Models
of Communication
MISS RIZA O. VILLANUEVA
Models of Communication
At the end of the lesson, we can
Identify and differentiate
the models of
communication
Models of Communication
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
A. Self-Action or One-Way Communication
- LINEAR / TRANSMISSION MODEL
- focused on getting the message
from the sender
- very message centered
Models of Communication
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
considered as the first model of communication and was proposed
before 300 B.C
Models of Communication
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
- The Aristotle's communication model is a speaker
centered model as the speaker has the most
important role in it and is the only one active.
- It is the speaker's role to deliver a speech to the
audience.
- The role of the audience is passive, influenced by
the speech.
- This makes the communication process one way,
from speaker to receiver.
Models of Communication
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
3 modes of persuassion
Ethos - personal character or credibility
Logos - logical appeal based on
reasoning
Pathos - appeals to the emotion of the
audience
Models of Communication
HAROLD LASSWELL’S MODEL
Models of Communication
HAROLD LASSWELL’S MODEL
- 1948
- also known as action
model or linear model or one way
model of communication
- is regarded as one the most
influential communication models
Models of Communication
HAROLD LASSWELL’S MODEL
Components Meaning Analysis
the communicator or sender or Control
Who
source of message Analysis
Content
Says What the content of the message
Analysis
In Which
the medium or media Media Analysis
Channel
the receiver of the message or an Audience
To Whom
audience Analysis
With What the feedback of the receiver to the
Effect Analysis
Effect sender
Models of Communication
HAROLD LASSWELL’S MODEL
Components of Lasswell's Model
•Control analysis helps the sender to have
all the power.
•Content analysis is associated to
stereotyping and representation of
different groups politically. It is also related
to the purpose or the ulterior motives of
the message.
•Media analysis represents which medium
should be used to exercise maximum
power against the receivers.
Models of Communication
HAROLD LASWELL’S MODEL
Components of Lasswell's Model
•Audience analysis shows who are the
target population to be manipulated or
brain-washed.
•Effect analysis is done before the process
starts. It is used to predict the effect of
message over the target population to be
exploited.
Models of Communication
DAVID BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
Models of Communication
DAVID BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
- Sender-Message-Channel-
Receiver (SMCR)
- 1960
- focuses on encoding and decoding
which happens before sender sends
the message and before receiver
receives the message respectively.
Models of Communication
SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL
- Lasswell's model was later refined by
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
(1949)
- initially designed for telephone and
radio communication
- information source, transmitter,
receiver, destination, noise
Models of Communication
CLAUDE SHANNON’S MODEL
INFORMATION THEORY (1948)
- primarily concerned with the transmission of electronic
information
Models of Communication
CLAUDE SHANNON’S MODEL
PARTS
1. INFORMATION SOURCE – produces a message or a sequence of
messages to be communicated to the receiving terminal
2. TRANSMITTER – operates on the message in some way to
produce a signal suitable for transmission over the channel
3. CHANNEL – merely the medium used to transmit the signal
from transmitter to receiver. During transmission, the signal
may be perturbed by noise
Models of Communication
CLAUDE SHANNON’S MODEL
PARTS
4. RECEIVER – ordinarily performs the inverse operation of that
done by the transmitter, reconstructing the
message form the signal
5. DESTINATION – the person (or thing) for whom the message is
intended
Models of Communication
CLAUDE SHANNON’S MODEL
Models of Communication
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
B. Interaction or Two-Way Communication
- recognizes the role of the receiver
as a communicator through
feedback
Models of Communication
WILBUR SCHRAMM’S MODEL
- 1954
- communication is a two way process where both sender and
receiver take turns to send and receive a message
- is described in Schramm's book "The Process and Effects
of Communication"
Models of Communication
WILBUR SCHRAMM: MODEL 1
COMPONENTS
1. Sender (transmitter) is the person who sends the message.
2. Encoder is the person who converts the message to be sent
into codes.
3. Decoder is the person who gets the encoded message which
has been sent by the encoder and converts it into the
language understandable by the person.
4. Interpreter is the person who tries to understand and
analyze the message. Message is received after
interpretation. Interpreter and receiver is the same person.
5. Receiver is the person who gets the message. He/she
decodes and interprets the actual message.
Models of Communication
WILBUR SCHRAMM: MODEL 1
COMPONENTS
6. Message is the data sent by the sender and information that
the receiver gets.
7. Feedback is the process of responding to the received
message by the receiver.
8. Medium or media is the channel used to send the message.
9. Noise is the interference and interruptions caused during the
process. It is also created when the intended meaning of the
message sent by the sender and the meaning interpreted by
the receiver is different which is known as Semantic Noise
Models of Communication
WILBUR SCHRAMM: MODEL 1
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
- are the things that influences the
understanding and interpretation of message
like culture, social background, beliefs,
experiences, values and rules. Same message
can be interpreted differently by different
people.
- If the words and signs they both(sender and
receiver) use are common they communicate
more efficiently.
- SCHEMA – culture and experience
Models of Communication
WHITE's MODEL
EUGENE WHITE'S Model
- feedback
- process is sequential and cyclical
following the 8 stages of oral
communciation
Models of Communication
Models of Communication
WHITE's MODEL
1. Thinking– a desire, feeling, or an
emotion provides a speaker a
stimulus to communicate a need.
Models of Communication
WHITE's MODEL
2. Symbolizing– before he can
utter sounds, a speaker has to
know the code of oral language
withwhich to represent his ideas
and in order to make his selection.
Models of Communication
WHITE's MODEL
3. Expressing– the speaker then uses
his vocal mechanism to produce the
sounds of languageaccompanied by his
facial expression, gestures, and body
stance.
Models of Communication
WHITE's MODEL
4. Transmitting– waves of sound
spreading at 1,000 feet per second and
waves of light traveling at aspeed of
186,000 miles per second carry the
speaker’s message to his listeners.
Models of Communication
WHITE's MODEL
5. Receiving– sound waves impinge
upon the listener’s ears after which the
resulting nerve impulsesreach the
brain via the auditory nerve; light
waves strike the listener’s eyes after
which the resultingnerve impulses
reach the brain via the optic nerve.
Models of Communication
WHITE's MODEL
6. Decoding– the listener interprets the
language symbols he receives and
thinks further.
7. Feedbacking– the listener may
manifest overt behavior like a nod,
smile, or yawn or he may notshow any
behavior at all (covert behavior like fast
heartbeat, a poker face, etc.)
Models of Communication
WHITE's MODEL
8. Monitoring– while the speaker
watches for signs of reception or
understanding of his messageamong
his listeners, he is also attuned to
what’s going on inside him; the
speaker is receiving anddecoding
messages about himself from his
audience in order to adjust to the
particular situation.
Models of Communication
WOOD'S SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
- Julia T. Wood
- involves two communicators including
their personal and shared systems
- communication is dynamic, systematic
process wherein two communicators
convey their personal message through
their symbolic intersctions
Models of Communication
WOOD'S SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
- Each communicator has his.her own
phenomenal world
emotions, attitudes, beliefs, values, and
experiences
communicators' interactions are
influenced by thier earlier interactions,
previous encounters, and present
situations
Models of Communication
WOOD'S SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
Models of Communication
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
C. Transaction Model of Communication
- focuses on meaning and sharing by
accounting for all other factors in
the communication process
- described as effective
communication
Models of Communication
ROMAN JAKOBSON’S MODEL
- 1960
Models of Communication
JAKOBSON’S MODEL
COMPONENTS
1. ADDRESSER – sender of the message
2. ADDRESSEE – receiver of the message
3. CONTEXT – situation in which the message
was given
4. MESSAGE – idea to be expressed
5. CONTACT – channel thru which the
message passes
6. CODE – form of the message
Models of Communication
Models of Communication
FERDINAND SAUSSURE’S MODEL
Models of Communication
FERDINAND SAUSSURE’S MODEL
Models of Communication
FERDINAND SAUSSURE’S MODEL
Ferdinand Saussure
- Father of Modern Synchronic Linguistics
SPEECH CIRCUIT MODEL
- a concept in the brain triggers a sound pattern
in the brain
Models of Communication
FERDINAND SAUSSURE’S MODEL
SPEECH CIRCUIT MODEL
- The sound pattern in the brain triggers an
actual pronunciation of a sound which goes out
of the mouth of the person and into the ear of
the listener where the process occurs in
opposite order
Models of Communication
FERDINAND SAUSSURE’S MODEL
SPEECH CIRCUIT MODEL
- The sound produces a sound pattern in the
brain, and the sound pattern in the brain, and
the sound pattern in the brain produces a
concept
Models of Communication
HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Models of Communication
HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
- introduces the concept of time where
continuousness of the communication
process and relational interactions are very
important.
- Communication is taken as a dynamic process
and it progresses with age as our experience
and vocabulary increases.
Models of Communication
HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
- At first, helical spring is small at the bottom and
grows bigger as the communication progresses.
- The same effect can be seen with communication of
humans, where you know nothing about a person at
first and the knowledge grows steadily as you know
the person better
- It considers all the activities of the person, from the
past and present
Models of Communication
HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
- Communication is affected by the curve from which
it emerges which denotes past behavior and
experiences.
- Slowly, the helix leaves its lower levels of behavior
and grows upward in a new way.
- It always depends on the lowest level to form the
message.
- Thus, the communicative relationship reaches to the
next level in which people share more information.
Models of Communication
HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
- Communication is supposed to be continuous
and non-repetitive.
- It is always growing and accumulative.
Models of Communication
EUGENE NIDA’S MODEL
Models of Communication
EUGENE NIDA’S MODEL
S, M, and R stand for source, message and receptor,
respectively. The
wavy line through the M suggests the acoustic
transmission, while the printed form of M
stands for a written communication. As appendages to
the squares marked S and R there are
sections labeled De and En, standing for “decoder” and
“encoder,” respectively … During the
entire process of communication there is also a factor of
“noise,” to borrow a term from
communications engineers …. (Nida 1964:120–121)
Thank You!
