LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Los Baños Campus
Los Baños, Laguna
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Graduate Studies and Applied Research
A WRITTEN REPORT
SUBMITTED TO:
ROLANDO MANINGAS
Professor
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENT
IN
ADVANCED METHODS OF RESEARCH
EDUC 201
SUBMITTED BY:
Alinsod, Anthony L.
Arenal, May Ann R.
Copia, Shiela Mae B.
Fanoga, Madel F.
Garcia, R-lou C.
Lanaza, Roxanne R.
Lorilla, Nanette B.
Plaza, Imelda T.
Roque, Jay R.
Sanchez, Rosevimin L.
Republic of the Philippines
LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Los Baños Campus
Los Baños, Laguna
ADVANCED METHODS OF RESEARCH
EDUC 201
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the report, the following objectives must be obtained:
1. Differentiate the research designs/methods.
2. Determine the sampling technique to be adopted.
3. Describe ways of presenting research instruments to be used in the study.
4. Distinguish the appropriate statistical tools for data analysis and interpretation.
II. TOPIC: Research and Methodology
Sub- Topic: Types of Research, Collection of Data, Instrumentation, Sampling
Methods, Analysis, Presentation and Interpretation.
III. DISCUSSIONS
What is Research Methodology?
Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to
identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper,
the methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study’s overall
validity and reliability. The methodology section answers two main questions: How
was the data collected or generated? How was it analyzed?
It also refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, that will effectively address
the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement,
and analysis of data. Trochim (2015) stated that Research design is the glue that
holds the research project together.
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE (SURVEY) ETHNOGRAPHY
aims to accurately and researchers observe and/or
systematically describe a interact with a study's participants
population, situation or in their real-life environment.
phenomenon. It can answer CASE STUDY
what, when, where, when and a research strategy and an
how questions, but not why empirical inquiry that investigates
questions. To determine cause a phenomenon within its real-life
and effect, experimental context.
research is required. HISTORICAL
EXPERIMENTAL studies the meaning of past
show that significant events in an attempt to interpret
improvements in the system the facts and explain the cause of
response may indeed be events, and their effect in the
obtained by using this present events.
modification. PHENOMENOLOGY
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE qualitative research that focuses
seeks to find relationships on the commonality of a lived
between independent and experience within a particular
dependent variables after an group.
action or event has already GROUNDED THEORY
occurred. refers to a set of systematic
CORRELATIONAL inductive methods for conducting
measures a relationship between qualitative research aimed
two variables without the toward theory development.
researcher controlling either of
them.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
What is Data Collection?
It is the process by which the researcher collects information needed to answer the
research problems and its task begins after a research problem has been defined and
research designed chalked out.
How to choose Data?
It should be based on identifiable hypothesis or research problem and must be
aligned with the research design and the information gathered about the variables. The
selection of Data depends on:
RESOURCES AVAILABLE
CREDIBILITY
ANALYSIS AND REPORTING
RESOURCES
SKILL OF THE EVALUATOR
Quantitative Research Method Qualitative Research Method
1. Quantifying a problem 1. One-on-one Interview
2. Random Sampling 2. Focus Groups
3. Deductive Reasoning 3. Ethnographic Research
4. Object-based Research 4. Case Study Research
5. Systematic Operations 5. Record Keeping
6. Advanced Statistical Analysis 6. Process of Observation
7. Graphical Data Presentation
8. Numerical Projection of
Perceptions
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
Questionnaire
Checklist
Distribution
Interview
Observations
Records
Experimental Approach
Survey Approach
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Non-probability Probability
Convenience Sampling Simple Random Sampling
the sample is taken from a group the basic sampling technique
of people easy to contact or to where we select a group of
reach. subjects (a sample) for study
Judgment Samples from a larger group (a
sampling technique where the population).
researcher selects units to be Systematic Sampling
sampled based on his own a statistical method involving the
existing knowledge, or his selection of elements from an
professional judgment. ordered sampling frame.
Quota Sampling Stratified Sampling
sampling technique in which the researcher divides the
researchers look for a specific population into separate groups,
characteristic in their called strata. Then, a probability
respondents, and then take a sample (often a simple random
tailored sample that is in sample) is drawn from each
proportion to a population of group. Stratified sampling has
interest. several advantages over simple
Snowball Sampling random sampling.
research participants recruit other Cluster Mapping
participants for a test or study. In cluster sampling, instead of
selecting all the subjects from the
entire population right off, the
researcher takes several steps in
gathering his sample population.
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
"Data analysis is the process of bringing order, structure and meaning to the mass of
collected data. It is a messy, ambiguous, time consuming, creative, and fascinating
process. It does not proceed in a linear fashion; it is not neat. Data analysis is a
search for answers about relationships among categories of data."- Marshall and
Rossman, 1990:111
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Presents the findings of the study in the in the order of the specific problem as stated
in the statement of the problem.
The use of tables and graph:
• Tables and graphs are both ways to organize and arrange data so that it is
more easily understood by the viewer.
• Tables and graphs are related in the sense that the information used in tables
is frequently also used for the basis of graphs.
ANALYSIS OF DATA
It stresses those important result that gives information that could answer the
problem you raised or posed in the statement of the problem. Data analysis and
interpretation involves comparing values on the dependent measures in statistical
cases.
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
In the non-statistical approach, these comparisons usually involve visual
inspection of data.
Evaluation depends on projecting from baseline data what findings would be
like in the future if some variables were not experimented.
Quantitative Data Analysis Qualitative Data Analysis
the process of examining and any non-numerical and
interpreting qualitative data to unstructured data; when looking
understand what it represents. at customer feedback, qualitative
data usually refers to any
verbatim or text-based feedback
such as reviews, open-ended
responses in surveys,
complaints, chat messages,
customer interviews, case notes
or social media posts.
Reference:
Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing
Among Five Approaches (3rd). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage
Hani (2009, January 20). Conceptual variables. Retrieved from Explore
website: http://explorable.com/conceptual-variables
Saldana, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London:
Sage
Trochim, W. M. (2006, October 20). Qualitative validity. Retrieved from
research methods knowledge base website:
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/k/b/qualval.ph
