NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
CV0001 CIVIL ENGRG AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Text To be decided by course lecturer
Reference To be decided by course lecturer
CV0002 ENGINEERS AND SOCIETY
Text NIL
References
Singapore: Journey into Nationhood, National Heritage Board: Landmark Books, 1998. (DS610.4.S617j)
Singapore, a 700-year history: from early emporium to world city / Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng, Tan Tai Yong.
National Archives of Singapore, 2009. (DS610.4.K98)
Johnson Stephen F, Gostelow J Paul and King W Joseph, Engineering and society: challenges of professional
practice, Prentice Hall, 2000. (TA157,J73)
Lee Kuan Yew, From third world to first: the Singapore story: 1965:2000, memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, Times
Editions, 2000. (DSS598.S7L478f)
Lee Kuan Yew: hard truths to keep Singapore going / Han Fook Kwang / et al. Singapore: Straits Times.
(DS610.73.L46L478KY + 1 DVD)
Singapore [electronic resource]: negotiating state and society, 1965-2015 / edited by Jason Lim and Terence Lee.
New York: Routledge, 2016. Summary: "Critically reflects on 50 years of independence. Contributors interrogate a
selected range of topics on Singapore's history, culture and society--including the constitution, education. [e-book:
XX(1614719.1)]
CV1011 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Text
Hibbeler, R.C., Statics and Mechanics of Materials, 3rd SI edition, Prentice-Hall, 2011 (Call no: TA405.H624S 2011)
References
Beer, F.P., Johnston, E.R. and Eisenberg, E.R, Vector Mechanics for Engineers, Statics, 9th edition, McGraw-Hill
Higher Education, 2009
Beer, F.P., Johnston, E.R. and DeWolf, J.T., Mechanics of Materials, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education,
2012 (TA405.B415 2012)
Bedford, A., Liechti, K.M. and Fowler, W.T., “Statics and Mechanics of Materials”, Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2003.
Morrow, H.W. and Kokernak, R.P., Statics and Strength of Materials, 7th edition, Prentice Hall, 2011 (TA405.M883
2011)
Cheng, F-H., “Statics and Strength of Materials”, 2nd edition, McGraw Hill, 1997.
Gere, James M., Mechanics of Materials, 7th edition, Cengage Learning, 2009 (TA405.G367 2009).
Popov, E.P., “Engineering Mechanics of Solids”, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, 1999.
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
CV1012 FLUID MECHANICS
Text
Munson, B.R., Young, D.F. and Okiishi, T.H., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 6th edition, Wiley, 2010 (Call no:
TA357.M969 2010)
References
Shames, I.H., Mechanics of Fluids, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003 (TA357.S528 2003)
Potter, M.C. and Wiggert, D.C., Mechanics of Fluids, 4th edition, Brooks Cole /Thompson Learning, 2012
(TA357.P868 2012)
CV1013 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Text
Mamlouk, M.S. and Zaniewski, “Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers,” International Version, 3rd Ed.,
Pearson, 2011
References
Jackson, N. and Dhir, R.K., “Civil Engineering Materials”, 5th edition, Palgrave, New York, 1996.
Derucher, K.N., Korfiatis, G.P. and Ezeldin, A.S., “Materials for Civil and Highway Engineers”, 4th edition, Prentice-
Hall, New Jersey, 1998. (Ch. 14) [TA403.2.D438 1998]
Neville, A.M. and Brooks, J.J., Concrete Technology, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2010 (TA439 .N523CT 2010)
Mindess, S., Young, J.F. and Darwin, D., “Concrete”. 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2003.
Atkins, H.N., Highway Materials, Soils and Concrete, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1997
Young, J.F., Mindess, S., Gray, R.J. and Bentur, A., “The Science and Technology of Civil Engineering Materials”,
International edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc., New Jersey, 1998.
Somayaji, S., “Civil Engineering Materials”, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2001.
CV1711 CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING
Text None
References
Official training courseware for AutoCAD - Autodesk
David A. Madsen, David P. Madsen and J. Lee Turpin, Engineering Drawing and Design, 5th edition, Delmar
Thomson Learning, 2012 (Call no: T353.E57E 2012)
Bangash, M.Y.H., Structural detailing in concrete: a comparative study of British, European and American codes
and practices, 2nd edition, Thomas Telford, 2003 (TA681.5.B216 2003)
Bangash, M.Y.H., Structural detailing in steel: a comparative study of British, European and American codes and
practices, 1st edition, Thomas Telford, 2000 (TA684.B216)
John Uren and Bill Price, Surveying for Engineers, 5th edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010 (TA545.U75 2010)
Bannister, A., Raymond, S., Baker, R., “Surveying”, Pearson Education Ltd, 1998. [TA545.B219 1998]
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
CV2011 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I
Text
Hibbeler, RC, Structural Analysis, 8th edition in SI Units, Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2012 (Call no: TA645.H624 2012)
References:
Fleming, J.F., “Analysis of Structural Systems” Prentice-Hall International, Inc., International edition, 1997.
Coates, R.C., Coutie, M.G. and Kong, F.K., “Structural Analysis”, 3rd edition, Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 1994
Leet, KM, Uang, C-M, Gilbert, AM., Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2011
(TA645.L487 2011)
West, H.H. and Geshwindner, L.F., "Fundamentals of Structural Analysis", 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002
CV2012 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II
Text
R.C. Hibbeler, Structural analysis, 8th edition, Prentice Hall, 2012 (TA645.H624 2012)
References:
Leet K.M., Uang C.M. and Gilbert A.M., Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, McGraw Hill, 4th (2011) Edition
CV2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & SOIL MECHANICS
Text
Grotzinger, J. and Jordan, T. H. “Understanding Earth”, Seventh Edition, W. H. Freeman, 2014.
Knappett, J.A. and Craig, R.F., “Craig’s Soil Mechanics” 8th edition, Spon Press, 2012.
References
Coduto, D.P., Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, 2010
Holtz, R.D. and Kovacs W.D., An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2011
(TA710.H758 2011)
Lutgens, F.K., Tarbuck, E.J. and Tasa D. Essentials of Geology, 11th edition, 2012, Prentice Hall.
CV2014 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Text
Knappett, J.A. and Craig, R.F., “Craig’s Soil Mechanics” 8th edition, Spon Press, 2012.
Reference
Coduto, D.P., Yeung, M.R., Kitch, W.A. (2011) Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices, 2nd edition,
Pearson.
Holtz, R.D., Kovacs, W.D., and Sheahan, T.C. (2011). An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, 2nd Edition,
Pearson.
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
CV2015 HYDRAULICS
Text
Finnemore, E.J. and Franzini, J.B. (2002) "Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications", International Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.
Reference
Sturm, T. W, Open Channel Hydraulics, 2nd International edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2010 (TC175.S936
2010)
Henderson, F. M. (1966) "Open Channel Flow", MacMillan Series in Civil Engineering, NY, USA. (Classical text)
Chow, V.T. “Open Channel Hydraulics” McGraw Hill, New York, 1981 (Classical text)
Linsley, RK; Kohler, MA and Paulhus, JLH (1988) "Hydrology For Engineers", SI edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co,
Singapore.
Linsley, RK; Franzini, JB; Freyberg, DL; Tchobanoglous, G (1992) "Water Resources Engineering", International
edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore.
Sturm, T., Open Channel Hydraulics, 2nd International edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2010 (TC175.S936
2010)
Munson BR, Young DR and Okiishi, TH, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 6th International edition, John Wiley &
Sons, 2010 (TA357.M969 2010)
Henderson, F. M. (1966) "Open Channel Flow", MacMillan Series in Civil Engineering, NY, USA.
CV2016 HYDROLOGY
Text
Warren Viessman, Jr; Gary L Lewis (2002), “Introduction to Hydrology”, 5th edition, Pearson Education, Singapore.
Finnemore, E.J. and Franzini, J.B. (2002) "Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications", International Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.
References
Linsley, RK; Kohler, MA and Paulhus, JLH (1988) "Hydrology For Engineers", SI edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co,
Singapore.
Linsley, RK; Franzini, JB; Freyberg, DL; Tchobanoglous, G (1992) "Water Resources Engineering", International
edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore.
Sturm, T., Open Channel Hydraulics, 2nd International edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2010 (TC175.S936
2010)
Munson BR, Young DR and Okiishi, TH, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 6th International edition, John Wiley &
Sons, 2010 (TA357.M969 2010)
Henderson, F. M. (1966) "Open Channel Flow", MacMillan Series in Civil Engineering, NY, USA.
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
CV2019 MATRIX ALGEBRA & COMPUTATIONAL METHODS
Text
Kreyszig E. , Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2011. (Call no: QA401.K92 2011)
Chapra, SC and Canale, RP., Numerical Methods for Engineers, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2010. (TA345.C467 2010)
References
Howard Anton and Chris Rorres, Elementary Linear Algebra with Supplementary Applications, 11th edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2014. (QA184.A634 2014)
James F. Epperson, “An Introduction to Numerical Methods and Analysis”,2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
(QA297.E64 2013)
CV3011 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
Text
Prab Bhatt, MacGinley, T. J. and Choo B.S., “Reinforced Concrete: design theory and examples”, 3rd Edition, Taylor
and Francis, 2005. ISBN 0415307961
References
Kong, F.K. and Evans, R.H., "Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete", 3rd edition, Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1987. [TA683.3.K598]
James K. Wight and James G. MacGregor, Reinforced concrete: mechanics and design, 6th edition, Pearson Prentice
Hall, 2012 (TA683.2.M147 2012)
Bill Mosley, John Bungey and Ray Hulse, Reinforced concrete design to Eurocode 2, 6th edition, Palgrave
MacMillan, 2007 (TA683.2.M912 2007)
CV3012 STEEL DESIGN
Text
Lam, D., Ang, T.C. and Chiew S.P., “Structural Steelwork Design to Limit State Theory”, 4th Edition, CRC Press and
Spon Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Oxford, UK, 2014.
References
BS5950-1: 2000. Structural Use of Steelwork in Building, Part 1: Code of Practice for Design – Rolled and Welded
Sections. British Standards Institution, London, UK. [sQ100.B862]
Nethercot, D.A., "Limit State Design of Structural Steelwork", 3rd edition, E&FN Spon, London and New York, 2001.
[TA 652.N469]
CV3013 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Text
Knappett, J.A. and Craig, R.F., “Craig’s Soil Mechanics” 8th edition, Spon Press, 2012.
Coduto, D.P., Foundation Design, Principles and Practices, 2nd edition, Pearson, 2013.
Reference
Bond, A. and Harris, A., Decoding Eurocode 7, 1st edition; New York, Taylor & Francis, 2008.
Bowles, J.E., Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996.
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
Braja M. Das, Principles of foundation engineering, 7th edition, Thomson, 2010
(TA775.D229 2010)
Tomlinson, M.J., Foundation Design and Construction, Prentice Hall, 2001.
CV3014 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEEING
Text
Banks, J.H., "Introduction to Transportation Engineering", 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
Reference
Garber, N.J. and Hoel, L.A., "Traffic and Highway Engineering", 4th edition, Cengage Learning, 2009.
(TE145.G213 2009)
CV3015 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Text
DAVIS, M.L. and Cornwell, D.A. (2008). Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 4th Ed, (International Edition),
McGraw Hill.ISBN: 978-007-125922-4.
Viesman, W.J. and Hammer, M.J., "Water Supply and Pollution Control", 8th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
(TD345.V665 2009)
References
Metcalf & Eddy, "Wastewater Engineering", 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003. (TD645.M588 2003)
Mark J. Hammer and Mark J. Hammer, Jr., Water and wastewater technology, 7th edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall,
2012 (TD345.H224 2012)
Droste, R. L., “Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment”, John Wiley & Son, 1997.
CV3016 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSES
Text To be decided by course lecturer
Reference To be decided by course lecturer
CV4011 PROJECT PLANNING & MANAGEMENT
Text Nil
References
Saleh Mubarak, Construction Project Scheduling & Control, 3rd Ed, Wiley, 2015 (TH438.4.M941 2015)
Jimmie W. Hinze, Construction Planning and Scheduling, 4th Ed, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012 (TH438.4.H666 2012)
Jimmie Hinze. Construction Contracts (3rd Edition). McGraw-Hill. 2011
J.K. Yates. Engineering and Construction Law and Contracts. Prentice Hall. 2011
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
Professional Engineers Act, Planning Act and Building Control Act, Singapore, SNP.
(Note: PE Acts and Code of conducts & ethics can be read from: www.peb.gov.sg,
Planning and Building Control Act can be read from website: http://www.agc.gov.sg)
Guide on Construction of Industrial Developments in Singapore, BCA, 2010
https://www.bca.gov.sg/Publications/others/Guide_on_Construction_of_Industrial_Developments_in_Singapore.
pdf
CV4101 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS III
Text:
McGuire, W., Gallagher, R.H. and Ziemian, R.D., “Matrix Structural Analysis”, 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2000.
( TA642.M148 2000)
References:
Aslam Kassimali, Matrix analysis of structures, 2nd edition, Brooks/Cole, 2012 (TA642.K19 2012)
Coates, R.C., Coutie, M.G. and Kong F.K., "Structural Analysis", 3rd edition, Wokingham : Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1988. (TA645.C652)
CV4102 ADVANCED STEEL DESIGN
Text Nil
References
BS5950-1: 2000. Structural Use of Steelwork in Building, Part 1: Code of Practice for Design – Rolled and
Welded Sections. British Standards Institution, London, UK. [sQ100.B862]
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures – Part1-1: Annex K, ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1 (1994). [sQC100.B862]
Wardenier, J., “Hollow Sections in Structural Applications”, Bouwen met Staal, 2002.
Lam, D., Ang, T.C. and Chiew, S.P., "Structural Steelwork Design to Limit State Theory", 3rd Edition, Elsevier
Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004. [TA 652.M145]
CV4107 ENGINEERING ECONOMIC AND FINANCE
Text
Grant, E.L., Ireson, W.G. and Leavenworth, R.S., "Principles of Engineering Economy", 8th edition, Wiley, New York,
1990. [TA177.4.G761]
References
Blank, L.T. and Tarquin, A.J., Engineering Economy, 6th International edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2008.
(TA177.4.B642 2008)
Blank, Leland T., “Engineering economy”, 6th Ed., Dubuque, IA : McGraw-Hill, 2005. (TA177.4.B642 2005)
A. Thompson Montgomery, Linda K. Whitten and Thomas C. White III, Financial accounting information: an
introduction to its preparation and use, 3rd edition, Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1988 (HF5681.B2M787 1988)
Montgomery, A. Thompson, “Financial accounting information : an introduction to its preparation and use”, 3rd
Ed., Dubuque, Iowa : Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1988. (HF5681.B2M787 1988)
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
CV4110 EXCAVATION AND RETAINING WALLS
Text Nil
References
Clayton, C.R.I., Woods R.I., Bond, A.J., Milititsky, J. “Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures”, 3rd edition, CRC
Press, 2014.
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B. and Mesri, G., "Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice" 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1996.
Craig, R.F. Craig’s Soil Mechanics, 7th edition, Spon Press, 2004.
CV4111 GROUND ENGINEERING
Text Nil
References
Han, Jie (2015). Principles and Practices of Ground Improvement, John Wiley.
Kirsch, K. and Bell, A. (2013) Ground Improvement, 3rd Edition, CRC Press.
Bo, M.W., Chu, J., Low, B.K., and Choa, V. (2003) Soil Improvement: Prefabricated Vertical Drain Techniques, by
Thomson Learning, Thomson Asia Pte Ltd.
CV4112 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
Text Nil
References
O'Flaherty, C.A., "Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering", new revised edition, Arnold, London, 1997.
Transportation Research Board (2000), "Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2000)", National Research Council,
Washington DC. [HE336.H48N277 2000]
Roger P. Roess, Elena S. Prassas, William R. McShane, Traffic Engineering, 4th Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall
(HE355.M175 2011)
CV4113 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Text
Yoder, E.J. and Witczak, M.W., Principles of Pavement Design. 2nd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1975.
References
Croney, D. and Croney, P. The Design and Performance of Road Pavements . 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1998.
Haas, R. and Hudson, W.R., Pavement Management Systems. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978.
Shell Pavement Design Manual (including the Addendum, 1985). Shell International Petroleum Co Ltd, London,
1978.
Calculation of Road Traffic Noise. Department of Transport. Welsh Office, HMSO, London, 1988.
O’Flaherty, C.A Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering. Arnold, London, 1997.
Wright, P.H. and Dixon, K.K., Highway Engineering. 7th edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
Linsley, R.K., Franzini, J.B., Freyberg D.L. and Tchobanoglous, G., Water Resources Engineering. 4th edition,
McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1992.
CV4116 COASTAL ENGINEERING
Text Nil
References
Sorensen, R.M., Basic Coastal Engineering, Wiley, 3rd edition, Springer Science+Business Media, 2006 (TC205.S713
2006, E-Book)
United States Coastal Engineering Research Center, "Shore Protection Manual", 4th edition, Vol.1 and 2, US Army
Coastal Engng Research Centre, Vicksburg, Mis., 1984. [TC223.S559]
CV4912 INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT
Text Nil
References
Environmental Aspect
1. Canter, L., “Environmental Impact Assessment”, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
2. Code of Practice on Pollution Control (http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/pcd/coppc_2002.pdf)
3. Guidelines for Pollution Control Study (PC) (http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/pcd/pi_study.pdf)
4. Site Environnemental Control Programme (http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/ehd/copeco_a4.pdf)
5. Guidelines and Checklists, National Parks, Board, Singapore
http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=95#guidelin
es
Structural Aspect
1. Schueller, W., “The Design of Building Structures”, Prentice Hall, 1996.
2. Schueller, W., “The Vertical Building Structure”, Prentice Hall, 1990.
3. Schueller, W., “Horizontal-Span Building Structures”, Prentice Hall, 1983.
4. Lin, T. Y., “Structural Concepts and Systems for Architects and Engineers”, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., 1988.
Construction Aspect
1. Frederick E. Gould, Managing the construction process: estimating, scheduling, and project control, 4th
edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2012 (Call no: TH438.G696 2012)
2. Jimmie W. Hinze, Construction planning and scheduling, 4th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012
(TH438.4.H666 2012)
3. Callahan, M. T. “Construction Project Scheduling”, McGraw-Hill, 1992.
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Recommended Textbooks and References for
Civil Engineering Courses, AY 2019 -2020
Geotechnical Aspect
1. Coduto, D. P., “Foundation Design – Principles and Practices”, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.
2. Bowles, J. E., “Foundation Analysis and Design” 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996
3. Braja M. Das, Principles of foundation engineering, 7th edition, Thomson, 2011
(TA775.D229 2010)
CV8011 HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Text Nil
References
Moorhead, G and Griffin, R.W, Organizational Behaviour: Managing People and Organizations, 10th edition,
Houghton Mifflin, 2012 (Call no: HD58.7.M825 2012)
Anantaraman, V. (editor), "Human Resources Management: Concepts and Perspectives", Singapore University
Press, Singapore, 1984. [HF5549.5.M3H918]
Chong, L.C. and Lau, G.T., "Starting a Small Business in Singapore", Singapore University Press, Singapore, 1988.
[HD2346.S54.C548]
“The Singapore Productivity Case Book”, National Productivity Board and Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore, 1995. [HD56.S617P]
