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W1
L
L 1
W

H1
2
H

H2
L2

a) Fixed dimensions: length, width, height

Wind
Plan

B
D
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θ
D B
B

Wind D
Wind

General cases Orthogonal cases

b) Variable dimensions: crosswind breadth, inwind depth, wind angle

Wind
6Ho

Profile of
displacement 2Ho
Ho
height
He
Hr

0.8Ho Hd

Xo

c) Displacement height and effective height

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Topography significant 0.5 x slope length if ψ U < 0.3

Wind for shaded area 1.6 x slope height if ψ U >_ 0.3

Upwind slope
Δ T = base of ψ U> 0.05 Downwind slope
topography ψ D> 0.05
Z = slope
=

height
=

L U = slope length

a) Hill and ridge (upwind slope > 0.05: downwind slope > 0.05)

Topography significant 1.5 x slope length if ψ U < 0.3

Wind for shaded area 5 x slope height if ψ U >
_ 0.3
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Upwind slope
ψ U> 0.05
Δ T = base of
topography
=

Z = slope
height
Downwind slope
=

ψ < 0.05
D
L U = slope length

b) Escarpment (0.3 > upwind slope > 0.05; downwind slope<0.05) and cliff (upwind slope > 0.3; downwind slope < 0.05)
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Wind
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Hr = H

A B C
C

a) Cut-out downwind: tall part long

Wind H 2= H r
H1

B A
C
Hr

C B A

b) Cut-out upwind: tall part long

Wind Wind
H 2= H r
H1

H1
Hr

Hr

A B B A

C C B A

c) Cut-out downwind: tall part narrow d) Cut-out upwind: tall part narrow
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Wind

Wind
Hr b 2 /3

> 0.2b 1

E
A
B

B
C

C
B1

H1

Hr
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Hr

a) Parapets
H h

Hr= H

b) Curved eaves
r
Roof zones
start from here
Hr = H

> b/10

c) Mansard eaves
Roof zones
start from here
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A
ind

C
b/2

b/2
Take pressure coefficients
on adjacent wall of this zone

B
Upper
strorey

b
b

A
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Reduction factor, κ

0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1

0.1
Circular
Sharp-edged

1
Sharp-edged and circular

10
Ratio of length and breadth, L/B
100
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A B
Plan
B
2h

0.3 h

C
4h

D
Corner or free end

Without return corner

_
>h C

A B
C
D

With return corner

D
h = Hr
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D
D

b) Wide recess
a) Narrow recess

A
B
A
C
A
A
C

W
=
b
C

G < b/2

G > b/2
A
C

B
A
C

C
C

θ
θ

B
W W
B

in in
d d
A

A
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Ho
Wind

height
Profile of
displacement
2Ho

0.8Ho

Xo
Hd
He
6Ho

Hr
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