of depth by continuous rock
within 25 cm of the soil surface
h f h l f
Steep slopes‐‐‐‐‐susceptible to erosion
Most common land use is Game reserves
p
and national parks
Geographical Distribution of Leptosols
Mostly found in the Northern and North‐western part of the country
on slopy areas
R l(WRB 2006 A l)
Regosol(WRB,2006: Arenosol)
Thick sand profiles
Shows little or no horizon development
Usually found on flat or on gently undulating
topography
Used for National Parks, Game Reserves, Forests
and some smallholder farming areas.
d llh ld f i
Geographical Distribution of Arenosol
Found mainly in the western part of the country i.e.
Hwange, Lupane and Nkayi
Vertisols(WRB 2006: Vertisols)
Vertisols(WRB, 2006: Vertisols)
Seasonal cracking
High clay content consisting of mainly expansive
clay
high moisture‐holding capacity is their clay
content
Sugarcane, cotton and citrus tree plantations are
S tt d it t l t ti
the mainly land of the vertisols in Zimbabwe
Geographical Distribution of Vertisols
Mostly found in the semi‐arid regions of Zimbabwe
Siallitic(Luvisols Gleysols Cambisols)
Siallitic(Luvisols, Gleysols, Cambisols)
Clay soils comprising of both 2:1 clay minerals.
Clay soils comprising of both 2:1 clay minerals
Profile mostly shallow to relatively shallow.
High agricultural potential soils but are limited
Hi h i l l i l il b li i d
by aridity of the environment where they occur.
Used for irrigated sugarcane and wheat
production in the South‐eastern lowveld.
Used for ranging of cattle and wild life in the
North‐western part of the country.
p y
Geographical Distribution of Siallitic
These soils are found in the North‐western part of the
country
Fersiallitic(Nitisols Luvisols)
Fersiallitic(Nitisols, Luvisols)
Appreciable amounts of free sesquioxides.
pp q
Have moderate phosphate sorption capacity
Fersiallitic soils are the most extensive soil group
in Zimbabwe.
They are the most in crop production.
Th h i d i
Most of Zimbabwe’s maize belt lies within the
area covered by these soils.
Geographical Distribution of Fersiallitic
most extensive soil group in Zimbabwe
Paraferrallitic(Lixisol Acrisol)
Paraferrallitic(Lixisol,Acrisol)
Highly leached soils found in high rainfall zone.
They occur on the uplands of the central plateau
at relatively high altitudes.
Occur in high rainfall potential areas of
O i hi h i f ll i l f
Zimbabwe
They are the best for tobacco production.
Maize production is also practiced.
p p
Geographical Distribution of Paraferrallitic
these occur in high rainfall potential areas of
Zimbabwe
O th f llti (A i l F l l )
Orthoferralltic(Acrisols, Ferralsols
Moderately deep soils.
Very fine weakly developed crumb structure
y y p
Very high porosity.
Orthoferrallitic Soils have a relatively poor
nutrient status and they are mostly covered by
Forestry
F
Plantations crops e.g. coffee and tea
Geographical Distribution of Orthoferralltic Soils
Occurs in the eastern highlands, the Bikita – Ndanga
highlands in the south‐east of the country
(Solonetz Solonchaks) Soils
Sodic(Solonetz,Solonchaks)
Sodic soils high concentration of Na (E.S.P ≥ 15).
S di il hi h t ti f N (E S P )
These are not suitable for most cropping
activities.
Used to grow crops tolerant to high Na and high
pH, e.g. cotton, sorghum, millet.
Geographical Distribution of Sodic Soils
These soils are found in the Zambezi and Save(on the
south eastern part of the country) valleys
Current interventions
Current interventions
BNF for legume production, Govt
g owned factory available for
y
Rhizobia production.
IFSM – use of manure and mineral fertilizer, improved seed
(
(>90% of farmers).
% f f )
Conservation Agriculture to control soil degradation (e.g. soil
erosion) >100 000 households by 2011
erosion), >100,000 households by 2011.
Micro‐dosing to encourage fertilizer use in semi arid areas
where fertilizer previously not used.
p y
Soil testing based fertilizer and lime recommendations to
increase crop productivity.
Water harvesting techniques in semi arid areas (tied ridges,
graded contours, infiltration pits, etc).
Thank you
Tatenda
Siyabonga
Asante