Name: Nina Kadek Armayani
NIM: 1713081007
Prodi: Chemistry / 4A
Aluminum As a Material Antiperspirant
Definition Aluminum
Aluminum is one of the chemical element that has the symbol Al and atomic number 13.
Aluminum is not a kind of heavy metal, but it is an element that amounts to about 8% of the
earth's surface and the third most abundant after oxygen and silicon in the earth's crust.
Aluminum is not magnetic, slightly dull silver colored white, soft and tender. Although there
were quite a lot, aluminum is rarely found in its original form. Typically, the aluminum contained
in similar rock bauxite and cryolite. Aluminum is one of the lower specific mass of metal that is
highly resistant to oxidation or corrosion. It occurs due to the formation of fine oxide layer that
prevents further oxidation of the metal layer deeper section. As for the reactions that occur are:
Al (s) + O 2 (g) → Al2O3 (s) ........................ .. (i)
Of chemical reactions (i), the oxide layer formed immediately in the open air is very dense and
difficult to penetrate further by oxygen gas, so that the advanced oxidation becomes nearly
stalled, and takes place very slowly. This is what causes this metal becomes inert (immune) to
the air and some chemicals. Unlike to air, oxides of Al react rapidly with HCl to form a solution
of AlCl3.
Al2O3 (s) + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 (l) + 3H2O (aq) ................ (Ii)
The liberation of Al2O3 thin layer of metal skin surface causing metal ease of Al react with HCl
solution such as the following reaction equation:
2AL (s) + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 (l) + 3H2 (g) .................. .. (iii)
The reaction (iii) is rapid and produces heat that continues to increase. The reaction takes place
more rapidly as more and fluid temperature rise. The reaction rate decreases for a moment if the
liquid is diluted with water and rose again as the temperature increases solution.
Aluminum nature
Aluminum has several different properties with other metals, for example, has a light
weight, corrosion resistant, and non-toxic, making it safe even when used for material for
cooking utensils such as frying and pan. Properties of aluminum is also often used as a food
packaging such as aluminum foil.
Aluminum also has a greater conductivity than copper, because the aluminum is used as a
utility pole cable. Mixing of aluminum with other metals to produce new type of metal that is
stronger, for example Duralium which is a mixture of aluminum, copper, and magnesium.
No form of solid aluminum and used to hard objects, and some are granular, such as
aluminum hydroxide and aluminum chloride. Aluminum chloride can even be used as a mixture
of drugs to suppress stomach acid called antacids. Therefore, aluminum chloride having acid
absorbing properties. Various forms of aluminum are sold freely either in raw form or after
dioalah into functional objects.
Physical properties of Aluminum
Al is a relatively soft metal, lightweight, tough, durable, and easily forged. The new
Metal forged / molded has a shiny metallic appearance, over time the color faded to a dull gray
silver. Al has a density of 2.70 g / cm3. These metal conductors of heat and electricity, has 60%
of the conductivity of copper, while its density is only 30% of the density of copper. Despite a
lower conductivity than copper, but in terms of service life, this metal is superior, because the
corrosion resistance is much better.
Chemical Properties of Aluminum
Almost all of the aluminum ion with trivalent +3 and almost all soluble compounds
colorless, whereas insoluble compounds gray white.Al metal corrosion resistance is very good
for the formation of a thin layer of Al2O3 when the newly formed metal exposed to the air. This
thin layer is very effective in preventing further oxidation, because the density of pores difficult
to be penetrated by oxygen and water molecules. Aluminum does not react with dilute nitric acid
solution, react very slowly in hot concentrated HNO3. In acidic solution containing chloride ions
and, the metal reacts with water and acid to form a solution of AlCl3, other metal salt solution,
and hydrogen gas.
Effect of chloride ions that cause the dissolution of Al2O3 thin layer of metal caused the
outer layer becomes susceptible oxidized. Heat due to the reaction of Al with lead acid Al also
reacts with water, causing the emergence of the gray mud which is a compound of Al (OH) 3.
Reaction with water at high temperatures as follows:
2AL (s) + 6H2O (aq) → 2AL (OH) 3 (s) + 3H2 (g) ............... .. (iv)
Source - the source of Aluminum in Natural
In the earth's crust, Al is a metal element with the largest percentage (8.3% of the total
amount of metal) and the chemical elements to the 3rd third largest of all chemical elements after
oxygen and silicon. Because it has a strong affinity for oxygen, the element Al is almost never
found in the state of metallic elements, but almost always be found in the form of oxides or
silicates. The most common group of minerals in the earth's crust which is aluminosilicate.
Native aluminum metal can only be found as a small phase fugacity in a low oxygen
environment, such as the interiors of certain volcanoes.
Aluminum is found in various mineral beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel, turquoise, and the
rock bauxite manifold. A mixture of other minerals in rocks containing Al2O3 produce
gemstones ruby, sapphire, and other types of jewelry stones. Although aluminum is a common
chemical element that is found widely on Earth, but not all minerals can be economical if made
into metal.
Almost all of the aluminum metal produced is made from bauxite rock manifold (Alox
(OH) 3-2x). Bauxite occur as a result of weathering of bedrock containing iron and low silica in
tropical climatic conditions. Currently the largest bauxite resources in Indonesia is located in the
Riau Islands and some places on the island of Sumatra.
Advantages of Aluminum
1. Conductor of electricity and heat was good although not as good as copper. Because it
has a good electrical conductivity is aluminum used in electrical cables replace copper
that are more expensive.
2. Having a stable color as if it does not rust. This is because aluminum is very quick to
react with oxygen contained in the air produce aluminum oxide. Oxide that is formed is
not easily peeled off so as to protect the surface of the aluminum at the bottom to prevent
oxidation continues. In addition to a thin layer, oxides formed an opaque layer so that the
aluminum as if it has not changed (still shiny).
3. The surface does not need in the paint because it is quite nice and interesting. Very fine
aluminum powder appears shiny as the original metal that is often mixed in oil paint
(varnish) produces metallic paint which is relatively seem to be more expensive than
regular paint. Metallic paints are mostly used in luxury goods, because with the addition
of aluminum, paint can reflect more light.
4. Does not react with acids or other chemicals contained in foodstuffs. Therefore,
aluminum is widely used as a base for the manufacture of household appliances Mass
pan. And aluminum foil used as a very thin used for packaging of cigarettes, sugar, spices
and some other purposes.
5. 95% aluminum alloy with 5% other elements such as Cu, Mg and Mn can be used to
replace the function of iron, although not as strong as iron. For example, in the
manufacture of door and window frames.
6. Aluminum prices. Compared to wood, aluminum prices are much cheaper. Many also use
aluminum to make the frame. Aluminum frames are also used for many offices. So spend
less when compared with wood. Although the price is cheaper, does not mean poor
quality aluminum.
7. Resilience. The next consideration is the nature of the aluminum material. Aluminum is
resistant to weather, porous resistant, fire resistant and lightweight. So aluminum is
resistant to termites, durable use in a long period of time. Aluminum also weather
resistant so it will not happen shrinkage or deformation. Color aluminum are also not
easily fade.
8. Care. Treatment of aluminum building materials is not difficult. Can be cleaned with
water or other cleaners. Warnanyapun will not easily fade.
9. Design. Building materials aluminum materials can be painted and coated with a color or
wood pattern. Designs can also be made made to order from simple to modern design that
fits in the mix in a modern-style building.
10. Economically, in terms of the cost of the process of manufacture, installation and
maintenance to cheaper aluminum frame because it is more durable.
Shortages of aluminum
1. Unlike wood design variations that have a lot of designs with a certain pattern, design on
the aluminum is quite limited. Arguably less varied, limited only standard from the
factory and modern. In fact, most people like to design a door or window that is varied,
with certain pieces to decorate varied.
2. Level of difficulty mounting Typically, the aluminum frame level installation process
more complex than mounting frame made from lai in which the installation must be neat
and precise. If there is an imbalance installation, can result in leakage due to seepage of
rainwater and other factors. Therefore we need people who are experts in the installation,
so that the frame is attached neat and precise.
usefulness aluminum
Aluminum often found in the use of food additives, antacids, buffered aspirin,
astringents, nasal sprays, antiperspirants, drinking water, car exhaust, tobacco smoke, the use of
aluminum foil, cookware, tin, ceramics, and fireworks. The usefulness of aluminum compounds
in everyday life, namely:
1. Alum, KAI (SO4) 2.12H2O used to precipitate impurities on water purification.
2. Aluminum sulfate Al2 (SO4) 3 is used in the paper industry and mordant (binders in
dyeing).
3. Zeolites Na2O Al2O3.2SiO2 used to soften hard water.
4. Aluminum Al2O3 for the manufacture of aluminum, toothpaste, industrial ceramics and
glass industries.
understanding Antiperspirant
Antiperspirant is a substance that can help reduce sweat production because they contain
active ingredients in the form of an aluminum salt which will dissolve in the skin surface
moisture. This solution will then form a gel that surrounds the sweat glands so that sweat
production in the body is reduced. That is why, containing antiperspirant deodorant is able to
provide a fresh scent as well as stop sweating. Meanwhile, regular deodorant body odor can
manage without help prevent excessive sweating
How it Works Antiperspirant
The chemicals contained in the antiperspirant is aluminum chloride or aluminum
hidroksibromida which can keep the body from sweating. The compounds penetrate the cells that
line the sweat gland near the epidermis, the top layer of skin. Furthermore, water is then drawn
into the cell, causing the sweat ducts to swell and become obstructed. This condition prevents
most sweat migrate to the skin surface. The less sweat, the less food available for bacteria, which
in turn reduces the odor.
Disease arising from the use antipersprirant
1. Antiperspirant and Cancer
Based on several studies, experts suspect that the aluminum-based antiperspirants can
increase the risk of breast cancer. Experts suspect this is because aluminum is absorbed into the
skin (especially when you are using an antiperspirant after you shave her armpits), where these
chemicals will then interact with DNA and cause cell changes into cancer or disrupt the hormone
estrogen, which has been known to also affect the growth of breast cancer cells.
2. Antiperspirants and Alzheimer's Disease
In the 1960s, several studies have found quite high levels of aluminum in the brains of
patients with Alzheimer's disease. The results of this study make a lot of people worried to
consume canned food, ulcer medication (antacids), and antiperspirant. However, when the
research done on this subject the experts did not find similar results so that they also stated that
the aluminum is not one of the causes of Alzheimer's disease.
The experts found that the aluminum contained in antiperspirants are usually not able to
get into the body. Even if you use a deodorant containing antiperspirant right after you shave,
levels of aluminum made it into the body is very little that can be ignored because it will not
cause any disturbance.
3. Antiperspirant and Kidney Disorders
Someonewith renal impairment can not remove aluminum from both inside the body and
cause a buildup, which makes the patient more susceptible to dementia (dementia), then BPOM
America finally issued a statement that people who suffer from renal impairment to ask in
advance on their physician before using antiperspirant , However, in reality, the aluminum that
goes through the skin is slightly making it almost impossible interfere with the kidneys.
Antiperspirant Deodorant excellence
There are many advantages of antiperspirant deodorant products. One of them efficiency
in getting two benefits protecting in the same product. By using antiperspirant deodorant, can
overcome the problem of excessive sweating body odor at the same time by simply buying a
product.
Aluminum and breast cancer relationship
Many believe that this way of working is jeopardizing aluminum for the body. Because
aluminum task is to prevent perspiration from the armpit, a widely circulated theory is poison
and bacteria that should be spent together with the sweat will also be stuck in your body. Because
armpit located very close to the breast, people speculated that various bacteria and toxins as well
as the aluminum content will interact with DNA in the body. It is believed to be at risk of causing
genetic mutations are not perfect so the cancer cells grow in the breast. Aluminum is also
believed to affect the hormone estrogen, the hormone that plays an important role in the growth
and spread of breast cancer in a woman's body.
