PROCEEDING

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY (ICOHS) 2017

“OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES”

1 – 2 November 2017
Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel, Bali

Published by:
FKM UI, Depok
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY (ICOHS) 2017

“OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES”
1 – 2 November 2017
Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel, Bali

Coordinator of Reviewers:
Indri Hapsari Susilowati, SKM, MKKK, Ph.D

Editor:
Prof. L. Meily Kurniawidjaja
Mila Tejamaya, Ssi, MOHS, Ph.D

ISBN:

PUBLISHER:
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia
Email : icohs@ui.ac.id
Web : www.icohs.ui.ac.id
 ORGANIZER

STEER ING COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. Ir. Muhammad Anis, M.Met

(Universitas Indonesia)

Prof. Dr. rer. Nat Rosari Saleh

(Universitas Indonesia)

dr. Agustin Kusumayati, M.Sc., PhD

(Faculty of Public Health UI)

Dr. dr. Sabarinah Prasetyo, M.Sc

(Faculty of Public Health UI)

dr. Asri C. Adisasmita, MPH, PhD

(Faculty of Public Health UI)

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Prof. Dra. Fatma Lestari, MSi, PhD (Universitas Indonesia)

Prof. DR.dr. L. Meily Kurniawidjaja, SpOK (Universitas Indonesia)
Doni Hikmat Ramdhan, SKM, MKKK, PhD (Universitas Indonesia)
DR. dr. Zulkifli Djunaedi, MappSc (Universitas Indonesia)
Dr. Robiana Modjo, SKM, Mkes (Universitas Indonesia)
DR. Ir. Sjahrul M. Nasri, MSc in Hyigine Industri (Universitas Indonesia)
Dr. Chandra Satrya, m.App.Sc (Universitas Indonesia)
Drs. (Psi) Ridwan Z. Syaaf, MPH (Universitas Indonesia)
Indri Hapsari Susilowati, SKM, MKKK, PhD (Universitas Indonesia)
Drg. Baiduri Widanarko, MKKK, PhD (Universitas Indonesia)

International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 4

 Mila Tejamaya, SSi, MOHS, PhD (Universitas Indonesia)
Dadan Erwandi, MPSi, MPSi (Universitas Indonesia)
Hendra, SKM, MKKK (Universitas Indonesia)
Prof. Dino Pisaniello (University of Adelaide, Australia)
DR. Surindar K. Deshi (University of Birmingham, UK)
Prof. Orawan Kaewbooncho (Mahidol University, Thailand)
Prof. Kitiphong Harncharoen (Mahidol University, Thailand)
Prof. Paul Ratanasiripong (California State University-Long Beach, USA)
DR. Toai Nguyen (Can Tho Medical College, Vietnam)
Prof. Akira Yasukouchi (Kyushu University, Japan)
Yasuhito Jibiki, Ph.D (Tohoku University, Japan)
DR. Anni Mohamed (University of Brunei, Brunei Darussalam)

International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 5

 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Head : Indri Hapsari Susilowati, Ph.D

Secretary : Mila Tejamaya, PhD
Treasurer : Baiduri Widanarko, Ph.D
Secretariat : Mufti Wirawan, SKM, MKKK
Winona Sunukanto
Publication and : Hendra, SKM, MKKK
Registration Stevan Sunarno, SKM
David Kusmawan, drh.
Transportation and : Bunarti
Accommodation Trianingsih
Marwani
Sponsorship : Adi Putranto, SE
Scientific Session : Dadan Erwandi, MPsi
Laksita Ri Hastiti, SKM, MKKK
Proceeding : Doni Hikmat Ramdhan, Ph.D
Baiduri Widanarko, Ph.D
IT System : Yoni Febrian Mulyono, S.Kom

International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 6

 WELCOME MESSAGES

Dear all,
I take great pleasure in welcoming you to the 1st International Conference of
Occupational Health and Safety (ICOHS) with theme Occupational Health and Safety Trends and
Challenges in Developing Countries. This event was organized by Department of Occupational
Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia. As one of leading institution
in OHS education in Indonesia, we would like to take part in strengthening the implementation
of Occupational Health and Safety generally in Developing countries and particularly in
Indonesia.
The vision of 1st ICOHS is becoming a mean for sustaining scientific atmosphere for
scholars, academician, researchers, practitioners, and policy maker to share knowledge and best
practice in implementing Occupational Health and Safety, particularly in developing countries.
Thus, the missions are:
 To gather competent and experienced experts in the field of OHS
 To gather participants from Indonesia and other countries
 To increase credible scientific publications
 To provide an outstanding national and international OHS community on updating
knowledge and methods in tackling OHS challenges
We are very happy that this conference has been widely accepted. Number of abstracts have
been received and reviewed from at least 8 countries (Indonesia off course, Malaysia, Thailand,
UK, Australia, US, Japan and Brunei Darussalam) which then divided into 58 poster presentations
and 70 oral presentations. We would like to deliver our appreciation for those who has submitted
their paper or joining this conference as participants. To all the speakers, thank you very much
for your kind response in answering our invitation. To sponsors, we would like to express our
appreciation for taking this event as a moment for sharing technology, information and dedication.
Please enjoy the conference, do not forget to breath some Bali’s fresh air and have fun.

Sincerely,
Indri Susilowati Hapsari, PhD
Head Organizing Committee ICOHS
Head of Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas
Indonesia

International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 7

 It is a great honor for me to welcome you to the 1st International Conference of
Occupational Health and Safety (ICOHS), organized by Department of Occupational Health and
Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia. The theme of this conference is
Occupational Health and Safety Trends and Challenges in Developing Countries. Since public
health issue is strongly linked with workforce due to high number of worker in population at
about 63%, we strongly believe that mitigating health and safety in occupational setting will
directly impact to the health and safety of the population. Furthermore, development of
occupational health and safety into public domain is another advantage in solving public health
problems.
The implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Management system (OHSMS)
in developing countries was known to be lagged behind than developed countries. Gaps and
challenges can be shared and solved together in academic forum like ICOHS.
It is an honour for Universitas Indonesia (UI) to host this prestigious international
conference. The conference program will be covering a range of topics in Occupational Health
and Safety that would be both interesting and beneficial for the fellow participants. Moreover, the
many presentations at this conference will address common issues and the problems faced by
professionals in OHS. We hope that this conference will serve as a platform for all of us to learn
and share as well as will help us create an environment of mutually rewarding scientific researches
and collaborations that will benefit to the advances in OHS.
We also invite you to enjoy Bali, Paradise Island, where the natural landscape unites
with spiritual temples and religious ceremony
I thank everyone for your participation at the 1st ICOHS.

Sincerely,
dr. Agustin Kusumayati, MSc, PhD
Dean Faculty of Public Health – Universitas Indonesia

International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 8

Selamat datang,

Universitas Indonesia (UI) warmly welcomes all participants, speaker and our
honourable guests to International Conference of Occupational Health and Safety,
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, 2017.
The event is so much in accordance with the UI’s mission to conduct the Tri
Dharma (Education, Research and Community service) that is capable to meet the
national and global challenges. Universitas Indonesia (UI) itself has determined to be a
world class research university who sets its commitment to the academic invention and
research activities through various scientific programs.
Faculty of Public Health UI decides to lift Occupational Health and Safety
Trends and Challenges in Developing Countries as the theme of ICOHS, FPH UI. UI
would like to nurture the students to take part early as possible in facing current public
health issues and challenges as we realize we are counting our future to them. They are
indeed our upcoming leaders.
We wish you a productive festival and conference. Spread ideas, gain
knowledge, build network and develop a better world.

Sincerely,
Prof. Dr. Ir. Muhammad Anis, M.Met
Rector of Universitas Indonesia

International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 9

 Contents
ORGANIZER ………………………………………………… …….. 4
WELCOMING MESSAGES ……………………………………….. 7
PROCEEDING
1. Driver Fatigue on Bus APTB and Transjakarta Coridor 8 in Jakarta …... 10
2. The Analysis on Conformity of Emergency Response System
Based on 2016 Edition of NFPA 1600 at Higher Education ………...…. 19
3. Analysis of Education and Training – Competency Based
Implementation of Lift and Hauling Aircraft Specialists at Education
and Training Center, Ministry of Manpower ………………………….... 30
4. An E-Cigarettes Epidemic: Health and Safety Issues for Its User …….... 38
5. Effectiveness of PT. Singlurus Pratama Mine Safety Management
System, Kutai Kartanegara ……………………………………………... 45
6. Critical Control Management in Indonesian Mining Industry ………….. 56
7. Analysis of Workload on Complaint of Musculoskeletal Disorders
(MSDs) in Furniture’s Workers at Surabaya City 2017 ………………... 73
8. Synchronization of Panca Nirbhaya with SMKP Minerba/MSMS 3814
(Regulation Of The Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of The
Republic of Indonesia Number: 38 Year 2014) ……………………….... 86
9. Public Places Wi-Fi Login Based Hazard Identification Using Redirect
Survey Method in Developing Countries to Increase People Awareness
to Public Safety ……………………………………………………….... 99
10. Relationship between Physical Activity During Work and Risk of
Obesity among The Administration Staff of X University …………....... 107
11. Factors Related for Use of Personal Protective Equipment on Worker
Carpenter in Ciputat District South Tangerang City Banten ………….... 113
12. Evaluation of Active Fire Protection Systems in Cement Factory
for Optimizating Fire Safety ………………………………………........ 123
13. The Emergency Response Preparedness Levels Based on Knowledge
in High Rise Building …………………………………………………... 133
14. Analysis and Improvement of Work Postures In Laboratorium:
Application of The RULA Method ……………………………………... 140
15. Analysis and Improvement of Noise Reduction in Engine Assembly
Office Area …………………………………………………….……….. 144
16. The Importance of Hospital Safety in Indonesia ……………………...... 149
17. Safety Behavior Description in Geoengineering Division PT Freeport
Indonesia 2016 ………………………………………………………….. 155
International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 1
18. The Study of Accident Investigation Activity in Indonesian Mining
Sector ........................................................................................................ 177
19. Medical Facilities Assessment in Keningau, Sabah for X Project
on 2015 ………………………………………..……………………….. 194
20. Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment in Warehouse Area ... 199
21. The Association between Shift Work and Fatigue ……………............... 218
22. Emergency Response System in PT X Based on NFPA 1600 Edition
2016 …………………………………………………………………….. 230
23. Study about Factors That Become Obstacles in The Implementations of
SMK3 in Construction Services Industry ……………………………..... 236
24. Development of Fire Indicator in Grinding Area at XYY Facility …...... 244
25. Risk Assessment at Instalation Compressor Company : Pre Eliminary
Study to Identify Major Hazard in The Workplace …………………...... 250
26. Metal Copper Smelters Chemical Health Risk Assessment
“Systematical Review” ………………………………………………..... 262
27. Evidence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss among The Workers at
Production Site of Water Supply Company PT XYZ ………………...... 274
28. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) from Oil Fish and Margarine as
Bioactive Compound for Anti-Inflammatory in Occupational
Dermatitis……………………………………………………………….. 280
29. The Pattern of Safety And Health Work to Prevent Musculoskeletal
Disorders at Welding Worker in Mahkamah Street Medan …………..... 288
30. ControloOf Hazardous Chemical as an Effort for Compliance Criteria
SMK3 …………………………………………………………………… 299
31. Crash Characteristic and Factors Associated with Injury Severity among
Road Traffic Accident (RTA) Victims ………………………………..... 315
32. Accident Data Analysis in Geoengineering Division PT Freeport-
Indonesia Based on Human Factor Analysis and Classification System-
Mining Industry Framework (HFACS-MI) Method 2015 ……………… 330
33. Health Risk Assessment of Vapor-Phase Hydrogen Peroxide Exposure
at A Milk Factory PT XYZ Year 2017 …………………………………. 350
34. Low Awareness of Using Seat Belt in Developing Countries: A
Literature Review ………………………………………………………. 360

International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 2

Proceeding

International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 3

DRIVER FATIGUE ON BUS APTB AND TRANSJAKARTA
CORIDOR 8 IN JAKARTA

Devi Angeliana Kusumaningtiar1, Fardella Chaerul Putri2

1,2
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Esa Unggul

Correspondence author : deviangeliana@esaunggul.ac.id

Abstract
The National Transportation Safety Board, driver fatigue in the United States
considered to bet he most important road safety factor because accounts for
approximately 100.000 heavy vehicle accidents and 1.500 fatalities per year.
Fatigue is a factor in an estimated 30 to 40 percent of heavy vehicle accidents
and 15 percent of fatal. Fatigue causes a loss of alertness in a driver. Which is
slower reaction time, decreased skill levels, a driver’s ability to concentrate and
make critical decisions is reduced, it takes longer to interpret and understand a
traffic situation. It is a significant problem in the road transport sector in terms of
the health and quality of life of drivers, as well as in the potential for accidents.
The purpose of this study is to identify the difference of the average of work
fatigue between APTB bus driver and Transjakarta bus coridor 8 on 2017. Cross
Sectional methodology was chosen in this study. The population of this study
were 30 respondents APTB bus drivers and 40 respondents from Corridor 8
Transjakarta bus drivers. The sampling method were using total sampling with 70
respondents. T-test independent was chosen for the statistical test and the result
(p=0,000) shown a significant difference (p<0,05) in term of driver’s fatigue. The
conclusion for APTB and Transjakarta bus drivers is expected to be able to relax
while waiting for passengers or rest and for APTB bus drivers it is necessary to set
the working hours in one day by dividing the two work shifts.

Keywords: Fatigue, Driver Fatigue, APTB, Transjakarta

10
1. INTRODUCTION
Work fatigue is a condition of weakening activities, movements, and physical
exhaustion to do work. According Cameron (1973) in Setyawati (2010), that work
fatigue concerns the decrease of physical performance, the feeling of tiredness,
decreased motivation, and decreased work productivity. Work fatigue occurs
due to accumulation of lactic acid. At work the body needs energy. The energy is
obtained from the breakdown of glycogen. According Suma'mur (2009), that
fatigue is a decrease in endurance and body power to do the job.
In New Zealand between 2002 and 2004, driver fatigue was identified as a
contributing factor in 134 fatal crashes and 1,703 injury crashes (approximately
11 per cent of fatal crashes and 6 per cent of injury crashes each year). The
National Transportation Safety Board, driver fatigue in the United States
considered to bet he most important road safety factor because accounts for
approximately 100.000 heavy vehicle accidents and 1.500 fatalities per year.
Fatigue is a factor in an estimated 30 to 40 percent of heavy vehicle accidents
and 15 percent of fatal. Fatigue causes a loss of alertness in a driver. Which is
slower reaction time, decreased skill levels, a driver’s ability to concentrate and
make critical decisions is reduced, it takes longer to interpret and understand a
traffic situation. It is a significant problem in the road transport sector in terms of
the health and quality of life of drivers, as well as in the potential for accidents
[1].
In Indonesia traffic accidents are the number 3 killer after heart disease and
stroke. According to Central Bureau of Statistics data in 2013 the number of
traffic accidents amounted to 104,976 and the death toll of 23,385 people,
meanwhile there are 93.52% factors causing the accident, that is due to driver
error or human error. Drivers' factors are physical conditions such as fatigue,
drowsiness, drunkenness, speeding, and misreading road directions [2].
The transport sector in many countries should be more concerned about the
qualitative and quantitative aspects of working time. Excessive and irregular
hours, poor working periods, high levels of stress, long waiting periods and

11
inappropriate training can lead to drivers fatigue and human error. The resulting
economic and social consequences are reduced productivity, higher accident and
occupational disease rates, absenteeism, higher turnover of staff, and increased
workers' compensation rates, vehicle insurance and liability rates.
Work fatigue is not immediately addressed and immediately rest, then there
will be accumulation of fatigue in a day, so it can have more severe impact on
health. According Tarwaka (2010), the risk of working fatigue is: work motivation
decreases, low performance, low quality of work, many mistakes, low work
productivity, job stress, occupational diseases, injuries, and work accidents.
According Setyawati (2010), that the impact of job fatigue is decreased job
performance, body feels bad, work morale decreases, and decreases work
productivity.
In the Grogol terminal there are various mass public transports such as buses,
public transport WBK (Wahana Bina Karya), as well as urban transport with
various routes. One of the public transports contained in the Grogol terminal is a
bus. Buses are any motor vehicle equipped with seating for more than eight
persons, excluding seating for drivers, whether equipped or not equipped with
luggage. The bus located at the Grogol terminal is an APTB bus (Integrated
Border Transmission Busway) serving the border areas of Jakarta (Bogor, Depok,
Tangerang and Bekasi). APTB bus at Grogol terminal has a long distance and
traffic condition through which APTB buses tend to be crowded and even
jammed for hours, it becomes one of the reason the researcher chose the
research place at Grogol terminal. Transjakarta bus located at Perum DAMRI SBU
Transjakarta busway corridor 8 serves the Jakarta community with Terminal
Lebak Bulus - Harmoni Sentral route. Transjakarta bus corridor 8 has a distance
of 26 km. The distance is shorter than the APTB bus route distance.

2. METHODS
This research use a quantitative research, with cross sectional study design. In
this research data collection technique that writer use is saturated samples

12
where The population of this study were 30 respondents APTB bus drivers and
40 respondents from Corridor 8 Transjakarta bus drivers. The sampling method
were using saturated samples with 70 respondents. Analysis of this research data
using univariate and bivariate analysis using chi-square test and calculated Odds
Ratio (OR).

3. RESULTS
Data respondent characteristic includes age, gender, length of experience,
nutritional status from the interview on APTB bus driver and Transjakarta bus
coridor 8 use quesioner. Data of work fatigue was obtained from subjective self
rating test on APTB bus driver and Transjakarta bus corridor 8 using IFRC
(Industrial Fatigue Research Committee) questionnaire which is a questionnaire
that can to measure subjective fatigue level by yielding score. The following is
the average distribution of work fatigue on APTB bus drivers and Transjakarta
bus corridor 8.

Table 1. Frequency Distribution Characteristics Age, sex, length of experience, and nutritional
status of APTB bus drivers and Transjakarta bus Corridor 8
Respondent Characteristic Bus Driver Amount Percentage%
APTB Transjakarta

n % n %
Age : ≥ 36 year 14 46,7% 22 55% 36 51,4 %
< 36 year 16 53,3% 18 45% 34 48,6 %

Gender :Man 30 100% 38 95% 68 97,1%

Female 0 0% 2 5% 2 2,9%

Lenght of experience ≥ 5
year 17 56,7% 21 52,5% 38 54,3%
< 5 year 13 43,3% 19 47,5% 32 45,7%
Nutritional status
Abnormal : <18,5 and ≥25 6 20% 5 12,5% 11 15,7%
Normal : 18,5 – 24,9 24 80% 35 87,5% 59 84,3%

Based on table 1 it shows that the number of drivers with the age category (≥
36 years) as many as 36 drivers (51.4%), consisting of 14 bus drivers APTB and 22
Transjakarta bus driver corridor 8. Number of drivers by type category male

13
gender of 68 drivers (97.1%), consisting of 30 bus drivers APTB and 38
Transjakarta bus driver corridor 8. While the driver with the gender category of
women as much as 2 people (2.9%) from the driver of Transjakarta bus corridor
8. Number of drivers with long service categories (≥ 5 years) of 38 drivers
(54.3%), consisting of 17 APTB bus drivers and 21 Transjakarta bus driver
corridors 8. number of drivers with normal nutritional status category as many as
59 drivers (84.3%), consisting of 24 APTB bus drivers and 35 Transjakarta bus
driver corridor 8.

Table 2. Average Distribution of Work Fatigue on APTB Bus Driver and Transjakarta Bus
Corridor 8
Work Fatigue SD Mean Min Max

APTB bus drivers 9,428 64,50 43 86

Transjakarta bus corridor 8 9,961 46,25 34 87

Based on table 2 it shows that the average fatigue of APTB bus driver working
is 64,50 with standard deviation 9,428 and mean of work fatigue of Transjakarta
bus driver equal to 46,25 with standard deviation of 9,961. The lowest score on
APTB bus driver is 43 and the driver of Transjakarta bus corridor 8 is 34. And for
the highest value in APTB bus driver is 86 and the driver of Transjakarta bus
corridor 8 is 87.
The statistical test used to determine the difference between the average
fatigue rate between APTB bus driver and Transjakarta bus corridor 8 is
independent t-test. The independent t-test statistic test results the average
fatigue difference between APTB bus driver and Transjakarta bus corridor 8 as
follows:
Table 3. Independent T-test Results Differences Average Work Fatigue on APTB Bus Driver and
Transjakarta Bus Corridor 8
Work Fatigue Amount Mean SD p-value

APTB bus drivers 30 64,50 9,428 0,000

Transjakarta bus coridor 8 40 46,25 9,961

14
 Based on Table 3 it shows that the average score of job fatigue score on APTB
bus driver is higher than the average working fatigue on Transjakarta bus driver
corridor 8. And from the result of independent T-test statistic test it can be
concluded that there is a significant difference between average fatigue on APTB
bus driver and Transjakarta bus corridor 8 (p-value = 0,000).

4. DISCUSSIONS
The results of this study indicate that there is a significant difference between
the average of work fatigue on APTB bus drivers and Transjakarta bus driver
corridor 8. This is in line with the research conducted by Khakima (2011), that
there is a difference in labor fatigue before and after exposure to heat in Metal
Casting Industry Nedya Aluminum Klaten. Similarly, with Rochmah (2011) study,
that there is a difference in work fatigue before and after exposure to heat stress
on labor. As well as research conducted by Umyati, et., Al (2015) there is a
difference in work fatigue on Arimbi bus drivers.
Work fatigue will decrease performance, decrease work capacity and work
resilience characterized by tired sensation, decreased motivation, decreased
activity. The characteristics of work fatigue will increase with the length of work
performed, while the decreasing fatigue can increase work errors will provide
opportunities for industrial injuries [10].
Driver fatigue results in performance alertly, extension of reaction time,
memory problems, coordination delays, loss of information processes and also
leads to a decrease in motivation. Motivation to perform a task decreases,
communication and surrounding interactions also decline. Fatigue affects
decreased ability and work motivation, it also happens in driving work. This
fatigue has a specific impact on the behavior of drivers (driving behavior) [3].
Driver fatigue may also manifest in drowsiness and decreased attention resulting
in loss of vigilance that may result in traffic accidents [8].
It is possible that the difference between the average of work fatigue
between APTB bus driver and Transjakarta bus corridor 8, where the average

15
fatigue of APTB bus driver working is higher than the working fatigue of
Transjakarta bus driver is caused by APTB bus distance (62 km) more far
compared to Transjakarta buses (26 km). With longer mileage APTB bus drivers
experience more work fatigue.
While working on long-distance buses, APTB bus drivers are required to
continue to concentrate while driving for preparedness and full alertness to
avoid unwanted events. According to Suma'mur (2009), working with
concentration and high accuracy will require heavy brain performance thus
increasing the risk of fatigue. Longer APTB bus mileage compared to Transjakarta
bus corridor 8, APTB bus driver enables higher fatigue. Much distance requires
having high concentrations and a monotonous work will speed up the occurrence
of fatigue. Efforts that can be done to prevent the occurrence of fatigue is at the
time of rest (eating or waiting for passengers) do relaxation by moving the
hands, feet, head or shoulders to feel more relaxed body and not stiff or muscle
pain. Relaxation can also be done by Transjakarta bus drivers due to the
monotonous work (sitting driving).
The APTB bus driver only has one working shift per day (starting from 05.00 -
22.00) with a working time of 17 hours / day (including rest period) where 2
working days and 1 day off . While the driver of Transjakarta bus corridor 8 has
two work shifts (05.00 - 13.00 and 14.00 - 22.00) with each working time
duration 8 hours / day (including rest period) where 5 working days and 2 days
off. This is another possible occurrence of the difference between the average
fatigue work between APTB bus drivers and Transjakarta bus corridor 8.
APTB bus drivers in one day only have one shift of work with a duration of 17
hours / day (including rest period) with 2 working days and 1 day off if
accumulated then in one week APTB bus driver work for 85 hours. This is not in
accordance with Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, where
maximum working time is 8 working hours in 1 day or 40 working hours in 1
week and the rest for rest / life in family and community. Prolong working time

16
beyond that will only decrease work efficiency, increase work fatigue, accidents
and occupational diseases [10].
While the driver of Transjakarta bus corridor 8 has work shift and working
time in accordance with the Law No. 13 of 2013 on Manpower. The terminology
in question is shift work is 24 hours work divided by rotation in 2 hours time. The
workers are divided into working groups and are generally divided into three
groups where the shift is eight hours (Nasution, 1989).
Efforts that can be made to reduce or eliminate fatigue are to pay attention
to the general circumstances in the workplace environment such as the
arrangement of working hours, resting arrangements, providing a place or room
to rest, doing recreation and so forth [7]. Working hours arrangement is required
for APTB bus driver to be adjusted to Law Number 13 Year 2003. Working hours
arrangement by dividing in one day ie two work shifts so there is change of driver
in every work shift (different driver). With the division of two working shifts in a
day and the change of driver in every work shift is expected to work fatigue can
be reduced and even eliminated.

5. CONCLUSION
Work fatigue will decrease performance, decrease work capacity and work
resilience characterized by tired sensation, decreased motivation, decreased
activity. Average fatigue on APTB bus driver is higher (64.50) than Transjakarta
bus driver corridor 8 (45,25). There is a difference in average fatigue work
between APTB bus drivers and Transjakarta bus corridors 8 years 2017. The
conclusion for APTB and Transjakarta bus drivers is expected to be able to relax
while waiting for passengers or rest and for APTB bus drivers it is necessary to set
the working hours in one day by dividing the two work shifts.

References
[1] Beaulieu, Jon K. (2005). The Issues of Fatigue and Working Time In The Road
Transport Sector. Geneva : International Labour Office.

17
[2] Central Bureau of Statistics: (2015).
jakarta.bps.go.id/backend/pdf_publikasi/Statistik- Transportasi-DKI-
Jakarta-2015.pdf on Transportation Statistics of DKI Jakarta.
[3] Dinges, David F. An Overview of Sleepiness and Accident. Journal of Sleep
Research, University of Applied Sciences, Schmalkalden, Germany. 2005; 4
(20); 4-14
[4] Khakima, Nisa Nur. 2011. Differences in Labor Fatigue Before and After
Heat Exposure in Loging Industry Nedya Aluminum Klaten. Sebelas Maret
University
[5] Rochmah, Mufidatur. 2011. Differences in Work Fatigue Before and After
Exposure to Heat Pressure on Labor Section Milling Rags in Industrial
Mattress X Sukoharjo. Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University.
[6] Setyawati, L. 2010. Concerned about Work Fatigue. Yogyakarta: Amara
Books
[7] Suma'mur. 2009. Company Hygiene and Occupational Health (Hiperkes).
Jakarta: CV Sagung Seto.
[8] Syamsiar, S. Russeng. 2009. Nutritional Status and Work Fatigue (Study On
Night Bus Driver in South and West Sulawesi) Dissertation. Makassar:
Hasanuddin University
[9] Tarwaka., Solichul, BA and Lilik, S. 2004. Ergonomics for Occupational
Safety, Health and Productivity. Surakarta: UNIBA Press
[10] Tarwaka. 2010. Industrial Ergonomics: Fundamentals of Ergonomic
Knowledge and Application in the Workplace. Hope Press. Solo
[11] Umyati, Ani., Harry Yadi, Yayan., And Faithful Norms Password, Eka. 2015.
Measurement of Bus Driver Work Fatigue with Physiological Aspects of
Work and Methods of Industrial Fatique Research Committee (IFRC). Thesis
Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sultan Ageng
Tirtayasa

18
THE ANALYSIS ON CONFORMITY OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM
BASED ON 2016 EDITION OF NFPA 1600 AT HIGHER EDUCATION

Risang Vibatsu Adi1, Fatma Lestari2

1
Student of Magister Occupational Health & Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia,
Depok, West Java, Indonesia
2
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
West Java, Indonesia and Disaster Research & Response Centre, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West
Java, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: fatma@ui.ac.id

Abstract

Emergency condition / disaster can be occur anywhere and at anytime including at college. This study is
conducted in order to assess the conformity of the emergency response system at college. Which has
reference to NFPA 1600 2016 edition. This study is qualitative study with descriptive analytic design. The
result of this study is obtained from semi-structured interview, review of related documents, and
observation of research location. From all six elements in NFPA 1600 2016 edition that has been
assessed, total average of “Conforming” Category is 84.8 % , “Non-conforming” and “Not-applicable” is 8
% and 7.2 %

Keywords : Emergency Response System, College, NFPA 1600 2016 Edition

19
1. INTRODUCTION
Natural empiric condition in Indonesia shows that disaster could happen anywhere, anytime, and to
anyone in various forms and levels. Thus, an emergency response system for prevention, mitigation, and
solution against the possibility of disaster that would happen in workplace is needed. Law number 1 of
1970 on Occupational Safety explains that a workplace is a place where there is at least a worker who is
working either on the land, in the water, or in the air, that is in the territory of jurisdiction in Republic of
Indonesia[1]. In this case, it could be said that higher education is one of workplaces that is governed by
Law number 1 of 1970. Higher education is a part of national education system that have strategic role
in the intellectual life of the nation and to advance science and technology[2]. Higher education that is
intended in this research is education that is in the university scope.

In dealing with fire hazard, a disaster emergency response team should be formed. Nowadays, the
highest standard that can be applied generally according to disaster emergency response is NFPA 1600
which covers six elements which are Management Program, Planning, Implementation, Training and
Education, Exercise and Tests, and Program Maintenance and Improvement[3]. The purpose of applying
emergency response management is to protect assets in the form of buildings, workers, and
facilitations. Thus, NFPA 1600 is a standard that is recommended in applying disaster emergency
response, because it includes mitigation, prevention, preparation, response, and recovery[4].

Fire cases happened at higher education institution, especially university, in Indonesia has happened
quite often, for example is the fire occurred in Bogor Agricultural Institution (IPB), in the faculty of
agricultural engineering to be exact in March 2017, which caused Rp 2,000,000,000 (two billion rupiahs)
at lost. Fire also occurred in University of Indonesia (UI), at the C tower of the faculty of social and
political science in 2014, there were no victims on this case, only material lost caused by the fire[6].
These incidents could cause an emergency situation. An emergency situation would result in health, life,
property, and environment risks. Thus, universities should make strategies for dealing with emergency
situation.

This study was conducted in a university in a region in West Java. This university has had a K3L
committee and emergency response team, with rules of emergency response referring to NFPA 1600 of
2016 standard. The university’s decision on making emergency response management is based on cases
happened to other universities in Indonesia. This university hopes that the making of emergency

20
response management in responding emergency situation could prevent, handle, and give response fast
when the emergency situation occurred. On the other hand, it is aimed to minimize the lost that would
happen, either material or human life, if the disaster occurs[8].

1. Literature Review
2.1 Emergency Response Preparedness

The terms Emergency Response Preparedness or abbreviated as ERP refers to the

readiness/preparedness/precautions (Preparedness) and response/emergency response (Response) to a
state of emergency (Emergency). This includes all activities required in preparing human resources and
organization to carry out activities in an emergency or disaster situation. The activities include the
formulation of emergency plan and procedures, ranging from supporting tools and resources that aim to
save lives and minimize property damage[5].

2.2 2016 Edition of National Fire Protection Association 1600

NFPA or the National Fire Prevention Association 1600 is a standard that provides instructions to
build, run, and evaluate disaster/emergency management and business continuity programs. To support
the emergency management standards, NFPA uses six elements including Program Management,
Planning, Implementation, Training and Education, Exercises and Tests, and Program Maintenance and
Improvement [5].

Program Management Element is applied to identify what components are needed in program
planning and implementation, while the Planning Element is used to discuss the actions to be taken to
protect the public that have access and functional needs, property, operation, and environment.
Further, the Implementation Element contains the implementation of emergency response measures
undertaken by the entity. The Training and Education Element includes standards to ensure that all
human resources have the skills and ability to deal with the danger risks while the Exercises and Tests
Element is performed to show the expectations of the targets set by the entity. Finally, the Program
Improvement and Maintenance Element is the element that is applied to review of emergency response
measures to be maintained and enhanced in the future[5].

2. METHODS
This study is a qualitative study by interview, field observation, and review of related documents
from June-August 2017. The result of this study is obtained from the analysis of primary data and

21
secondary data. Those data were obtained through interview method to relevant informants, such as
head of the university’s K3L committee and university’s emergency response team. The questions of the
interview were semi-structured according to the conditions that have been made by NFPA 1600, a
standard which becomes a reference to university’s emergency response laws.

The university has given the authorization in reviewing related documents that is needed
according NFPA 1600 standard. Field observation was obtained, according to the fact on field. Some of
the pictures were adapted from the university documentation.

3. RESULTS
The analysis result on conformity of emergency response system based on six elements of NFPA
1600 of 2016 at higher education is shown in Table 1. The result of the review of the analysis on
conformity of emergency response system at higher education can be seen in Figure 1. And the average
percentage result of the analysis on conformity of emergency response system at higher education
based on NFPA 1600 of 2016 can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 1. The Analysis Result of Conformity Based On NFPA 1600 2016 edition

THE ANALYSIS ON CONFORMITY OF EMERGENCY

RESPONSE SYSTEM BASED ON 2016 OF NFPA 1600 AT
HIGHER EDUCATION

7.20%
8%

84.80%

Conforming Non-Conforming Not-Applicable

22
Figure 2. Total Average value of conformity based on NFPA 1600 2016 edition

THE ANALYSIS ON CONFORMITY OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM

BASED ON 2016 OF NFPA 1600 AT HIGHER EDUCATION

100% 6.4 2.6 0 0 2.23

0
90% 19.6
19.7 31.9
80%
70% 8.6
60%
50% 100 100 100
40% 73.9 77.8
30% 59.5
20%
10%
0%

Conforming Non-Conforming Not-Applicable

Table 1. THE ANALYSIS ON CONFORMITY OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM BASED ON 2016

EDITION OF NFPA 1600 AT HIGHER EDUCATION

NFPA 1600 ELEMENT PROGRAM C NC N/A

1. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Leadership and commitment 100% 0% 0%
Program Coordinator 100% 0% 0%
Program Comittee 0% 100% 0%
Program Administration 82% 9% 9%
Laws and Authorities 100% 0% 0%
Finance and Administration 35.7% 28.6% 35.7%
Record Management 100% 0% 0%
TOTAL AVERAGE 73.9% 19.7% 6.4%
2. PLANNING

23
Planning and Design Process 66.67% 33.33% 0%
Risk Assestment 30.6% 9.7% 59.7%
Business Impact and Anlysis 0% 0% 100%
Resource Needs Assestment 100% 0% 0%
Performance Objectives 100% 0% 0%
TOTAL AVERAGE 59.5% 8.6% 31.9%
3. IMPLEMENTATION
Common Plan Requirements 100% 0% 0%
Prevention 50% 50% 0%
Mitigation 66.7% 33.3.% 0%
Crisis Communication and Public
100% 0% 0%
Information
Warning, Notification, and
100% 0% 0%
Communications
Operational Procedure 100% 0% 0%
Incident Management 56.25% 25% 18.75%
Emergency Operations / Response
87.5% 12.5% 0%
Plan
Busines Continuity and Recovery 55% 38% 7%
Employee Assistant and Support 62.5% 37.5% 0%
TOTAL AVERAGE 77.8% 19.6% 2.6%
4. TRAINING and EDUCATION
Curriculum 100% 0% 0%
Goal of Curriculum 100% 0% 0%
Scope and Frequency of Instruction 100% 0% 0%
Incident Management System
100% 0% 0%
Training
Record Keeping 100% 0% 0%
Regulatory and Program
100% 0% 0%
Requirements
Public Education 100% 0% 0%
TOTAL AVERAGE 100% 0% 0%
5. EXERCISES and TESTS
Program Evaluation 100% 0% 0%
Excercises and Methodology 100% 0% 0%
Design of Exercise and Tests 100% 0% 0%
Exercise and Test Evaluation 100% 0% 0%
Frequency 100% 0% 0%
TOTAL AVERAGE 100% 0% 0%
6. PROGRAM MAINTENANCE and IMPROVEMENT
Program Review 93.33% 0% 6.67%
Corrective Action 100% 0% 0%
Continuous Improvement 100% 0% 0%
TOTAL AVERAGE 97.77% 0% 2.23%

24
 The element which belongs to the “Conform (C)” category is the one who has program and
documentation and has already been run, whereas the “Not Conform (NC)” category belongs to the
element who has program, yet does not have documentation or the program has not been conducted,
and the “Not Applicable (N/A)” category belongs to the element who has no program and
documentation.

4. DISCUSSION
Program Management

In the management program element in NFPA 1600 of 2016, there are seven variables, which are
Leadership and Commitment, Program Coordinator, Program Committee, Program Administration, Law
and Authority, Finance and Administration, and Record Management. The total average of the university
conformity of this element is 73.9%, whereas the total average of the university incompatibility towards
this element is 19.7%.

The University has undertaken a commitment established by the university rector, which contains
that every faculty should establish a safety, healthy work and environmental system. Furthermore, the
faculty also made an emergency response system based on NFPA 1600.

Planning

Planning element in NFPA 1600 has five variables, which are Planning and Design Process, Risk
Assessment, Business Impact Analysis, Resource Need Assessment, and Performance Objectives. As for
the total average of the university conformity towards this element is 59.5%, whereas the total average
of the university incompatibility is 8.6%.
Once the observation has done, there are few findings such as the university has conduct risk
assessment of the existing hazards in the environment, yet the university has not done risk assessment
and business impact analysis. Those things are not fit with the element recommended by NFPA 1600.
Risk assessment and business impact analysis is very important for the university in making decision in
every phase of the emergency response management[7].
Besides, the university has made future planning in making prevention, preparation, recovery
reaction and strategy.

25
Implementation

The third element of NFPA 1600 has ten variables including Common Planning Requirements;
Prevention; Mitigation; Crisis Communication and Public Information; Warnings, Notifications, and
Communication; Operational Procedures; Incident Management, Emergency Response Operation/Plan;
Business Continuity and Recovery; and Employee Assistance and Support. The percentage of the total
average of conformity towards this element is 77% and 19.6% for the incompatibility towards
implementation element.

The implementation element starts with the making of general planning to support all programs
such as roles and responsibilities, authorities, and mitigation strategies towards the threatening incident
based on the result of danger identification. The university communicates latest every event and issue
related to the safety through a website that is accessible publicly. Certainly there is a set about how and
who has the authorization to communicate the news related to the events happen in the university in a
procedure. This time, the university does not have a crisis command centre, which is a university
operations centre during emergency situation, but if there is an emergency situation, operation centre
will be conducted in K3L committee office. In the future, the university will have crisis command centre
because it was being built process at this time. Those things become the conditions in NFPA 1600 of
2016 standard.

Training and Education

Training and education element has seven variables, which are Curriculum, Goal of Curriculum,
Scope and Frequency of Instruction, Incident Management System Training, Recordkeeping, Regulatory
and Program Requirements, and Public Education. The total average of conformity towards this element
is 100%.
The university makes a few training planning every year, such as Fire Fighting, Emergency
Management, Advance Fire Fighting, Basic First Aid, Advance First Aid, Simulation, and Hazardous
Material Responder. Those trainings are aimed to enhance the level of skills and capabilities of all
personnel and have a good response to emergencies, especially personnel who are members of the
emergency response team. All training results are stored in the form of official news and photos or
videos as seen in the figures below (Figure 3, figure 4, figure 5).

26
Figure 3. In-Class Training Figure 4. First Aid Training

Figure 5. Life Saving Training (CPR)

Exercises and Tests

Exercises and Tests Element has some variables including Program Evaluation, Exercise and Test
Methodology, Design of Exercises and Tests, Exercise and Tests Evaluation, and Frequency. The
percentage of total average of conformity towards this element is 100%.

The university has conducted every point in the exercises and tests element well. The university
always evaluates the procedures, policies, work instructions, and incident reports. Besides, the
university also made emergency response planning and scheduling in matrix. These trainings are
adjusted with the roles and responsibilities every personnel of the emergency response team, all these
training was well-documented as Photos and videos as seen in the figure below (Figure 6, figure 7, figure
8, figure 9).

27
Figure 6. Fire Emergency Drill Figure 7. Fire Emergency Drill

Figure 8. Fire Fighting Figure 9. First Aid Emergency Drill

Program Improvement and Maintenance

In the program improvement and maintenance element, there are three variables including Program
Reviews, Corrective Action, and Continuous Improvement. The total average of the university
conformity in this element is 97.77%, whereas the percentage of the university incompatibility towards
this element is 0%. Those percentage values are very good because the university has applied the
program according to the program improvement and maintenance element of NFPA 1600.

The university has conducted a review about the emergency response system by doing program
policies, procedures, and capabilities evaluation using performance goals.

5. CONCLUSION
Emergency response system conformity based on NFPA 1600 of 2016 analysis that has been
conducted in a university in West Java reached total average of conformity by 84.80%, accordant to
NFPA 1600 of 2016, 8% shows not conform, and 7.20% are N/A (not applicable). This result is obtained

28
from direct assessment and interviews of members involved in the university's emergency response
system.

The result shows that the percentage of conformity of the university emergency response
system is sufficiently appropriate to implement an emergency response system based on NFPA 1600 of
2016 standard. The university is still going to improve the existing emergency response system by
continuously evaluating all aspects of the emergency response system in the hope that the emergency
response system can be used properly whenever needed.

Reference

[1] Republik Indonesia. Indonesian Law No. 1 of 1970 on Occupational Safety. Jakarta. 1970.
[2] Republik Indonesia. Indonesian Law No. 12 of 2012 on Higher Education. Jakarta. 2012
[3] Gardner, Stacy. NFPA 1600 or BS25999… Why Not Both?[Internet]. Available from:
http://www.disaster-resource.com/articles/08p_034.shtml
[4] National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA). . Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and
Business Continuity Program .2016 ed). (2016)
[5] T. B. Ramdhan. Kampus IPB Kebakaran Kerugian Ditaksir Rp 2 Miliar [Internet]. Regional Bogor:
KOMPAS; 2017. Available from:
http://regional.kompas.com/read/2017/03/29/19032351/kampus.ipb.kebakaran.kerugian.ditaksir.r
p.2.miliar
[6] U.S. Department of Education. Action Guide for Emergency Management at Institutions of Higher
Education [Internet]. U.S Department of Education. 2010.

Yasin, Muhammad. Evaluasi Sistem Manajemen Tanggap Darurat Pada Operasi Lepas Pantai
di Perusahaan Hulu Minyak dan Gas. Universitas Indonesia. Depok. 2015

29
ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING – COMPETENCY BASED
IMPLEMENTATION OF LIFT AND HAULING AIRCRAFT SPECIALISTS AT
EDUCATION AND TRAINING CENTRE, MINISTRY OF MANPOWER
Mochamad Safari, Indri Hapsari Susilowati
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Public Health Faculty - Universitas Indonesia
Correspondence author: indri@ui.ac.id

Abstract
The high use of lift and hauling aircrafts in manufacturing and freight ports requires the
increasing number of supervisions and guidances in their use. Based on the results of some
case reports, a number of accidents in the field of lifting and hauling aircraft is still going on.
The lack of competence of inspector in the field of lift and hauling aircrafts specialits and
lack of supervision increase the problem of foster and transport plane. Improving the quality
and quantity of occupational health and safety supervisors who specialized in lifeboat and
haulage is a solution that is through competence-based training / Competence Based
Training (CBT) according to Work Competency Standards (SKKNI) Supervisors of Manpower.
The research was conducted by using descriptive and analytic design through primary data
of observation and interview and secondary data from literature review and Ministry of
Manpower’s data and information. The number of of occupational health and safety
supervisors who are expert in aircraft lift and haul is still very low ie 50 people when
compared to the number of objects being supervised. The role of PAA specialist PAA experts
outside the government agencies in the examination and testing implementation is more
dominant than the role of occupational health and safety supervisor PAA specialist labor
department. The implementation of the PAA specialist supervisory training program has not
been implemented comprehensively based on the comprehensive competency-based
training.

Keywords: CBT Training, Inspector of OHS, Lifting and Transport Equipment, Competency
Standard (SKKNI), Training institution, Certification institution.

30
1. INTRODUCTION
Occupational health and safety issues in the field of lifting and transport plane are still facing
a lot of problems, such as the coaching and monitoring program of lifting and transport
plane has not been optimally implemented. It is caused by the coaching and monitoring
programme among the occupational and safety supervisors has been developed
comprehensively. Based on the curriculum of educational and training program for OHS
supervisors who specialized in lifting and transport plane, the education and training
materials still focus only on crane, yet it does not cover all the monitoring aspects of lifting
and transport plane use. In addition, the number of OHS supervisors who have an expertise
in lifting and transport plane is still not enough. The number of of lifting and transport plane
supervisors is only 50 people but the number of lifting and transport planes that need to be
supervised is 62.359 units.
The lifting and transport plane supervisors have responsibility to monitor the use of
lifting and transport plane itself and to monitor the maintainance and check of lifting and
transport plane themselves, including lifting equipments, transport tape, transport plane on
the runway and above the surface, as well as real rail transport equipment.
The solution needed to solve the lifting and transport plane issues above is
implementing the educational and training programmes comprehensively for all the
supervisors in the Ministry of Manpower to be suited with the qualifications needed. The
implementation of the educational and training program which appropriate with the
Working Competency Standards (SKKNI) is very necessary for all the supervisors in the
Ministry of Manpower. Therefore, the training program that conducted based on
Competency Based Training (CBT) model is really needed as one of the solutions to give
knowledge, skill and work attitude with proportional composition , hence the aim of the
training program in developing professional and qualified labor inspector can be achieved
Competence-based education and training is the program that aim to give, gain,
improve, and develop work competence, productivity, discipline, attitude, and work ethic at
certain skill and skill level according to the level and qualification of position or occupation.
According to Suhadi (2016) Competence Based Training (CBT) is a job training that focus on
the control of work skills that include knowledge, skills and attitudes in accordance with
established standards and requirements at work. The standard used is the National
Standard (KKNI / SKKNI), International Standards and Special Standards.

31
 This study aims to analyze the implementation of OHS supervisory (in the field of lifting
and transport planes) training that has been running whether it is in accordance with the
competence and SKKNI, as well as input for the development of lifting and transport planes
supervisory training materials.

2. METHODS
This research is a descriptive research with qualitative method on how to develop education
and training of supervisor of OHS specialist in Lift and Transport (PAA) with Competence
Based Training (CBT) approach. This research is conducted through survey / observation and
in-depth interviews to the stakeholders in the Pusdiklat Pegawai (Center of Education and
Training for Employees, Ministry of Manpower) that is the officials of Esselon II, esselon III
and esselon IV. To evaluate the results of the training, the interview is done to the teachers
(widyaiswara) in the field of labor inspection and management widyaiswara. As the
monitoring and evaluation materials of alumnaes, the interview is also conducted to the
supervisors of OHS Specialist in lifting and transport planes as the output of the training
implementation.
Secondary data collected include Execution and Activity Plan (Renlakgiat) Pusdiklat,
Accountability Report of Government Institution Activities (LAKIP) Training Center of
Ministry of Manpower in 2015 and 2016, Quarterly Report on the Implementation of Labor
Inspection in accordance with Ministerial Decree Number 09 Year 2005 and Data Report on
Education and Program Implementation Training Center Training Center 2016 and other
related data.
The study was conducted at the Employment Ministry Employment and Education
Center in Jakarta. The study was conducted from April to June 2017.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Monitoring dan Evaluation
Identification of quality and quantity of OHS inspector in aircraft lift and haul can be
done by monitoring and evaluation method to alumni of OHS supervisor in the field of
training specialist of lift and transport aircraft. In-depth interviews were conducted by some
spekears, namely:
• 4 employees of OHS supervisors in lifting and transport aircraft specialist DKI Jakarta

32
 • 2 supervisors of OHS specialist in lifting and transport aircraft West Java
• 1 person supervisor of OHS specialist in lifting and transport aircraft East Java

Table 2 Number of Lifting and Transport Aircrafts compared to number of OHS supervisors
in lifting and transport aircraft specialists
Source: OHS supervisors in lifting and transport aircraft specialists
Area Lifting and Number (unit)
Trasnport Aircraft
Specialists
DKI Jakarta 9 persons 1.166
West Java 7 persons 9.703
East Java 11 persons 24.471

In this research, we will find the number of lift and transport unit which is not comparable
with the number of OHS supervisors in lifting and transport aircrafts in DKI Jakarta, West
Java and East Java provinces.
As the evaluation of the participants of the labor inspector training program begins with
the implementation of written examination to measure the achievement level of the
participants' understanding, the knowledge, the skill of making the supervisory work plan,
making inspection note, making the employment reporting analysis, making the deed of
supervision, labor inspection, demonstrating the implementation of the first, periodic and
special examination. The evaluation of attitudes that implemented by the Pusdiklat utilize
the observation method and the assessment among participants.

Training Need Analysis (TNA)

In order to get an overview of the training that will be implemented then the training
institutions conducted TNA activities to find the gaps / gaps of competence that must be
improved for employees who perform a certain task or position. Based on the results of TNA
activities, the training institution will produce a foundation for the preparation of training
programs and as a guideline to develop the training program designs. The following is an
excerption of interviews that conducted by the researcher to the resource persons: 1 (one)
II Esselon, 2 (two) Esselon III and 3 (three) Esselon IV Officials and 3 Major Experts.

33
The results of collected data are then analyzed in outline, ie organizational analysis is the
result of TNA macro and task analysis and personal analysis as micro TNA.
1. Organizational analysis aims to determine the goals, objectives and strategic plan of
training institutions
2. Task analysis is to know the description of problems in the field through the findings
based on the information from the field officers and local officials
3. Personal analysis is the observation of leadership or direct management to the
performance of employees in the field.

Competency Standards Development

Development of OHS Supervisory in field and transport aircraft standards should be
complied with SKKNI in the field of labor inspector in order to create a competence-based
OHS supervisory training form (CBT) to develop hard competence / hard skills and soft
competence / soft skills. Pusdiklat employees prefer soft competence / soft skills than hard
competence / hard skills. The findings of the interview from all interviews, the respondents
explanied that hard skill is easier than soft skill. And also they stated most of the work is
determined by soft skill. Soft competence / soft skill depends on the value and culture of the
organization.
Soft skill is a competency that is closely related to the ability in managing the work
process, human relationships and building interaction with others, such as leadership,
communication, interpersonal relationships. While hard skill is a type of competence that
related to the functional or technical ability of a job, for example marketing research,
financial analysis, manpower planning.
The improvement of competency in each organization generally required team work,
hence each person will play a significant contribution to provide competence to build team
work competencies. Therefore, we need a working group competency model that contains
the individual competencies needed as well as indicators of achievement of the best
performance. Assessment of the 3600 feed back method can be used to assess group
competence gaps [1].

Organization Management Policy

34
 The commitment of organization management / training institutions to run
competency-based education and training is the key to achieve the success of the program.
Head of Pusdikat as a leader has the authority to manage and run the organization policy.
Leaders are authorized to determine a strategic plan for pusdiklat in the future. In the
Strategic Plan of Pusdiklat Minister of Labour on 2015-2019, there are 3 (three) main
objectives as below:
1. The realization of competent training graduates (knowledge, skill, Atitude)
2. The realization of improving the quality of service to the User
3. Increased capacity and accountability of the Ministry of Manpower Training Center's
performance

Learning Material Plan

Learning materials are a major part in delivering the knowledge and skills process,
consisting of curriculum / syllabus and modules. The curriculum is a set of plans and
arrangements for the implementation of teaching and learning activities. According to
Mulyasa, E (2002) Competency-based curriculum (KBK) is a curriculum concept that
emphasizes the development of the ability to perform (competence) tasks with certain
performance standards so that the results can be perceived by learners, in the form of
retain a certain set of competencies.
Based on the analysis results, Pusdiklat Minister of Labour employees held a curriculum
development program every year. These programs were conducted to accommodate
changes in the field. Especially for both general labor inspectors and OHS specialists,
Pusdiklat invites stake holders in the field of training such as National Administary Body and
Technical Directorate of OHS to jointly develop the curriculum adapted to the development
of the latest field of labor inspection.
Based on the reviews of the documents that related to the training curriculum every year
there is a dynamics which means that the training materials will always adjust to the
conditions and conditions in the field, the analysis also shows that the major changes are on
regulations and policies in the field of employment, there is always a circular (SE) either
from the Minister or Director General will serve as guidelines for the implementation of
Labor Inspection in regions throughout Indonesia.

35
The Development of Learning Intervention
Based on the results of interviews with all respondents, it is known that curriculum,
syllabus, module, training materials, learning method, training time and teaching
assignment are all implemented by esselon III unit, such as Program and Pusdiklat
Evaluation in coordination with Pusdiklat Organizer. Implementation of education and
training designed in Pusdiklat generally in the classic form, except there are some basic
trainings that utilize the pattern of e-learning, such as Basic Labour Training, which was
started in 2015.
Training institutions provide freedom to the trainer (widyaiswara) in delivering the
training materials, diverse methods already implemented by each teacher include lecture
methods, discussion, role playing, case studies. Trainer can use different methods for each
class according to the ability, background and characteristics of the training participants.
This learning method has an important role in the learning process, training participants
will also more easily digest the material provided. Based on these reasons, the chosen
methods by the instructor / trainer should pay attention to the characteristics of training
participants. They can use different methods for each class according to the ability,
background and characteristics of the training participants.

Professional Certfication
Profesionnal certification institute (LSP) are different from Pusdiklat institution.
However, Pusdiklat could develop LSP include the assessment place center (TUK) in their
area. Pusdiklat is preparing some supporting facilities and infrastructures to be suitable for
the competency test take place and also preparing the assessor staffs. LSP is prepared by a
work committee established by or with the support of related industry / profession
associations. The composition of the working committee consists of a chairman with a
secretary, assisted by several assesor. The task of the working committee is to prepare legal
entities, organize organizations and personnel, seek support from industry and related
institutions. The assessor could be from industries, professional associations, technical
agencies and experts.
Assessor is an LSP certified person who also gain certificate from National Board for
Professional Certification (BNSP) and has an understanding of assessment implementation
procedures, and has attended training assesor proved with competent certificate as

36
assessor which issued by BNSP. The assessor's main job is to carry out an assessment of the
participants. Therefore the assessor should understand all the forms or aids and all the
assessment tools. In carrying out the assessment, the assessor does not work alone, since
the assessor can only work under LSP assignments. Application for obtaining license is
addressed to National Board for Professional Certification (BNSP). Based on the interview
findings, the LSP in Pusdiklat Ministry of Labour will be established in 2018.

4. CONCLUSION
The number of supervisors in OHS specialists of Aircraft lift and haul is still very low if it is
compared to the number of objects being supervised. The number of 50 specialist OHS
supervisors is incapable of conducting guidance and supervision of the thousands of existing
and increasing lifting and hauling aircraft. The role of lifting and hauling aircraft specialist
and its experts outside government agencies in the examination and testing is more
dominant than the role of OHS supervisors in lifting and hauling aircraft specialist labor
department. The implementation of the specialist supervisory training program has not
been implemented comprehensively based on the comprehensive competency-based
training.

References
[1] Dubois, David D. 1996 The Executive Guide to Competency-Based Performance
Improvement. HRD Press Harvest
[2] Mulyasa, E. 2002. Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi, Konsep, Karakteristik dan
Implementasi. Bandung. Remaja Rosdakarya
[3] Saefuddin, Asis dan Berdiati, Ika. 2014. Pembelajaran Efektif. Bandung. PT Remaja
Rosdakarya.
[4] Suhadi. 2016. Buku Saku Pelatihan Berbasis Kompetensi (PBK), Competency Based
Training (CBT). Ditjen Binalattas Kemnaker

37
An E-Cigarette Epidemic: Health and Safety Issues for Its User
Nabila Nur Azizah1, Andi Putri Fildzana Dwi Annisa Faisal2
1
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia
2
Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Abstract
Objective: Electronic cigarette, also known as “e-cigarette” or “vape” has become a trend
nowadays. E-cigarette is an electronic tool that can stream flavor liquid, in the form of vapor
into the body by using electricity of the battery. In some developed countries, the intensity
of e-cigarette users has increased rapidly from year to year. In Indonesia, data about the
amount of e-cigarette users still doesn’t exist yet, although Indonesia had a large amount of
smokers. There hasn’t any scientific evidence due to the safety and health risk of e-
cigarettes. But there are some safety and health issues on e-cigarettes user that appeared in
some countries. It can be strengthened by the chemical composition and the battery heat of
e-cigarettes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate some published reports and researches
related to e-cigarettes safety and health risk on its user. Methods: This research used
literature review on some scientific journals and data reports, both national and
international. Results: Although there are some health and safety issues regarding an e-
cigarette use, the data about e-cigarettes health and safety effects are still uncertain.
Available evidence suggests that e-cigarettes have a lower toxic content and exposure
compared to tobacco cigarettes, but still the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a smoking
cessation tools are inconclusive. Conclusions: Public health practitioners should be more
careful because the use of e-cigarettes is now growing rapidly. Why? Although it can be
used for smoking cessation tool and reduce the amount of smokers, a scientific data about
health and safety effects for its users still not available yet. In the absence of further data on
e-cigarettes health and safety effects, it is better for us to discuss and explore more about e-
cigarette, especially for its long term use.

Keywords: e-cigarette, electronic cigarette, smoking cessation

38
1. INTRODUCTION
As time goes by, cigarette smoking behavior is not indiscriminately anymore. It happens in
various ages in both man and woman. Even after most scientist, doctor, and health experts
revealed the deadly side of cigarettes, most people around us still have cigarette smoking
behavior. This behavior is hard to stop indeed. It has already become a lifestyle. Many
researchers did their research to look for ways to stop it. One of the ways is electronic
cigarette, or also known as “e-cigarette” or “vape”.
At first, e-cigarette was made as a smoking cessation tool. It helps people to quit their
tobacco cigarettes smoking habit by replacing tobacco with an electronic tool. Nowadays, e-
cigarette has become a trend just like tobacco cigarette. The image of a “less harmful”
cigarette that sticks into e-cigarette makes people feel safe to try. Not only smokers who try
to quit their tobacco cigarettes smoking habit but also non-smokers are starting to try e-
cigarettes.
What is e-cigarette exactly? E-cigarette is an electronic tool that can stream flavor
liquid, in the form of vapor into the body by using electricity of the battery. The flavor liquid
itself contains flavorings and lots of chemical substances including nicotine, although not
always. In this modern era, the number of e-cigarette brands reach out more than 460
brands with around 7700 flavors [1] in several form such as cigars, pens, or even a device
with fillable tanks. The main components of most e-cigarettes consist a mouthpiece, a
cartridge that holds the flavor liquid, a heating element or also called an atomizer and a
battery as power source.
The number of e-cigarette users is fairly high these years. Based on a recently released
data brief from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 12.6% of adults in United States
(U.S.) had ever tried an e-cigarette at least once. About 3.7% of adults in U.S. still used e-
cigarettes on a regular basis. More than one-half among current cigarette smokers who had
tried to quit their smoking habit had ever tried an e-cigarette and 20.3% of them currently
an e-cigarette users [2].
In some developed countries, the intensity of e-cigarette users has increased from 2.3
million users in 2013 became 5.1 million users in 2015 [3]. Some of them were using e-
cigarette as smoking cessation tool and it has proven successful. Right at the time, an e-
cigarette epidemic also happening in most of developing countries. About 3.2% from total
population of Malaysia were active using e-cigarettes, where 10% of them still below the
39
legal age [4]. In Indonesia, data about the amount of e-cigarette users still doesn’t exist yet,
although Indonesia had a large amount of smokers. Indonesian Basic Health Research on
2013 proclaimed there are 301.134 people from total 1.027.763 population are active
smokers [5]. The large amount of Indonesian smokers brings out possibilities related to e-
cigarette epidemic.
As we already know before, tobacco cigarette has a lot of health effects, not only for its
smokers but also people who breathe in the smoke. What about e-cigarette? Is it healthy
enough for its users and people around the users? However, some e-cigarettes still contain
nicotine and another chemical substances, although less than tobacco cigarettes, which is a
hazardous substance in certain doses for health.
One thing that cannot be separated from health issue is safety issue. What about e-
cigarettes safety? Is it safety enough to use since its main components consist an atomizer
and a battery that has probability to explode in some unusual conditions? Even there hasn’t
any scientific evidence due to safety risk of e-cigarettes, there are some case reports related
to e-cigarette explosions appeared in some countries.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate some published reports and researches related
to e-cigarette safety and health effects on its user. We did some review to determine if e-
cigarette is health and safety enough to use as one of smoking cessation tools or the other
way around. At the end, we want to ensure what acts we should do as public health
practitioners regarding to this e-cigarettes epidemic.

2. METHODS
This research used literature review on some scientific journals, data reports, and case
reports, both national and international. We used multiple electronic database using some
keywords related to our research, such as “e-cigarette’, “electronic cigarettes=”, “e-
cigarette and smoking cessation”, “health effects of e-cigarettes”, and “e-cigarettes safety”.

3. RESULTS
Although there are some health and safety issues regarding an e-cigarette use, scientific
data about e-cigarettes health and safety effects are still uncertain [6,7,8]. Available
evidence suggests that e-cigarette has a lower toxic content and exposure compared to a
tobacco cigarette, but in several conditions it can be more addictive than tobacco cigarette
40
and lead into serious health problems. That makes the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a
smoking cessation tools are inconclusive [9]. In terms of safety, some residual risk due to e-
cigarettes use may be present, but this is probably negligible compared to devastating
consequences of smoking tobacco cigarettes [10]. There are also several case reports
showed that probability of e-cigarettes explosion does exist but it is not sufficient compared
with the amount of e-cigarette users.

4. DISCUSSION
As we know, nicotine is one of chemical substances which is hazardous for health. Nicotine
contained in e-cigarettes absorbs into users bloodstream when they inhale it via the
mouthpiece. Nicotine can be a highly addictive substance. It can also harm brain
development system that may affect health and mental health, not only for its users but
also others around the users who breathe in the smokes of e-cigarette. In some cases, it can
harm pregnant women by crossing the placenta and causing some consequences such us
sudden death syndrome, auditory problems, and obesity [11].
Even the amount of nicotine in e-cigarette is not as much as in tobacco cigarette, we still
have to pay attention. The image of “less harmful” e-cigarette often makes people think
that it has no health effects for its users, so they don’t have any worry to use it continuously
in an excessive dose. In fact, it still damage the user health and can lead into serious health
problems.
Another hazardous chemical substances contained in some e-cigarettes is a
formaldehyde. Extrapolating high voltage, an e-cigarette use vaping at a rate of 3 ml per day
would inhale 14.4±3.3 mg of formaldehyde per day [12]. Formaldehyde is reported as a
carcinogenic chemical on a large amount of use in a long-term condition. Meanwhile, the
short terms effects of formaldehyde exposure can also occurs. When the level of
formaldehyde exceeds 0.1 ppm in the air, some people who breathe in the air may
experience symptoms such as watery eyes, coughing, wheezing, nausea, and skin irritation
[13]. A different reaction may occur regarding to individuals sensitivity of formaldehyde.
In term of safety, some residual risks due to e-cigarettes use may be present, but this is
probably negligible compared to devastating consequences of smoking tobacco cigarettes.
Research shows that mostly there is literally no fire or combustion on its use [14]. There is a
case report of a 30-year-old man who experienced partial thickness burns on his leg and
41
knee after the battery ignition of his e-cigarette. The injured man reported that he was not
using the e-cigarette device at the time when the ignition happened. He put the device right
at his pants before suddenly he heard a loud “explosion” noise. The main causes of this case
is still unknown. As for possibility that may caused the ignition is e-cigarette lithium battery
which easily get heated and pose a risk of fire and explosions [15].
After read up some research regarding health and safety effects of e-cigarettes, we
realize that e-cigarette can be harmful sometimes, both for health and safety even the full
scientific data is still not available yet. Now, public health practitioners and governments
need to create regulations due to e-cigarettes sales limitation. Only a few countries had
regulations about e-cigarettes. One of them is United States (U.S.) which imposes
regulations to protect the health of Americans where minors can no longer buy e-cigarettes
[16,17].

5. CONCLUSIONS
Public health practitioners should pay attention with this e-cigarette epidemic, especially
with the amount of e-cigarette smokers which is growing rapidly nowadays. Why? Although
e-cigarette is less harmful than tobacco cigarette and can be used to reduce the amount of
smokers by being smoking cessation tool, the scientific data about health and safety effects
for its users still not available yet. In the absence of further data on e-cigarette health and
safety effects, we should be more careful and do something to prevent any health and
safety risks of e-cigarette users which probably occur. Now, it’s better for us to discuss and
explore more about e-cigarette, especially for its long term use.

References
[1] Zhu S, Sun J, Bonnevie E, Cummins S, Gamst A, Yin L et al. Four hundred and sixty
brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation. Tobacco
Control. 2014;23(suppl 3):iii3-iii9.
[2] Schoenborn CA, Gindi RM. Electronic cigarette use among adults: United States, 2014.
NCHS data brief, no. 217. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2015.
[3] Kantar and EY Analysis. E-cigarettes: an emerging category. Ernst & Young LLP, London,
UK; 2016.

42
[4] Ganasegeran, K. and Rashid, A. Clearing the clouds—Malaysia's vape epidemic. The
Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2016;4(11):854-856.
[5] Ministry of Health and National Institute of Health Research and Development.
National report on basic health research. RISKESDAS, 2013. Jakarta, Indonesia; 2014.
[6] Choi, K. and Forster, J. Beliefs and experimentation with electronic cigarettes.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014;46(2):175-178.
[7] Dockrell, M., Morrison, R., Bauld, L. and McNeill, A. e-cigarettes: prevalence and
attitudes in Great Britain. 2013.
[8] Callahan-Lyon, P. Electronic cigarettes: human health effects. BMJ Journals.
2013;23(2).
[9] Harrell, P., Simmons, V., Correa, J., Padhya, T. and Brandon, T. Electronic nicotine
delivery systems ("e-cigarettes"): review of safety and smoking cessation efficacy.
Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery. 2014;151(3):381-393.
[10] Farsalinos, K. and Polosa, R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic
cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Therapeutic Advances
in Drug Safety. 2014;5(2):67-86
[11] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease, Prevention and Health Promotion,
Office on Smoking and Health. E-cigarettes use among youth and young adults: a
report of the surgeon general- executive summary. Rockville, MD; 2016.
[12] Jensen, R., Luo, W., Pankow, J., Strongin, R. and Peyton, D. Hidden formaldehyde in e-
cigarette aerosols. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(4):392-394
[13] Formaldehyde and Cancer Risk [Internet]. Cancer.gov. [cited 14 October 2017]
Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-
prevention/risk/substances/formaldehyde/formaldehyde-fact-sheet
[14] Farsalinos, K. and Polosa, R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic
cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Therapeutic Advances
in Drug Safety. 2014;5(2):67-86.
[15] M Jablow L, J Sexton R. Spontaneous Electronic Cigarette Explosion: A Case Report.
American Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2015;3(4):93-94.

43
[16] Electronic Cigarettes (E-cigarettes) [Internet]. Drugabuse.gov. [cited 14 October 2017].
Available from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/electronic-
cigarettes-e-cigarettes
[17] Products C for T. Products, Ingredients & Components – Vaporizers, E-Cigarettes, and
other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) [Internet]. Fda.gov. [cited 14
October 2017]. Available from:
https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/ProductsIngredientsComponents/uc
m456610.htm

44
EFFECTIVENESS OF PT. SINGLURUS PRATAMA MINE SAFETY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, KUTAI KARTANEGARA
1 2 3
James Evert Adolf Liku , Rika Fitriyani Harahap , Hardiyono
Occupational Safety and Health Research Institution Universitas Balikpapan
Pupuk Raya Nomor 1, Gn. Bahagia, Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, 76114
Correspondence Author : james@uniba-bpn.ac.id, rikafharahap@ymail.com, hardiyono@uniba-bpn.ac.id

Abstract
The mining industry has grown and developed rapidly. The growing extent of operational
activities means more risk, higher potential for danger and accidents. Risks can be prevented by
implementing an effective and efficient mining management system. The crucial element to
prevent the risk is the people that implement the system. PT. Singlurus Pratama is engaged in
coal mining business that always obeys the regulations set by government in which its health
and safety management is implemented based on Regulation of the Minister of Energy and
Mineral Resources no. 38 of 2014 concerning mining safety management system. The
organizations and personnel is system implementation prime mover that involved and make
sure the system runs as expected. This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness of the
implementation of the mining safety management system of PT. Singlurus Pratama which
focuses on the element 3 - organizations and personnel. This research uses quantitative &
qualitative methods (mixed method) support with observation and interview. There are 13 sub
elements in element 3. Overall, the research output shows the effectiveness of element 3 is
88.46%, which categorize in good and effective category.
Keywords: Effectiveness, Management, Safety, Mining

45
1. INTRODUCTION
The mining industry has grown and developed rapidly, due to the increasing impact of
consumption needs urging companies to improve the production process by, among others,
exploiting and exploring areas considered potential for the industry. The growing extent of
operational activities means higher potential for danger and accidents because of the
numerous workers involved. However, these problems can be prevented by implementing an
effective and efficient mining management system. The crucial element to prevent the risk is
the people that implement the system. The organizations and personnel is system
implementation prime mover that involved and make sure the system runs as expected. PT.
Singlurus Pratama has implemented Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral No. 38 of
2014 but is still in the stage of development and internal audit requiring various inputs and
assessment with regard to the effectiveness of the implementation of the government
regulation at PT. Singlurus Pratama. This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness of
the implementation of the mining safety management system of PT. Singlurus Pratama which
focuses on element 3 - organization and personnel.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition of Effectiveness
Work effectiveness is a state of achievement of the expected or desired goal through the
completion of work in accordance with a predetermined plan. The definitions of effectiveness
according to experts are, among others defines effectiveness as the utilization of resources,
facilities and infrastructure in a certain amount consciously set before to produce a number of
goods for services activities undertaken. Effectiveness demonstrates success in terms of
whether or not the goal has been achieved. If the output of the activity is close to the target, it
means the effectiveness is higher. If we see the effectiveness of work in an organization both
private and government, the target is focused on the implementation process and the success
rate of the activities undertaken by the employees. The activity in question is an effort that can
provide the maximum benefits for the organization. The terms effective and efficient are terms
that are interconnected and should always be borne in mind in an effort to achieve the goals of

46
an organization. In principle, the individual effectiveness of the personnel in carrying out the
task is in accordance with their respective position and role within the organization. In relation
to this, some experts have given the definition of effectiveness as follows: Umar (2013: 121)
defines effectiveness as a hope that gives a picture of how far the target can be achieved. From
the opinion of the expert above, it can be concluded that a job can be executed appropriately,
effectively and efficiently if the work is carried out properly in accordance with the plan. It is
clear that the actual effectiveness of work is the ability of one or several people, especially
employees in one unit organization or company to implement the objectives achieved in a
system determined by a view to meet the needs of the system. Based on the aforementioned
opinions, it can be concluded that the effectiveness is the ability of a person or several people
in a group or organization to actualize uses or benefits from an activity done.

Measurement of Effectiveness
The study of effectiveness is based on variables meaning it is a concept that has value
variations, where they are measures of effectiveness. This is in line with the opinion of
Sudarwan Danim in his book Motivasi Kepemimpinan dan Efektifitas Kelompok (Leadership
Motivation and Group Effectivenesss) which mentions several variables that affect the
effectiveness, namely:
1) Independent variable namely is the main variable that affects the dependent variable that is
given in nature and form, as follows:
a. Structure, related to size.
b. Task, namely the task and level of difficulty.
c. Environment, namely the physical state of the organization, workplace or other.
d. Fulfillment of needs, namely the physical needs of the organization, needs at work and
others.
2) Dependent variables, namely variables that can be affected or can be bound by other
variables with the examples as follows:
a. Speed and degree of misunderstanding.
b. General results that can be achieved over a period of time.

47
3) Intermediate variable, namely a variable determined by an individual process or
organization that also influences the effect of the independent variable.
In relation to the above, the matters that influence effectiveness are the size, level of
difficulty, satisfaction, results and speed and individuals or organization in implementing an
activity / program, followed by evaluation in case of misunderstanding on the level of
productivity achieved, resulting in sustainability. The measure of effectiveness is a standard of
fulfillment of the goals and objectives to be achieved and indicate the extent to which the
organization, program / activities perform its functions optimally. Effectiveness should be a
comparison between the input and output. The measure of effectiveness must be the level of
satisfaction and creation of friendly working relation and high intensity, meaning the measure
of effectiveness is a high level of the sense of belonging to each other.
The effectiveness is measure using the standard SMKP assessment level based on
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources no. 38/2014
Table 1. Measurement Level
Effectiveness Ratio Achievement Level Effectiveness Level
< 70% In Ineffective
70% - < 80% Adequate sufficiently effective
80% - < 90% Good Effective
> 90% Satisfy Very Effective
Resources: Lampiran II Permen ESDM No.38/2014

Mineral and Coal Mining Safety Management System

Mineral and coal mining safety management system, hereinafter referred to as SMKP Minerba,
is part of the overall corporate management system in the context of controlling mining safety
risks comprising the safety and health of the mining operation and safe operation of mines.
Mining safety is any activity that includes the safety and health management of mining and
mining operations safety. Mining safety and health hereinafter referred to as Mining safety and
health is all activities to ensure and protect miners’ safety and health through the efforts of
managing work safety, occupational health, work environment, and occupational safety and
health management system. Mining operations safety, hereinafter referred to as mining

48
operations safety, are all activities to ensure and safeguard safe, efficient and productive
mining operation through efforts such as system management and maintenance of mining
facilities, infrastructure, installation and equipment, installation security, feasibility facilities,
installation infrastructure, and mining equipment, competence of technical personnel, and
evaluation of reports on the results of mining technical studies. (Source: Regulation of the
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia Number 38 of 2014
concerning Implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining Safety Management System)

2. METHODS
The method used is quantitative & qualitative (combination method) with observation
approach to analyze the effectiveness of SMKP Implementation at PT. Singlurus Pratama
Samboja - Kutai Kartanegara, the results of the observations are then compared with SMKP No.
38 of 2014 with regard to element III - Organization and Personnel and is expected to produce a
percentage.This research for final project lasted from March 2017 to May 2017 reviewing the
process of implementation SMKP No. 38 of 2014. This research was conducted at PT. Singlurus
Pratama having address at Jl. Soekarno Hatta Km 34 RT 12 No. 38, Kelurahan Karya Merdeka,
Samboja - Kutai Kartanegara 75272, East Kalimantan.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

There is 13 sub element under the element III Organizational and personnel based on
Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources no. 38/2014. All results from the
sub element shown on table below.
Table 2. Result of SMKP effectiveness at PT. Singlurus Pratama
SMKP assessment
Percentage level Based on
Sub Regulation of the
Outcome
Element Sub Element Discussion Minister of Energy
Description
Number and Mineral
Effective Ineffective Resources no.
38/2014
Organizational structural
arrangement and assignment,
III.1. 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
duty, responsibility and
authority

49
 SMKP assessment
Percentage level Based on
Sub Regulation of the
Outcome
Element Sub Element Discussion Minister of Energy
Description
Number and Mineral
Effective Ineffective Resources no.
38/2014
Mine technical chief, Head of
Underground Mine, and / or
III.2. 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
Head of Dredgers for Mining
Companies
Operation Person In charge
III.3. 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
for Mining Services Company
Process of Establishment and
Stipulation of Mining HSE and
III.4. 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
Mining Operation Safety
Department
Appointment of Operations
sufficiently
III.5. Supervising and Engineering 77% 23% Adequate
effective
Supervising
Appointment of Special
III.6. 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
Mining Engineering Personnel
Process of Establishment and
III.7. Determination of the Mining 93% 7% Satisfy Very Effective
Safety Committee
Appointment and
III.8. Determination of the 80% 20% Good Effective
Emergency Response Team
Selection and Placement of
III.9. 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
Personnel
Implementation of Education
III.10. and Training and Work 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
Competence
Preparation, Stipulation, and
III.11. Application of Mining Safety 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
Communication
Management of Mining Safety
III.12. 100% 0% Satisfy Very Effective
Administration
Preparation, Implementation,
and Documentation of
Participation, Consultation,
III.13. 0% 100% Inadequate Ineffective
Motivation and Awareness
Procedures Implementation
of SMKP Minerba
Conclusion of Final Results 88.46% 11.54% Good Effective
Resources: Processed data, 2017

The result of the research on SMKP Element III Organization and Personnel, Point 1 on
organizational structural arrangement and assignment, duty, responsibility and authority shows
that the effectiveness of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is very effective (100%) evidenced by

50
the organizational structure created in accordance with the respective expertise of personnel -
lastly revised in June 2017 disseminated to all employees in each department with a total
number of 252 employees.
Point 2 on the appointment of Mine Technical Chief (KTT), Head of Underground Mine, and
/ or Head of Dredgers for Mining Companies subdivided into several points III.2.1. on KTT,
III.2.2. on the Head of Underground and III.2.3. about Head of Dredgers shows that the
effectiveness level of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is very effective (100%) evidenced by the
letter of appointment of KTT by MD on June 4, 2015 and letter of attestation by KAIT dated
October 2, 2015, the KTT is positioned as the General Manager having POU competence.
Underground mine and dredger do not apply to PT. Singlurus Pratama because they are not its
expertise and does not affect the level of effectiveness.
Point 3 on the appointment of Operation Person In charge (PJO) for Mining Services
Company shows that the level of effectiveness of the conformity of SMKP at PT. Singlurus
Pratama is very effective (100%) evidenced by the letter of appointment of PJO by KTT which
has the competence of supervisor of operation, PJO is appointed when a new project / new
contractor is obtained or when there is change of the Project Manager (5 June 2017).
Point 4 on the Process of Establishment and Stipulation of Mining HSE and Mining
operations safety Department shows that the effectiveness of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is
very effective (100%) evidenced by the structure of the Mining HSE and Mining operations
safety (lastly revised on April 1, 2017) involving 43 employees from all departments including
the contractors, PJO from PT. PWP, PT. MIL, PT. SIPRIMA, PT. Bambu Mas., Existence of the
mining rescue team formed in 2012 and trained in 2013 certified by BASARNAS, existence of
monthly crash statistics prepared by the HSE team evaluated at the safety committee meeting
as well as existence of engineering personnel competency data updated every year.
Point 5 on appointment of Operations Supervisor (PO) and Engineering Supervisor (PT)
shows that the level of effectiveness of conformity of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is
sufficiently effective (77%) evidenced by the letter of appointment of PO and PT by KTT
refreshed at least once a year, PO performs inspection and audit every day but testing is done
according to the agreement with the area person in charge. PT conducts inspections of

51
electrical & anti lightning distributor every 6 months survey equipment inspection is done every
day. However, the preparation of report, investigation of infrastructure facilities for installation
and mining equipment before use / after re-installation / repair and planning the maintenance
schedule has not been performed properly because the signing should be done on a daily basis
but in fact the signing is done monthly and there is no planning schedule for proper
maintenance of mining installation and facilities.
Point 6 on Appointment of Special Mining Engineering Personnel, Certificate of Competence
of Special Mining Engineering Personnel, and List of Special Mining Engineering Personnel
shows that the effectiveness level of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is very effective (100%)
evidenced by the letter of appointment of special mining engineering personnel by KTT
refreshed at least every 2 years, existence of list of 16 specialized mining engineering personnel
people having mine test competence, hiperkes, radiation protection, ERT and navigation school.
Point 7 on Process of Establishment and Determination of the Mining Safety Committee
shows that the effectiveness level of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is very effective (93%)
evidenced by the establishment of the mining safety committee in 2010 lastly revised in March
2015 by KTT approved by MD with a total membership of 63 employees involving all
departments, 4 to 5 representatives as well as the contractors. The mining safety audit is
conducted every year internally, existence of planned monthly meetings of the mining
committee lastly held in July 2017, the minutes of the mining safety committee meeting have
been well documented and distributed by the secretary of the mining safety committee and are
open for access. Members of the mining safety committee are also equipped with Basic Fire
Fighting and Basic Training, First Aid & CPR, Job Safety Analysis, Mining Safety, Occupational
Health. However, the reporting to KAIT has not been realized because it needs revision in the
form of committee member reduction after employee downsizing in 2016.
Point 8 on Appointment and Determination of the Emergency Response Team (ERT) shows
that the level of effectiveness of SMKP conformity at PT. Singlurus Pratama is effective (80%) as
evidenced by the ERT organizational structure established by the HSE team as well as KTT
revised for the third time on July 1, 2015 with 3 coordinators, 7 team leaders of ERT SGP
members and contractors, 14 members at ERT office Km 34; 17 members at ERT site merdeka;

52
15 members at ERT site mutiara; and 12 members of ERT CCP mutiara equipped with SAR skills
and competencies from BASARNAS and will be refreshed by the end of 2017. Preparedness
exercises were held in January and February 2017. However, the ERT organizational structure
reporting to KAIT has not been well realized due to revision in the form of reduction of the
emergency team members after employee reduction in 2016.
Point 9 on Selection and Placement of Personnel shows that the effectiveness level of SMKP
at PT. Singlurus Pratama is very effective (100%) evidenced by the job description of each
employee stated in the employment contract and detailed in SGP-IK form accounted for by the
HRD Manager and Manager of the relevant department.
Point 10 on Implementation of Education and Training and Work Competence shows that
the level of effectiveness of the conformity of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is very effective
(100%) proved by the TNA (Training Need Analysis) conducted since 2015, existence of
education and training programs in 2017 created in December 2016 approved by KAIT during
the 2017 RKAB report on January 31, 2017, well documented activities evaluated once a year.
Presence of teachers involving KTT, HSE Manager, safety officer and corporate doctor.
Education and training for all miners is refreshed every 3 months. The subjects for open miners
are HSE Regulations, HSE Fundamentals, HSE Inspection, HSE Accountability, Hazard-Risk, JSA,
LOTO, Fire Fighting, First Aid, SMKP, and Management of mining environment, Duties &
responsibilities of supervisors. POP is owned by Foreman up to Head Dept. Production,
Supervisory Dept. MPE, Supervisor Dept. CCP, Supervisory Dept. Exploration and HSE. For POM
owned by Manager Prod., Head Prod. Site MT, Chief Exploration, Senior Engineer and HSE
Manager. POU is only owned by KTT. However, education and training of underground miners
as well as PO and PT underground mines do not apply at PT. Singlurus Pratama because it does
not engage in the field and does not affect the level of its effectiveness.
Point 11 on Preparation, Stipulation, and Application of Mining Safety Communication
shows that the effectiveness level of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is very effective (100%)
evidenced by the existence of IK compilation, establishment and implementation of mining
safety communication (SGP-IK-HSE010_Rev.00). The form of communication mechanism is the

53
general induction of KPLH for employees and company guests, Daily Meeting / P5M, Safety
Talk, Weekly Meeting & HSE Committee and have been well documented and distributed.
Point 12 on Management of Mining Safety Administration shows that the effectiveness level
of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is very effective (100%) evidenced by the existence of a
mining book filled by KAIT, KTT and the person appointed by KTT kept in the KTT Room. The
mining book can be read and studied by mine workers with supervision even though only a few
workers are aware of this rule due to poor dissemination of the mining books. Every mine
accident has been included in the list of mine accidents and accounted for by the KTT. There are
regular reports that are always created at the beginning of every month and reported in
quarterly and quarterly time intervals.
Point 13 on Preparation, Implementation, and Documentation of Participation,
Consultation, Motivation and Awareness Procedures Implementation of SMKP Minerba shows
that the level of effectiveness of conformity of SMKP at PT. Singlurus Pratama is ineffective –
(0%) proved by the absence of complete procedures on participation, consultation, motivation,
and awareness of SMKP Minerba implementation as PT. Singlurus Pratama is still in the process
of establishing, implementing and improving its SMKP.

4. CONCLUSION
Below is the conclusion of the results of research on "Effectiveness of the Implementation of
Mining Safety Management System at PT. Singlurus Pratama, Samboja - Kutai Kartanagara
2017”. From the description of the research output and discussion in chapter 4 on the
discussion on element III - Organization and Personnel based on Regulation of the Minister of
Energy and Mineral Resources No. 38 of 2014 which discusses the level of effectiveness, it can
be concluded that the implementation of SMKP No. 38 of 2014 at PT. Singlurus Pratama
element III - Organization and Personnel containing 13 sub-elements is effective by 88.46%
falling in the category of GOOD and EFFECTIVE.

54
References
[1] Agung Kurniawan, 2015. Transformasi Pelayanan Publik. Yogyakarta : Pembaharuan.
[2] H. A. S. Moenir, 2016. Manajemen Pelayanan Umum di Indonesia. Jakarta : PT. Bumi
Aksara.
[3] Husein Umar, 2013. Metodologi Penelitian Untuk Skripsi dan Tesis Bisnis. Jakarta : PT.
Gramedia Pustaka. H.
[4] Indrawan, 2016. Efektifitas Tingkat Kesesuaian Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan
Pertambangan di PT. Energi Cahaya Industritama Samarinda, Fakultas Diploma IV
Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja, Universitas Balikpapan.
[5] Jonathan Sarwono, 2016. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Yogyakarta : Graha
Ilmu.
[6] Keputusan Menteri Pertambangan dan Energi, Nomor 555.K/26/M.PE/1995, Tentang
Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Pertambangan Umum.
[7] Mahdaniah, Syamsir S. Russeng, Muh. Rum Rahim, 2013. Gambaran Penerapan Sistem
Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3) Pada PT. Tunas Muda Jaya
Kalimantan Timur, Bagian Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja , FKM UNHAS, Makassar.
[8] Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia, Nomor 38 Tahun
2014. Tentang Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan Pertambangan Mineral dan
Batubara.
[9] Riska Ambar Putri, 2016. Implementasi Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 38 Tahun 2014
tentang Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara (SMKP
MINERBA) di PT. ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. Pongkor Gold Mining Business Unit Bogor Jawa
Barat, Program Diploma III HIPERKES dan Keselamatan Kerja Fakultas Kedokteran,
Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.
[10] Sugiyono, 2015. Metode penelitian kuantitatif kualitatif dan R&D. Alfabeta
[11] Sutarto, 2015. Dasar-dasar Organisasi. Cetakan Keduapuluh, Gadjah Mada University
Press, Yogyakarta. T.
[12] Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia, Nomor 4 Tahun 2009. Tentang Pertambangan
Mineral dan Batubara.

55
Critical Control Management in Indonesian Mining Industry
Rizky Anggito1 , Ridwan Syaaf2
1
Student of Magister Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia,
Depok, Indonesia
2
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia,
Depok, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: Ridwan-Syaaf@ui.ac.id

Abstract
Mining activities are known to have many risks with potential adverse impacts to the
health and safety of its workers. Data from 2010 to 2014 showed that there were 997
mining accidents in Indonesia, with 146 of those accidents were fatalities. The causes
of these fatalities are mainly due to too many controls on unwanted events, unclear
accountability, and poor control quality assurance. Improvement on managerial
control over rare but potentially catastrophic events needs to be made to prevent
these fatalities from recurring. One of the well-known methods that can be adopted is
the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) Critical Control Management
(CCM) process. The purpose of this review is to identify the challenges and potential
benefits of implementing CCM in Indonesia. The expected outcomes are an
improvement in operational risk management, change in focus, and decreasing
complexity in the overall health and safety system in Indonesia. These objectives could
be achieved by reviewing the CCM process applied to mining industry including the use
of specific bowtie risk assessment methodology and literature study on the current
application of risk controls. From the review, it has become apparent that to prevent
accidents, identification of critical risks needs to be supplemented by critical controls.
Strong leadership is of the essence to be able to face the challenges, positively engage
workers and make better safety system works in sustainable manner. Complementary,
development of regulatory requirement for a critical control management approach
may accelerate CCM implementation in Indonesia but above all, Companies should
recognize that improving their safety system is a “good-business” and need to have it
embedded as their core business value.

56
Keywords: Risk Management, Critical Control Management, Incident Investigation,
Health and Safety Management System

1. INTRODUCTION
In 2014, Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) introduced the
Implementation of Mining Safety Management System regulation, better known as
SMKP. One of the SMKP requirements is regarding risk management. Despite the
recently implemented regulation – the regulation was only to become mandatory after
one year of its issuance – it has helped improve the accident statistics. This was shown
through reduction of number of fatalities in 2015, from 35 to 25 and lastly, in 2016, 15
fatalities were recorded [1].
The average type of accidents in Indonesia mining industry, from 2010 to 2014,
based on ESDM data [1] is buried (30%), hit by moving object (16%), falls from height
(15%) and being hit by falling objects (15%). These type of mining accidents are
similarly consistent with what happened in other countries such as Australia, where
four types of accidents namely vehicle collision, being hit by moving objects, falls from
height and being hit by falling objects are contributing 71.7% to fatalities [2].
The 2013 International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) report [3] described
that the main reasons for fatalities and other serious incidents continue to occur are
due to lack of risk identification, controls are not in place, controls are not effectively
implemented or maintained. Where in Indonesia, the ESDM data [1] showed the
average percentage of accidents are due to not following procedures (23%), unsafe
workplace (20%), lack of coordination (14%), unsafe position (13%) and inadequate
SOP (9%).
Although there have not been any specific pieces of evidences that could correlate
the implementation of the regulation effect to the decrease of the number of
accidents, it is obvious that there are significant necessities for the industry to review,
from risk aspects, better ways to manage the critical unwanted risks including its
controls.
There are many works of literature and studies or research on controls or barriers

57
management in mining industry outside of Indonesia, however, there are only a few
available in the country. This paper discusses the role of the International Council on
Mining and Metals (ICMM) critical control management (CCM) approach to address
the issue of material or critical unwanted events in the Indonesian mining industry by
focusing on its associated critical controls.

2. METHODS
The paper begins with a review of literature on risk management and a case study of
CCM implementation at one of mining companies in Indonesia and summarized the
benefits and challenges that the industry is facing in implementing the approach.
Outcomes from the literature review and case study are discussed in the results
section.

2.1 Literature Review

Risk Assessment
Safety management is based on risk management and it requires hazard
identification to calculate the risk and try to eliminate or mitigate it [4]. Andonov, in
his book Quality I Is Safety II [4], mentioned that there is a clear difference between
hazard and risk, therefore to explain risk, we should understand the hazard. He
explained that a hazard is a situation with potential to produce harm, injury or
damage, therefore to find risk, we need to find the frequency of the situation that
happens and the severity of consequence. He also expresses that calculating risk is not
a problem, regardless of the method. The problem, however, he explained, is to
predict a scenario of how the risk will materialize which is where an event with bad
consequences is produced. He continued by explaining that there are few methods
which are very popular in finance and banking that deal with scenario analysis about
how bad things happen in an operational level. In Indonesia, many companies use the
qualitative risk assessment method to calculate risks. Despite there has not been any
research that support the reasoning behind this, the condition is primarily the same as,
for example, in Australia, where is according to Joy [5] it is due to:

58
  Lack of accurate, valid ‘hard’ data about the event likelihood
 There is a wealth of industry experience at the management, supervisory and
operational levels that can suggest subjective consequence and event
likelihood
 Most of the time objective of the risk assessment is to manage priority risks, an
objective that does not require a quantitative research for an effective
outcome.
No matter extensive the risk assessment is, unwanted events still occurred.
Hollnagel [6] wrote that in Safety-I or Safety based on reactive approach, the concern
in accident analysis and risk assessments is to be so thorough and exhaustive that
nothing important is overlooked. This is why he said that the devil is in the detail. In
the contrary, if we adopt Safety-II or Safety based on proactive approach, the devil is
no longer in the detail but in the whole. He continued that the devil is, in fact, not
where we look but where we fail to look. The Safety-II focus is on the things that go
right, and the corresponding efforts are to increase the number of things that go right.
Furthermore, Kjellen [7] said that risk analysis should provide a risk picture based on
current and future situations. They added that the analysis should not be solely based
on historical data because the future is not necessarily repetition of the past.
The risk management approach that is well accepted in many industries are using
the following steps [5]:
1. Risk Identification – identifying the hazards and the situations that have the
potential to cause harm or losses (sometimes called ‘unwanted events’)
2. Risk Analysis – analyzing the magnitude of risk that may arise from the
unwanted events.
3. Risk Control – deciding on suitable measures to reduce or control unacceptable
risk.
4. Implementing and maintaining control measures – implementing the controls
and ensuring that they are effective.

59
 Bow tie Method
There are plenty of risk assessment technique available for organizations to use.
International Organization for Standardization [8] came up with 31 different risk
assessment techniques, where each one has its own relative strength and weakness.
Andonov [4] mentioned that his best proposal for quantifying hazards into risks is to
use Bow Tie Methodology. He then elaborates that the Bow Tie methodology is a
combination of Fault Tree Analysis and Event Tree Analysis and that the connecting
point between the two is the Event. He also stressed that this Bow Tie methodology
can be used not only for safety analysis purposes but also quality as well. He argued
that the model can only be used for linear system, in fact, he said that Bow Tie
Methodology goes deeply into the processes and can be used to describe all
interference and interactions inside the system. The ICMM critical control
management approach uses bow tie method in assessing material unwanted event.

Risk Control
Risk treatment is sometimes referred to as risk control and it includes the selection
and implementation of actions to reduce risk likelihood and risk impact [9]. A
significant amount of literature highlights that to reduce reoccurring incidents, an
enhanced focus on improving risk controls is needed [2]. According to James Reason
[10], each organizational accident has at least three common features which are
hazards, failed defenses and losses, where out of the these, the most promising for
effective prevention is the failed defenses (controls, barriers, safeguards, etc.).
Kellen [7] defined barriers as a set of system elements (human, technical,
organizational) that as a whole provide a barrier function with the ability to intervene
into the energy flow to change the intensity or direction of it. The US Department of
Energy [11] defined barrier as anything used to control, prevent or impede energy
flows. A common type of barriers, they added, include equipment, administrative
procedures and processes, supervision/management, warning devices, knowledge and
skills, and physical objects.
In safety system, barriers or controls are used to protect personnel and equipment

60
from hazards by preventing an event to occur and mitigate if it had already happened.
Accident, according to Joy [5], could occur if these three conditions exist:
 lack of adequate barriers;
 an unwanted energy flow;
 a target (such a person or equipment) in the energy flow
Safety-critical systems are those systems whose failures could result in loss of life,
significant property damage, or damage to the environment [12]. Thus, in order to
prevent an accident that could cause fatalities, appropriate critical barriers or controls
are to be properly assessed and implemented.
In determining the controls, the application of hierarchy of control - Level 1
elimination, Level 2 substitution, separation or engineering, and Level 3 administrative
and personal protective equipment shall be used. The US Department of Energy [11]
categorized barrier cost/reliability hierarchy into 1. Physical barriers – highest cost, 2.
Administrative or management policy barriers – medium cost, 3. Personal knowledge
or skill barriers – least of cost. James Reason [10], explained two major principles in
keeping a balance between profit and safety, which are: ALARP principle – keeping
your risks ‘as low as reasonably possible’ and ASSIB principle – ‘And Still Stay in
Business’. These two major principles would need to be always kept in mind when
selecting controls.
In order to find the appropriate controls to prevent accidents, Kjellen [7] adapted
Haddon’s [13] 10 accident prevention strategies as ways to select safety measures.
The strategies are as follows:
1. Prevent buildup of energy
2. Modify the quality of energy
3. Limit the amount of energy
4. Prevent uncontrolled release of energy
5. Modify rate and distribution of the energy
6. Separate, in time or space, the energy source and the vulnerable target
7. Separate the energy source and the target by physical barriers
8. Make the target more resistant to damage from the energy flow

61
 9. Limit the development of loss (injury or damage)
10. Stabilize, repair and rehabilitate the object of damage
These processes of selecting the right controls are captured in the identifying controls
and selecting critical controls steps of the nine CCM steps.

Risk Monitoring
There are, however, in some circumstances, where barriers may not be present or
may fail to perform. This is called limitation of barriers, and in his book, Kjellen [7]
provided with a figure that can be seen below:

Figure 1. Limitation of Barriers (Adapted from Trost, W.A. and Nurtney, R.J.,
Barrier Analysis, Report No. SCIE-DOE-01-TRAC-29-95, Technical Research and
Analysis Center, Idaho Falls, ID, 1995.)

In general, the figure above explained that barriers would be useless if 1. Not
implemented, 2. Not in operation, and 3. There is partial or total failure. Therefore, it
is important to perform monitoring and evaluation of controls.
The DoE [11] characterized criteria when evaluating the performance of barriers as
follows:
 Effectiveness – how well it meets its intended purpose
 Availability – assurance the barrier will function when needed
 Assessment – how easy to determine whether barrier will work as intended
 Interpretation – extent to which the barrier depends on interpretation by
humans to achieve its purpose.

62
The above literature explained about the importance of assigning accountability,
ensuring the controls are implemented and that the controls are verified to ensure its
effectiveness. These steps are also well captured in the CCM process as well as how
the controls are communicated if they do not meet the defined criteria.
Critical Control Management Approach
The Critical Control Management Approach is an integral part of the risk
management which focus on critical risks and associated critical controls. The process
refers to the Health and Safety Critical Control Management: Good Practice Guidance
and Critical Control Management Implementation Guidance from International Council
Mining and Metals (ICMM) [14]. The guide provides advice on identifying critical
controls, assessing their adequacy, assigning accountability for their implementation
and verifying their effectiveness in practice.
The CCM process includes the use of Bow Tie analysis method for identifying and
reviewing controls which are intended to prevent or mitigate a specific unwanted
event. The unwanted event in the CCM focuses in what the ICMM called as Material
Unwanted Event (MUE) where it referred to as an unwanted event with the potential
or real consequence exceeds a threshold define by the organizations thus requiring the
highest level of intention. The CCM itself is a process of managing the risk of MUEs
that involves as systematic approach to ensure critical controls are in place and
effective. The definition of the critical control, according to ICMM in this context is a
control that is crucial to preventing the event or mitigating the consequences of the
event. They added that the absence of the failure of a critical control would
significantly increase the risk despite the existence of other controls. Also, a control
that prevents more than one consequence is normally classified as critical.
The critical control management approach has nine steps process where each step
has its own specific target outcome.

63
Table 1. ICMM Critical Control Management Steps and Target Outcomes
Step Target Outcome
Planning the process A plan that describes the scope of the project,
including what needs to be done, by whom and
the timescales.
Identify material unwanted event Identify MUEs that need to be managed.
Identify controls Identify controls for MUEs, both existing controls
and possible new controls. Prepare a bowtie
diagram.
Select the critical controls Identify the critical controls for the MUE
Define performance and reporting Define the critical controls’ objectives,
performance requirements and how
performance is verified in practice.
Assign accountability A list of the owners for each MUE, critical control
and verification activity. A verification and
reporting plan is required to verify and report on
the health of each control.
Site Specific implementation Defined MUE verification and reporting plans,
and an implementation strategy based on site-
specific requirements.
Verification and reporting Implement verification activities and report on
the process. Define and report on the status of
each critical control.
Response to inadequate critical Critical control and MUE owners are aware of
control performance critical control performance. If critical controls
are underperforming or following an incident,
investigate and take action to improve
performance or remove critical status from
controls.

64
 One of the important steps in the process is selecting critical controls. The CCM
uses the critical control decision tree adapted from BHP Billiton as shown in figure 2
below:

Figure 2. BHP Billiton critical control decision tree

2.2 Case Study

Application of Critical Control Management
To illustrate the practical application of critical control management approach,
the authors provide an example of the CCM implementation in a medium sized mining
company in Indonesia, referred here as PT X. The Company, as stated in its HSE policy,
is committed to putting safety as the first priority in doing business.
The company has a safety management system that is in compliance with SMKP
based system. It has already baseline risk assessment of its activities. From the risk
assessment, there were 15 safety risks that are identified as critical risks. The critical
risk is defined as the risk with potential impacts of multiple fatalities.
For those 15 critical risks, the company conducts second risk analysis using the
Bow Tie methodology. This is to provide better understanding of the risk potential
causes and impacts, existing preventive and mitigating controls and the improvement

65
tasks.
In this particular case, the event title that the authors took as an example is the
vehicle interaction. Being the most apparent risk in mining activities, the example
would allow easy understanding of the process.

Figure 2. PT X Bow Tie Analysis Template

The risk event descriptions are vehicle rolled over, hit another vehicle or heavy
equipment, worker or member of the community. There are 13 items of what could
have been the cause of the event and is laid out in the left section of the bowtie.
These are driver unsafe behavior, unfit driver, incompetent driver, noncompliance
vehicle, vehicle not well maintained, mechanical failure, inadequate road design,
unsafe environmental condition, traffic density, community entering the mine area,
blind spot and lack of radio communication. After all of the causes are identified, the
existing preventive controls are also identified to ensure that it addresses the causes.
In this example, there are 13 existing controls to prevent the event from occurring.
From 13 controls, using the decision tree, 6 critical controls are identified. These
critical controls are company driving license, maintenance of vehicles as per OEM
standards, separation of light vehicles and heavy equipment in mine pit, fit for work
testing, positive radio communication and the availability of spotter in a blind spot
66
area. The few amounts of critical controls are controls that are really crucial and able
to prevent an event from initiating.
On the right side is the impact of what the event could cause, which is from
safety perspective, multiple fatalities. There are 6 identified mitigation controls and
using the same decision tree, one critical control is identified, which is the use of New
Car Assessment Programme (NCAP) 5 Star rated vehicle. The NCAP 5 Star rated vehicle
is a certain type of vehicle that has undergone an extensive crash test and is proven to
have the maximum protection for both adult and child occupant. The vehicle is also
equipped with electronic stability control (ESC), three-point inertia seatbelts
completed with seat belt reminder (SBR) and airbags on the driver and front passenger
side.
Once the critical controls are well identified, the organization established
performance standards. An example of this exercise is when defining performance
standards for the separation of vehicle and heavy equipment in the mine pit. The
design standard for this control is set so that 1. Segregation of lane between vehicle
and heavy equipment is implemented, 2. If there is a need for vehicle to enter the pit
and interact with heavy equipment, all heavy equipment shall stop operating. The
frequency of the critical control verification is set to monthly and the test of
effectiveness of the control is set to three monthly bases.
The critical controls are then assigned to a person known as the control owner.
This person is responsible to ensure that the controls are implemented on the field and
test that the controls are effective. The control owner then reports his or her
verification on the field to the Critical Risk Owner, where the risks are reviewed and
the effectiveness of controls are rated, as adequate or deficient or significantly
deficient.
If the controls are rated as deficient or significantly deficient, then an action
plan is developed. The critical risk owner and the control owner would need to review
on whether there are better ways for the controls to be effective.

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Table 1. PT X Critical Control Rating (Adapted from BHP Billiton)
Rating Explanation
Adequate No open issues and the design, operation and verification
of the critical control are appropriate, effective and
achieves the control objective
Deficient The design or operation or verification of the critical control
is not appropriate, effective or only partially achieves the
control objective. Any open issues are treated as low or
medium
Significantly The design or operation or verification of the critical control
Deficient is not appropriate, effective or does not achieve the control
objective. Any open issues are rated as high

3. RESULTS
Benefit of CCM Implementation in Indonesia
Although organizations are required to undertake an analysis of the effectiveness
of their controls, in Indonesia alone, there are only a few that have robust process.
Most of the companies reviewed their controls on regular basis e.g. six-monthly bases,
or if there are new activities, or if accidents occurred. Doing this, would only assess
the controls only when it goes wrong or in other words when an incident occurred.
This is quite straightforward as we would know instantly that the control is not
effective.
The safety risk management in PT X applies a combined system of the normal
approach of doing risk assessment with an enhance focus into barriers/controls
management. The organization has also put the safety responsibility in its line
management team. This has put its HSE department into the right function as advisor
and has the capacity of providing support to line management and other workers in
the organization. This is the level commitment in which the organization has placed in
order to put ‘Safety is Everybody Responsibility’ into practice.
CCM, as stated in the introduction, is a part of risk management and is a very

68
useful tool to assist companies to focus in implementing the right controls and be
proactive in reviewing on whether the controls are actually effective for those
considered as material unwanted events or critical risks.
The fewer quantity of critical controls for critical risks, compared to common risk
assessment method, made the risk to be more easily to manage. The case study
showed that rather than to verify all 13 controls simultaneously, control owners now
have only 6 critical controls for the vehicle interaction event. This is a simpler
approach that helps organizations reduce their safety system complexity.
The CCM, with the critical control decision tree, is also able to provide the
organization with the drive to implement correctly the hierarchy of controls and select
physical barriers that prevent event initiation. Segregation of vehicle is the perfect
example of how safety starts from the beginning - safety in design - where people are
making the effort proactively by recognizing the risk and that engineering controls are
put in place as to provide the maximum protection to the workers. As for the
mitigating critical control, the selection of an NCAP 5 Star rated vehicle is evidence of
how technology is used to provide suitable protection to workers by being able to
mitigate the impact if an incident had occurred.
By appointing control owner and critical risk owner, the system allows clearer
accountability and escalation protocols should issue are identified. Issues regarding
the controls are also able to be identified at an early stage and not by waiting for
accidents to occur, thus leads to better governance and support the management in
making good decision with regards to safety.
From the lagging indicator perspective, this company has improved their incident
statistics. In particular with the implementation of segregation controls, incident
involving interaction of vehicle and heavy equipment in the mine pit was significantly
reduced as the risk of vehicle interacting was reduced by the use of separate lane for
light vehicle and heavy equipment. All of these are results of an improved operational
risk management.

69
4. DISCUSSIONS
Challenges in Indonesia
The implementation of CCM in Indonesia is not without challenges. The first
challenge is the commitment in risk ownership. It took months of training and
socialization on how the CCM approach works as integrated part of the company
established management system. The second is the level of risk perception both the
leadership and workers team have on risk. The organization has difficulties in aligning
of what is considered to be acceptable and practicable in implementing risk controls.
And then there are issues with resources. The organization has restricted number of
about 50 people of what they called as an owner’s team. Managing business partners
of more or less 800 workers, the limited resources made it difficult for the system to
be implemented. Last but not least is the issue of conflict of interest. As the maturity
of the organization was limited to only at compliance level, stepping up the game to
beyond than what is required, requisite a change of mindset, focus, and see safety as
tools to achieve higher business result instead of the otherwise.

5. CONCLUSIONS
Even though the challenges are there, there is no easy way to improve our safety
performance in Indonesian mining industry, then to create change of mindset from
reactive to proactive. Management of barriers or controls especially the critical ones
are of the essence. Organizations could not simply put the safety of the workers in the
hand of regulation and compliance. In safety, we need to also do the right thing –
ethically speaking – and the smart thing – business wise. Organizations would need to
take on effective leadership, meaning that the line management and workers need to
share leadership responsibilities. The people in the organization need to build
support for the CCM approach, promoting the approach and make the CCM
sustainable by enhancing the process as it is seen as applicable. Participation of the
workers are of the importance in order for the approach to be successful. With all of
these, the swiftest way to have the approach implemented is by creating addendum of
the requirement and include them into one of existing safety regulations as

70
improvement to the current system. At the end of the day, organizations in Indonesia
are here to do good business and it could only be successfully achieved if everyone is
home safe, every day.

Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank Wisnu Susetyo, Ph.D. and the management of PT X
for their valuable comments and inputs.

References
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9, pp. 1–358, 2010.
[10] J. Reason, Organizational Accidents Revisited. 2016.
[11] US Department of Energy, “Vol I: Accident Analysis Techniques,” Accid. Oper. Saf.
Anal., vol. 1, p. 253, 2012.
[12] J. Knight, “Safety-Critical Systems: Challenges and Directions,” Int. Conf. Softw.

71
 Eng., pp. 547–550, 2002.
[13] W. Haddon, “The basic strategies for reducing damage from hazards of all kinds.
Hazard Prevention 16:8–12,” 1980.
[14] ICMM, “Health and Safety Critical Control Management: Good Practice Guide,”
2015.

72
Analysis of Workload On Complaint of Musculoskeletal
Disorders (MSDs) in Furniture’s Workers at Surabaya City 2017
Wiwik Afridah1, Puji Astuti2, Friska Ayu1
1
Departement of Public Health,Faculty of Health Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya
University, Indonesia.
2
Departement of Nursing and midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and midwifery Nahdlatul
Ulama Surabaya University, Indonesia.
Corresponding Author: wiwik@unusa.ac.id

Abstract
Any workplace have could compromise the health and safety of a worker. Health and
safety service efforts need to be implemented in the workplace, whether in the formal
sector or in the informal sector. Based on a study conducted on 9482 workers in 12
city at Indonesia that the health disorders complained by workers is generally a
disturbance of MSDs (16%). Furniture Industry is one of the businesses in the informal
sector that have risks of hazard but less realized from workers and owners. The
process of work likes cutting and subtilize the wood, assembled the wood into
furniture and all activities was did with wrong posittion, repetitive frequency of activity
and long duration would be risk for muskuloskeletal disorders (MSDs) to workers.
This research was conducted in Furniture Industrial area of Jalan Semarang, Surabaya
City which aims to knew the health conditions of workers related workload and
complaint of MSDs during work in Furniture Industry. This type of research is analytic
observational with cross sectional approach with total sampling 40 of worker. Data
were obtained from workplace observation and measurements on work positions
using REBA / RULA and workload assessment based on caloric needs. Nordic Body Map
using to see a description of MSDs complaints to workers.
The results of the MSDs assessment showed that most furniture’s workers (62.5%) feel
the MSDs complaints, based on chi square test between workload and MSDs
complaints showed that there was a significant relationship between workload (0.033),

73
working position (0.002), duration of work (0.000) and working periode (0.000) with
MSDs complaints.
The conclusion of this research is the more heavy workload of furniture workers will
tend to feel complaints MSDs so it is advisable to the furniture workers should do an
ergonomic work position during work, duration of work not more than 8 hours / day
and should to get exercise (warm up) briefly 5-10 minutes before and after work,.
Keywords: MSDS, furniture’s work

1. INTRODUCTION

Based on BPS data, the number of workforce and work of 2012-2014 shows that there
is an increase in the labor force participation rate from the year 2012 of 66.9% and in
2014 by 69.2%[1]. The growth of labor and industry can lead to various positive
impacts and negative impacts. One of the negative impacts is the increasing accidents
due to work and occupational disease, because every workplace have contains
potential hazard can be affected to health of worker. The magnitude of the risk of
accidents and occupational diseases depends on the type of production,the technology
and material used and the environment of work.

According to data from the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2012 showed
globally estimates 337 million work accidents has occurred with 2.3 million deaths
from work occurring each year, which an estimated 1 worker in the world dies every
15 seconds due to workplace accidents and 160 workers suffering from occupational
diseases. The results of occupational health and safety implementation report from 26
Provinces at Indonesia 2013 show from 2.998.766 common disease perceived by the
worker, as much 428,844 case related with occupational disease [2].

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) is one of occupational diseases in workers but

often lack special attention because they are considered trivial by experienced workers
and owner of the workshop. Some industries both the informal and formal sectors
didn’t understand what are the risk factors for the causes of Musculoskeletal Disorders

74
(MSDs) disease,moreover this occupational disease can affect the productivity and
effectiveness of workers in completing their work.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) usually occurs indirectly but is an accumulation

of small or large collisions that occur continuously and in a relatively long time
depending on the sense of weight and mild tissue trauma. Musculoskeletal Disorders
(MSDs) is a pathological condition that affects the normal functioning of the fine
tissues of the Musculoskeletal system that includes the nervous system, tendons,
muscles and supporting structures such as an interventional discuss that can cause
inflammation and weakening of body functions.[3]

One of Europe’s biggest occupational disease and felt by millions of workers is

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), based on research conducted, 31% complained of
back pain and 27% felt muscle pain. The United States, a developed country in the
manufacturing industry, has noted that work related musculoskeletal disorders
(WMSDs) is the leading cause of Occupational Diseases and loses 846,000 working
days each year[4].

Based on a study conducted on 9482 workers in 12 city at Indonesia that the health
disorders complained by workers is generally a disturbance of MSDs (16%),
cardiovascular disease (8%), nervous system disorders (6%), respiratory disorders (3%)
and ENT (1.5%). Results of laboratory studies conducted by Center for Health Studies
and Ergonomics ITB showed 40% -80% of workers felt musculoskeletal complaints after
working [5]. Factors can lead to complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are
the age of the worker, the employment, the job position and the workload[6]. MSDs
disturbance can be an important problem because it can decrease work productivity,
lost working time, handling costly and increase the risk of work accident.

Excessive physical loading can affect the occurrence of pain or complaints on the
musculoskeletal system, the burden physical is not to exceed 30-40% of the maximum
work force capacity with 8 hours work a day. The heavier the workload or increase

75
working time will cause muscle fatigue characterized by symptoms of tremor or pain in
the muscle[7]. Furniture Industry is one of the businesses in the informal sector that
have risks of hazard but less realized from workers and owners. The process of work
likes cutting and subtilize the wood, assembled the wood into furniture and all
activities was did with wrong posittion, repetitive frequency of activity and long
duration would be risk for muskuloskeletal disorders (MSDs) to workers.

Surabaya is the largest metropolitan city in eastern Indonesia, there are various
facilities that support trade and services that have the potential to grow and develop
so it needs to be supported industrial activities. One of the industries in the informal
sector that develops in Surabaya is Furniture Industry was located at semarang street,
pasar turi area. The results of the initial survey conducted on furniture’s workers
through interviews using the Nordic Body Map questionaire it’s known that most
workers feel a complaint on the neck and shoulders (Upper Extremitas) because the
process of cutting and subtilize the wood are the activity most often done every day
over with repetitive frequency.

From that background it is seen that workers in the meubel industry is one of the
workers at risk for Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), because the meubel industry is
one of the informal industry so that the health of its workers get less attention from
the owner workshop and government. This research purpose to analysis of workload
on complaint of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in Furniture’s Workers at Surabaya
City.

2. METHODS

The type of research used is observational research and analytic research with cross
sectional study design to analysis of workload on complaint of Musculoskeletal
Disorders (MSDs) in Furniture’s Workers at Surabaya City. This research was conducted
in Furniture Industrial area of Jalan Semarang Surabaya City with total sample 40
furniture workers which taken by using accidental sampling technique.

76
 The independent variabel in this research are workload,work position, working
period and duration of work and the dependent variabel is complaint of
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Data was collecting use interview techniques,
questionnaires using Nordic Body Map and REBA/RULA assesment, observations with
the aid of a checklist and documentation. Data was obtained then analyzed using SPSS
program, analysis bivariate data using chi square test.

3. RESULTS
a. Characteristics of Respondents
Tabel 1. Frequency Distribution Relating Respondent Characteristics on Furniture’s
Workers at Surabaya City,2017
Characteristics of Respondents n %
36-60 27 67.5
Age
20-35 13 32.5
Cut, Assemble and Subtilize the 22 55.0
Wood
Type of Work
Cut and Subtilize the wood 13 32.5
Subtilize the wood 5 12.5
Normal 29 72.5
IMT
Pre-Obesity 11 27.5
Not Ergonomic 23 57.5
Work Position
Ergonomic 17 42.5
>5 years 27 67.5
Working period (year)
1-5 yearssp 13 32.5
>8 hour/day 22 55.0
Duration of work (hour)
8 hour/day 18 45.0
Heavy workload 21 52.5
Workload
Medium workload 19 47.5
There are Complaint 25 62.5
MSDS Complaint
No Complaint 15 37.5
Total 40 100.0

77
 Tabel 1 showed that the characteristics of furniture’s workers at Furniture
Industries at Jalan Semarang whose became respondents in this study more
workers over 35 years old as many as 27 people (67.5%) and 13 respondents
the age less than 35. Distribution of respondents based on job characteristics
showed, average working period of furniture’s worker more than 5 years as
many as 27 people (67.5%) with duration of work more than 8 hours/day. For
the workload, as many as 21 respondent (52.5%) have a heavy workload and
the remaining 19 people have a medium workload. From 40 furniture’s worker
whose become respondent in this study, only 17 respondent (42.5%)who did
their work with ergonomic position and 23 respondent (57.5%) did their work
with not ergonomic position, so 25 respondent felt complaint of
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) while working or after finish their work.

b. Bivariate Analysis
Tabel 2. Bivariate analysis between independent variables with Complaint of
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in Furniture’s Workers at Surabaya City, 2017
Welder’s Flash Complaint
Work Factor
(Dependent Variabel)
(Independent Variabel) Conclusion
Probability Value Koefisien Value
(P-value) Correlation (r)
Working periode (year) 0.000 0.560 Significant
Duration Of Work (hour) 0.000 0.650 Significant
Workload 0.011 0.372 Significant
Work Position 0.002 0.435 Significant

Tabel 2 showed statistical test result using chi square test to

independent variable with complaint of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in
furniture’s workers at Surabaya City, there have relationship complaint
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)with working periode (0.000), duration of
work (0.000), workload (0.011) and work position (0.002) in Furniture’s
Workers at Surabaya City.

78
Musculoskeletal system complaints generally was occur because of excessive
muscle construction due to overloading of heavy workloads with long duration
of loading [7]. In this study, used Nordic Body Map method to find out which
parts of the body are experiencing Musculoskeletal disorders with a level of
complaints ranging from discomfort (slightly painful) to very painful also most
of furniture’s workers feel MSDs complaints because workers always work with
static work positions like standing for long time and then working with tools
such as cutting machines and grinding machines which the work device has
heavy load when lifted with one hand when working.
The result of this study are in accordance with study European Survey on
Working Conditions (ESWC) that Musculoskeletal disorders are felt by workers,
many felt on the body of the back of the neck, waist, and other upper truss
muscles. On the body with complaints of back or lumbar back pain and upper
limbs much due to the heavy work on odd positions performed repeatedly
lifting heavy weights and postures that can not adjust to the position of the
target object is done[8].
There some factors that can cause of MSDS complaints are age, sex, smoking
habit, Body Mass Index, duration of work (hour), working period (years),work
position and workload. In this research showed there are 4 factors can cause of
MSDS complaints to the furniture’s workers in Jalan Semarang are duration of
work, working period, work position and workload.
Most of the workers who become respondent in this study was worked more
than 5 years with duration of work more than 8 hour/day and all of them had
MSDs complaints, because the longer a person’s to work then Muscular
endurance often used for work will decrease this happens because
musculoskeletal disorders disease is a chronic disease that takes a long time to
develop and manifest in one's body. The result of this study are in accordance
with research conducted by Hendra and Rahardjo (2009)that workers who

79
have a working period of more than 4 years have a risk of 2.775 times
compared with workers with a working period less than 4 years[9].
Doing the job needs to pay attention to the application of muscle power
properly in order to obtain optimal muscle power. Musculoskeletal complaints
generally occur due to excessive muscle contraction due to overloading of
heavy workloads with long duration of loading. Oxygen supply to muscle
decline, the carbohydrate metabolism process is inhibited and as a result there
is accumulation of lactic acid that causes muscle pain[10].
Musculoskeletal complaints that was occur in furniture workers because
heavy workload, excessive stretching of muscles in general often complained
by the workers, where work activities require large mobilization such as lifting
weights and repetitive movements[11]. In this study there is a significant
relationship between workload with MSDs complaints. Excessive workload can
cause excessive stretching of the muscles can reduce the thickness of the
intervertebral disc or the element that lies between the spinal segments that
will pose a risk of spinal pain. The result of this study are in accordance the
statement of the Tarwaka which states that Excessive workload will result in
good job stress physical and psychological and emotional reactions, such as
headaches, musculoskeletal complaints and irritability[6].
Relationship of worker with work position and interaction of the workplace
will determine the efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of work. Work
Position of furniture’s worker that working position with a standing position of
tense / stiff, neck position that tend to bend and body position that tends to
tilt. Work position in this research can be categorized as unnatural
workposition (not ergonomic) and natural work position (ergonomics), most of
the furniture workers working with unnatural positions(not ergonomic) so will
be risk to have MSDs complaint. This result of this study in line with research
was conducted by PT. Kresna Duta Agrindo Jambi that there was significant
relationship between work position with MSDs complaint, which workers who

80
 work with unnatural position(not ergonomics) are more likely to felt MSDs
complaint(96%) than workers who work with a natural work position (4%)[5].

4. CONCLUSSION
Based on the results and conclusions of the discussion can be obtained as
follows:
a. Most of the furniture’s workers at Jalan Semarang feel MSDs complaints
b. There was significant relationship between duration of work, working
period,working position and workload with Musculoskeletal complaints.
c. Extend working periods and duration of work will increase the symptoms of
Musculoskeletal complaints because they will do the same job and with
repetitive motion.
d. Excessive workload can cause excessive stretching of the muscles can
reduce the thickness of the intervertebral disc or the element that lies
between the spinal segments that will pose a risk of spinal pain.
e. Work Position of furniture’s worker that working position with a standing
position of tense / stiff, neck position that tend to bend and body position
that tends to tilt will be effected to MSDs complaint.
f. There was suggestions that can recommended to the owner’s of furniture
industrial must provide the personal protective equipment (PPE) was
appropriate to all workers and the owner gives an appeal to the workers to
do little stretching while working.
g. Suggestions to all furniture’s worker should do an ergonomic work position
during work, duration of work not more than 8 hours / day and sometimes
to get exercise (warm up) briefly 5-10 minutes before and after work, this
case to do for the muscles will not stiff.

81
Acknowledgement
1. Prof.Dr.Ir. Achmad Jazidie,M.Eng as Rector of the Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya
University.
2. Prof. S.P.Edijanto,dr.,Sp.PK(K), as Dean of the Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya
University.
3. Dr. Istas Pratomo,ST.MT, as chairman of Research and Community Service
Institutes of the Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya University
4. Owner and all workers of Furniture Industrial at Jalan Semarang,Surabaya City.
5. Puji Astuti and Friska Ayu as my partner in this research.
6. All friend and staff at Public Health Department, Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya
University.

82
Ethical approval

83
References
[1] Nurhikmah. Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Muskuloskeletal Disorders
(MSDs) pada Pekerja Furnitur di Kecamatan Benda Kota Tangerang. Journal
Online. 2014; 6(1): 234-240.
[2] WHO. 2012. Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and
Supporting Literature and Practices. [e-book]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health
Oorganization
Headquartershttp://www.who.int/occupational_health/healthy_workplace_fram
ework.pdf
[3] NIOSH. 2006. Ergonomic Guidelines for Manual Material
Handling.Columbia:NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health)
Publications Disseminations. 2017 : (online)
[4] Handayani, 2011. Faktor – faktor yang Berhubungan Dengan Keluhan Musculetal
Disorder Pada Pekerja Di Bagian Polishing Pt.Sura Toto Indonesia,Tbk.Tangerang.
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah . Jakarta
[5] Mega octarisya. 2009. Tinjauan faktor resiko ergonomic terhadap keluhan MSDs
pada aktivitas manual handling di department operasional HLPA station PT
Reptex.Jakarta : FKM Universitas Indonesia.(www.lib.ui.ac.id)
[6] Tarwaka, dkk. 2012. Ergonomi Untuk Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja dan
Produktivitas. Surakarta: UNIBA Press.
[7] Suma’mur P.K, 2012. Higiene Perusahaan dan Kesehatan Kerja
(HIPERKES).Jakarta: Sagung Seto
[8] Code of Practice for Manual Handling. No. 25, 20 April 2000. Occupational Health
and Safety act 1985. Akses pdf. Online
https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/9426/COP_manu
alhandling.pdf
[9] Hendra dan Raharjo, Suwandi. 2009. Resiko Ergonomi dan Keluhan
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Pada Pekerja Panen Kelapa Sawit. Semarang:
UNDIP.

84
[10] Elements of Ergonomic Program. 1997. A Primer based on Workplace Evaluation
of Musculoskeletal Disorders. pdf. Akses internet online.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-117/pdfs/97-117.pdf
[11] European Campaign On Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2008. Work-related
Musculoskeletal Disorders: prevention report. Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities : Luxemburg.

85
Synchronization Of Panca Nirbhaya With SMKP Minerba/MSMS
3814 (Regulation Of The Minister Of Energy And Mineral
Resources Of The Republic Of Indonesia Number: 38 Year 2014)

Ardian Y. Bharata1, Ridwan Z. Syaaf 2

1
Student of Magister Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia,
Depok, West Java, Indonesia
2
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, West
Java, Indonesia
Corresponding Author : ridwan-syaaf@ui.ac.id

Abstract
“MSMS 3814” is based on regulation of the Minister Of Energy And Mineral Resources No.
38/2014 part of the company's management system to control risk in mining safety process
and occupational health of mining operations. PT. HPU has started to socialized and
applied this system since 2015. This system integrated into the application system of
Mining Safety & Environmental Management system which already existed on 2012 in PT.
HPU, it called Panca Nirbhaya. Panca Nirbhaya is a set of tools to help the management and
employees to control and manage the unnecessary costs from accidents (for example costs
due to injuries, property damage, diseases caused by work, and claims from environmental
pollution). On 2015 PT. HPU added MSMS 3814 Standard in Panca Nirbhaya.
This research aims to assess the relationship between MSMS 3814 with Panca Nirbhaya.
This study use a descriptive method and quantitative approach to secondary data as the
source of data. Data obtained in the audit criteria of MSMS 3814 and Audit criteria of
Panca nirbhaya. The data category presented using patterns of system P-D-C-A. The data
were analyzed statistically using the Chi Square test, from the analysis obtained results that
P value = 0.000, p-value < alpha (0.05) & R value = 0,732.
The results showed a significant relationship between MSMS 3814 with Panca Nirbhaya. It
happens because Panca Nirbhaya has been synchronized with Minister Of Energy And
Mineral Resources No. 38/2014 about MSMS 3814 since 2015 and MSMS 3814 & Panca
Nirbhaya uses the same pattern when formulated, namely patterns of PDCA "Plan, Do,

86
Check, Act". It happen because Panca Nirbhaya has been synchronized with Minister Of
Energy And Mineral Resources No. 38/2014 about MSMS 3814 since 2015.
Keyword : MSMS 3814, Mine Safety Management System, Panca Nirbhaya, Mine Safety &
Environment Management System, Safety Management System, Occupational, Health and
Safety Management System

1. INTRODUCTION
Mining is an activity of precipitating precious material deposits and economic result
from the Earth's crust, both mechanically or manually, on the Earth’s surface, beneath
the surface of the earth and below the surface of the water. The results of this activity
include, oil and gas, coal, iron sand, nickel ore, bauxite ore, copper ore, gold ore, silver
and manganese ore. Stages of mining activities include: prospecting and general
research, exploration, mining preparation and development, exploitation and
processing/refining/purification. Mining is one of the industries classified as a company
that has high potential hazard, in accordance with PP/ Government Regulation number
50 year 2012 about the implementation of OHS Management Systems: chapter 16
paragraph 2 stating the meaning of a company that has a high potential danger among
others companies engaged in mining, oil and natural gas. In every mining process, each
stage will not be separated from the dangers and risks. According to Huang et al., (2015)
the mining industry is one of the industries with the highest level of risk. So that the
implementation of Occupational Safety and Health Management System in mining plays
an important role. In mining industry we know the existence of Mine safety
management System/
The Mine Safety Management System, hereinafter reffered to as MSMS 3814, is part
of the overall enetrprise management system in the context of controlling mining safety
risk comprising safety and health of mining, and safety of mining operations. “MSMS
3814” is based on regulation of the Minister Of Energy And Mineral Resources No. 38
year 2014 part of the company's management system to control risk in mining process
and occupational health & safety of mining operations.
MSMS 3814 is formulated with several considerations, among others: complying
with the provisions of the law and guarantees of safe and healthy miners, efficient and
productive mining operations in the conduct of mining business activities, it is necessary

87
to implement Mine Safety Management System. MSMS 3814 must be applied by every
company engaged in mineral and coal.
The purpose of MSMS 3814 implementation is :
a. Improve the effectiveness of Mine safety planned, measureable, structured, and
integrated;
b. Prevent mine accident, occupational diseases, and hazardous events;
c. Create safe, efficient, and productive mining operations; and
d. Create a safe, healthy, comfortable, and efficient workplace to increase
productivity.
By looking at the purpose of MSMS 3814 implementation above is very appropriate
if the company wants safe and improve its health & safety performance is to apply
MSMS 3814 in his company. This is in accordance with the journal of Mitichison &
Papadakis (1999) which states that by implementing Safety Management System can
reduce losses and improve the safety & health performance in the company.
MSMS 3814 formulated taking into account the aspects that exist in the legislation,
the characteristics of mining which is different from other industries also consider
academic aspect. This academic consideration is seen from the cycle in MSMS3814
which refers to the pattern of “PDCA”.
PDCA, short for "Plan, Do, Check, Act", is an iterative four-step problem-solving
process commonly used in quality control. This method was popularized by W. Edwards
Deming, who is often regarded as the father of modern quality control so often called
Deming cycle. Deming himself always refers to this method as the Shewhart cycle, from
the name of Walter a. Shewhart, who is often regarded as the father of statistical quality
control. By using PDCA pattern then MSMS3814 will be very easily synchronize with
existing systems in every company engaged in mineral and coal mining.
After issuing regulation on the implementation of MSMS3814 in the year 2014, then
the Government requires every company engaged in mineral mining and coal apply and
socialize the MSMS3814 in The year 2015 by doing GAP analysis of MSMS3814 with
safety Management system and occupational health that exist in his company. In the
year 2016 every company engaged in the mineral and coal mining must perform internal
audit MSMS 3814

88
 PT Harmoni Panca utama is one of the mining contracting service company. PT
Harmoni Panca utama is a national company established on January 25, 2011 and
focuses only on mining contracting service. PT Harmoni Panca utama is a combination of
two companies with different backgrounds and interests, namely PT Harmoni Mitra
Sentosa and PT Panca Sejahtera Mandiri. PT Harmoni Mitra Sentosa is a private
company focused on mining with a strong financial structure. And PT Panca Sejahtera
Mandiri is a private company that has strong competence in providing mining services.
PT Harmoni Panca Utama ( HPU) is a company commited to providing first class
costumer-centric mining services in accordance with good mining practices. The Scope
of HPU activities as a mining contractor is ranging from land clearing activities,
overburden removal activities, coal pickling activities, and coal transport from mine to
costumer defined places. PT HPU has a mining Safety, Health and Environmental
Management System (HSEMS) called PANCA NIRBHAYA.
Panca Nirbhaya is a set of tools used to help the management and employees to
control and manage the unnecessary costs that are resulting from accidents (for
example costs due to injuries, property damage, diseases caused by work, and claims
resulting from environmental pollution).
Panca Nirbhaya was formulated using the PDCA pattern "Plan, Do, Check, Act" and
integrate the OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001 standards. This system is used to analyze,
detect, create solutions to these problems, which can result in increased safety, health
and environmental performance and will ultimately save costs due to accidents. This
system has been used in the internal scope of PT Harmoni Panca Utama, the
implementation of this system has been done since 2012 against all projects and
including applied to new projects. The system consists of five (5) Main Elements and
five-five (55) sub-elements described in the contents of this manual. The scope of this
system includes all parts / activities / activities in the business process of the company
as a coal mining services, both in the Head Office and all projects that become its
responsibility.
In addition to environmental management, the system manages all activities
undertaken by the company in accordance with existing agreements and by taking into
account information from related parties including external parties. Panca Nirbhaya
consists of 5 main elements namely P A N C A. Those 5 main elements are :

89
 a. Element 1 Planning & Organizing ;
b. Element 2 Accountability, Communication & Training;
c. Element 3 New Design, Management of Change, Operational control &
Emergency;
d. Element 4 Checking, Monitoring, Incident Investigation & HSE Audit;
e. Element 5 Annual Management Review & Continuous Improvement.

PT HPU as mineral and coal mining service company is one of the companies that
must apply safety, health and environmental management systems in their operations.
In addition to PT HPU as a company that wants to compete in national and international
scale, the company has also certified OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001. With the regulation
of Safety management system, PT HPU must integrate Panca Nirbhaya system with
MSMS3814, OHSAS 18001 & ISO 14001.

2. METHODS
This research uses descriptive method and quantitative approach to secondary data as
data source using the existing audit criteria data in MSMS 3814 and using Audit criteria
in Panca Nirbhaya. The audit criteria data are then categorized using the PDCA pattern
and searching for the relationship between the two criteria by using the chi square
statistical test. The purpose of this study is to see the relationship between MSMS 3814
with Panca Nirbhaya, by comparing the audit criteria of MSMS 3814 with audit criteria
Panca Nirbhaya and looking at the elements in MSMS 3814 with elements in Panca
Nirbhaya.

3. RESULTS
MSMS 3814 and Panca Nirbhaya have the audit criteria, from which the data is
then categorized using the PDCA pattern "Plan, Do, Check, Act" and look for the
relationship between the two criteria. The clause pattern present in the MSMS 3814
and Panca Nirbhaya is seen in (fig. 1-1 & 1-2).

90
 Figure 1-1. Criteria MSMS 3814 & Criteria Panca Nirbhaya

No CRITERIA MSMS 3814 CATEGORY

1 Policy 1
2 Policy Formulation 1
3 Contents Of Kebiiakan 1
4 Policy Assignmen 1
5 Communication Policy 1
6 Review Policy 1
7 Planning 1
8 Initial Review 1
9 Risk Management 1
10 Identification of and compliance with the provisions of the 1
Legislation and related Requirements
11 Goal setting, goals, and programs 1
12 Work plan and budget of Mining Safety 1
13 Organization And Personnel 1
14 Preparation and determination of the structure of the Organization, 1
tasks, responsibilities, and authority
15 The designation of the Summit, the heads of underground mines, 1
and/or head of a Dredger for mining companies
16 The Designation Of The Mining Service Companies To Person in 1
charge of the operational
17 Appointment of person in charge of operations For the mining 1
service companies

18 Appointment of Supervisors operational and Supervisory 1

Techniques
19 The Appointment Of A Special Mining Engineering Personnel 1
20 Establishment and determination of Mining Safety Committee 1
21 The Designation Of The Emergency Response Team 1
22 The selection and placement of Personnel 1
23 Organizing and implementation of education and training as well as 1
Job Competency
24 Preparation, designation, and application of Mining Safety 1
Communication

91
No CRITERIA MSMS 3814 CATEGORY

25 The Management Of Mining Safety Administration 1

26 The preparation, Implementation, and documentation of the 1
procedures of Consultation, Participation, motivation, and
awareness of the application of MSMS 3814
27 The implementation of the 2
28 Implementation Of The Management Of Operational 2
29 Implementation Of The Management Of The Working Environment 2
30 The Implementation Of Occupational Health Management 2
31 Implementation Of Management Mining Operational 2
32 The management of explosives and Blasting 2
33 The determination of System design and Engineering 2
34 Determination Of The Purchasing System 2
35 Monitoring and management of the mining service companies 2
36 Management Of Emergencies 2
37 The provision and preparation of first aid 2
38 Implementation of safety outside of work (off the job safety) 2
39 Evaluation And Follow-up 3
40 Monitoring and performance measurement 3
41 Implementation Of Safety Inspections Quarries 3
42 Evaluation of compliance with the provisions of the Legislation and 3
Related Requirements
43 An investigation into the accident, Dangerous Occurrence, and 3
diseases caused by Work
44 Evaluation Of Management Of The Mining Safety Administration 3
45 Internal audit the implementation of Safety management system 3
46 Follow Up Discrepancies 3
47 Documentation 3
48 Drafting Manual MSMS 3814 3
49 Document Control 3
50 Recording Control 3
51 Determination of the types of documents and recordings 3
52 Management Review 4

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Figure 1-2. Criteria Panca Nirbhaya

No CRITERIA PANCA NIRBHAYA CATEGORY

1 Basic Policy On Safety, Health And Environment 1

2 The Identification Of Hazards, Risk Assessment And Control Control 1
3 Legislation/Regulations And Other Requirements Of The HSE 1
4 Goal, Goal/Target, And Program 1
5 Monthly Reports And Statistics On Work Safety, Health And 1
Environment
6 Committees And Representatives Safety, Occupational Health And 1
The Environment
7 Control Of Documents And Archives 1
8 The Competition Award & HSE 1
9 Appointment Delegation Authority & 1
10 Inspection System Of Observation Tasks & Planned At High Risk 1
11 Reporting Of Hazards 1
12 The Talks Are Early Shift And Induction Of HSE 1
13 HSE Information Boards & Board Performance HSE 1
14 External Communication 1
15 Bulletin And Display Boards HSE 1
16 Training Needs Analysis And Formal Training of HSE 1
17 The Test/Training License To Operate The Equipment 1
18 Approval System For The Design, Methods And New Processes, 2
Change Management And Certification Of Equipment
19 Workplace Governance Management 2
20 Inspection System (Implementation Of Daily Care) 2
21 Planned Maintenance System 2
22 Job Safety Analysis And High-risk Task Procedure 2
23 Control Of Motorized Equipment 2
24 Control Of Pressurized Tube & Vessel 2
25 Control Equipment Lifting 2
26 Control Of Portable Ladders & Scaffold 2

93
No CRITERIA PANCA NIRBHAYA CATEGORY

27 Portable Electric Control & Installation 2

28 Protective Control On The Machine 2
29 Control Of Portable Gadgets 2
30 The Management Of Contractors And Purchase 2
31 Work Permit 2
32 System Lock Out Tag Out 2
33 Signs, Symbols, Labels & Color Code 2
34 Control of harmful substances are poisonous and Toxic hazardous 2
materials Waste
35 Management Of Hydrocarbons 2
36 Management Of Outdoor Deposition 2
37 Rehabilitation And Reclamation 2
38 Conservation Of Natural Resources, Flora And Fauna 2
39 Waste Management 2
40 Medical Check Up 2
41 Hygiene and sanitation Facilities 2
42 Health Promotion 2
43 The Management Of Clinics And Emergency 2
44 Fire Prevention And Protection 2
45 Alarm Systems And Emergency Exercises 2
46 Survey And Management Of Ergonomics 2
47 The system of control and record keeping of personal protective 2
equipment
48 Investigation Incident, non conformity Corrective Actions 3
49 Incident Report & Inciden alert 3
50 Randoms Checks 3
51 Measuring And Monitoring 3
52 Internal And External Audit 3
53 Annual Management Review 4
54 The HSE Advising System 4
55 The HSE Performance Improvement Team 4

94
From the table shown in MSMS 3814 consists of 7 Chapters and 52 sub chapters, as for
the 7 chapters are:
a. Chapter I Policies
b. Chapter II Planning
c. Chapter III Organization & Personnel
d. Chapter IV Implementation
e. Chapter V Evaluation and follow-up
f. Chapter VI Documentation
g. Chapter VII Management Review.
While Panca Nirbhaya consists of 5 main elements namely P A N C A and 55 Sub
elements, as for the 5 elements are :
a. Elemen 1 Planning & Organizing ;
b. Elemen 2 Accountability, Communication & Training;
c. Elemen 3 Inspection / New Planning, Change Management, Operational Control
& Emergency Measures;
d. Elemen 4 Investigation, Monitoring, Incident Investigation and HSE Audit;
e. Elemen 5 Annual management review and ongoing improvement.

MSMS 3814 consists of 52 sub chapters and Panca Nirbhaya consists of 55 sub
elements. The criteria data are then categorized using the PDCA pattern, each sub-
chapter and sub element categorized into the Plan-Do-Check-Act pattern.

Figure 2-1 Summary pattern “PDCA” MSMS 3814 & Panca Nirbhaya

Resume Data
Criteria MSMS3814 Panca Nirbhaya
Plan 26 17
Do 12 30
Check 13 5
Act 1 3

95
The results of categorization pattern PDCA MSMS 3814 & Panca Nirbhaya is (Fig 2-1)
From the categorization results obtained results:
a. In Category Plan: in MSMS 3814 Sub elements are classified in the Plan category
amounted to 25 Sub Chapters, while In Panca Nirbhaya Sub Elements belonging
to the category Plan amounted to 17 Sub Elements.
b. in the category Plan: in MSMS 3814 Sub elements belonging to the category of
DO amounted to 12 Sub Chapter, while In Panca Nirbhaya Sub Elements
belonging to the category of DO amounted to 30 Sub Elements.
c. in the category Check: in MSMS 3814 Sub elements belonging to the category
Check amounted to 13 Sub Chapter, while In Panca Nirbhaya Sub Elements
belonging to the category Check amounted to 5 Sub Elements.
d. in the category of Act: In MSMS 3814 Sub elements belonging to the category of
Act amount to 1 Sub Chapter, while In Panca Nirbhaya Sub Elements belonging
to the category Act amounted to 3 Sub Elements.
From the data categorization is then tested by using statistical test of Chi Square, and
got the result P value = 0.000, with the result then p-value <alpha (0.05) with R value =
0,732 there is significant relation between MSMS 3814 with Panca Nirbhaya.

4. DISCUSSIONS
From the results of categorization between MSMS 3814 and Panca Nirbhaya got
significant result with value of P value = 0.000 and R value 0,732 or 73,2%, from the test
there is significant relation between MSMS 3814 and Panca Nirbhaya. This significant
relationship is caused by both systems using the same pattern in the system-making
process by using PDCA pattern "Plan, Do, Check, Act".
MSMS 3814 itself in the compilation process is formulated by using PDCA pattern
aims for this system can be integrated with existing systems in the company, this is in
accordance with the definition of MSMS 3814 No. 38 Year 2014 paragraph 1 namely
MSMS 3814 is part of the company's overall management system in the context of
controlling mining safety risks comprising mining safety and health (OHS), and mining
operations safety. By using the PDCA pattern, the system will be very easily
synchronized and integrated with the existing enterprise systems, this is in accordance

96
with Clare Gallagher's opinion: 2001: The integration of OHSMS into broader
management systems is regarded in the literature and in consultations as necessary for
effective OHSMS.
Furthermore, in the formulation of the MSMS 3814 the government also involves
stakeholders including involving representatives of mining companies. PT HPU as one of
the mining service companies including being a service company representative is also
directly involved in the process of MSMS 3814 formulation. PT HPU has also made
synchronization and adjustment of elements in Panca Nirbhaya referring to the existing
provisions in MSMS 3814. PT HPU as a mining service company is also required to apply
MSMS 3814 so that synchronization process must be done and has been done.
The synchronization process done by PT HPU in accommodating MSMS 3814 since
the regulation issued by Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in the Year 2015 is by
doing GAP Analysis MSMS 3814 in 2015. Then in Year 2016 PT HPU also conduct
internal audit MSMS 3814 measure the implementation of mining safety management
system in internal company. After carrying out internal audits PT HPU has also reported
the internal audit of MSMS 3814 to the Technical and Environmental Director (Chief
Inspector of Mining) of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, in accordance No:
3200 / 37.04 / DBT / 2016 on the delivery of reports internal audit of the
implementation of the mine safety management system.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The results showed a significant relationship between MSMS 3814 with Panca Nirbhaya.
It happens because Panca Nirbhaya has been synchronized with Minister Of Energy And
Mineral Resources No. 38/2014 about MSMS 3814 since 2015 and MSMS 3814 & Panca
Nirbhaya uses the same pattern when formulated, namely patterns of PDCA "Plan, Do,
Check, Act".
In addition PT HPU as a mining service company has made the insertion with existing
elements in Panca Nirbhaya on MSMS 3814, so that existing Panca Nirbhaya has
accommodated the provisions in MSMS 3814.
PT HPU as a mining service company has integrated the Minerals and Coal Mining
Safety Management System into the Company's Occupational Safety, Health and
Environmental Management system called Panca Nirbhaya.

97
 PT HPU as a mining services company has also contributed in the process of
formulating Regulation Of The Minister Of Energy And Mineral Resources Of The
Republic Of Indonesia Number: 38 Year 2014.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my gratitude to the honorable people for their contribution to this
research; Mr. RZ Syaaf, my research mentor from the Occupational Health and Safety
Department, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia for his valuable
suggestions and encouragement, Mr.Ade Kurdiman-Corporate HSE Manager at PT
Harmoni Panca Utama for his guidance, and for all those who have assisted in
conducting this research.

References

[1] Clare Gallagher. National Key Centre in Industrial Relations; September 1997; Australia
[2] Winder, C., Makin, A.-M., 2006. New approaches to OHS risk assessments: expanding
traditional models for better managing organisational risks
[3] Deming, W. Edwards (1986). Out of the Crisis. MIT Center for Advanced Engineering
Study. ISBN 0-911379-01-0.
[4] Kementerian Pertambangan dan Energi RI, (1995). Keputusan Menteri Pertambangan
dan Energi Nomor 555.K/26/M.PE/1995
[5] Regulation Of The Minister Of Energy And Mineral Resources Of The Republic Of
Indonesia Number: 38 Year 2014)
[6] Manajemen Keselamatan Operasi, (2016). Membangun Keunggulan Operasi dalam
Industri Proses. Kompas Gramedia, Jakarta

98
Public Places Wi-Fi Login Based Hazard Identification Using Redirect
Survey Method in Developing Countries to Increase People Awareness
to Public Safety

Ni Wayan Ayu Vivi Mahardevi1*, Shella Rachma Dianty2

1,2
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia,
Depok, Indonesia

Abstract

The failure to identify hazards that could have been overcome is one of the root
causes of workplace incidents,accidents and illnesses[1.2]. Occupational health and
safety is a multi discipline field and hazard does not only exist in industry, it also
exists in public places and managing public safety is everyone’s responsibility[3,4].
Technology keeps improving. The percentage of people in developing ncountries
who own smartphones and use the Internet has risen in the past two years[5].
Nowadays people become respondent for a redirect survey page when using public
wifi[6]. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility of conducting hazard
identification in the same method which is by becoming respondent in redirect
survey about hazard identification based on WiFi login in public places. This research
used literature review on scientific journals and data reports using keywords related
to ‘hazard identification’ and ‘public WiFi usage’. The result is there is a possibility of
hazard identification to be conducted in redirect survey method based on WiFi login
in public places since our findings confirmed that most customers appreciate the
provision of free WiFi in the places they visit and recent Kaspersky Lab study(as
stated on ITRC study) indicated that using public networks became the most
common way used to access internet[7,8]. However,before government making it
into one integrated system, more research should be conducted. Practical
implication of this result should be designed to people that knows the place well so
they can identify the hazard properly as well as to increase awareness to public
safety responsibility.

99
Keywords: hazard identification, on line based, public safety

1. INTRODUCTION

Developing countries are known for the geographical hazards which is greater than
developed countries. From longstanding to emerging hazards, environmental factors
are a root cause of a significant risk of accidents, disease, disability or even death.
These include: poor water quality, physical hazards, and sanitation; vector-borne
diseases; poor ambient and indoor air quality; toxic substances; and global
environmental change [9].

Most of the developing countries still neglect occupational health and safety
aspect because of the social, economic, and political challenges. The conventional
workplace oriented occupational health and safety has proven to be inadequate for
decreasing accidents and make sure people’s safety. Comprehensive progress in
occupational health and safety can be accomplished by linking occupational health
and safety to the broader context such as public safety [10].

We acknowledge that the major reason for varying levels of safety between
developed and developing countries is the differences of safety awareness [11].
Safety awareness especially in public places is important to determine rules and
policy that can ensure people’s safety in public places. Even though citizens of
developing countries are still lack of safety awareness, but the citizens have already
known about technology. Technology such as smartphone and internet is kind of
primary needs for most people globally, include citizens of developing countries.
Based on the data from Internet World Stats 2017, Asia has the biggest internet user
globally (46.7%), i.e Indonesia has 132.700.000 internet users or 50.4% of Indonesia’s
population is an active internet users [12]. We can use this opportunity to raise
people’s awareness about public safety through smartphone and internet usage.

In principle, injuries and diseases are preventable. There are approaches to

prevent these include, developing awareness of health and safety hazards among

100
workers, employers, and customers, identify and assess the hazards, and maintaining
effective control and evaluation measures [10].

First step of preventing injuries and disease is hazard identification. Hazard

identification allows for early identification of harmful agent risks for health and
safety and also helps identify any corrective action needed. identification should be
conducted by encouraging everyone involved so the information is clear and
complete. These identification will help increasing people commitment to health and
safety as well as the education [9] . The hazard identification represents a very
important phase, since only knowing the possible hazards one can proceed with the
evaluation of the efficacy of the existing preventive and protective measures.

By conducting public places identification it will also be useful to the

management of public places for making decisions and keeping integrated record
data. Since public places like shopping mall, swimming pool, airport, and train station
provides Wi-Fi for the customer, we would like to propose hazard identification
based on public places Wi-Fi login. The objective of this study is to evaluate the
possibility of hazard identification to be conducted based on online log-in Wi-Fi in
public places to improve people awareness about hazard surrounding them.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research used literature review on some scientific journals and data reports, and
survey conducted on either local, national or international scope. We used multiple
electronic databases using some keywords that related to ‘hazard identification’
‘public Wi-Fi usage’

3. RESULTS

There is possibility of hazard identification to be conducted based on online log-in

Wi-Fi in public places since our findings confirmed that there are now 3.74 billion
Internet users in the world as at March 2017 compared to 3.26 billion Internet users
in 2016 [12]. The statistics also tells that Wi-Fi is the preferred source for Internet

101
rather than mobile data [13]. Based on Wi-Fi Alliance Data as stated on Huffington
Post, large amount of about 71% of all mobile communications flow over Wi-Fi and
based on Wireless Broadband Association data as stated on Huffington Post by 2017,
60% of carrier network traffic will be offloaded to Wi-Fi [14].

For public places, suvey shows that most customers as in 72% of the respondents
appreciate the provision of free Wi-Fi in the places they visit, as 72% of respondents.
Of these, 78% said that they actively looked for and would be more likely to visit a
place that offered them free Wi-Fi. Three quarters of the people surveyed who do
use Wi-Fi said that they spend more time at a venue offering free Wi-Fi and two
thirds suggested that they were likely to spend more money there [15].

The availability of free Wi-Fi in public places was reported as a close second
improvement. A recent Kaspersky study indicated that “using public networks
became the most common way used to access the Internet...”. Hotels were the
second most used location for public Wi-Fi access (54%), followed by airports (38%).
The ITRC survey indicated that 53% of those surveyed indicated that they used public
Wi-Fi at least once a week [16].

The use of online questionnaires has exploded, given the plethora of

technological advances. Online questionnaires is one of the least expensive way to
reach great number of people [17]. Based on that fact, hazard identification based
on online log-in Wi-Fi in public places can be optimized by using online questionnaire
through redirect survey method. This method allows users to be automatically
redirected to the specified web site (of your choice) to complete the survey. Steps of
redirect survey method starts with user login when using public places Wi-Fi
connection, then the survey will pop-up for user to answer all the questions, and the
last step is user has to submit it before continue surfing the internet. Response time
of this method is quick and those in charge can track respondents, non-respondents,
and results throughout data collection[17].

In order to raise people awareness about public safety, before filling the survey
users will be educated about how important public safety is, guideline to hazard

102
identification, and statement that the only way to achieve it is to involve all elements
not just the government or management but including costumer.

4. DISSCUSSION

Public safety is important and lacking the awareness for it is something that we
should address first before addresing other problem because effort to safety should
never stop. Lacking awareness to identify hazard close to themselves is a hazard
itself and being aware of it is a protective factor that can play as a barrier to prevent
accident. There are resources and chances to address this problem that we should
take advantage of, one of them is by using the closest technology improvement to
people.

Results above shows just how fast technology can improve in one year.
Resources needed in this system are gadgets and wifi availability and both of them
improved both number of users and the capability itself. So the resources availability
will improve as well and eventually support this system. Lifestyle changes such as the
importance of communication flow or the rise of public places with WiFi, can support
this system. Many people also seem to know the usage of WiFi so the education to
WiFi usage is not really needed anymore and we can jump faster to the education of
how to fill the hazard identification survey.

Results above also show that people are willing to go to public places and buy for
them if they have access to their wifi, meaning that there is a possibility people will
be willing to fill a 2 minutes survey just to get into the login page and access their
wifi. So there is a possibility for governor to use the redirect survey to educate them
about hazard identification and ask them to try to identify hazards surrounding them
in that public places. The results of this identification can either be used for
improving the bussiness and safety of the place itself or for public data that can be
used to design a program by government.

The weakness of this study is that data used above is still universal, that is why to
build this system the data should be studied in developing country as well so that the
system can be generalized to people with the same characteristics. Practical
implication of this result should be designed to people that knows the place so they

103
can identify the hazard correctly, for example the questionnaire pops up for people
who logs in 5 times meaning that they go to that place 5 times already. Weaknesses
of this study is that we dont know who access the device because it could be any
other person using the same device and statement above hasn’t been studied, more
research needed. The improvement of wifi installation will be followed by the
addition of new public places as well, so there will still be public places with no wifi
that cant be reach by this system.

5. CONCLUSION

There is possibility of hazard identification to be conducted based on online log-in

Wi-Fi in public places. Goverment should assess the needs to improve this system
such as public places wifi installation number data and build IT division to improve
the hazard identification survey and process the post-data result. However before
government making this into one integrated system or post-data result to be used
as occupational health and safety program or surveillance baseline data, more
research or pilot project should be conducted.

Competing Interest

We have read and understood the ICOHS policy on declaration of interests and
declare that we have no competing interests

References

[1] Hazard Identification and Assessment| Occupational Safety and Health

Administration [Internet]. United States Department of Labor. [cited 16 August
2017]. Available from:
https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-Identification.html
[2] Identifying Safety and Health Problems in the Workplace [Internet]. Safe Jobs
Now : An AFSCME Guideto Health and Safety in the Workplace. [cited 16
August 2017]. Available from:
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/intro_osha/7SafetyHealthProbsWorkplac
e.pdf

104
[3] Managing public safety [Internet]. HSEUK. [cited 17 August 2017]. Available
from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/treework/site-management/public-access.htm
[4] Involving employees [Internet]. HSEUK. [cited 17 August 2017]. Available
from:http://www.hse.gov.uk/health-identification/setup/involving-employees.
htm
[5] Report: Internet and Smartphone Use Rising in Developing Countries [Internet].
PRSA. 2016 [cited 17 August 2017] .Available from:
http://apps.prsa.org/Intelligence/Tactics/Articles/view/11415/1123/Report_Int
ernet_and_Smartphone_Use_Rising_in_Devel#.WZVU5elLfIU
[6] What are survey redirects?| BOS online survey tool [Internet]. Online
surveys.ac.uk. [cited17August2017]. Available from:
https://www.onlinesurveys.ac.uk/help-support/what-are-survey-redirects/
[7] Our latest survey: how do people use WiFi in public places? [Internet].Purple.
2014[cited 17 August 2017]. Available from:
https://purple.ai/latest-survey-people-use-WiFi-public-places/
[8] Public WiFi Usage Survey [Internet]. Identity Theft Resource Center. 2012/
[cited 17 August 2017] Available from:
https://www.idtheftcenter.org/images/surveys_studies/PublicWiFiUsageSurve
y.pdf
[9] WHO | Environment and health in developing countries [Internet]. The Health
and Environment Linkage Initiative (HELI). [cited 13 October 2017]. Available
from: http://www.who.int/heli/risks/ehindevcoun/en/
[10] Nuwayhid I. Occupational Health Research in Developing Countries: A Partner
for Social Justice [Internet]. NCBI. 2004 [cited 13 October 2017]. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448559/pdf/0941916.pdf
[11] Coulter S. Advancing Safety Around the World -- Occupational Health & Safety
[Internet]. Occupational Health & Safety. 2009 [cited 15 October 2017].
Available from:
https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2009/02/01/Advancing-Safety-World.aspx
[12] Asia Internet Usage Stats Facebook and Population Statistics [Internet].
Internetworldstats.com. 2017 [cited 13 October 2017]. Available from:
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm#asia

105
[13] Papers W. Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast
Update, 2016–2021 White Paper [Internet]. Cisco. 2017 [cited 14 October
2017]. Available from:
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-ne
tworking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html
[14] Afshar V. 50 Incredible WiFi Tech Statistics That Businesses Must Know [SLIDE
DECK] [Internet]. HuffPost. 2014 [cited 15 October 2017]. Available from:
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/vala-afshar/50-incredible-wifi-tech-s_b_4775
837.html
[15] Our latest survey: how do people use
WiFiinpublicplaces?[Internet].Purple.2014[cited17August2017].Available
from:https://purple.ai/latest-survey-people-use-WiFi-public-places/
[16] Public WiFi Usage Survey [Internet]. Identitiy Theft Resource Center (ITRC).
2012 [cited 14 October 2017]. Available from:
https://www.idtheftcenter.org/images/surveys_studies/PublicWiFiUsageSurve
y.pdf
[17] Nolinske T. Methods of Survey Data Collection | NBRI [Internet]. NBRI. [cited 14
October 2017]. Available from:
https://www.nbrii.com/customer-survey-white-papers/methods-of-survey-dat
a-collection/

106
Relationship Between Physical Activity During Work and Risk of
Obesity Among the Administration Staff of University X

Wahyudin1, L. Meily Kurniawidjaja2

1
Postgraduate Student of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, UI
2
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health,
Universitas Indonesia
Corresponding Author: meily.widjaja50@gmail.com

Abstract

Obesity is a state of body fat excessive accumulation. Its cause is highly complex, one
of which is sedentary work. Obesity is a risk factor for degenerative diseases such as
hypertension, heart disease and diabetes mellitus. WHO stated 2.8 million adults die
each year due to obesity. Based on 2013 RISKESDAS, the prevalence of adult
population in Indonesia with obesity was 15.4%. This study aimed to discover the
relationship between physical activity during work and risk of obesity among the
administration staff in university X, using cross sectional research method on 50
respondents. The dependent variable was physical activity during work and the
independent variable was obesity risk. Determination of nutritional status carried out
using anthropometric method with BMI measurement, the respondent categorized as
obese if IMT ≥ 25. Chi-Square test used as data analysis method. Result showed that
the prevalence of obesity was 42%, most of them (68%) had light activity and there
was a significant relationship between physical activity during work and risk of obesity
(p value = 0,001). Staffs who had light work activities were at risk of obesity. To reduce
the occurrence of obesity, it was suggested that sports activities should be carried out
outside working hours. Further research using multivariate analysis was planned to
explore other obesity risk factors of these groups.

Keywords: Occupational Health, Sedentary Work, Nutritional Status, Obesity

107
1. INTRODUCTION
Obesity has currently become global health issue, within a decade its prevalence
increased. Obesity is risk factor of degenerative diseases such as hypertension, heart
disease and diabetes mellitus [1]. In 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) stated
that more than 1.4 billion adult aged more than 20 years had excessive body weight
and at least 2.8 million adult died every year due to obesity [2]. Meanwhile in
Indonesia according to 2013 RISKESDAS, obeisity prevalence among adults was 15,4%
[3].

Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat accumulation. Basic mechanism of

obesity is calories intake that exceed its usage to maintain and health recovery (WHO).
This condition lasts for a long time. Such excess would be stored in fat tissue which
cause obesity in the long run [4]. Excessive energy intake, low energy usage in physical
activity form, or combination of both conditions cause energy imbalance that lead into
body weight increase [5].

Obesity diagnosis could be made through direct nutritional status assessment, used
anthropometric method. One of anthropometric method used in diagnosing obesity is
Body Mass Index (BMI) measurement, in which individual with BMI more than 25 [6].

Obesity cause is very complex, one of them is caused by low activity where body
mechanism do not optimally occur so that energy would be stored in fat tissue [5].
Everyone could suffer from obesity if they were unable to maintain eating pattern and
perform sufficient exercise, obesity commonly suffered by individual with sedentary
work such as administrative or office work. Low activity work cause reduced physical
activity, making this kind of work at risk of obesity.

According to research result [7], Civil Servants with low and moderate physical
activity intense were at risk of obesity, compared with those who had high physical
activity. This showed that employee with low work activity were at risk of degenerative
disease caused by obesity.

Administration staff of University of X is kind of sedentary or administrative work,

most of their work carried out in sitting position on facing computer and notebook.

108
The work activity of university employees spent an average of 5 hours per day, to sit in
front of a computer desk. Almost half (45.76%) of the staff had obesity nutritional
status and at risk of getting degenerative disease such as diabetes mellitus, heart
attack, stroke, and others. This research aimed to discover physical activity during
work, obesity prevalence and relationship between physical activity during work and
obesity risk.

2. METHODS
The design was cross sectional survey, the dependent variable was obesity risk, while
the independent variable was physical activity during work. The data collection was
carried out simultaneously in July 2017. Population in this research were entire
permanent employee of University of X amounted to 50 people. Inclusion criteria was
permanent employee with minimum 2 years of service period and exclusion criteria of
pregnant employee and employee with health issue or sick. This research used total
sampling method and yielding 50 administration staffs of University of X [8].
Data were collected using a questionnaire focusing on physical activity at work that
was adapted from all employees' physical activity during the eight hours of each day,
using the respondent's memory of activities performed during the work. and making
direct nutritional assessment using anthropometric with Body Mass Index (BMI)
measurement. BMI measurement is an easy and simple method of discovering adult
nutritional status with BMI threshold for Indonesia classified into 3 categories namely
Thin with BMI < 18.5; Normal with IMT 18.5-25; and Fat or excessive body weight or
obesity if BMI > 25. Body weight weighing carried out using digital scale with 0.1
kilogram accuracy and body height measurement using microtoise with 0.1 centimeter
accuracy [6].

3. RESULTS
The result showed from 50 respondents most of employee at University of X had
‘light’ category of physical activity during work as of 68% and 32% in ‘moderate’
category (Table 1). It was found that 58% respondents had ‘not obesity’ BMI
nutritional status and 42% with ‘obesity status’.

109
Table 1. Respondent Frequency Distribution Based on Physical Activity during Work

Physical Activity During Work n %

Light 34 68
Moderate 16 32

Table 2. Respondent Frequency Distribution Based on Nutritional Status (BMI)

Nutritional Status n %
Obesity 21 42
Not Obesity 29 58

Chi-Square test result revealed that there was significant relationship between
dependent variable of light work activity and independent variable of obesity risk.
Obesity was caused by light work activity.

Table 3. Relationship between Physical Activity during Work and Obesity Risk
Nutritional Work Activity
Total Test Nilai p
Status (BMI) Light Moderate
n % n % N %
Obesity 20 40 1 2 21 42 Chi
0,001
*Not Obesity 14 28 15 30 29 58 Square
*data combined for analysis

4. DISCUSSION
Using cross sectional survey design to test relationship between physical activity
during work and obesity risk at administration staff of University of X, research sample
used total sampling of 50 respondents. This research used physical activity during work
questionnaire that was self-completed directly by respondent, and respondent
nutritional status was assessed using BMI by measuring body weight and body height.
Most of physical activity carried by staff during work was light activity (68%). With
this low physical activity there would be unused energy within body and stored into fat
[1]. According to respondent nutritional status measurement, 42% of them had
‘obesity’ category and 58% of them were in ‘not obesity’ category. Almost half of

110
administration staff of University of X had obesity that would place them at risk of
suffering from several degenerative diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
and heart attack [9].
Chi-Square test result for two dependent variables; physical activity during work
with independent variable of obesity risk, yielded significant relationship between light
work activity wand obesity on University of X administration staff (p = 0.001). Light
work activity would contribute in obesity, or the lighter the physical activity, the more
for obesity to occur [7].

5. CONCLUCIONS
Work type of administration staff of University of X is sedentary work, with light
physical activity involved in most of its work with total of 68% respondent. 42%
respondent sample of University of X administration staff had 42% obesity for their
nutritional status and were at risk of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attack and
others. Chi-Square analysis showed that the lighter the physical activity during work,
the more respondent at risk of obesity.

References

[1] Toto Sudargo dkk. Pola Makan dan Obesitas. 2end ed. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada
University Press; 2016.

[2] World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases

2010 [Internet]. World Health. 2010. p. 176. Available from:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240686458_eng.pdf

[3] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Riset Kesehatan Dasar

(RISKESDAS) 2013. Lap Nas 2013. 2013;1–384.

[4] Soegih R. Rachmad dan Wiramihardja KK. Obesitas Permasalahan dan Terpai
Praktis. 1st ed. Jakarta: Sagung Seto; 2009.

[5] Stein CJ, Colditz GA. The epidemic of obesity. In: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology

111
 and Metabolism. 2004. p. 2522–5.

[6] Depkes.go.id. PEDOMAN PRAKTIS MEMANTAU STATUS GIZI ORANG DEWASA.

Indonesia. 2015. p. 1–3.

[7] Widiantini, W. ZT. Aktifitas Fisik, Stres, Dan Obesitas Pada Pegawai Negeri Sipil. J
Kesehat Masy Nas. 2014;8[7]:329–36.

[8] Sugiyono. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
2012. 361 p.

[9] Arisman. Obesitas, Diabetes Mellitus dan Dislipidemia : Konsep, Teori dan
Penanganan Aplikatif. 1st ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2010.

112
FACTORS RELATED FOR USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT ON WORKER CARPENTER IN CIPUTAT DISTRICT
SOUTH TANGERANG CITY BANTEN
L. Effendi1 , AP. Pratama2
1
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta,
Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
2
Alumnus Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: luqman1968@gmail.com

Abstract

Background: The furniture industry or the manufacture of frames is one of the

informal sector industries that process the raw material into finished materials. The
physical process of processing the raw materials to be used as furniture tends to
produce pollutants such as particles of wood dust

Objective: The purpose of the research is knowing the factors related to the behavior
of workers in the use of personal protective equipment at the workplace in sub district
Ciputat, South Tangerang, 2016.

Method: This study use a cross sectional survey. The population in this study was 18
furniture industries and the total samples used are 60 respondents. Analysis of the
data in this study is using univariate and bivariate analysis by chi-square test

Result: From the results of studies using the behavior of personal protective
equipment found a significant relationship (significant) were age with p = 0,028 OR =
3.449, p = 0.005 knowledge with OR = 0.160, personal protective equipment facility
with p = 0.005 OR = 12.667.

Conclusion The company provides personal protective equipment, the company needs
to share the information about the importance, usefulness, and benefits of personal

113
protective equipment (PPE), workers must be aware of the importance of using
personal protective equipment

Keywords: personal protective equipment, carpenter workers, behavior

1. INTRODUCTION
Furniture industry or syringe manufacturing is one of the informal sector industries
that process wood raw materials into finished materials. The processing of raw
materials to be used as furniture will produce pollution such as wood dust particles
that have the potential to cause air pollution. Several studies have been conducted
on occupational health and safety in the wood processing industry in Ghana showing
that timber workers are exposed to various types and occupational hazards ranging
from bacterial, viral and chemical infections to physical injuries and accidents [1].
Research on rustic workers at PT Borneo Melintang Buana Eksport Yogyakarta in
2008 found 81 percent had a sharp cut-and-sharp work accident 73 percent had
crashed work accidents [2].
The results of research on small woodworking industry workers in Brazil found that
they were exposed to poor working conditions, different situations and jobs. The risk
of exposure to this hazard is directly related to health where the most common
complaints appear to be related to respiratory illness and musculoskeletal problems
[3]. The results of research in Dar es Salaam found almost 52% of all workers have
respiratory symptoms Prevalence of respiratory symptoms was found statistically
related to the level of exposure to wood dust. Home workers in small industries have
a high probability of developing respiratory disease [4]. A study in the furniture
industry in Tangerang Selatan found that 40.2 percent of workers had contact
dermatitis [5].
Exposure or hazard risks that exist in the workplace are not always avoidable so that
what can be done is to reduce them. PPE is the safest last step to be employed by
workers. PPE is a set of tools used by labor to protect some or all of its body from
potential hazards or workplace accidents. Workplace hazards are all things in the
workplace that can hurt workers, both physically and mentally. Syringe industry that

114
uses wood base materials, produces a lot of wood dust from the cutting process,
smoothing with sandpaper and shrinkage. The hazards arising from wood processing
are respiratory tract disorders, and may even cause irritation if not promptly
mitigated [6].
According to the ILO guidebook (1989), that of all occupational accidents due to
unsafe conditions is estimated at 15%, while those caused by human acts are 85%.
Thus the attention is to the unsafe human act as the cause of the accident. Such
insecurity is caused by the lack of knowledge of the benefits of using personal
protective equipment [7].
Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics in February 2012 the number of
workers in the informal sector in Indonesia is higher than that of formal sector
workers which amounted to 70.7 million people (62.71%). According to data from
the Ministry of Health, the highest number of occupational accidents in Indonesia in
2011 is found in Banten province with the number of cases (9,891) and for the
number of occupational diseases Banten Province has the highest in Indonesia in
2013 [8]. The epidemiological studies conducted by Osman and Pala (2009) on wood
dust exposure in furniture industry in small industrial estates in Bursa Turkey found
that FEV1 and FVC values of average wood workers, between both smokers and non
smokers, were significantly low , although the FEV1 / FVC value is high (p <0.05).
Increases in FEV1 and FVC values were detected among timber workers with less
than 10 years of service and exposure to wood dust at concentrations greater than
mg / m3 compared with wood dust workers less than 4 mg / m3 (p <0.05) [9].
According to a study conducted by Aji (2012) in the informal sector of the
woodworker in the wood processing industry is a job with the cognitive
characteristics that often suffer from high health complaints that as many as 54.2%
of workers have health complaints of health complaints experienced by workers such
as cough- cough and red eye sore 93,8%, skin itch 71,9%, and 37,5% tired worker
[10].
Particles or dust produced from such wood can interfere with health, especially in
the respiratory tract. Manufacture of furniture or frames in small-scale or home-

115
based Ciputat District of 5 industry owners says they are not full of work every day
due to lack of demand, sometimes requests for sills or furniture are delivered
elsewhere. PPE that is available in the workplace is rarely employed and the
condition is dirty and unkempt and some industrial owners do not have and provide
PPE, the incidence of work accidents that hit the workers such as hit by hard objects
and wounds due to sharp objects, due to lack of awareness of workers to PPE. The
use of PPE in many studies is related to the onset of respiratory disorders in workers
[11], worker accidents in workers [1,12], symptoms of eye pain in workers [13]

2. METHODS
This study used cross-sectional survey design. The population in this study as many
as 18 furniture and the sample used is the total sample of 60 respondents. Data
analysis in this study used univariate and bivariate analysis through chi-square test

3. RESULTS
The results found that APD masks were used by 66.7% of workers in wood
processing. Workers using PPE masks at most (67.5%) reasoned for knowing the
benefits of using PPE, while those who did not use PPE at most (70%) reasoned
because they were not accustomed to using PPE (see table 1).
Table 1 Recapitulation of masker PPE use
Masker PPE Use Amount %
Yes 40 66,7
No Use 20 33,3
Total 60 100,0

Reasoning use Amount %

All ready 1 2,5
Know the benefits of PPE use 27 67,5
Required 2 5,0
PPE reduce risk 10 25,0

116
 Total 40 100,0

Reasoning not use Amount %

Not available 3 15,0
Uncomfortable 3 15,0
Not usual 14 70,0
Total 20 100,0

The result of bivariate analysis showed that the use of PPE mask correlated
significantly with worker age (P value = 0,028, OR = 3,449), knowledge (P value = 0,005,
OR = 0,160), and APD facility (P value = 0,005, OR = 12,667). The use of PPE masks is
mostly performed by workers <34 years of age compared to workers with age ≥ 34
years, well-informed workers compared with less knowledgeable workers, and workers
stating the presence of PPE facilities compared to workers stating the absence of PPE
facilities. However, the use of PPE was not significantly associated with length of work
(P value = 0.465), education (P value = 0.591), and experience of work accidents (P
value = 0.148) (see table 2).

Table 2 Recapitulation of Bivariate Analysis

PPE Use
Total
No. Variable Yes Not use P value OR

n % n % N %

Old workers
1. 26 78,8 7 21,2 33 100
0.028
a. < 32 3,449
14 51,9 13 48,1 27 100
b. ≥ 32

117
 Working duration
2. 22 71,0 9 29,0 31 100 0,465

a. < 7 years 18 62,1 11 37,9 29 100

b. ≥ 7 years

Education
3. 6 75,0 2 25,0 8 100 0,591

a. Basic 34 65,4 18 34,6 52 100

b. Middle

4. Knowledge 21 87,5 3 12,5 24 100 0,005

a. Good 0,160
19 52,8 17 47,2 36 100
b. Average

Experience with
5. accident
13 81,3 3 18,7 16 100 0,148
a. Yes
27 61,4 17 38,6 44 100
b. No

PPE availability
6. 16 94,1 1 5,9 17 100 0,005
12,667
a. Yes 24 55,8 19 44,2 43 100
b. No

4. DISCUSSION
Younger workers are more likely to have higher education and better knowledge of
older workers. This is the reason that the results of the study found that the use of PPE
masks more done by workers with younger age. The results of this study are in line

118
with the results of Iqbal (2014) research on workers in the Department of
Metalforming PT. Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) [14] and Saputri & Paskarini (2014)
research on skeletal worker [15], but unlike Alfadri (2011), Putri and Deni (2014)
studies that found no significant effect between worker age against the use of PPE
[16,17].
The educational variables in this study indicate that there is no significant
relationship with the behavior of PPE usage. This study is in line with research
conducted by Saputri & Pascarini (2014), which shows no significant association
between education and behavioral use of PPE [15], but not in line with Nurraihan
(2010) [18] and Putri & Deni (2014) studies concluded there was a relationship
between formal education and behavior using self-protective devices [17].
Education is a process of delivering materials or materials done by educators to the
target of education in order to achieve behavioral changes. A person with a high
formal education background will have a high level of knowledge and reasoning and a
diverse persepy about something compared to someone with a low formal education
background. In addition, education can also affect the way people think in work
(Suma'mur, 1997) [19].
In contrast to education, the results of this study found a significant relationship
between knowledge with the use of personal protective equipment. Knowledge is part
of one of the factors that affect a behavior. This can be explained by the Notoatmodjo
scheme (2003) that in acting or behaving is influenced by the level of knowledge
resulting in a stimulus in action. Cognitive knowledge is a very important domain in
shaping one's actions [20]. Respondents acted to use PPE because respondents have
knowledge of the benefits of using PPE, so that they can avoid accidents due to work.
These results are consistent with the Saputri and Paskarini studies [15] but are
different from those of Alfadri [6] and Putri & Deni [17] which conclude that there is no
significant effect of knowledge on the use of PPE.
Experiences in many studies have been the determinants of behavioral change,
including in this study the experience of occupational accidents and occupational
diseases. Nevertheless the results of this study indicate that there is no significant

119
relationship between work accident experience with the use of personal protective
equipment. Based on further data excavations some workers who have had work
accidents only mild accidents even for work-related diseases they say do not
experience it. More than that the emergence of occupational diseases takes a long
time.
The availability of personal protective equipment and surveillance facilities has a
significant relationship with the use of personal protective equipment. Therefore, the
need for planning, implementation and monitoring for the use of PPE in the informal
sector. So that employees are controlled in getting the use of PPE. Green theory in
Notoatmodjo (2003) states that a person's learning outcomes are a change of
behavior. Behavior change is based on the change or the addition of knowledge of
attitude and skill. However, this change of knowledge and attitudes is not a guarantee
of behavioral change because the behavior sometimes requires material support and
enabling factors [20].

5. CONCLUSION
Availability of PPE facilities has the highest chance of creating behavioral PPE usage
in workers in the small furniture industry. The results of the study and discussion found
that factors related to the behavior of PPE use in small furniture industry workers still
show controversy where the results obtained are still always different. More serious-
scale research is needed to ensure a pattern of relationships between variables related
to PPE use in small furniture industries

References
[1] Kwankye EA., 2012. Worker Characteristics and Compliance to Occupational
Health and Safety (A Study of Naja David Wood Industry Limited in Kumasi
Metropolis) in A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology and Social
Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
[2] Handayani EE, Wibowo TA, Suryani D., 2010., ‘Hubungan Antara Penggunaan
Alat Pelindung Diri (APD), Umur, dan Masa Kerja dengan Kecelakaan Kerja pada

120
 Pekerja Bagian Rustic di PT Borneo Melintang Buana Eksport Yogyakarta, in KES
MAS Vol.4 No.3 September 2010: 144-239
[3] Iguti AM., Alvares IG., Monteiro I, 2014. ‘ Furniture micro enterprises in a small
city in Brazil’ in Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management XI
Nordic Ergonomics Society Annual Conference 46
[4] Rongo LMB and Leon B, 2005. ‘Qualitative Method for Assessing Dust Exposure
in Small-Scale Wood Industries in the Informal Sectors’ in East African Journal
of Public Health Volum 2 Number 1 April 2005
[5] Afifah N., 2012. Faktor-Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian dermatitis
kontak pada pekerja proses finishing meubel kayu di wilayah Ciputat Timur
Tahun 2012. Skripsi FKIK UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
[6] Budiono AMS., 2003. Bunga Rampai Hiperkes dan Kesehatan Kerja. Semarang:
Badan Penerbit Undip
[7] ILO, 1989. Buku Pedoman Pencegahan Kecelakaan. Cetakan Pertama, PT
Gramedia, Jakarta
[8] Badan Pusat Statistik.2012. Berita Resmi Statitistik. Jakarta: Badan Pusat
Statistik
[9] Osman E and Pala K. 2009. “Occupational Exposure to Wood Dust and Health
Effects on the Respiratory System in A Minor Industrial Estate in Bursa/Turkey”
dalam International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental
Health 2009;22(1):43 – 50
[10] Aji SD., 2012. Dampak Paparan Debu Kayu Terhadap Keluhan Kesehatan
PekerjaSektor Informal di Sindang Galih Kelurahan Kahuripan Kecamatan
Tawang Kota Tasikmalaya Tahun 2012, Skripsi Universitas Siliwangi
Tasikmalaya.
[11] Fujianti P., Hasyim H., Sunarsih E., 2015.’Faktor-Faktor yang mempengaruhi
timbulnya keluhan gangguan pernafasan pada pekerja mebel Jati Berkah Kota
Jambi Tahun 2012’ in Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Volume 6 Nomor 03
November 2015

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[12] Suprianto R., and Evendi A., 2015.’Kepatuhan pemakaian Alat Pelindung Diri
(APD) pada Pekerja Las di Indramayu’ in Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol.1
No.3 Desember 2015
[13] Indrastuti DB., 2017. Hubungan Pengetahuan tentang Risiko Paparan Debu dan
Perilaku Pencegahan dengan Gejala Sakit Mata pada Pekerja Industri Mebel di
Kecamatan Ngemplak Boyolali, Skripsi Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat
Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan UMS Solo
[14] Iqbal M., 2014. Gambaran faktor-faktor penggunaan alat pelindung diri (APD)
pada pekerja di Departemen Metal Forming PT Dirgantara Indonesia Persero.
Skripsi UIN Jakarta
[15] Saputri IAD and Paskarini I, 2014.’Faktor-Faktor yang berhubungan dengan
kepatuhan penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) pada pekerja Kerangka
Bangunan (Proyek Hotel Mercure Grand Mirama Extention di PT Jagat
Konstruksi Abdipersada) in The Indonesian Journal of Occupation Safety, Health
and Environment, Vol.1, No.1, Jan-April 2014: 120-131
[16] Alfadri S., 2011. Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Perilaku Penggunaan
Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) Pada Tenaga Kerja Sektor Informal Pekerja
Pembuatan Kusen di Jakarta Timur, Skripsi Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta
Tangerang Selatan
[17] Putri KDS and Deni AWY, 2014.’Analisis Faktor yang Berhubungan Dengan
Kepatuhan Menggunakan Alat Pelindung Diri’, in The Indonesian Journal of
Occupation Safety, Health and Environment, Vol.1, No.1, Jan-April 2014: 24-36
[18] Nurraihan. 2010. Analisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan
alat pelindung diri (APD) pada pekerja bagian cleaning service di RSAB Harapan
Kita Jakarta. Skripsi Uiversitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta Tangerang Selatan
[19] Suma’mur, P.K 1997 Keselamatan Kerja dan Pencegahan Kecelakaan. Jakarta:
PT.Gunung Agung.
[20] Notoatmodjo, S. 2003. Pendidikan dan Perilaku Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka
Cipta.

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Evaluation of Active Fire Protection Systems in Cement Factory
for Optimizing Fire Safety

Zilka Ilmi1, Indri Hapsari2, Meily Kurniawidjaja2

1
Student of Magister Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia,
Depok, West Java, Indonesia
2
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok,
West Java, Indonesia
Corresponding Author : indri@ui.ac.id

Abstract
Emergency condition like the fire can be occurring at anywhere including at industries,
therefore workplace fire safety is the most important part of the industries. Industry
must be well equiped with safety precautions. All the employers and employees must
be aware of fire, and safety, have the knowledge of fire prevention and emergency
response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the active fire protection systems in PT
Semen Padang and the knowledge of employees about these systems. This study was
descriptive study which conducted by document review, field observation, and in
depth interviews. The standards used are Manpower Ministerial Regulation, Public
Works Ministerial Decrees, and the NFPA international standards, consisting 3
elements. The results of this study indicate that 87% of the elements of management
and active fire protection systems in PT Semen Padang has met the standard and only
56% of employees have good knowledge about the active fire protection systems. The
element of active fire protection systems which not yet meet the requirement
standards are placement of fire extinguisher, fire extinguisher use instructions, and
heat detectors.
Keyword : Active Fire Protection, Cement Factory, Fire

123
1. INTRODUCTION
In the workplace, there are many hazards and risks, fire risk is one of most important.
Fire was unleashed as a hazard for workers and communities in new and dangerous
ways. In the building, it can be seen that in the event of fire starting, the occupants
face two main hazards. They are the spread of fire itself and the spread of hot gases
and smoke generated by the fire. Unless protection measures are effective occupants
may be trapped and overcome by smoke and gases before they have received warning
of the fire [1]. Fire is the process in which materials-some acting as fuel-are rapidly
combined with the heat and oxygen, giving off gases as flame, which then further fuels
the combination [2].
Many buildings have fire protection challenges. There are such challenges as
inaccessibility by fire equipment due to height factor; stair egress and smoke stack
effects; discordant fire safety management within and between different floors; re-
designing and changes from initial intended use and; complex vertical utility services
especially the heating ventilating and air conditioning conduits (HVCAs). As opposed to
non-structural fire protection systems/methods such as training, fire drills which are
undertaken during operational phases of a project etc., most of physical systems and
methods are installed during building design [3].
According to statistics of CTIF (Comité Technique International de prévention at
d`extinction du Feu) in 2015 showed that 3,503,425 fire cases with 18,454 civilian
deaths and 44.973 injuries [4]. Afterward, in Indonesia, there were 984 cases of fire in
2011 – 2015 with hundreds of civilian deaths and injuries [5]. Most of the causes were
due to the electrical short circuit.
Based on Manpower Ministerial Decrees number186/1999, the fire in the
workplace are detrimental to the company, the employee, and the national
development concerns. Therefore, it is necessary to have adequate fire protection
equipment, fire prevention officers specially appointed to it, as well as the
implementation of emergency response procedures[6]. Fire prevention efforts by
providing the necessary means should be used as a program in a company's
management policy with the support of all parties concerned.

124
 PT Semen Padang is a company engaged in the manufacture of cement that has
been established since 1910, is the oldest cement factory in Indonesia. Cement
manufacturing process through various stages to become economically valuable
production, the production stages begin with mining, milling, burning, up to packing
and marketing. In the process of burning raw materials into clinker using high heat up
to above 1000 ° C. PT Semen Padang recorded several times of fire, in 2015 there were
15 cases and increased in 2016 as many as 16 cases, while in 2017 June was seven
cases. As a big company, PT Semen Padang constantly trying to prevent fires in
addition to traumatic and material losses in large enough quantities. Therefore, the
aim of this study was to evaluate the active fire protection systems and the knowledge
of employees about these systems.

2. METHODS
This study was descriptive study which conducted by document review, field
observation, and in depth interviews with cross sectional approach and sample of 35
employee in PT Semen Padang for 2 months. The standards used are Manpower
Ministerial Regulation number 04/1980, Manpower Ministerial Regulation number
02/1983, Public Works Ministerial Decrees number 26/2008, and the NFPA
international standards-NFPA 10, NFPA 14, and NFPA 72.

3. RESULTS
The results showed that majority (48%) of respondents were in the age ≤29 years old,
senior high school levels (52%), working periods less than 5 years (44%), and there
were respondents (36%) who never attended the training. Then, the respondents who
have the good knowledge level about active fire protection systems as many as 56%.

Table 1. Frequency Distribution the Characteristics of Respondents

Characteristics of Respondents Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Age Range (years)
≤29 17 48
30-39 11 32
≥40 7 20

125
 Characteristics of Respondents Frequency (f) Percentage (%)
Level of education
Senior High School 18 52
Diploma 10 28
Bachelor 7 20
Working periods
≤ 5 years 15 44
5 - 10 years 14 40
≥ 10 years 6 16
Fire Training
Ever 22 64
Never 13 36
Knowledge Levels
Good 20 56
Fair 15 44

Based on the reviews of NFPA 10 and manpower ministerial regulation number

04/1980 with condition of fire extinguisher in Indarung V, it can be seen that 75 % of
elements have been met. The element which not meet yet the requirement standards
were placement of the fire extinguisher and inclusion of fire extinguisher operating
instructions [7][8].
TABLE 2. The Analysis on Conformity of Fire Extinguisher in Indarung V Based on NFPA
10 and Manpower Ministerial Regulation Number 04/1980

STANDARD Conforming Non- Information

Conforming
Fire extinguisher that used √ Fire extinguisher that used
conforming to the type of fire in Indarung V was a powder
type
Fire extinguisher placement √
label
Fire extinguisher placement is √ There were fire
easy to see, to take, and to use extinguishers placement
when fire which not easily visible
Operating instruction of fire √ No operating instructioons
extinguisher
The maximum placement √
distance of each fire
extinguisher is 15.25 m
The seal is in good condition √
Fire extinguisher should not be √ Room temperaturs 24 – 28
installed in rooms which °C
temperatures above than 49 °C
and below 4 °C
The inspection of fire √ The investigation of fire

126
STANDARD Conforming Non- Information
Conforming
extinguisher is done twice in a extinguisher was done in
year every 6 months
Every fire extinguisher should √
be mounted hanging on the
wall with the reinforcement or
in the glass cabinet, and can be
used easily when needed
Placement of fire extinguisher √ There were some of fire
is at a height of 1.2 meters from extinguisher placement was
the floor at a height of 1.4 meters
from the floor
The outside of the tube should √
not be defective including the
handle and the label should
always be in good condition
All of fire extinguisher tubes are √
red
TOTAL 75% 25%

Based on the reviews NFPA 14 and public works ministerial decrees number
26/2008 with condition hydrant in Indarung V got result that overall elements have
fulfilled existing standards [9][10].

TABLE 3. The Analysis on Conformity of Hydrant in Indarung V Based on NFPA 14 and

Public Works Ministerial Decrees Number 26/2008
STANDARD Conforming Non- Information
Conforming
The hydrant box is easy to √
see, to open, and to reach
Hydrants are placed in an √
easily accessible
The hydrant pillar is painted √
red
A red building hydrant box √
with a white hydrant
The hydrant box consists of a √
hose rack, hose, nozzle, and a
hose valve
The source of water supply √
for fire hydrants should be
taken into account (min 30
minutes)
Fire pumps and other √ Fire pumps and other

127
 STANDARD Conforming Non- Information
Conforming
electrical equipment must electrical equipment have
have a separate power outage their own power supply-diesel
from an emergency power
source
Should be provided the same √
coupling with the coupling of
the fire extinguishers
The placement of yard √
hydrand should be easily
accessible by the fire truck
The yard hydrant have 2 √ The yard hydrant have 2
landing valve which min landing valve which min
diameters 4 inchi (10 cm) and diameters 4 inchi (10 cm)
3 landing valve which min
diameters 6 inchi (15 cm)
TOTAL 100% 0%

Furthermore, based on the reviews NFPA 72 and manpower ministerial regulation

number 02/1983 with fire alarm systems in Indarung V, it can be seen that 86% of
elements have been met. The elements which were not meet yet the requirement
standards was installation of heat detector and no flame detector there. The detector
used in Indarung V were smoke detector and heat detector [11][12].

TABLE 4. The Analysis on Conformity of Fire Detection and Alarm Systems in Indarung
V Based on NFPA 72 and Manpower Ministerial Regulation Number 02/1983
STANDARD Conforming Non- Non- Information
Conforming Applicable
The manual call point is placed √
on the track of the exit lane
with a maximum height of 1.4
meters from the floor
The manual call point √
placement should not be
susceptible to interference,
not hidden, easily visible,
easily accessible
The manual call point is red √
Alarm sound frequency √
between 500 - 1000 Hz
Sound noise level at least 65 √
dB
The control panel should be √

128
 STANDARD Conforming Non- Non- Information
Conforming Applicable
able to show the origin of the
fire location
There are inspection and √ The procedure is
commisioning procedures Sistem
Manajemen
Semen Padang
(SMSP)
The power source for a fire √
alarm system shall be at not
less than 6 volts
For each area of 46 m2 with a √ The installation of
ceiling height of 3 meters, heat detector
mounted heat detector only in certain
room, room
which have high
fire potential,
that is in trafo
In one group of detectors, no √
more than 40 heat detectors
may be installed
For each area of 92 m2 should √
be installed a smoke sensing
device
The detector should not be √
installed within a distance of
less than 1.5 meters from the
air conditioner
For each group the system √ Non-Applicable
should be limited to a
maximum of 20 pieces of
flame sensing apparatus that
can protect the room
There is monthly maintenance √
of the detector
TOTAL 86% 7% 7%

4. DISCUSSION
The knowledge level of employees on active fire protection systems were good enough
(56%). The workplace with second moderate fire hazard, all employee should have
good knowledge. In 2017 June, reported that was seven cases of fire. Knowledge is a
main strategy for providing fire prevention messages. According to NFPA, Fire and Life
Safety (FLSE) is defined as “community fire and injury prevention programs and

129
designed to eliminate or mitigate situations that endanger to live, health, property or
the environment” [13].
Fire Extinguishers: These are first-aid fire extinguishers which are installed in the
building for emergency purposes. It is a legal requirement under Manpower Ministerial
Decrees number186/1999, section 2 [2] to provide firefighting appliances includes,
among others, fire extinguishers. The survey found that 75% of the fire extinguisher
standard has been met. It was observed that there were two fire extinguishers placed
in a not easily seen, blocked the machines at the kiln and coal mill. Based on the
standards, all of the fire extinguishers should be placed in a place that is easy to see,
easy to take, not blocked by other objects, then it easy to use when fire. Then, three
fire extinguishers are at 1.4 meters. Placement of fire extinguisher is at a height of 1.2
meters from the floor except that CO2 and dry chemical type that can be placed lower
(not less than 15 cm from the floor). In addition, there should be operating instructions
of fire extinguisher because not all employees have ability to use fire
extinguisher. Only 64% of the employee who have attended the training.
Hydrant: also called a fireplug or simply a plug, is a connection point by which
firefighters can tap into a water supply. It is a component of active fire protection. In
the survey it was found that 100% of elements have fulfilled existing standards.
Fire detection and alarm systems: The essence of an alarm system is to detect fire
and/or smoke and keep the building occupants and fire attendants alert and evacuate
the buildings if the danger of fire became eminent. In the survey, it was found that
86% of elements have been met. For each room with 46m2 area with ceiling’s height,
not more than 3 meters should be installed the heat detector. Installation of heat
detection should not be blocked with material that blocks heat, because the detector
is very sensitive. In addition the heat detector range is also limited, so the installation
of heat detector must comply with those standards. In Indarung V, the installation of
heat detector only in certain room which have high fire potential, that is in trafo.

130
5. CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, it’s noted that, although the buildings in cement factory are provided
with fire protection systems and methods such as fire detection and alarm system,
portable and fixed fire extinguishers, maintenance still remains wanting. A key setback
to maintenance is improper or lack of implementation of the recommendation made
after inspections are performed. Further, the survey showed that 87% of the elements
of management and active fire protection systems in PT Semen Padang were met the
standard and only 56% of employees have good knowledge about the active fire
protection systems. It is necessary for the provision and improvement of management
and fire protection systems that do not meet the requirements, as well as
maintenance for those who already met. The element of active fire protection systems
which not meet yet the requirement standards are placement of fire extinguisher, fire
extinguisher use instructions, and heat detectors. The management should hold the
training and workshop for increasing the knowledge of employees.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to the honorable people for their
contribution to this research; Indri Hapsari Susilowati, my mentor research of
Occupational Health and Safety Department Faculty of Public Health UI for her
valuable advice and encouragement.

References

[1] Smith NCS. Fire Precations in Connection with Building and Planning. SAGE J.
2015;194–200.
[2] Campbell R, Levenstein C. Fire and Worker Health and Safety : An Introduction to
The Special Issue. 2015;24[4]:457–68.
[3] Kironji M. Evaluation of Fire Protection Systems in Commercial Highrise Buildings
for Fire Safety Optimization A Case of Nairobi Central Business District.
2015;5[10]:1–8.
[4] N.N. B, M. A, S.V. S, P. W. World Fire Statistics. 2007.

131
[5] Badan Nasiolan Penangggulangan Bencana. Data Kejadian Bencana Kebakaran
Pemukiman. 2017.
[6] Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of The Republic of Indonesia. Minister
of Manpower and Transmigration Decree Republic of Indonesia number
186/1999 concerning Unit Penanggulangan Kebakaran di Tempat Kerja. 1999.
[7] National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 10 Installation of portable fire
extinguishers. NFPA p. 36 leaves.
[8] Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of The Republic of Indonesia.
Regulation of The Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of The Republic of
Indonesia number 04/1980 concerning Syarat-Syarat Pemasangan dan
Pemeliharan Alat Pemadam Api Ringan. 1980 p. 1–10.
[9] National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of
Standpipe and Hose Systems 2007 Edition. Secretary 2007 p. 2000–1.
[10] Minister of Public Works of The Republic of Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of
Public Works of The Republic of Indonesia number 26/2008 concerning
Persyaratan Teknis Sistem Proteksi Kebakaran Pada Bangunan Gedung Dan
Lingkungan. 2008 p. 5.
[11] National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 72 Standard for National Fire Alarm
and Signaling Code 2013 Edition. 2013 p. 16–362.
[12] Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of The Republic of Indonesia.
Regulation of The Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of The Republic of
Indonesia number 02/1983 concerning Instalasi Alarm Kebakaran Automatik.
1983;1–25.
[13] Diekman ST, Stewart T a, Teh SL, Ballesteros MF. A Qualitative Evaluation of Fire
Safety Education Programs for Older Adults. Health Promot Pract.
2010;11[2]:216–25.

132
The Emergency Response Preparedness Levels Based on
Knowledge in High Rise Building

Ambi Pradiptha1, Fatma Lestari2

1
Student of Magister Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia,
Depok, West Java, Indonesia
2
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok,
West Java, Indonesia and Disaster Research & Response Centre, University of Indonesia, Depok, West
Java, Indonesia
Corresponding Author : fatmalestari@icloud.com; fatma@ui.ac.id

Abstract

Among different types of occupancies, a commercial high rise building presents a

greater challenge to emergency due to its complexity. This study aims to identify
emergency response preparedness levels of employees based on knowledge. This
study used cross-sectional with 25 participants using random sampling. The method
used is interview to the employees. The result showed that 80% employees having
good preparedness of emergency response because they have been given an
explanation of it when safety induction. This significant correlation between
knowledge to emergency response preparedness (p= 0,002; α = 0,005). It’s
recommended to maintain and increase the employees emergency response
preparedness. Management should be conduct training or simulation of emergency
response for employee. Besides that, it is also necessary to be given periodic safety
induction for all employees.

Keywords: Emergency Response Preparedness, Knowledge Level, High Rise Building

133
1. INTRODUCTION
The advent of high-rise buildings in the 19th century marked the beginning of
sophisticated human habitation borne out of the ever-increasing competing demands
for limited space in cities. Couple with its ability to accommodate many operationos
and people, high rise buildings/occupancies are the best alternative available to many
municipal goverments in allocation of dwindling land sizes and spiraling prices
experienced in many cities across the globe [1]. NFPA defines a highrise building as a
building taller than than 75 ft (23 meters) in height measured from the lowest level of
fire department vehicle access to the floor of the highest occupiable storey [2].

According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), there are

approximately 16,000 to 20,000 fires in high-rise buildings each year. This represents 2
to 4 percent of all building fires. These fires are associated with 80 to 90 civilian
deaths, 800 to 900 injuries and $100 million to $200 million in direct property damage.
Most of these fires take place in apartment buildings [3]. Afterward,on August 28, has
been fire breaks out in South Jakarta apartment block [4].

High-rise buildings present several unique challenges not found in traditional low-
rise buildings; longer egress times and distance, evacuation strategies, fire department
accessibility, smoke movement and fire control [5]. The management of building
occupants within high-rise buildings is a primary concern during emergencies.

Emergencies such as fires, bomb scares and earthquake present special dangers for
high-rise buildings. Disaster research studies have identified organized planning as the
most important element in successfully aiding victims in high-rise buildings. Because
most people responding to disasters involving high-rise buildings have not had prior
experience with such disasters, there is a tendency to see the situation and the
response it requires as unique. The large size of the building and the number of
employees or tenants within the high-rise increase the building's vulnerability when
disaster strikes and present special challenges for risk managers. A coordinated
emergency-response plan that identifies potential risks and outlines the best response
is perhaps the most important step risk managers can take to protect the occupants of

134
high-rises during emergencies [3]. Emergency managers acknowledge that information
flow is imperative to the success of any program. However, lack of knowledge of the
receiver’s access, interpretation, awareness, knowledge, and involvement indicates a
failure of the system [6].

PT XYZ is the companies engaged in contractor oil and gas who has experience
handle a great job related the field of business. PT XYZ located at high rise building
area which occupies on floors 26 to 28 in Jakarta. Located at the high rise building
which has the potential danger and risk, PT XYZ trying to protect the occupants of high-
rises during emergencies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify emergency
response preparedness levels of employees based on knowledge.

2. METHODS
This study was descriptive study with cross-sectional approach and samples of 25
participants that using random sampling. The study was conducted in PT XYZ between
June and July 2014. The method used is face-to-face interview to the employee by
questionnaires.

3. RESULTS
The result showed that employees who worked at PT XYZ majority (64%) is male with
age 20-29 years old (64%) and workings for more than 3 years (48%). Many employees
have never been participating in a training session (64%), but they have been following
simulation of emergency situation (84%). Then, majority employees never had an
earthquake disaster or fire incident (92%) and 8% respondents had experienced
earthquake disaster. The employees knowledge levels in this study showed they have a
good knowledge of emergency response preparedness (68%). Afterward, it also
showed that the employees preparedness levels to face an emergency response were
good (80%).

135
 Table 1. Characteristicsof Respondents and Emergency Preparedness Outcomes (n=25)

Variables Frekuensi (f) Persentase (%)

Gender
Male 16 64
Female 9 36
Age
20-29 16 64
30-39 5 20
40-49 4 16
Working Periods
1 year 5 20
2 years 8 32
≥ 3 years 12 48
Training
Ever 9 36
Never 16 64
Emergency Simulation
Ever 21 84
Never 4 16
Experience of Disaster
Ever 2 8
Never 23 92
Knowledge
Good 17 68
Fair 8 32
Preparedness
Good 20 80
Fair 5 20

Majority the employees with good emergency response preparedness levels on

good knowledge levels (62, 5%), be compared with employees with has a lack of
knowledge (37, 5%). The statistical test between the level of knowledge to emergency
response preparedness on employees in PT XYZ obtained p-value = 0,002 (p < 0,005),
this was significant correlation between the employees knowledge levels to emergency
response preparedness. Then, employees with a good knowledge have good
preparedness 2,667 times higher in the face to emergency than employees with a lack
of knowledge.

136
Tabel 2. The Correlation between Knowledge Levels to to Emergency Response
Preparedness
Emergency Response Preparedness
Total
Knowledge Good Fair p value OR
f % f % f %
Good 17 100 0 0 17 100
Fair 3 37,5 5 62,5 8 100 0,002 2,667
Total 20 80 5 20 25 100

4. DISCUSSIONS
The knowledge of employees on emergency response preparedness are good (80%).
This is supported by management which is always do safety induction to employees.
The difference in the level of knowledge about emergency response preparedness
among the employees were influenced by several factors, which are internal and
external factors. The internal factors covering educations, intelligence, jobs and age.
And the external factors covering the environment, socio-cultural, information and
experienced. But, it does not mean the other factors doesn’t affect for the
respondents knowledge levels. The another factor causing the difference of
perception, assessment, response and the communication pattern on information
about emergency response preparedness. These factors causes a different knowledge
levels to emergency response preparedness.
There significant correlation between employees knowledge levels to emergency
response preparedness. The employees with a good knowledge has good
preparedness 2,667 times higher in the face to emergency than respondents with a
lack of knowledge. Supported by Tanaka in Pangesti researched about preparedness
and mitigation of earthquake among 361 respondents in Fukui and 190 respondents in
San Fransisco. The result of the study explained that community located within the
disaster prone tending to be able to apply of preparedness in their life. People who
living in an area that prone to earthquakes as West Sumatra will have a better
knowledge and positive attitudes about earthquake [7]. Level of emergency response
preparaedness has also been found in studies undertaken elsewhere in Indonesia.
FEMA reported that 57% of US citizens have emergency supplies prepared and ready

137
to be used solely in the case of disaster [8]. The Chines population have a much lower
level of emergency preparedness (<5%) compared with US populations. Poor
knowledge and attitudes towards emergency response preparedness are the major
factors that have contributed to the low level of community preparedness outcomes.
Effective education and exercise can help community residents recognise and identify
hazards to improve their understanding about how to respond [9].

5. CONCLUSIONS
The level of emergency response preparedness in PT XYZ is good (80%), which is linked
with a good knowledge towards emergency preparedness. The statistical showed that
knowledge level to emergency response preparedness of the employee in PT XYZ
obtained p-value = 0,002 (p <0,005). There was significant correlation between
knowledge level to emergency response preparedness among the employees.
Furthermore, the employee with a good knowledge has preparedness 2.667 times
higher in the face to emergency than employee with lack of knowledge.
A variety of strategies should be taken to maintain and increase employee
emergency response preparedness, including emergency training and exercise,
simulation, and emergency day event for publicising purpose. In addition, the safety
induction should not only be done when a new person is accepted as an employee or
when the employee is transferred to a branch office, but it is better to do it
periodically, once every year for example, to ensure that employees keep in mind the
importance of preparedness in the face to emergency.

138
References

[1] Kironji M. Evaluation of Fire Protection Systems in Commercial Highrise Buildings

for Fire Safety Optimization A Case of Nairobi Central Business District.
2015;5[10]:1–8.
[2] Nastional Fire Protection Association. NFPA 550 Fire Safety Concepts Tree. 2007.
[3] Giustina D, E D. Emergency Planning for High-Rise Buildings. Risk Management.
[4] Fire breaks out in South Jakarta apartment block. The Jakarta Post. 2017;
[5] High Rise Buildings: A Unique Emergency Response Challenge. D4H. 2017.
[6] Commons S. Knowledge , Involvement and Emergency Preparedness. 2013;
[7] Pangesti ADH. Gambaran Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Aplikasi Kesiapan Bencana
Pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Indonesia. Universitas
Indonesia; 2012.
[8] FEMA. National Preparedness Report. 2013.
[9] Xu W, Hao Y, Wu Q, Ning N, You J, Liu C, et al. Community preparedness for
emergency : a cross-sectional survey of residents in Heilongjiang of China. 2015;

139
Analysis and Improvement of Work Postures in Laboratorium:
Application of The RULA Method
Finanta Gaffar Rifa’i, Septyani Prihatiningsih, Tri Martiana
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
Correspondence author : finanta7@gmail.com; septyani.prihatiningsih@gmail.com;
tri.martiana@fkm.unair.ac.id

Abstract
Background: Waste Water Treatment laboratory focused on testing of waste liquid water
samples in manufacturing industry. Workers activity in this laboratory indicate that MSDs
of repetitive tasks requiring reaching, precision gripping, awkward postures, and long
standing. However, the negligence of working posture in laboratorium may cause injury or
discomfort to the workers and muscoloskeletal disorders symptom (MSDs)
Purpose: The objectives of this research were to determine the working posture risk level
and suggest recommendation of to improve the existing.
Methods: This research was descriptive observational with cross sectional study design. The
samples workers activity of this research was selected by purposive. RULA (Rapid Upper
Limb Assessment was observation method that concern on biomechanical and postural load
requirements of job tasks/demands on the neck, trunk and upper extremities and finding
recommended actions for improvement the working postures. The muscoloskeletal
disorders symptom(MSDs) measured by deep interview workers.
Results: The result of RULA method in this research have identified working postures in
laboratorium which about 80% - 90% working postures categorize action level into category
6, that was distinctly harmful postures and corrective action should be taken as soon as
possible. The action was needed to improve working postures of laboratorium workers,
because still found working postures that risking for injury or MSDs. After redesign layout,
make supporting tools to improve working postures. The RULA scores of the worker's
working postures categorize action level improved into category 2. This category means
that was normal and natural postures with no harmful effect on muscoloskeletal system (no
action required).

140
Conclusion: Analysis and improvement of working posture provides a significant reduction
in MSDs.
Keywords : rula, ergonomic, posture

1. INTRODUCTION
Musculoskeletal disorders are common in the United States. Although precise estimates are
not available, most researchers agree that exposure to a combination of work place risk
factors is a major contributor to these disorders. Along with personal factors (age, gender,
etc.) [2,3,4]. Epidemiologic studies of workers have associated these disorders with many
work-place physical and psychosocial factors. Specific physical factors associated with these
disorders include intense, repeated, or sustained exertions, awkward, sustained, or extreme
postures of the body, insufficient recovery time, vibration, and cold temperatures. Specific
examples of work-place psychosocial factors include monotonous work, time pressure, high
work load, lack of peer support, and a poor supervisor-employee relationship [5]. Upper
extrimity work-related muscoloskeletal disorders symptom (MSDs) are a significant
problem for employers workes in many industries. Additional possible work-related risk
factors for upper extremity disordes include awkward work posture, vibration, mechanical
contact strees, cold temperatures and poor fitting gloves [1].
Waste Water Treatment laboratory focused on testing of waste liquid water samples in
manufacturing industry. Workers activity in this laboratory indicate that MSDs of repetitive
tasks requiring reaching, precision gripping, awkward postures, and long standing.
However, the negligence of working posture in laboratorium may cause injury or
discomfort to the workers and muscoloskeletal disorders symptom (MSDs).

2. METHODS
This research was descriptive observational with cross sectional study design. The
samples workers activity of this research was selected by purposive. RULA (Rapid Upper
Limb Assessment) was observation method that concern on biomechanical and postural
load requirements of job tasks/demands on the neck, trunk and upper extremities and
finding recommended actions for improvement the working. The muscoloskeletal disorders

141
symptom (MSDs) measured by deep interview workers.

3. RESULTS
The result of RULA method in this research have identified working postures in
laboratorium which about 80% - 90% working postures categorize action level into category
6, that was distinctly harmful postures and corrective action should be taken as soon as
possible. The action was needed to improve working postures of laboratorium workers,
because still found working postures that risking for injury or MSDs. After redesign layout,
make supporting tools to improve working postures. The RULA scores of the worker's
working postures categorize action level improved into category 2. This category means
that was normal and natural postures with no harmful effect on muscoloskeletal system (no
action required).

4. CONLUSSIONS
Analysis and improvement of working posture provides a significant reduction in MSDs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank for all team Waste Water Treatment laboratory for the
support.

COMPETING INTEREST
For this research the authors dont have any competing interest with others.

Refferences
[1] Armstrong., T.J. 1986. Ergonomics and cumulative trauma disorders. Hand Clinics. 2, 555-
565
[2] Manual Material Handling. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2007-131.
[3] Stanton, Neville., et al, (1960), Human Factor Methods: A Practical Guide for Enginering
Design, 2nd edition, Ashgate Publishing Company, USA.
[4] Steinberg, U., (2012), New tools in Germany: development and appliance of the first two
KIM ("lifting, holding and carrying" and "pulling and pushing") and practical use of these

142
 methods', Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, Vol. 41,
p3990-3996.
[5] Salvendy, Gavriel., (2001), Handbook of Industrial Engineering : Technology and
Operations Management, 3-rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Canada
[6] Braveman, Brent., Page, J.J., (2012), WORK : Promoting Participation and Productivity
Through Occupational Therapy, 1-st edition, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, USA
[7] Raghunathan Rajesh, Rakesh V Babu, Saran Ramachandran, (2013), Ergonomic Redesign
of Manual Material Handling Worksystem in manufacturing plant, International Journal
of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET), Vol. 2, Special
Issues1, p583–588.

143
Analysis and Improvement Of Noise Reduction In Engine
Assembly Office Area
Finanta Gaffar Rifa’i1, Septyani Prihatiningsih1, Tri Martiana1
1
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya, Indonesia
Correspondence author :

Abstract
Background. The engine assembly area has some hazards of working environment, one
of which is noise. Noise can come from engines and equipment for engine assembly,
such as impact gun. Based on environmental measurement results for noise in the
office area located not far from the engine area reached 88.1 dBA. The value exceeds
the TLV works in 8 hours of 85 dBA, so recommended actions or improvement for
control to reduce noise in the area of office engine assembly. Purpose. To reduce the
noise intensity in the office engine assembly area so that within the limits of the
allowed threshold value. Methods. This research was experimental with cross sectional
study design by making isolation barrier between office area with production assembly
engine area. Results. Measurement of exposure of noise to workers is done for 2 days
in the office engine assembly area with time every day 8 hours according to working
hours. Obtained results Leq / Lavq 93,3 dBA. Then conducted a study to determine the
form of noise reduction that will be done. Some analysis: 1. No barrier for noise
exposure. 2. Close distance between office area and production assembly engine
area.Improvement for this case are making isolation barrier as noise reduction form
between office and production area. The result is noise decreased to 58.3 dBA and its
accordance with the TLV and worker allowed to work for 8 hours. Conclusion.
Redesign office station with Isolation barrier can be done and is quite effective as noise
reduction for work environment with noise hazard above threshold value.
Keywords: hazard, noise, threshold value, assembly

144
1. INTRODUCTION
During the last 20 years, manufacturers of machine tools have developed new
technical solutions, such as high-speed machine tools, or increased of mechanization,
leading to great productivity improvements and reduction of labour costs. Machines
and tools was used to support the production process have the potential effect to
cause noise. Noise is the unwanted sound that interfere and endanger health. In
recent years, environment impact has become an additional challenge . An additional
challenge is to limit the Occupational Health and Safety problems (OHS) impact of
manufacturing plants on operators. Among the aggressions undergone by operators in
a engine Assembly area, noise is a critical hazard since it affects them daily without any
obvious short-term impact on hearing
The general effect of noise on the hearing of workers has been debate among issue
for a number of years. Noise-induced hearing loss is the most general effect of noise.
Noise-induced hearing loss is second most common form of sensorineural hearing
deficit, after prescbycusis (age-related hearing loss). Hearing forces caused by any
sound have an impact on the stereocilia of the hair cells of the basilar membrane of
the cochlea; when excessive, these forces can cause cell death. Avoiding noise
exposure stops further progression of the damage. Noise-induced hearing loss
can be prevented by avoiding excessive noise and using Hearing Protection
Devices (HPD) such as earplugs and earmuffs.
OSHA has define standard common source of noise and mandates that employers
provide hearing conservation programs for their employees in workplaces where
noise levels equal or exceed 85 dB(A) for an eight-hour time-weighted average.
An occupational hearing conservation program includes engineering and
administrative controls to reduce noise exposures, employee training in the use of
hearing protection and annual audiometry for all workers who are exposed to noise.
The Indonesian Regulation (Permenakertrans No. 13 Tahun 2011) indicates daily
noise exposure levels for 8 working hours: (i) below 85 dBA, no protection is
recommended, (ii) over 85 dBA, protection is necessary and the company must initiate
a program to reduce noise emission. Between 80 and 85 dBA, the company must offer

145
individual protection to the operators and to test their hearing capacity annually. The
critical daily noise exposure level of 85 dBA is often exceeded in the manufacturing
industry [1,3].
As a consequence, technological advancements are needed to reduce the noise
intensity in the office engine assembly area so that within the limits of the allowed
threshold value.

2. METHODS
This research was experimental with cross sectional study design. Step tof this
research is assessing the noise-level or sound pressure level in engine assembly area,
and exposure of noise received by workers, evaluate and control the noise levels
workers are exposed to facilitate a mitigation of the high dose of noise that constitute
not only a potential risk to hearing. And the experimental of this research is reduce the
noise intensity in the office engine assembly area.

3. RESULTS
To assess the exposure of noise received by workers directly in the Engine Assembly
Office area. Measurements were made for 2 days on the workers in the Engine
Assembly Office area, measurements using the dosemeter noise tool ± 8 working hours
in accordance with actual working hours in the Office area. Measurement of exposure
of noise to workers is done for 2 days in the Engine Assembly Office area with time
every day 8 hours according to working hours. Obtained results Leq / Lavq 93,3 dBA.
Based on the results of noise dosemeter measurements on both employees have
relatively high noise levels and exceed the allowed limits> 85 dBA, so it is necessary to
control to reduce noise exposure on employees who work in the area.
Analysis of engine assembly area condition conducted to know what that should
be control to reduce noise exposure. Some analysis No barrier for noise exposure from
all off machine in engine area. And close distance between (3 meters) office area and
machine in engine area. Improvement for this case are making isolation barrier as noise
reduction form between office and production area.

146
 Reduce noise exposure on employees who work in the area in this study by
redesign office area with make a bulkhead from gypsum material. After redesign office
area have been done, measurement of noise exposed or sound pressure level result is
noise decreased to 58.3 dBA and its accordance with the TLV and worker allowed to
work for 8 hours.

4. CONCLUCIONS
As the engine assembly industry pay serious attention to noise levels, and their impact
on occupational health and safety, we need to assessing the noise-level or sound
pressure level in engine assembly area, and exposure of noise received by workers,
evaluate and control the noise levels workers are exposed to facilitate a mitigation of
the high dose of noise that constitute not only a potential risk to hearing. Redesign
office station with Isolation barrier can be done and is quite effective as noise
reduction for work environment with noise hazard above threshold value.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Manager of Occupational Health & Safety and
Engine Assembly Departments PT. X for the support.

Competing interest
For this research the authors dont have any competing interest with others.

References
[1] OnyekaArezes, P.M. & Miguel, A.S., 2008. Risk perception and safety behaviour : A
study in an occupational environment. , 46, pp.900–907.
[2] Ekekwe, O. & Owolawi, W.O., 2012. Noise- Induced Hearing Loss among Nigeria
Printing Industrial Workers. , 1(2), pp.32–36.
[3] Groenewald, M., 2013. Exposure of earth moving equipment operators to vibration
and noise at an opencast coal mine degree. , (November).
[4] Le, C.G. et al., 2007. Mechanisms of noise-induced hearing loss indicate multiple

147
 methods of prevention. , 226, pp.22–43.
[5] Rech, J. et al., 2016. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology
Reduction of noise during milling operations. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing
Science and Technology, pp.1–6. Available at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2016.09.001.
[6] Talty, J.T., 1988. Industrial Hygiene Engineering second edi., Npyes Data
Corporation.

148
The Importance of Hospital Safety in Indonesia
Suparni1 , F. Lestari2
1
Program Study of Public Health, STIKes Dharma Husada Bandung, Indonesia
2
Director of Disaster Research & Response Centre Universitas Indonesia
Corresponding Author: nsuparni@stikesdhb.ac.id

Abstract
Based on geographical, geological , hydrological and demographic , Indonesia has a
severe impact on the occurrence of disasters , whether caused by natural factors , non
- natural factors and human factors . Hospitals are expected to function as a safe
environment during disasters, but many become unusable because of structural and
nonstructural damage. Making hospitals safe in the event of disasters is a major
concern. However, measuring a hospital’s safety has been difficult. Such an assessment
would increase hospital safety by identifying and prioritizing essential safety
interventions. The aim was to develop a comprehensive framework of Hospital
Safety. The framework was developed using literature study, and discussion with
academic experts. Searches were conducted of the commonly used health databases
to identify relevant literature and reports. Search terms included ‘ framework or
model’ or ‘evaluation or assess or measure and hospital and disaster or emergency or
mass casualty and resilience or capacity or preparedness or response or safety’.
Articles were retrieved that focused on disaster preparedness frameworks.
 An
article publications were retrieved initially but the final analysis was conducted on
limited articles, which appeared to contribute to the study objectives. Nine disaster
preparedness frameworks and many evaluation instruments of hospital disaster
capacity were included.
 Hospital Safety is a comprehensive concepts derived from
existing disaster preparedness. Hospital can use instrument such as Hospital safety
Index from WHO to assess hospital disaster preparedness. Disaster resilient hospitals
must be able to protect the lives of patients and staff and continue to function.
Hospitals need to ensure structural safety, non-structural safety and disaster
management. Safe hospitals have symbolic social value; losing a health facility leads to

149
a sense of insecurity and social/ political instability. A conceptual understanding of
hospital safety is essential for an intellectual basis for an integrated approach to
system development.

Keywords: Hospital safety, disaster, framework

150
1. INTRODUCTION
Hospitals are highly complex facilities that play a vital role in the medical
response to disasters. They are the symbol of faith and hope for the entire community
during such tragic events. However, they are susceptible to the impact of disasters
with respect to their structural, non-structural and functional elements. Many
hospitals have collapsed or been damaged and rendered non- functional as a
consequence of disaster. The resilience of a hospital along with the capability of
effective medical response to disasters is a key part of any disaster plan. Hence, the
most crucial element that needs to be ensured with every emergency is that health
facilities should not be casualties. More lives can be saved if the hospitals and health
facilities sustain its functionality during and in the aftermath of an event [1].

Disaster is defined as a resource imbalance during an incident [2]. Hospitals

need to uphold normal functions during a disaster [3]. However, studies of previous
disasters have shown that hospitals located in disaster areas are not well prepared and
usually become inoperative either as the result of direct damage or functional collapse
[2,3,4]. Confusion over roles and responsibilities, poor communication, lack of
planning, suboptimal training, and a lack of hospital integration into community
disaster planning can lead to unprepared hospitals [2,5].

Hospital preparedness is part of the disaster plan and should build on a

standardized protocol. Checklists and other evaluation tools should be incorporated
into the hospital disaster plan in order to recognize possible gaps and weaknesses [6]
Several hospital disaster preparedness evaluation methods have been created
[2,3,6,7]. However, no consensus exists on a standardized, comprehensive and reliable
tool with which to measure hospital preparedness [6].

The aim of the current study was to perform a literature review to develop a
comprehensive framework of Hospital Safety.

2. METHODS
The framework was developed using literature study, and discussion with

151
academic experts. Searches were conducted of the commonly used health databases
to identify relevant literature and reports. Search terms included ‘ framework or
model’ or ‘evaluation or assess or measure and hospital and disaster or emergency or
mass casualty and resilience or capacity or preparedness or response or safety’.
Articles were retrieved that focused on disaster preparedness frameworks.
.

3. RESULTS
Hospitals are vulnerable to all kinds of natural and man made disasters. Those hazards
which while affecting the community has equal chance to cause damage or destruction
to the hospital or can cause overwhelming effect due to mass casualty scenario are
termed as external disasters. Internal disasters are primarily those where the hospital
becomes a victim due to cause from within the hospitals such as fire hazards, building
collapse, etc. In view of the diverse nature of hazards affecting hospitals, it becomes
essential to adopt an ‘All Hazard approach’ while addressing safety issues and
developing preparedness plan for the hospitals [8].

A safe hospital should not collapse in disasters and cause casualties of patients and
staff, but should continue to function and provide services as a critical facility for the
community when it is most needed. A hospital should be equipped with contingency
plans and have an operational network in place [8].

Hospitals are considered an important lifeline structure for communities. Keeping

hospitals functional and operational during disasters has been challenging. The
following goals are envisaged for hospital safety: 1) Ensure structural and
nonstructural (building and arrangement) resilience of hospitals ; 2) Ensure
functionality (management); 
3) Enhance capacity of human resources 
 [1,2]. The
point number 3 still need collaboration with communities.

Developing the conceptual framework of ‘hospital safety’ would provide a starting

point for hospital, government and another stakeholder about what comprises
hospital core capacity in the context of disasters, and would also assist in integrating
this broad range of capacities together into a comprehensive whole view. By adapting

152
the hospital safety index from WHO, it is hoped that this new conceptual framework
for health will be consistent and an approach that promotes the integration of
hospitals within the community.

4. CONCLUCIONS
Hospitals are essential lifeline of every community and are symbols of faith and belief
during any emergency or disaster event. Any harm to their structure or functions can
lead to disruption of operations of essential services thereby causing loss of lives as
well as loss of faith among the community members. Apart from the health and
sociocultural impact, the huge economic loss due to destruction of a facility can
significantly affect the reestablishment efforts and rebuilding of the community
confidence. The hospital safety mainly comprises of structural, non-structural,
functional capacity ad human resources. In order to ensure safety of hospitals, there is
a need to develop an action plan which includes assessment of vulnerability, hazard
mapping and preparedness plan with adequate backup resources.

Hospital Safety is a comprehensive concepts derived from existing disaster

preparedness. Hospital can use instrument such as Hospital safety Index from WHO to
assess hospital disaster preparedness. Disaster resilient hospitals must be able to
protect the lives of patients and staff and continue to function. Hospitals need to
ensure structural safety, non-structural safety and disaster management [9].

Governments are in a position to provide leadership but it takes collaboration

among public and private health care sectors, and individual hospitals and hospital
groups to protect and care for populations affected by disasters. Improving
preparedness of hospitals is a global need.

Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge to Prof. Fatma Lestari, PhD that’s give an
idea to study and research about Hospital Safety Index.
Competing interst
None

153
References:

*1+ M. Ahmad JSM. THE IMPORTANCE OF HOSPITAL SAFETY IN INDIAN SCENARIO.

Journal of the Academy of Hospital Administration. 2011&2012 Jan-June & July-
December; 23&24(1&2).

*2+ Kaji AH LR. Hospital disaster preparedness in Los Angeles County. Acad Emerg Med.
2006; 13(11): p. 1198-1203.

*3+ Krajewski MJ SMBA. Hospital disaster preparedness in the United States ; new
issues, new challenges. he Internet Journal of Rescue and Disaster Medicine.. 2005;
4(2): p. 22-25.

*4+ Jr EE. Education is the key to defense against bioterrorism. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;
34(2): p. 221-223.

*5+ Manley WG FPCJea. Realities of disaster preparedness in rural hospitals. Disaster

Manag Response. 2006; 4(3): p. 80-87.

*6+ Djalali A CMKHea. Hospital disaster preparedness as measured by functional

capacity: a comparison between Iran and Sweden. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;
28(5): p. 454-461.

*7+ WHO Regional Office for Europe. Hospital emergency response checklist: an all-
hazards tool for hospital administrators and emergency managers..

*8+ Farah Mulyasari* SISPKIMBNSaRS. International Journal Disaster Risk Science. 2013;
4(2): p. 89=100.

*9+ Pan American Health Organization. WHO. Hospital safety index: evaluation forms
for safe hospitals: Washington, DC : PAHO; 2008.

154
SAFETY BEHAVIOR DESCRIPTION IN GEOENGINEERING DIVISION PT
FREEPORT INDONESIA 2016

Antoni Bona Foncus Naibaho1, Iwan Sriyanto2, Victor Mamoribo3

SHE GeoEngineering Department, GeoEngineering Division - PT Freeport Indonesia, Papua-Indonesia

Correspondence author : anaibaho@fmi.com; antonibonafoncusnaibaho@gmail.com; isriyant@fmi.com;

iwan.sriyanto@gmail.com; vmamorib@fmi.com

Abstract

The high number of accident in PT Freeport Indonesia, push management looking for
prevention alternative which effectively and efficient to avoid accident in the future. Offered
alternative by management is the implementation of Safety Behavior Program in all division of
PT Freeport Indonesia. The reason is according to H.W Heinrich theory which stated that the
most accident causes is related to Unsafe Act (88%).

GeoEngineering Division carried out survey about safety behavior to all level of employee, from
pratama level to management level. Safety behavior analyzed related with knowledge &
competence, communication, awareness & attitude, responsibility, supervisory, management
commitment and legal compliance.

Result of analysis show that pratama, muda-madya, and management level still not good
enough in knowledge and competence and it is need to improve by giving a suitable training.
Afterward, for responsibility element for pratama level also need to be improved and its related
with responsibility to Occupational Health and Safety. Improvement of effective
communication at muda-madya level still need to increase either for supervisor and
subordinate and vise versa, and it is expected Occupational Health & Safety perform well if the
communication also running well. Survey result at the management level related to
management commitment, legal compliance, communication, awarensess & attitude,
responsibility and supervisory has been good.

Keywords: Safety Behavior, Level, Survey, Occupational Health & Safety

155
1. INTRODUCTION

Background

In 2016, PT Freeport Indonesia has state that all division under PT Freeport Indonesia obligate
to implement safety behavior program. Those based on the highest of accident number on
previous year. In 2015, there were some accident which causing a huge loss from time side, day
lost, property damage, accident caused fatality, major injury, compensation that must be
payed, etc. From the data which obtained from Senior Staff Meeting of PT Freeport Indonesia,
noted that in 2015 there were some incident as following.

a. Fatality event as many as two cases on January and July 2015.

b. Accident case which caused lost day (LT/RD) as many as 34 cases. In average, there was
2.8 times LT/RD every month.
c. Recordabel injury during 2015 as many as 90 cases, which means every month there
was recordable injury 7.5 times.

Until June 2016, accidents noted as follows:

a. Fatality event happened one time until June 2016

b. Accident which caused day lost and restricted duty (LT/RD) as many as 20 cases. Which
means the average of accident until June 3.3 times.
c. While for recordable injury until June 2016 was 55 cases, and the average was 3.3 times
every month [4].

From the data above concluded that, there was so many lost of PT Freeport Indonesia caused
by accident. As mention at the beginning that all division obligate to implement safety behavior
program in all division to decrease or eliminate accident. According to PTFI principal which
stated on OHS policy, that all accident can be prevent in many ways, one of them is safety
behavior implementation.

For GeoEngineering Division, it is recorded there were 51 cases during 2015, and total loss
was USD 6018,17. That lost is direct cost such as recovery cost, medical cost, etc. While for loss
time, administration, working time was not count on that cost. Till July 2016 in GeoEngineering
Division has occured 30 cases and cost around USD 6742,58. those cost was for recovery of
broken property and also cost for fine because traffic violation [3].

From accident analysis result 2015 using Human Factor Analysis and Classification System
(HFACS) method it is known that the most dominant causes of accident is that employee did
not conduct hazard identification and risk assessment prior to work. Moreover, lack of
supervisory when conducting a job become the additional causes and break the procedure.
From those result, known that human factor become the main cause of accident in
GeoEngineering Division. This is in line with H.W Heinrich theory which stated that 88% of
accident caused by unsafe act.

Human behavior directly effects to all aspect of life, include to the work conducted. Human
behavior is associate with behaviour, personality, motivation, memory, together with
environment forming the physical and mental characterictics of human [1].

Regarding to chairman direction of PT Freeport Indonesia, GeoEngineering division create a

Safety behavior program which aim to minimize or even to eliminate accident in
GeoEngineering division. On this cases GeoEngineering create and conduct a survey related to
employee behavior observation and distribute to all level. The questions on the survey related
with safety behavior components such as knowledge and competence, communication,
awareness and attitude, responsibility, supervisory, management commitment, dan legal
compliance [5].

Objective

The purpose of this survey are:

a. To know the description related with safety behavior components such as knowledge
and competence, communication, awareness and attitude, responsibility, supervisory,
management commitment, dan legal compliance to each level of employee.
b. To see the lack of each components of safety behavior in each level of employee, in
order the right improvement implemented.
 c. To know the goodness of each safety behavior factor on each level, in order to defend
and even increased.

Problem

The reason of this survey conducted are:

a. The accident occurrence in GeoEngineering 2015 and 2016 still high

b. Human factor become the most causes in GeoEngineering Division

TEORITICAL REVIEW

Human behavior have directly effect to safety, either when on site, at home, on road, on
air and also on sea. Evidence said that previous cases such Flixborough, Kegworth dan
Moorgate and also Piper Alpha, known that on those accident human factor contribute
significantly. Behavior definition by Jeremy Stranks, 2007 as follows [1].:

 How someone treat him/herself

 Behavior and act of someone
 Behavior observed

Human behavior is associated with act, personality, motivation, memory together forming
physical and mental characteristics with environment. Human acts differently, everyone have
form and pattern of behavior based on condition and situation. Behavior aspects is associated
with many physicological factor which contributed to how people act include motivation,
memory, personality and perception. In addition, individual factors such the way of educate,
the past, environment, level of knowledge and understanding, emotion, stress, has a big effects
to individual behavior [5].

Safety Culture

The strong development of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) has a strong impacts to the
decrease of accident and occupational diseases. Those must be the first priority of manager in
all level. One of safety culture definition which suggested by HSC is that safety culture form an
organization is a product which come from individual or group value, behavior, competence
and behavior pattern which consider committment to the style and and performance from an
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in organization. Organization woth safety culture is the
characteristics of communication which built based on trust each other, sharing perception
about the importance of safety, belief of the importance of prevention act.

Safety culture of an organization is the result of some factors as follows:

 Norm, assumption and belief from director, manager and employee

 Behave to all level in organization
 Policy and procedure
 Priority of supervisor, responsibility and accountability
 Action or lack of action by management to improve unsafe behavior
 Production and low level compare with quality issue
 Training and motivation of employee
 Involvement of employee and consultation

Culture Factor

Occupational and Health Safety culture from an organization is associated with many factors as
follow:

 Knowledge and Competence of Individu

Knowledge and competence of all employee must be suitable to the condition of
hazards and risk which are in workplace. This is must be related with training and
instruction of personel and also self education from him/herself.
 Management Commitment
Management is required to be able to show the committment as an approach to adopt
the purpose of safety.
 Compliance to Law Requirement
 There must be adequate knowledge related with law and regulation and personel must
have motivation to obey that regulation. This can be built together objection in a system
such as reward and punishment.
 Individual Awareness
An employee must be aware and care to the importance of safety through information,
instruction and training which supported by giving regular supervisory.
 Supervisory
Management shall supervise the work individually, include conduct review to the
procedure.
 Responsibility
Responsibility of individu to safety and occupational health must be noted clearly and
understood.

When there is a strong Occupational Health and Safety culture in an organization, all
employee would feel receive a responsibility to OHS and the will conduct it consistently.
Perhaps an individu will conduct beyond the expectation that burdened to them to identify
unsafe act, behavior and condition, carry out something for safety. For example an
employee will glad to warn a senior staff whose visit to wear PPE during their visit in the
field. This behavior should not be perceived as something “over-jealous” but its something
that need to be respected by organization.

A strong Occupational Health and Safety culture in an organization has a little behavior
at risk. And the result is, low of accident number, low of employee turno ver, low of
absenteism and high prodctivity. Generally, Company will show a good performance in the
market.

One of the key success om safety culture implementation is the involvement of senior or
chairman of the Company such director, senior manager. By support of the chairman it is
expected the good of performance, either for OHS and also for production [5].
2. METHOD

Data obtained from the survey by distribute questionnaire to all level of employee in
Geoengineering Division. The level was devided in to Pratama, muda-madya and management
level. The number of questionnaire distributed is 281 questionnaires. Questionnaire back as
many as 241. More over, this survey was just to see the description of safety behavior of OHS
and not for seeing the correlation between surveyed factor with safety behavior.

Data Management

Survey data is manage by grouping th questions and divide in several part such as:

 Knowledge & Competency

 Communication
 Awareness and Attitude
 Responsibility
 Supervisory
 Management Committment
 Legal Compliance

The weight of each questions is grouping into 4 parts start form 1 to 4. The meaning of the
number is as follow:

1. 1: Poor
2. 2: Enough
3. 3: Good
4. 4: Very Good

STRENGHT AND WEAKNESS OF THE SURVEY

a. Strenght
 This survey can see the described of every elemen in safety culture and safety
behavior in GeoEngineering Division.
  The questions in the survey is related to OHS program which are in GeoEngineering
division, so the result is expected suit with the real condition.
 This survey include all level of employee where all the question was adjust by level,
in order the result expected more objective and comprehensive.

b. Weakness
 This survey is not determine the level of safety culture as Du Pont theory
 This survey is need the high honesty, and then if responder not answer honestly, the
result must be not good.
 This survey is not seeing the association between the safety behavior elements with
GeoEngineering Division accident and need further assessment to see that
association.
3. RFESULT AND SURVEY ANALYSIS

Below is the result and survey analysis of behavior safety, which has been conducted by
GeoEngineering Division 2016.

a. Pratama Level

1) Knowledge & Competence

Below here is the analysis and survey result for Pratama level

Fig 1: Graph of Knowledge & Competence on Pratama level

 From the survey result analysis which conducted to 94 responders on Pratama level,
known that 2% between them still classified to “enough” category, 36% “good” and 62%
“very good”

Two percents (2%) from the total 94 responders of pratama still classified to poor
enough in terms of knowledge and competence. According to the survey, those things
caused by Pratama employee only had supervisory when conducting a job.

Jeremy Stranks, 2007 said that there is correlation between skill and accident
especially things related with time reaction, uncapable of someone to coordinate with
working aspect they conduct. Factor that affects individual capability in relation with
accident such as reaction time, coordination and attention.

2) Communication

From the survey result related to communication on Pratama level, known that 17%
classified “good”, 83% “very good”. Generally, communication system between
employee performed well. But in some cases, there was a bad communication, between
the crew or even crew with their supervisor. Failure communication can lead to unsafe
act that cause accident. Lack of communication is a factor which contributed in an
accident [1].

Graph below shown the communication on pratama level.

Fig 2: Graph of Communication on Pratama level

3) Awareness & Attitude

Awareness & attitude component which obtained from the safety behavior survey
result, known that 15% from the total responders had a good awareness & attitude and
the rest 85% had a very good. Eventhough data from survey result showed a good and
very good for awareness & attitude component, it was still found that employee did not
perform well 5 steps to safety, some employee also didn’t aware of passengers safety
where they did not remind them to wear safety belt while driving, did not conduct
precheck operation well, often to horse play, did not follow up inspection result, did not
obey the procedure and did shortcut.

Fig 3: Grpah of Awareness & Attitude on level pratama

It is a very difficult to change someone behavior. Someone who had a bad behavior can
changes to be good. But if a stimulus given such pressure, that attidute can go back to
the beginning attitude that is “not good” [5].

4) Responsibility

From responsibility side to occupational health and safety, it is known the result that
two percents (2%) from total responders classified responsibility ”enough” in doing
 their job, 16% fell ”good” and 81% feel ”very good”. In this case an employee not only
responsible to their self but also to another people, equipment, PPE which given by
company. From the survey analysis its been known there are still some employee who
only cares for them self, did not keep PPE and equipment which given to them.

Fig 4: Graph of Responsibility on pratama level

All employee responsible to the OHS. All the people must keep their safety and other
people. Responsibiltiy to safety is an obligation of employee in all level. The higher
position of someone, it is expected that responsibility to safety also high, means that
able to supervise and keep the safety of employee under him/her. But the main of these
all is, that all level must keep their safety, other people and also the assests which given
by company to them [1].

b. Muda,Madya Level (Level 1-3)

1) Knowledge & Competence

On knowledge & competence component at muda, madya level known that survey
result where 5% from total responder feel that knowledge and competence still
”bad”, 66% enoguh, 17% good and 12% very good.

Muda, madya level feel that training given not enough to fulfill their competence
especially in OHS. Around 71% responder Muda, Madya said that training given is
enough, but still not able to fulfill their knowledge and competence in OHS. As a
supervisor who have many subordinate, expected to have an adequate competence
to direct their subordinate especially in OHS. How can a supervisor who has not
adequate knowledge and competence can direct and control their subordinate
well? The answer is supervisor must be completed with training, education,
direction, guidance in order to be able to become a role model and able to direct
their subordinate correctly. A supervisor has an importance role in OHS. Below are
the things that supervisor must have:

 Introduction: supervisor shoud know their subordinate who become their

responsibility and vise versa.
 Instruction: supervisor delivered information and theory with a good
behavior refer to safe working system, know how to wear PPE correctly,
know the procedure of incident reporting system, etc.
 Demonstration: supervisor must be able to show how to do a job safely.
 Monitoring: monitor and measure the capability of their employee include
the obeying of safety procedure.
 Reporting: create fair evaluation to employee.
 Correcting & encouraging : correction and empowering employee.

Fig 1: Graph Knowledge & Competence on Muda-Madya level

 All above factor must be considered while giving a training to a supervisor where it
becomes their responsibility in doing a job to ensure the OHS of their subordinate
running well.S [5].

2) Communication
In communication component obtained survey result 5% from the total responder
feel that their communication classified ”enough”, 48% ”good” and 47% classified
very good.

Observation result show that there was still supervisor who did not communicate
with area owner when conducting work in certain area. Moreover, hazard and risk of
the job was very seldom communicate in the team, top risk, HIRADC, golden rules
either. Also, there were some supervisor reluctant to remind their subordinate who
carried out unsafe act cause they are older and more experiences.

Fig 2: Graph of Communication on Muda-Madya level

A good communication either from supervisor to subordinate and vise versa, will
cultivate high responsibility. Positive communication will increase positive relation in
a team [1].
3) Awareness & Attitude
Observation result shows that awareness & attitude on muda, madya level is
classified good. From all responder muda, madya level it’s been known that 10% of
them feel that their awareness and attitude was classified “good” and 90% classified
“very good”.

Fig 3: Graph Awarenss & Attitude for Muda-Madya level

A good behavior from supervisor is an effective example for their subordinate to

change negative behavior to be positive. If supervisor have a bad attitude,
automatically their subordinate will follow and not respect to their supervisor.
However, if supervisor have and give a good example, their subordinate will follow
dan respect them [1].
4) Responsibility
From observation analysis know that muda, madya level have a good responsibility,
either their job and subordinate. From all responder known that 39% have a “good”
responsibility and 63% classified as “very good”. This things is become a positive
thing, cause supervisor have adequate responsibility for subordinate and their job.
 Fig 4: Graph Responsibility for Muda-Madya level

Responsibility is one of the biggest burden. Safety responsibility is one of obligation

to do a job which given to him/her successfully without loss and accident.
Responsibility become authority should be able to direct and take action to ensure a
success. Safety responsibility is also an obligation to believe the leader, to maintain
well, care, safety property or funding or supervisory of individu or team [1].

5) Supervisory
From the survey result about supervisory its been known that 1% from the total
responder have a bad supervisory, 13% classified enough , 11% good and 75% “very
good.

Fig 5: Graph of Supervisory for Muda-Madya level

Adequate supervisory will be able to decrease the effect of incident occurrence. A

supervisor should have capability, good behavior, knowledge, experiences,
 leadership and also adequate capability of communication, in order able to direct
their subordinate correctly. If a supervisor have no components above, then the
leaning of an individu to have violation will getting high.

c. Management Level (Level 4 Up)

1) Knowledge & Competence

Observation result which conducted to management level, for knowledge &

competence known that 5% from the total of responder said that their knowledge
and competence is “enough”, and 15% classified “good” and 80% “very good”.

If we have a look from observation result, there were still management level whose
feeel that their knowledge and competence was not enough, so it is needed to have
an adequate training. There were employee said that safety program was only the
responsibility of SHE Reps and FSO area.

Fig 1: Graph of Knowledge & Competence for management level

Leadership need adequate ability such for decision making, delegating a person,
adequate persuasive, good communication, able to motivate other employee and
empowering their subordinate by knowledge and good capability [5]. It can be
conclude that without knowledge and capability of a leader, an organization will
running difficult.
2) Communication
A good communication, between supervisor and subordinate and vise versa become
the most important in an organization. From observation result on management
level for communication component, it’s been known that 5% from the total
responder said that their communication was good and 95% is very good.

Effective communication is one of the important thing in implementation of

occupational health and safety. Lack of communication usually contribute to
accident. The barrier in effective communication should be solve out by increasing
effective communication. Follow is the description related to communication on
management level.

Fig 2: Graph of Communication on management level

3) Awareness & Attitude

From observation result related with awareness & attitude known that 5% from the
total of responder said that their awareness and attitude was good and the rest 95%
said that they have a very good awareness and attitude.
 Fig 3: Graph of Awareness & Attitude for management level

A good safety behavior is an important element in safety culture, where to reach all
level in organization must be trained. A good example of safety behavior, which
conducted by management level, is a best example for their subordinate and
colleagues [6]. Through survey obtained above by management level was good and
very good, and need to keep or even increased to reach better safety performance.

4) Responsibility

In responsibility, survey result been known that 15% from the total responder of
management level said that in term of responsibility, it has already good and 85%
classified ”very good”. Responsibility on this things is associated with occupational
safety and health. All question related with responsibility related with the
responsibility of management in each department.

Fig 4: Graph of Responsibility for management level

 The highest position of someone in an organization, the responsibility to
occupational health safety also highest [1].

5) Management Committment

Survey result related with management commitment known that 100% responder of
management level have a very good commitment to occupation al health and safety.
This result hopefully implemented in real by management level to increase the
quality of OHS, especially in their own department.

Management-Management Committment
25 [CELLRANGE
]
20
15
10
5 [CELLRANGE [CELLRANGE [CELLRANGE
] ] ]
0
Bad Enough Good Very Good

Gambar 5: Graph of management commitment for management level

The involvement of management in OHS program is not enough. Fully commitment

from whole management to the dynamic of OHS are the most needed. Mostly of
management are involve in daily safety activity. This involvement is not really help,
fully commitment from all level of management is really needed. Participation in
safety function, during safety inspection, conduct control in safety activity is the
most important. Management participation is one biggest thing in safety changes
behavior [1].

6) Legal Compliance

From the survey result related with legal compliance known that 25% from the total
responder in management level has ”good” in term of compliance of OHS regulation,
while 75% classified as very good in compliance of regulation.
 Compliance of regulation is one important thing to reach a good safety and
occupational health. It is related to compliance for government regulation, company
regulation, OHS policy, division and compliance to all safety procedures applied. And
etc. By seeing this result, this should be keep up and increase the compliance ti
those regulation.

This graphic show legal compliance of management level related with safety
behavior survey in GeoEngineering division.

Management-Legal Compliance
20 [CELLRANG
E]
15

10 [CELLRANG
E]
5 [CELLRANG [CELLRANG
E] E]
0
Bad Enough Good Very Good

Fig 6: Graph of Legal Compliance for management level

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

a. Conclusion
 From survey that had conducted, generally in GeoEngineering division has a good
safety behavior.
 On Pratama level, in communication, awareness & attitude elements has good.
While for knowledge & competence and responsibility also has good enough,
however it is still need to improve especially in training and responsibility at field.
 On muda, madya level, known that awareness & attitude, responsibility has good
and need to keep it up. While for knowledge & competence, communication and
supervisory still need improvement, especially related eith training, communication
improvement between supervisor-subordinate and vise versa. Also supervisory at
field need to improved.
  On management level, communication, awareness & attitude, management
commitment, responsibility and legal compliance has been good, its need to keep it
up. While for knowledge & competence, still need to improve, especially in
implementation of OHS in department and training of OHS, which still need to high
to support the OHS performance in department.

b. Suggestions
 To increase knowledge & competence and responsibility on Pratama level, it is need
to delivered training related with OHS also special training related with their job, in
order their knowledge level, capability and responsibility to their job and safety
hopefully increased. Training which important delivered to Pratama level such as
role and responsibility to OHS, OHS communication, OHS behavior, OHS promotion
at work and advantages of OHS implementation to employee, etc.
 Muda-Madya level need to improved their competence and knowledge in term of
occupational health and safety. Muda-madya level are wished to have responsibility
in doing a job also for their subordinate. Giving training about supervisory and
leadership is one of mandatory material to muda madya level in order able to
supervise and guide their subordinate correctly. The training module, which needed
to delivered to muda madya level such as: safety leadership & supervisory, role and
responsibility of supervisor to OHS, OHS behavior, OHS communication, OHS
promotion at work, etc.
 For management level, it is also need to improve knowledge & competence because
management level has a bigger responsibility to OHS, either subordinate and for job.
Training which need to deliver to management level such as: safety leadership for
management, role and responsibility of management to OHS, effective OHS
communication, safety behavior changes, commitment to OHS, OHS promotion at
work, safety reward and punishment, etc.
REFERENCE

[1] McKinnon, Ron C. (2014). Changing The Workplace Safety Culture. CRC Press Taylor &
Francis Group. United States.
[2] Naibaho, Antoni. (2016). Analisis Data Kecelakaan di Divisi GeoEngineering PT Freeport
Indonesia Berdasarkan Metode Human Factor Analysis and Classification System Framework
Mining Industry (HFACS-MI) Tahun 2015. SHE GeoEngineering. Papua-Indonesia.
[3] Safety GeoEngineering Report. (2015-2016). Accident Report GeoEngineering Division.
Papua-Indonesia
[4] Senior Staff Meeting Report, PT Freeport Indonesia. (2015-2016). Papua-Indonesia
[5] Stranks, Jeremy. (2007). Human Factor and Behavioural Safety. First Edition. Elsevier ltd.
Oxford.
[6] Taylor, Bernard John. (2010). Safety Culture Assessing and Changing The Behaviour of
Organisations. Psychological and Behavioural Aspects of Risk. British Library Cataloguing in
Publication Data. England.
The Study of Accident Investigation Activity In Indonesia Mining
Sector
Darius Agung Prata1,2, Ridwan Z. Syaaf1
1
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia
2
Education and Training Unit for Underground Mines, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,
Indonesia
Corresponding Author: darius.agung@ui.ac.id

Abstract
The accident that happened in an organization is an important learning tool to make an
organization safer and healthier. When the accident or incident was not well
investigates, the opportunity to learn will be wasted and a repetition of the accident
might be occurred in the future. The occurrence of similar accident to several mining
company in 2012, 2015 and 2017 has indicated that there is no lesson learned from
accident.
In order to answer the cause of that problem, a descriptive study through literature
and standard regulations review was establish to get an overview about learning
process of accident and accident investigation activity. Based on this review, it showed
that SCAT method is still use as a standard method. Using a particular kind of method is
not a bad thing. But, by seeing the development of accident investigation model and
method also the principle that there is no one model or method that can be used for all
type of accident, so there must be an effort to learn another model and method to
investigate an accident.
Keywords: Accident, Investigation Method, Accident Model

1. INTRODUCTION
The occurrence of similar accidents in some mining companies in Indonesia in 2012,
2015 and 2017 indicates that there is no process of learning by accident [1]. The
learning process is not generated maximum lesson learn from the accident
investigation activities can be attributed to many factors. A Shallow information

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obtained during the accident investigation [2] can be one of the reason. The
competence of an investigator also greatly determines the quality of the results of an
accident investigation [3].
A repetition of the accident in an organization sometime it wasn’t caused by
unknown act to prevent it, but it was causing by unused the knowledge [2].
Organization has no learn from the accident in the past. Worker are often get those
information and when they are resign, the information are also gone with them [2].
Other things also come from the problems caused by the structure and function within
the company that hinders the learning process from the accident that happened [4].
Study of accident investigation activity in mining sector in Indonesia is still rarely
done. This study was conducted to get an earlier overview of accident investigation
activity in Indonesia mining sector in order to improve and develop exact method to
maximize of learning process from experience.
2. METHODS
This study was using descriptive research method. To get an answer of this research
question, the author made a literature study about the development of investigation
model and method from articles in book, handbook and journals. Review of rules and
standard in Indonesia was taken to get a description about accident investigation
process both from the side of government and company.

3. Literature Review
3.1 Accident Investigation
Generally, the concept of safety management and safety management system classified
as a group of activities and document support to control safety [5]. Management safety
system activities are safety policy, description of responsibility, safety training, audit,
risk analysis, change management, safety standard, procedures, and experience
feedback [6,7]. Accident investigation activity and accident report are activities as part
of experience feedback which is safety management base.
Learning from previous accident is a main goal of accident investigation activities to
prevent from similar accident in the future [8]. To perform accident investigation

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depend on many reason and purpose also depend on the organization that organize it
(company, government, or public institution) [9]. Accident investigation activities are
conducted to determine the causes of accidents and to develop efforts to prevent
similar events in order to create a safe workplace within a company.
In the context of government and public institutions, accident investigations are
undertaken to derive full conclusions [8] for the prevention of similar accidents in the
sectors they handle by widespread dissemination of investigative results. Model
developed by Lindberg and Hanson 2006 [10], describing of the investigation which
perform by government or public council to get a feedback of the accident that known
as CHAIN Model (Figure 1). This model explains step by step in accident investigation in
the context of industry and government or independent councils. The first step of this
model is reporting accident from industry, second step is report selection to deeper
analysis, third step is investigation which is primary step of the process, forth step is
disseminating investigation result, and fifth step is preventive recommendation of
dissemination result.

FIGURE 1. CHAIN Model (Lindberg, 2010)

In company/organizations context where the accident occur, the developed

investigation by Kjellen 2000 [11], can be adopt to make investigation process easier
(figure 2). Investigation has performed in 3 levels. Level 1 for all reported incident,
made by supervisor and person in charge of safety. Level 2 for recorded accident,

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repetition and near miss incident with moderate loss (for example can’t back to work
for couple day) made internally by team. Level 3 for rare incident, where potential loss
are bigger, investigation has made by independent team. Accident are classified in to
3rd level is an organization accident as mentioned by James Reason [12]. Organization
Accident is a product of innovation of technology, which radically change the relation
between system and human element within it, Reason 1997 [13]. Whereas individual
accident is an accident which certain people or group of people both of them often
become an agent and or the victim of the accident [12].
FIGURE 2. Three Level Of Accident Investigation (Kjellen 2000)

When is the best time to stop the investigation? This is a basic question for every
investigator who performed an analysis. So that, a performed of investigation task will
be match with its designation. According to Reason [14] the stopping rule of an
accident investigation depends on the purpose of each investigating agency. On
company, accident investigation should be done to find out the failure of their
management system and developing risk reduction that they can implemented under
their authority. Government institution can be focus as far as investigation on the level
of a weak regulatory system until it affects the occurrence of the accident in industry.
The police are responsible for investigating in case of potential criminal come off.
3.2. Accident Model
Accident model is a stereotypes perspective about how an accident occur [15].
Accident model provide knowledge about basic mechanism that become a background

180
of the accident scenario, where the investigation method providing information that
needed to analyze the accident in specific structure [16]. The model of accident
occurrence is closely related to accident investigation activity. Kjellen [17] explained
that accident occurrence model will support the investigator to :
- Making mental overview from accident structure.
- Asking the right question and define data that must be collected.
- Establishing stop rule (for example the rule of when to stop searching to new
reason which have nothing to do with the accident occurrence).
- Checking that every relevant data has been collected.
- Evaluating, structuring and summarizing data become a meaningful info.
- Analyze the relationship between the pieces of information and notice the
correlation of it.
- Communicating with others through the provision of term of reference that
easy to understand.
Andersson 1995 [18] spell out the developing of the cause of accident model from
the “primitive” one focused to one accident with one factor or one person involved,
thus the newer model finding a complex abnormality, multifactor correlation, involving
many people and environment as a whole. Some author tried to classified models that
already create, start from Domino Heinrich model to functional resonance accident
model.
Table 1. Classification of Accident Model

Classification Description Authors

Causal Sequence present an accident as a chain of events that finally
Model ends in some kind of loss.
Process Model explain an accident as deterioration from a normal state
to deviations that lead to loss of control and injuries Urban Kjellen &
Eirik
Energy Models explain accidents as transfers of energy and show how
Albrechtsen
barriers can prevent or stop the energy flow and thus
2017 [17]
protect victims.
Logic Tree present causes of accidents in terms of logical relations
Models
among events and conditions in the affected system.

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 Classification Description Authors
Systems Models pay particular attention to human, technical, and
organisational factors or to the interplay among them.
These include management models and so-called
systemic models that consider the dynamics and
complexity of accidents.
Cognitive Models analyse human errors in terms of failures in cognitive
function – how these are caused by contextual variables
and how these variables lead to accidents (presented in
Chapter 10).
Chain of Event Risk defined as weakest link in the chain
Barrier (Swiss Risk defined as accident trajectory not stopped
Cheese) Sydney Dekker
2014 (19)
System Theory Risk defined as a control problem
Drift Risk defined as gradual acceptance of lower margins
Linier accident is the overall description of a series of events,
decisions and situations culminating in injury or damage
a chain of multiple events
Complex Linier focus on the view that accidents happen in a linear way
where A leads to B which leads to C and examine the BOK 2012 [20]
chain of events between multiple causal factors
displayed in a sequence usually from left to right
Complex Non tightly coupled systems had little tolerance for even the
Linier slightest disturbance which would result in
unfavourable outcomes.
Sequential the accident as a sequence of events in a specific order
Accident Models Panagiota
Human the accident in terms of human behaviour and actions Katsakiori,
Information George
Processing Sakellaropoulos,
Accident Models Emmanuel
Manatakis, 2009
Systemic Accident model which include organisational and management [16]
Models factors and describe the performance of the whole
system
Sequential Accidents as the result of sequence of events that occur
Accident Models in specific manner
Epidemiological Accident is analogy with disease i.e., as the outcome of Erik Hollnagel
Accident Models a combination of factors, some manifest and some 2002 [31]
latent, that happen to exist together in space and time
Systemic Accident these models endeavour to describe the characteristic
performance on the level of the system as a whole,
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 Classification Description Authors
Models rather than on the level of specific cause-effect
“mechanisms” or even epidemiological factors. Instead
of using a structural decomposition of the system, the
systemic view considers accidents as emergent
phenomena, which therefore also are “normal” or
“natural” in the sense of being something that must be
expected.

From table 1 it appears that, the classification of accident-causing models is divided

into various classes according to the point of view of each of the founders. From some
of the classification, author prefers to explore the classification from BOK 2012 [20]
which more simple and easy to understand. Classification accident causing model can
divide to linear, linear complex and systemic and non linear complex. In simple linear
model accident is assumed as culmination of a series of related incident in sequences
on one straight line so that to prevent accident by eliminating one of cause the linear
component. Model which part of this category are Domino Heinrich model and Bird &
Germain Loss Causation Model. Complex linear model based on presumption that
accident is a result of the combination of unsafe action and latent condition in system
that follow linear path. To prevent accident at this model is by strengthen barrier and
obstruction. Model which part of this group are Energy Damage Model, Time Sequence
Model, Epidemiological Model, Systemic Model (Swiss Cheese Model). Newer model of
cause of the accident is a systemic model which assumed that the accident is no longer
linear thing. Accident is assumed as the interaction result between environment
variable and only to know and understand the combination and interaction of many
factors accident can be identified and prevented. Model which part of this category are
Systems Theoritic Accident Model and Process (STAMP) and Functional Resonance
Accident Model (FRAM).
The model of the occurrence of accidents will greatly affect the views of an
investigator in carrying out accident investigation activities. Model of accident
occurrence will greatly affect to develop an investigation. ESREDA, 2009 [9] explain
that accident occurrence model and system model are needed to connected accident
occurrence to performance of organization system. Accident occurrence model is

183
needed to set the incident stage structure to reflect the character of sequences and
accident time and to explain causative factor in incident chain. Models will show the
cause of accidents related to the structure and clarity of the dynamism and complexity
of the incident. It will also show the factors and actors on the sequence of events.
Clarify relationships and interactions among factors, actions and decisions.
As is coming the new model, that’s doesn’t mean practically will better and
easier to being used [20]. One of the problems with new model is the more complex of
finding factor not connected to analysis system and data collection that already exists
presently [21]. The research by underwood & Patterson, 2014 [22] whose doing
accident analysis with complex linier base method and systemic model showed that
SCM of complex linear generation is still usable to use in accident analysis.

3.3. Accident Investigation Method

Generally accident investigation will follow the method or certain procedure which is a
regulation in a country, institution or organization. The method of investigation is the
sequence of steps to obtain the results of the investigation [23]. The investigation
method that is made will usually refer to one or more accident models tailored to the
ultimate goal of the desired analysis. Methods of investigation will determine the
direction of the findings to be obtained [24]. Process and result of investigation are
very important to understand the vulnerability and the opportunity of working
improvement that related to the accident [25]. When starting to an accident
investigation activity, an investigator should have come with certain of think
framework to make an investigation process easier. As same as principle of What You
Look For Is What You Find (WYLFIWYF) (26). Assumption in implicit and explicit way as
a basic of model improvement is also need to known by an investigator so that the
investigation result is not bias [26].
Methodology and procedure that developed to analyze the accident must be
capable of providing information that can be used to preventive recommendation in
the future [8]. There’s a lot of investigation method that have been create on the
whole world. Wienen et all, 2017 [23] summarizing 63 investigative method according

184
to paper analysis about those method in the internet which classified to sequential,
epidemiology, systemic and others.
Selection of methods to be used is not a simple matter [22]. The relationship
between the accident model and the method of accident investigation should be
considered. Important principle of an accident investigation is to prevent the
repetition of the same accident in the future [28]. Le Cose 2008, said that the different
of investigation method should be used depend on the purpose of analysis and
available resources. Investigation method effectively to explain an accident, but not
effective yet to make an organization safe [27]. There is still a need for comprehensive
action from the proactive side to create healthy and safe workplace conditions.
As a base to perform of selecting the right investigation method to be use to
analyzing an accident is by considering the type of system that will analyzed [22].
Hollnagel, 2008 [26] have already create the category from many organization
according to coupling and tractability principle that modify from Perrow diagram

Figure 3. The Relationship of System Characteristics and Investigative Method

Furthermore, Hollnagel [26] also explaining to perform method selection that suitable
to investigation, some of the following question need to be considered. Because,
basically certain of method is not superior from others, but more of the suitability with
system characteristic. Below are the questions that need to be considered by an

185
investigator before determine the right method with the system characteristic that will
be analyzed [26] :
 “Was the accident similar to something that has happened before, or was it
new and unknown? (The reference should be the history of the installation, as
well as industry wide).
 Was the organization ready to respond to the accident, in the sense that there
were established procedures or guidelines available?
 Was the situation quickly brought under control or was the development
lengthy?
 Was the accident and the material consequences confined to a clearly delimited
sub system (technological or organizational) or did it involve multiple
subsystems, or the whole installation?
 Were the consequences on the whole expected / familiar or were they novel /
unusual?
 Were the consequences in proportion to the initiating event, or were they
unexpectedly large (or small)?

The first three questions illustrate issues that relate to the dimension of tractability.
If the questions are answered positively, it indicates that the system was tractable, at
least to some degree. The opposite is the case if the questions were answered
negatively. Questions 4-6 illustrate issues that relate to the dimension of coupling. If the
questions are answered positively, it indicates that the system was of the loosely
coupled type. The opposite is the case if the questions were answered negatively.”
In the end there’s no one method that use for all the type of accident. Just like
said by James Reason et all 2006 [29] “accident will occur in many different size, shape
and formation. That’s why too naïve if we thought only one model or one type of
explanation is enough to answer those problems. Some of the accident is very simple so
that only need a simple explanation and model. Thus some of accident needed
comparison of couple model and method to analyze and future improvement action.

186
3.4. Accident Investigation Activity in Indonesia Mining Sector

To ensure the enforcement of legislation in mining industry, Republic of Indonesia

government have instruments to simplify the coaching and monitoring on Occupational
Safety and Health unit in mining industry (figure 4). This structure consist of officer
from Directorate General of Mineral and Coal Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources/MEMR that consist of (Chief Inspector of Mining/KAIT and Inspector of
Mining/IT) and officer of the company that consist of (Mine Technical Manager/KTT
and Operational Supervisor). To documenting monitoring result and other thing,
Directorate General of Mineral and Coal and Mining company is listed in a book which
called Mining Book.

FIGURE 4. Monitoring Occupational Safety and Health in Mining Sector

A KTT in company is responsible for the implementation and obedience of

occupational safety and health legislation on a mining business activity in his
responsibility area (clause 1 Ministerial Decree PE 555.K/26/M.PE/1995). In order to
doing his job, KTT will be assisted by an Operational Supervisor whose duties are to
carry out inspection, examination and testing, responsible for the safety, health and
welfare of all persons under his responsibility.
In case an accident occur in the mining company causing severe injury or death, the
company is required to report immediately to KAIT (clause 41 subsection 3 Ministerial

187
Decree PE 555.K/26/M.PE/1995). Accident with category exclude severe injury or death,
KTT is required perform accident investigation not more than 2 x 24 hours maximum
and write the report on special format. (Form III.I and Form X.i) which is then sent to
KAIT (Clause 42 and 43 ministerial decree PE 555.K/26/M.PE/1995). Otherwise if the
accident causing severe injury or death, the one who perform investigation is Mine
Inspector/IT.
According to Decree of MEMR No 43 year 2016, which regulates the Standard of
Special Competency in the Field of Mineral and Coal Mining, the Operational
Supervisor is divided into three levels, they are First, Second and Third Operational
Supervisor. To carry out the accident investigation competence in this regulation (code
PMB.P002.0041.01) is a unit of competency required for the first operational
supervisor. So it can be concluded that the obligation to carry out an accident
investigation in the company is all levels of operational supervisors first, young or
middle. In mining company generally first operational supervisor is on the same level
with OSH Staff/Supervisor, Second Operational Supervisor is on same level with
Supervisor/Superintendent and Third Operational Supervisor as same level with OSH
Manager.
To perform accident investigation in mining sector in Indonesia, refer to Technical
Guidelines of Accident Investigation Format Report on Mineral and Coal Mining. In this
guideline, accident investigation method is refers to ILCI Loss Causation Model as
known as Systematic Causal Analytical Technique/SCAT [12]. The reporting format and
the investigation steps to be performed should follow this technique. Another guideline
that can be followed to perform accident investigation is SNI 7081-2016 about mining
accident investigation and environment hazardous incident. In this standard accident
investigation method not focused on only using SCAT method. Accident investigation
can be performed by using another method that suitable with investigator decision. In
this standard, the direction of analysis result not intended just to see the surrounding
factors that causing incident only, it is also open if the result of investigation was found
another factor such as latent condition that underlying cause of the accident.

188
5. DISCUSSIONS
Mining Industry in Indonesia has its own institution that created by government to
carry out accident investigation activity. This institution called Sub Directorate of Health
and Safety of Mineral and Coal Mining at Directorate Technical Environment Mineral
and Coal Ministry Energy and Mineral Resources. When accident occur in Mining
industry that cause severe injury or death, and hazardous incident occur which
classification has determine or the occurrence of environment pollution cases, the
functional officer of mine inspector will be assigned as independent team to investigate
the incident.
In performing its duties the mine inspector has guidelines for the execution of
duties in the form of technical guidance to conduct accident investigation activities.
This guideline becomes important to review, because it leads him just to see the
accident only from incident and cause side around the place of accident. It causing by
investigation frame are made based on Domino Theory which focus on incident around
accident (direct cause: unsafe act & unsafe condition, basic cause: job factor and
personal factor and the lack of management control: lack of program, lack of standard
program, lack of obey the standard). By doing this analysis technique, the finding
direction is tends to not developing. The development of accident model that has
entering organization factor since the 90s which known as latent condition [20] it can’t
be shown because of the method used has limitation which perform by checklist
frame. Limitation checklist causing digging the information will only make based on
what is on the list.
SNI 7081-2016 opening the opportunity for a mine inspector/operational
supervisor to use another investigation method when perform accident investigation
activity. In implementation in the field, a mining inspector/operational supervisor
should be seeing another factors especially for certain cases for example the accident
with great number of victim or repetition accident as a concept that develop by Kjellen
2000. Beside of determine the method that will use in the beginning, the
understanding of accident model also simplify collecting data and making conclusion.
Principle of What You Look For Is What You Find (WYLFIWYF) by Hollnagel 2008 [26] in

189
the end, it is an absolute thing to understand by institution or individual who perform
accident investigation to get the best investigation result.
In the early stages, to improve the capability of suitable investigative methods used
in accident investigation activities in the mining sector, investigation methods in the 3rd
quadrant of figure 3 can serve as a reference for increasing knowledge of investigative
methods. Another method that can also be considered, to be a reference is the
methods developed based on latent condition theory, because sometimes accidents
are not caused by unsafe actions but more due to failure to make decisions at the level
of the organization such as events related to slope mine slope suddenly.

6. SUMMARY
Accident model is a guide for an investigator to determine the direction of the
investigation activities to be performed. By understanding the accident models, an
investigator will easily be able to determine the appropriate investigative methods
applied in conducting accident investigations in line with WYLFIWY Hollnagel principles.
The application of different investigation methods may be performed by investigators
(either mining inspectors or operational supervisors) on certain types of accidents such
as accidents that cause major losses or recurrent accidents
It is interesting to conduct further research on accident investigation models in
mining companies to find out the characteristics of the investigative methodology
developed in the Indonesian mining sector. A review of the investigation methods that
can be a reference, with the increasing complexity of technology and systems within
mining companies such as the number of subsystems in operation associated with
contractors, the existence of metal mineral purification activities, Indonesian
geographical factors in the tropics with high rainfall, also need to be understood for see
the overall crash-related issues.

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The consequences of underlying accident models in eight accident investigation
manuals. Safety Science 47 (2009) 1297–1311
[25] Dodshon P, Hassall ME: Practitioners’ Perspectives On Incident Investigations.
Safety Science, 93 ( 2017) 187-198

192
[26] Hollnagel, E: Investigation as an impediment to learning. In Hollnagel, E.,
Nemeth, C. & Dekker, S. (Eds.) Remaining sensitive to the possibility of failure
(Resilience engineering series) (2008). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate
[27] Leandre JD, Gibb G, Walter N: Using Incident Investigation Tools Proactively for
Incident
Prevention.http://www.asasi.org/papers/2006/Payne_Stewart_Learjet_Investiga
tion_ De%20Landre_Gibb_Walters_DOC.pdf
[28] Vuorio A, Stoop J, Johnson C: The Need To Establish Consisten International
Safety Investigation Guidelines For The Chemical Industries. Safety Science 95
(2017) 62-74
[29] Reason J, Hollnagel E, Paries J: REVISITING THE « SWISS CHEESE » MODEL OF
ACCIDENTSEEC Note No. 13/06 Eurocontrol
[30] Hollnagell E: Barrier and Accident Prevention. Aldershot, UK, Ashgate 2004
[31] Ministry of Mining and Energy Republic of Indonesia Decree No
555.K/26/M.PE/1996: Safety and Health in The General Mining Sector
[32] Ministry of Energy and Miineral Resources Republic of Indonesia Regulation No
43 Year 2016: Special National Competency Standard In The Coal and Mineral
Mining Sector
[33] SNI No 7081-2016 : Mining accident and danger incident investigation standard

193
Medical Facilities Assessment In Keningau, Sabah For X Project on
2015
Edric Sugito, Fatma Lestari*
Department of OHS (Occupational Health & Safety), Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI
Depok 16424.
Correspondence author : piglettomon@gmail.com, fatmalestari@icloud.com

Abstract

A hospital plays an important role in healthcare. A good hospital should be capable to

operate on a daily basic activity, able to do a surgery, able to pick up and transport patient,
and able to operate during a disaster or on disease outbreak. The objectives of the
assessment are; to understand the common communicable diseases in Pinangah and
recommend prevention measures and assess the existing medical facilities and recommend
scope of utilization of medical facilities for medical and emergency management. The
method used in this assessment is collect data from the hospital with interview, observation
and records from hospital. Result; This hospital can Stabilize Emergency Case, capable for
most of Surgical case, can treat most of medical care, can do most of laboratory check. Have
a 24 hours standby ambulance, and have a helipad for pick up or transport a patient. Have
an emergency team can be iniatiated when emergency or disaster occurs – Headed by
Hospital director. Based on the information from Pejabat Kesihatan Kawasan (PKK) Pinangah
on endemic communicable diseases in Pinangah are malaria, leptospirosis, and cholera.
Conclusion; This is a good hospital that can treat minor cases, almost all major cases, have a
good transportation unit, and have an emergency team that can be initiated during
emergency or disaster, but this hospital can’t treat a major burn cases. This hospital can
build a room and team to treat major burn cases, and we need to conduct similar
assessment in Indonesia for mapping all hospital ability to operate during disaster or disease
outbreak.

Keywords: Hospital, Hospital Assessment.

194
1. INTRODUCTION
Keningau District population density is about 184.000 people (Health Facts Sabah 2007).
Natives that lived in this area are the Kadazan / Dusun, Murut, Chinese and others. The
primary occupation in the area are agriculture and plant oil palm industry. In the past
Keningau District is one of the logging area [1].
Keningau Hospital has been operational since May 13, 1957, as a "Cottage Hospital" built
on a hill with an area of 9.2 Hectare. Distance away from Keningau town center about 1 KM.
By 2003, HKGU has grown and able to accommodate 150 beds [1].
Construction of new hospital with an area of 11.15 hectares, is located at KM 5, Jln Apin-
Apin/Keningau started operations on 08 February, 2004, the number of 212 beds under the
Ninth Malaysia Plan projects-8. Keningau Hospital has been equipped with modern
equipment IHIS Information Systems ‘Information System Intermediate Hospital' which is a
computerized management system for patients and staff [1,2,3].
A hospital plays an important role in healthcare. A good hospital should be capable to
operate on a daily basic activity, able to do a surgery, able to pick up and transport patient,
and able to operate during a disaster or on disease outbreak.
The objectives of the assessment are as the following:
 Understand the common communicable diseases in Pinangah and recommend
prevention measures

 Assess the existing medical facilities and recommend scope of utilization of

medical facilities for medical and emergency management.

2. METHODS
This assessment was made using a qualitative description method, where the sample is one
hospital. Data were collected from deep interview with the hospital management and
medical staff (doctors and paramedic), observed the condition of equipment, unit, room and
building, and hospital records from previous year, and also a collected data from Pejabat
Kesihatan Kawasan (PKK) Pinangah. We used a checklist provided by the company to assess
the hospital.

195
3. RESULTS
For communicable endemic diseases they collected data from Pejabat Kesihatan Kawasan
(PKK) Pinangah. Based on the information from Pejabat Kesihatan Kawasan (PKK) Pinangah
on endemic communicable diseases in Pinangah are:
- Malaria (predominantly due to Plasmodium knowlesi) with mosquitoes as a vector.
- Leptospirosis – consumption of contaminated food / drinking water by rodent urine.
- Cholera – consumption of contaminated food/drinking water due to poor sanitation.
There are total of 57 medical doctors (including hospital director) and 12 Specialist;
Pediatric, Obstetric and Ginecologist, Surgeon, Internal Medicine Specialist, Nephrologist,
Cardiologist, Resporatory Specialist, Emergency Specialist, Ophthalmologist, Anasthetist,
and including 1 on call (ENT Specialist). This hospital also has 400 registered
nurse/paramedics in this hospital. Outpatient department is over-crowded. Around 100
patients seen by medical officer per day, and aroud 8-10 patients admitted per day.

For emergency and trauma, this hospital have 24 hours emergency departement with 24
hours admission, 24 hours qualified standby doctor, 3 defibrillator, 8 patient monitor, 3
Resucitation trolley that checked every shift, and this hospital has a mass casualty
emergency preparedness, and response plan, especially for disaster management plan,
external and internal. Emergency team can be iniatiated when emergency or disaster occurs
– Headed by Hospital director. The hospital has 6 ICU beds, 2 beds just for cardiac cases, 6
ventilator, 6 patients monitors and 1 anaesthetist specialist responsible for ICU; 4 Operation
room, 1 for obstetric and gynecologic, with 2 general surgeon; 3 X-ray machine with 1 CT
Scan Machine. Burn management room is available, but can’t treat severe burn injury. For
severe burn injury they have to send the patient/ IP to Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota
Kinabalu.

For medicine and drug; this hospital have a qualified pharmacist to run a pharmacy for
all patients. Medicine and drug are complete in this hospital, including an Anti-venom is
available in the hospital for snake bites cases (anti-venom for Cobra).

196
 This hospital have a laboratory that manage by qualified personnel and can do almost all
laboratory check including bacteriology, microbiology, haematology, serology, biochemistry,
urine drug screening, blood bank transfussion check rapid as well as confirmation test

For referral case, this hospital has ambulance vehicles available in the hospital and
can be use 24/7, helipad is available in hospital area and can be used for chopper
landing, but not suitable for night landing. For serious cases that cannot be treated in
here, they will transferred the patient to Queen Elisabeth hospital which is 122
kilometres from this hospital.

Mortuary is available in Hospital Keningau. There are 2 rooms for Muslim and non-
Muslim but no Forensic Specialist.

4. DISCUSSION
The incidence of malaria is high on jungle areas in Keningau district but not in town.
Mechanical forms of protection are still the most effective means of preventing the spread
of malaria, for example by using window and door screens, and mosquito bed net. There are
4 steps to mosquito prevention;
1) Protective clothing by wearing a long sleeved shirts and long pants in light colors
such as beige or yellow. Dark clothing attracts mosquitoes, as does the scent of
perfume or after shave-lotion.
2) Apply mosquitoes repellent – available in sprays, lotions – to all exposed areas of
skin, as well as clothes, avoiding eyes and mouth.
3) Pyrethrin insecticides (active ingredient pyrethrin, extracted from pyrethrum flower.
It kills mosquitoes instantly by acting on the central nervous system.
4) Preparing bed for the night and using a mosquito bed net.
For the leptospirosis, Malaysia government have released Guidelines for The Diagnosis,
Management, Prevention and Control of Leptospirosis in Malaysia. The prevention and
control should be targeted at the infection source, route of transmission between the
infection source and the human host, and prompt and proper treatment of infection.
Cholera prevention can be done by avoiding contaminated food and maintain personal
and environmental hygiene and sanitation.
5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

197
This is a good hospital that can treat minor cases, almost all major cases, have a good
transportation unit, and have an emergency team that can be initiated during emergency or
disaster, but this hospital can’t treat a major burn cases. This hospital can build a room and
team to treat major burn cases, and we need to conduct similar assessment in Indonesia for
mapping all hospital ability to operate during disaster or disease outbreak.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to show my gratitude to Keningau Hospital Management and Director for all the
support and help to making this paper possible. And also, I would like to thank to Pejabat
Kesihatan Kawasan (PKK) Pinangah for all the time and data they provide.

Competing interst
On this occasion, I would like to declare that I have no interest in any kind of competing
interest from making this paper.

Reference
[1] http://hkgu.moh.gov.my/index.php?lang=english, access on October 4th, 2017.
[2] http://hospital.com.my/directory/Sabah/public/Hospital_Keningau.htm, access on
October 4th, 2017.
[3] https://www.electives.net/hospital/6380/preview, access on October 4th, 2017.
[4] https://www.iamat.org/elibrary/view/id/2968, How to Protect Yourself Against Malaria,
2017 edition, IAMAT, access on October 4th, 2017.
[5] Guidelines for The Diagnosis, Management, Prevention and Control of Leptospirosis in
Malaysia, Disease Control Division Department of Public Health Ministry of Health
Malaysia, 1st edition, 2011, downloaded on October 4th, 2017

198
Occupational Health and Safety in Warehouse Area
Diantika Prameswara1, Zulkifli Djunaidi2
1
Postgraduate Student of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia
2
Lecture of Departement Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia
Corresponding Author: zulkiflidj59@gmail.com

Abstract
The warehouse was the place which is occurring process of lifting and delivering goods or
materials. The activity in warehouse area could cause hazards. The fatal injury rate for the
warehousing industry is higher than the national average for all industries. It’s due to the
activity in the warehouse using lifting equipment such as a crane, forklift and truckloads which
is that equipment is widely used not only in warehouse industry but also used in various public
infrastructure. Therefore, warehouse safety has evolved into public safety. So, it needed a risk
assessment. Risk assessment was the most important stage in the field of occupational health
and safety. A good risk assessment can improve the competitiveness of enterprises and the
proper handling of risks for achieving company goals. To minimize that risk, then in this study
did determinant the hazards and assess with Fine Kinney risk assessment method. This study
was the descriptive study with a systematic review. Literature related to identifying hazards and
risk assessment acquired from the research report, thesis, journal and also supporting books.
Data took from 2003-2017. Data that has been collected then make it classified to determine
the main criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives of hazards. Then, the risk score is obtained by
formula W.T Fine. The result showed in the 1st hazard group level, the most important hazard
was a physical hazard. The high risks in the 2nd hazard group level were the operation of a
powered vehicle, crashing, manual handling, dust exposure and workload. Hit by forklift and
handling heavy objects classified to the very high risks in the 3rd hazard group level. Therefore,
it needed Forklift Management System or Risk Management for Forklift Operation.
Keywords: risk assessment, potential hazards, warehouse safety, Fine Kinney method,
systematic review, occupational health and safety

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1. INTRODUCTION
The ability of a production system would be determined by its supporting system. The
warehouse was one of supporting and an important part of a supporting system. Good
conditions and arrangements in the warehouse are expected to avoid corporate losses and
minimize the cost incurred and increase operations and services at the warehouse [1].
The core of this industry was delivering materials. Materials which have gotten from
production take to the warehouse before it distributed to the customer. This case was
becoming warehouse one of the vital element in an organization. It needed exactly
coordination between the availability, the distribution, and materials delivery to avoid
overcrowded in the warehouse. Because of it can generate potency of the unsafe condition and
warehouse inefficiency.
Since a large proportion of the cargo is completely or partially loaded through different
warehouses, these logistics facilities become a critical link in supply chains [2]. Warehouse
operations can present a wide variety of potential hazards for the worker. More than 145.000
people work in over 7000 warehouses. The fatal injury rate for the warehousing industry is
higher than the national average for all industries. There were several potential hazards such as
the unsafe use of forklifts, improper stacking of products, failure to use proper personal
protective equipment, failure to follow proper lockout/tagout procedures, inadequate fire
safety provisions and repetitive motion injuries [3]. Besides that, the most common causes of
the accident in warehousing and storage industry were trips, fall and manual handling [4].
Risk management in warehouses is a key issue to guarantee security all along the global
supply chains [2]. Besides that, warehouse safety has evolved to become public safety due to
the use of much kind internal transportations. To minimize the hazards then required risk
assessment as the most important stage in occupational health and safety field. A good risk
assessment could improve the company competitiveness and the accuracy of risk control to
achieve the company goal. Risk assessments are mostly conducted at the international or
national level [5]. Therefore be required risk assessment in warehouse area to identify the
potential hazards, the mitigation, increase of occupational safety and productivity of worker
and company itself.

200
 The main objectives of the literature review are to present an overview the most important
hazards in the warehouse area, to present a hierarchy of hazards, to present a classify the level
of hazards, and to present a risk assessment using the Fine Kinney method.

2. METHODS
This research used descriptive research design as a literature review. As data sources, we used
reviewed article, publication, and informally published. Data took from 2003 until 2017. The
commonly databased literature used was Google Scholar and Science Direct that have searched
4756 results. The search for a specific term like warehouse safety found 72 results. The final
found 15 results which appropriate with researcher’s objective.
From that results, we determined the most important hazards in the warehouse area. Then,
we classified into 3 levels. At the 1st level, the hazards classify with their general names such as
physical, ergonomics etc. More detailed hazard formed in the 2nd hazard group level. In the 3rd
hazard group level expressing what type of accidents it could cause have been formed [6].
The method used in risk assessment was a semi-quantitative method to the definite level of
risk in each hazard. Risk assessment using three parameters by Fine i.e consequences,
probability, and exposure. Then, the risk score is obtained by multiplying these parameters [6].
The risk score classifications by Kinney [7].
The risk is evaluated by considering the potential consequences of an accident, the
exposure or frequency of occurrence of the hazard-event that could lead to the accident, and
the probability that the hazard-event will result in the accident and consequences. The formula
is as follows risk score = consequences x exposure x probability. The abbreviated: R = C x E x P
[8]. Definitions of the elements of the formula and numerical ratings are given below (Table 1-
4).

Table 1. Consequences
Descriprions Rating
Catastrophs. Numerous fatalities, extensive damage (over $1,000,000) major
100
disruption of activities of national significance

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Descriprions Rating
Multiple fatalities. Damage $500,000 to $1,000,000 50
Fatality. Damage $100,000 to $500,000 25
Extremely serious injury. Amputation, permanent disability, damage $1,000 to
15
$100,000
Disabling injuries. Damage up to $1,000 5
Minor cuts. Bruises, bumps, minor damage 1

Table 2. Exposure
Description Rating
Continously. Many time daily 10
Frequently. Approximately once daily 6
Occasionally. From once per week to once per month 3
Unusually. From once per month to once per year 2
Rarely. It has been known to occur 1
Very rarely. Not known to have occured but considered remotely possible 0.5

Table 3. Probability
Description Rating
Most likely. Expected result if the hazard-event takes place 10
Quite possible. Would not be unusual, has an even 50/50 chance 6
Unusual. Coincidence 3
Remotely possible. It has happened 1
Extremely remote. Has never happened after many years of exposure 0.5
Practically impossible. Has never happened in spice of exposure over many years 0.1

Table 4. Risk score

Risk score Risk situation
> 400 Very high risk. Consider discontinuing operation

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Risk score Risk situation
200 to 400 High risk. Immediate correction required
70 to 200 Substantial risk. Correction needed
20 to 70 Possible risk. Attention indicated
< 20 Risk. Perhaps acceptable

3. RESULTS
The tasks in warehouse area were loading and unloading. The warehouse is divided into two,
storage and coldstorage The difference in both was thermal exposure in the warehouse.
However the activities overall equal. The main activities in warehouse area were receiving,
storing and issuing. Wherein all activities consist of loading, unloading and transport materials
[9]. All three activities involve lifting equipment and workers. Lifting equipment that is widely
used in the warehouse area forklift, lift truck, and conveyor. Although the use of lifting
equipment has been maximum to assist activities in the warehouse, however lifting objects
manually still frequently used.
The potential hazards in warehouse area based on literature review among others fall from
height, lighting, thermal stress, noise, crashing, fire and explosion, falling objects, electrical
shock, radiation, trips, slips, bind, dust exposure, fumes exposure, manual handling, operation
of powered vehicle, and workload (3,4,10–17). Afterwards, that hazards will classify to three
level. The result of classifying hazards will be described in an example of hierarchy hazards
(Figure 1). The details would be appeared with risk assessment by 1st hazard group level.

203
Figure 1. The example of hierarchy hazards

Level Level
Target Level I
II III
Fall whlist climbing
Physical Fall from height etc
racking etc

Exposure by dust
Chemical Dust etc from prolonged
material storage etc

The Most Important Handling heavy

Ergonomic Manual handling
Hazard objects etc

Mechanical Operation of forklift Hit by forklift etc

Accumulation goods
Psychosocial Work load due to late delivery
etc

The 1st hazard group level was the category of basic hazard such as biological, ergonomic,
psychosocial, chemical and physical [18]. The literature review result showed classification
hazards in level 1 be physical, ergonomic, chemical, mechanical and psychosocial. The most
common hazard and having the very high-risk was a physical hazard. Hazards identified in level
2 are fall from a height, lighting, thermal stress, noise, crashing, fire and explosion, falling
objects, electrical shock, radiation, trips, slips, bind, dust exposure, fumes exposure, manual
handling, the operation of a powered vehicle, and workload. The high risks in the 2nd hazard
group level were the operation of a powered vehicle, crashing, manual handling, dust exposure
and workload. In the 3rd hazard group level more specific to the causes of an unwanted event
such as working in temperature up to 30 C etc (Table 5).

Table 5. Classification of hazard group level

1st hazard group level 2nd hazard group level 3rd hazard group level
 Physical  Fall from height  Working in temperature up

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1st hazard group level 2nd hazard group level 3rd hazard group level
 Chemical  Lighting to 30 C
 Ergonomic  Thermal stress  Working in temperature
 Mechanical  Noise below to 10 C
 Psychosocial  Crashing  Working under the hot sun
 Fire and explosion  Poor ventilation
 Falling objects  Locked in the cold store
 Electrical shock  Poor lighting
 Radiation  Moving empty drums in
 Trips the drumming line

 Slips  Driving froklift with a noisy

 Bind engine

 Vibration  Working near noisy source

 Dust exposure  Swaying metal pallets

 Fumes exposure  Handling heavy objects

 Manual handling  Prolonged repetitive

 Operation of powered movement

vehicle  Untrained or improper

 Work load manual lifting

 Bending or twisting during
lifting
 Working with the arms
above shoulder height to
retrieve objects
 Crashed by loading or
unloading with forklift
 Crashed into goods or
pallets

205
1st hazard group level 2nd hazard group level 3rd hazard group level
 Hit by forklift
 Crashed while lifting goods
 Hit by freight
 Lift truck crashing other
vehicle or other objects
 Hit by vehicle
 Hit by lift truck
 Forklift run off docks
 Powered equipment
collision
 Hit by falling products
 Forklift electrical system
 Over use electric
equipment
 Ignited through electrical
fault
 Smoke inhalation
 Fierce due to stringed
drums and floor
 Improper use of lockout
procedure
 Recharging powered
vehicles
 Faulty electrical equipment
or installation
 Portable electrical
equipment

206
1st hazard group level 2nd hazard group level 3rd hazard group level
 Dust from chemical
material
 Dust from prolonged
material storage
 Dust due to poor
housekeeping
 Muffler emision (exposure
of CO)
 Falling objects from
material storage
 Product fall strikes worker
or visitor
 Falling objects during
movement
 Struck by a falling objects
 Falling pallets or objects
from racking
 Falling pallets improper
layout
 Falling objects from vehicle
 Falling improperly stored
material
 Operate forklifts
 Operate other powered
vehicles
 Loading/unloading goods
while machine truck on

207
1st hazard group level 2nd hazard group level 3rd hazard group level
 Fall whlist climbing racking
 Fall while changing light
bulbs
 Through fragile roof when
looking for repairing leaks
 UV exposure
 Accumulation goods due to
late delivery
 Inadequate human
resources
 Slip on spillages
 Slip on water or oil
 Slip by poor housekeeping
 Trip over objects
 Trip over debris
 Trip due to hole on the
floor
 Bind by pallets while
racking
 Bind pallet load
 Bind machine
 Bind in pinch points

Afterwards, all hazards in the 3rd hazard group level as the assessment were performed
with Fine Kinney risk assessment method (Table 6-10). The result showed that hit by a forklift
and handling heavy objects classified to the very high risks. The high-risk hazards were hit by

208
vehicle, hit by lift truck, over use electric equipment, ignited through electrical fault, slip by
poor housekeeping, falling objects during movement, falling pallets or objects from racking,
prolonged repetitive movement, bending or twisting during lifting and loading or unloading
with forklift.

Table 6. Risk assessment physical hazards by Fine Kinney method

Hazards P E C Risk Score
Fall from height
 Fall whlist climbing racking 6 2 15 180
 Fall while changing light bulbs 6 1 15 90
 Through fragile roof when looking for repairing leaks 3 1 15 45
Lighting
 Poor lighting 6 6 5 180
Thermal stress
 Working in temperature up to 30 C 3 2 15 90
 Working in temperature below to 10 C 3 2 15 90
 Working under the hot sun 6 3 5 90
 Poor ventilation 6 3 5 90
 Locked in the cold store 1 0.5 25 12.5
Noise
 Moving empty drums in the drumming line 6 3 5 90
 Driving froklift with a noisy engine 3 2 5 30
 Working near noisy source 3 3 5 45
 Swaying metal pallets 6 6 5 180
Crashing
 Crashed into goods or pallets 6 3 5 90
 Hit by forklift 6 3 25 450
 Crashed while lifting goods 6 6 5 180
3 1 25 75

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Hazards P E C Risk Score
 Hit by freight 6 2 25 300
 Hit by vehicle 6 2 25 300
 Hit by lift truck 6 6 5 180

 Hit by falling products

Fire and explosion
 Forklift electrical system 3 1 25 75
 Over use electric equipment 6 1 50 300
 Ignited through electrical fault 6 1 50 300
 Smoke inhalation 3 1 50 150
 Fierce due to stringed drums and floor 1 1 50 50
 Improper use of lockout procedure 3 1 50 150

 Recharging powered vehicles 3 1 50 150

Radiation
 UV exposure 3 3 5 45
Slips
 Slip on spillages 6 3 5 90
 Slip on water or oil 6 3 5 90
 Slip by poor housekeeping 10 6 5 300
Trips
 Trip over objects 6 6 5 180
 Trip over debris 3 2 5 30
 Trip due to hole on the floor 6 2 15 180
Bind
 Bind by pallets while racking 6 3 5 90
 Bind pallet load 3 2 15 90
 Bind machine 3 2 5 30
 Bind in pinch points 6 3 5 90

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Hazards P E C Risk Score
Falling objects
 Falling objects from material storage 10 3 5 150
 Produst fall strikes worker or visitor 6 2 5 60
 Falling objects during movement 10 6 5 300
 Struck by a falling objects 6 2 5 60
 Falling pallets or objects from racking 6 3 15 270
 Falling pallets improper layout 6 3 5 90
 Falling objects from vehicle 3 2 15 90

 Falling improperly stored material 3 2 5 30

Electrical shock
 Faulty electrical equipment or installation 3 1 25 75
 Portable electrical equipment 3 1 15 45
Vibration
 Operate forklifts 3 10 5 150
 Operate other powered vehicles 3 6 5 90
 Loading/unloading goods while machine truck on 3 3 5 45

Table 7. Risk assessment chemical hazards by Fine Kinney method

Hazards P E C Risk Score
Dust exposure
 Dust from chemical material 3 3 15 135
 Dust from prolonged material storage 6 6 5 180
 Dust due to poor housekeeping 6 6 5 180
Fumes exposure
 Muffler emision (exposure of CO) 6 6 5 180

Table 8. Risk assessment ergonomic hazards by Fine Kinney method

211
Hazards P E C Risk Score
Manual handling
 Handling heavy objects 6 6 15 540
 Prolonged repetitive movement 6 10 5 300
 Untrained or improper manual lifting 3 3 5 45

 Bending or twisting during lifting 6 10 5 300

 Working with the arms above shoulder height to 6 6 5 180

retrieve objects

Table 9. Risk assessment psychosocial hazards by Fine Kinney method

Hazards P E C Risk Score
Work load
 Accumulation goods due to late delivery 6 6 5 180
 Inadequate human resources 3 3 5 45

Table 10. Risk assessment mechanical hazards by Fine Kinney method

Hazards P E C Risk Score
Operation of powered vehicle
 Loading or unloading with forklift 6 3 15 270
 Forklift run off docks 3 2 15 90
 Powered equipment collision 3 1 50 150

 Lift truck crashing other vehicle or other objects 3 2 25 150

4. DISCUSSION
Potential hazards which include in very high-risk categories need control before continued the
operation. Based on risk assessment of potential hazards showed that hit by forklift was the
very high risk in the warehouse area. About 100 employees are killed and 95,000 injured every

212
year while operating forklifts in all industries. Forklift turnovers account for a significant
percentage of these fatalities [3]. The frequency of accident by forklift included occasionally
whereas it could happen from once per week to once per month. A case study in one of milk
factory in Jakarta stated that in 2016 recorded 12 incidents occupational accident related to the
operation of forklift [19]. The probability hazard-event occur included expected if the hazard-
event takes place. The losses that appeared from the hazard-event were higher. It caused
fatality and property damage $100,00 to $500,000. In case study above, from 12 accidents by
operation of forklift be obtained 3 accidents with medical treatment injury classification, 4
accidents with first aid injury classification and 5 properties damage [19]. This risk assessment
can be guidance for each company to give more supervision related to using forklifts. For
example, an organization can apply Forklift Management System or Risk Management for
Forklift Operation. Recently in almost shopping center are using forklift freely because of
forklifts has been internal transportation for all industry. This requires more attention to the
risks that will arise wherein the shopping center is not only workers who involved activities, but
also visitors who need to get information related to safety forklift operation.
The other very high risk in warehouse area was handling heavy object. Lifting manually
has become commonplace for many people. Occasionally, a man would admit he was strong if
he could lift a heavy object alone. Actually, the maximum load that may be lifted by someone
based on NIOSH is 23-25 kilogram [4]. In other words, the load raised does not exceed 50%
personal strength limit. This forgets the effect that the person will experience for the long term.
Working with the handling of heavy objects is more often done by workers with low
socioeconomic levels [20]. This sometimes caused a lack of long-term health awareness for
workers. Health effects from handling heavy objects were low back pain and musculoskeletal
disorders [4] which is a serious problem in both developed and developing countries. In Europe,
30% of workers experience low back pain. Injury from handling heavy objects contributes about
40% and spends about $ 28.5 million annually on South Australian society [21]. With the
development of technology in the workplace make resources, especially manual handling work
is reduced. Usually diligent and young workers who will remain employed so that the exposure
received by workers more. Statistics show low back pain can occur in men with age range 20 -

213
24 years. Other factors that can support the risks include smoking and work done by workers
outside of work [19]. In this case, all warehouse industries have implemented the use of
personal protective equipment, one of which is back support. Potential danger can also be
reduced by the risk of procurement training manual handling, stretching while working and
procurement of sports together in the work environment.
The others include high-risk category such as hit by vehicle, hit by lift truck, over use electric
equipment, ignited through electrical fault, slip by poor housekeeping, falling objects during
movement, falling pallets or objects from racking, prolonged repetitive movement, bending or
twisting during lifting and loading or unloading with forklift. These high-risk hazards need
correction immediately. Commitment, training and various safety programs conducted by the
company to reduce the risks arising. Safety programs that can be done include increased LOTO
program, training lifting manually and improve safety culture in the warehouse area.
Many corporates are aware of the warehouse safety. one of them is PT Trakindo who
always performs periodic inspections in the warehouse area [11]. Therefore, it critically to have
good risk management in warehouse area to business survival. Besides that, creating a safety
culture within a warehouse is important. Warehousing risk management involve fire safety, hot
work fire safety, flooding, security, worker safety, material storage, battery safety, electrical
safety, storage and handling of environmentally hazardous substances [22].

5. CONCLUSIONS
The literature review has been conducted potential hazards in the warehouse. In the 1st
hazard group level, the most important hazard was a physical hazard. The high risks in the 2nd
hazard group level were the operation of a powered vehicle, crashing, manual handling, dust
exposure and workload. In 3rd hazard group level showed that hit by a forklift and handling
heavy objects classified to the very high risks. The high-risk hazards were hit by vehicle, hit by
lift truck, over use electric equipment, ignited through electrical fault, slip by poor
housekeeping, falling objects during movement, falling pallets or objects from racking,
prolonged repetitive movement, bending or twisting during lifting and loading or unloading
with forklift. Therefore, it needed Forklift Management System or Risk Management for

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Forklift Operation and clearly regulation about standarize load of lifting manually. The next is
monitoring and evaluating that control.

References
[1] Harjono R, Prasetyawan Y, Eng M. Perancangan Tata Letak Gudang Untuk Meminimumkan
Jumlah Produk yang Tidak Tertampung Dalam Blok dan Efisiensi Aktivitas Perpindahan
Barang di Divisi Penyimpanan Produk Jadi PT. ISM Bogasari Flour Mills Surabaya. In
Surabaya; 2010. Tersedia pada: digilib.its.ac.id/public/ITS-Undergraduate-12612-
Paper.pdf
[2] Cedillo-campos MG, Cedillo-campos HO. w @ reRISK method : Security risk level
classification of stock keeping units in a warehouse. 2015;79:358–68.
[3] OSHA. OSHA pocket guide worker safety series warehousing [Internet]. U.S; 2004.
Tersedia pada: www.osha.gov
[4] Ikasari LP. Penilaian Risiko Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja ( K3 ) Aktivitas Kerja Di
Gudang Domestik Penilaian Risiko Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja ( K3 ) Aktivitas Kerja
Di Gudang Domestik SBU Garuda Cargo Tahun 2014 [Internet]. Universitas Indonesia;
2014. Tersedia pada: lib.ui.ac.id/abstrakpdf?id=20386522&lokasi=lokal
[5] Drápálová E, Běláčková V, Grund J-P. Literature Review WS2 Risk Assessment. Local Pass.
2012;
[6] Kokangül A, Polat U, Dag C. A new approximation for risk assessment using the AHP and
Fine Kinney methodologies. Saf Sci. 2017;91:24–32.
[7] Kinney GF, Wiruth AD. Practical Risk Analysis for Safety Management. Nav Weapon Cent.
1976;(June).
[8] Fine WT. Mathematical Evaluation For Controlling Hazards. Nav Ord Lab. 1971;
[9] Kłodawski M, Jacyna M, Lewczuk K, Wasiak M. The Issues of Selection Warehouse Process
Strategies. Procedia Eng [Internet]. 2017;187:451–7. Tersedia pada:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.399
[10] Zain RF. Implementasi IBPR Pada Area Warehouse Departement Sebagai Langkah Awal
Untuk Mencegah Terjadinya Kecelakaan Kerja di PT Bukit Makmur Mandiri Utama Jakarta

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 [Internet]. Universitas Sebelas Maret; 2010. Tersedia pada:
eprints.uns.ac.id/9555/1/163182708201011241.pdf
[11] Dahlan AZ. Magang Tentang Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja di PT Trakindo Utama
Cabang Jakarta [Internet]. Surakarta; 2010. Tersedia pada: https://eprints.uns.ac.id/5460/
[12] Nurjanah JA. Penerapan Hazard Identification Risk Assesment And Determining Control (
HIRADC ) Pada Pekerjaan Baru Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Kecelakaan Kerja Di PT .
Eastern Logistics Lamongan Jawa Timur [Internet]. Universitas Sebelas Maret; 2012.
Tersedia pada: perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
[13] Pratama KKA. Identifikasi Dan Analisis Risiko Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja Pada Area
Produksi Di Rumah Potong Ayam PT . Sierad Produce , Tbk. Universitas Indonesia; 2012.
[14] Bulug MA. Penelitian Risiko Timbulnya Nyala Api pada Gudang Penyimpanan Sementara
Limbah B3 di CNOOC SES Ltd. Universitas Indonesia; 2003.
[15] Singapore Logistics Association. Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for The
Logistics Industry [Internet]. Singapore, Singapore: CWT Distribution Ltd, Poh Tiong Choon
Logistics Ltd, Trans-Link Express Pte Ltd; 2005. Tersedia pada:
safety.com.sg/.../Occupational Safety and Health...
[16] HSE. Warehouse safety guidance on reducing incidents in your premises [Internet]. UK:
Health and Safety Executive; 2014. Tersedia pada:
http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/firesafety/firesafetylaw/
[17] HSE. Example risk assessment for cold storage warehousing [Internet]. UK; 2008. Tersedia
pada: www.hse.gov.uk/risk/casestudies/pdf/coldstorage.pdf
[18] Pryor P. Hazard as a Concept. In: OHS Body of Knowledge. Victoria: Safety Institute of
Australia; 2012.
[19] Anggito R, Adiyantoko B, Kholifah L, Komara MLP, Pratama AK. Forklift Safety -
Transportasi Internal Warehouse PT X. Depok; 2017.
[20] Albar Z. Gangguan Muskuloskeletal Akibat Kerja. In: Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, K
MS, Setiati S, editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi Keli. Jakarta: Interna Publishing;
2009.
[21] Wulandari irma setiawaty. Analisa faktor risiko ergonomi pada task yang berisiko tinggi

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 terhadap timbulnya low back pain pada kegiatan manual handling di area gudang PT. X
tahun 2008. universitas indonesia; 2008.
[22] NZI Risk SolutionTM. Warehousing risk management guide helping our customers stay in
business by reducing risk. Auckland, New Zealand: NZI Risk Solutions; 2013.

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The Association between Work Shift and Fatigue

Erian Sutantio1 dan Baiduri Widanarko1

1
Department of Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia

Correspondence author: baiduri@ui.ac.id

Abstract

Currently, shift work is common in the working population in various industries. Work shifts are
known to have several health effects, (eg fatigue, anxiety, cardiovascular problems, and
gastrointestinal problems) as well as increased accident rates. However, there are not many
studies that specifically investigate the difference between day shifts and night shifts, and long
shifts in reported fatigue. Relevant studies of shift and fatigue work between 2010 and 2016
were obtained through electronic databases. 11 The journal meets the inclusion criteria. The
journal used in this literature study uses a cross sectional research design with data collection
through questionnaire, measurement of fatigue level with reaction time and speed and
accuracy test of Wiersma boundor. This literature study concludes that the night shift has the
greatest fatigue rate followed by the afternoon shift and morning shift. Hence, this study
suggests to reduce the prevalence of fatigue that can cause accidents for night shift.

Keywords: Work Shift, Fatique Level

1. INTRODUCTION

As the population growth is high enough, the population’s needs in terms of material, health, or
others, increase. These needs encourage companies to provide the population the materials,
health, or others, they need by producing them in large quantities in a short time. This large
amount production done in a short time brings domino effect to encourage the companies to
produce them continuously and ultimately force the employees to work in work shifting system
in order to meet the demand needs of the customers, although there is no definitive statistical

218
data on the number of shift laborers working in Indonesia or other countries, it is certain that
more than half of the workers are involved in the shift system.
The number of accidents happened to the industry (in 2015, the number of accidents
happened according to the claims of the Workers Social Security Agency (BPJS) was as much as
110,285 cases) one of the causes of the accident was the unsafe act did by fatigue workers. The
fatigue was caused by many things and one of them is the work shift system. This literature
study was conducted to find out the comparison of workers’ fatigue levels in the morning,
afternoon, and evening shifts so that the shift with the highest fatigue level and improvement
actions can be decided to minimize potential accidents caused by fatigue.
Based on the above description, the authors are interested to write a literature study
entitled The Association between Work Shift and Fatigue in order to be a Reference to
Determine an Appropriate Shift Work and Reduce the Fatigue Level of Shift Workers, the study
of the shifting times in the work shifts is good to reduce the level of fatigue suffered by the
workers will be discussed in the next research.

2. METHODS
This review only discusses journals with cross-sectional research design that aims to compare
the level of fatigue in shift workers. A cross sectional study design, also known as a prevalence
study, is a study using a design that the characteristics of all measurements of all variables are
studied at the same time. Cross sectional study design has advantages that are easy to
implement, the research results can be obtained, it can explain the relationship between health
phenomenon studied, it is a preliminary study of a design of a case, control, and cohort studies.
The research method used in 11 journals which study the population was random sampling
method. Among the 11 literatures, 4 literatures are analytical surveys and the 7 others are
analytic observations. The data in this literature study were collected through interview,
questionnaire, measurement of fatigue with reaction time, and speed and accuracy test of
boundor Wiersma. Relevant journals from all articles with the keyword of “shift worker risk
analysis”, then continued with the word “comparison of the fatigue levels of shift workers”.
After the search, the authors found a number of journals that were then selected again
219
according to the relevance to the title of the 11 journals prior. The variables used in the journal,
that were used as the literature studies, are:

• Independent variable (Shift work)

The independent variable, a variable that caused the occurrence or change of the dependent
variable. The independent variable in this research was work shift. Shift work in this literature
study has several variants but can be generally classified into morning work shift, afternoon
work shift, and night work shift.

• Dependent variable (Work fatigue)

The dependent variable was the variable that was influenced or became the result of the
independent variable. The dependent variable in this study was work fatigue. Work fatigue is a
condition in which workers experience exhaustion or fatigue during or after working resulting in
the decreased of the physiological function of the body so that the workers’ performance
decreased. Work fatigue in this literature study was studied through reaction measurement by
using reaction timer tool, questionnaire (with scores) and speed and accuracy test of boundor
Wiersma.

• Nuisance variables

The nuisance variables were variables affected the relationship between the independent
variable and the dependent variable. The nuisance variables in this study were controlled
nuisance variables:

• Controller variable is under control

• Age

Age, is the period since the workers were born until the time of their data taken through the
questionnaire.

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• Gender

The term distinguishes between men and women based on their physical and biological
characteristics as measured by questionnaires

• Uncontrollable disturbing variable

• Nutrition Status

The health and work force are closely related to one’s nutritional level. Nutritional status can be
seen from the body mass index calculated from the body weight divided by the height of the
squared obtained from the questionnaire.

• Working Period

The time calculated from when the workers started working in the companies and obtained
from the results of the questionnaire.

• Illumination

The amount of light in lux units sourced from natural and artificial lights measured by luxmeter.

• Noise

The unwanted sounds coming from various sources (machines, etc) measured by sound level
meter devices.

• Working climate

The size of the wet bulb temperature index as measured by the heat stress area of the monitor.

• Workload

The number of jobs that became the tasks of the employees. Workload can be eliminated in
this study because all of the samples in the population get the same workload.

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• Health condition

Health condition was closely related to the employees’ performance. The health condition was
measured by the history of the diseases suffered by the employees.

• History of Chronic Disease

A gradual and a long course illnesses which were discovered from the interviews and
questionnaires.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The first study that used research analytical survey with cross sectional approach was done in
textile companies. This study measured the differences in work-related fatigue between the
morning shift, noon shift, and night shift on the employees in the production department. This
study was conducted by taking a questionnaire of 62 respondents with fatigue in the form of
scores (low, medium, high, and very high). The applicable shift rotation system was 3-3-3,
where every shift was done for 3 days and the days off only on Sundays. The result of fatigue
difference test based on the work shift showed a tendency that the night shift tended to cause
very high fatigue. In the first journal, although the data were not taken directly, which were
only in the forms of questionnaires, but they could provide an overview of the difference in
fatigue suffered by the workers of the morning and afternoon shifts. From this study, it also
could be seen that the workloads for each worker in the operation department were the same.

In the second study which the type was analytical observation with cross sectional approach
was done in winding companies that process raw material into pattern or batik printing clothes.
This study was only conducted on female workers. The data were collected through
questionnaires and through the measurement of work fatigue with the reaction time with
statistical test for one way anova questionnaire and kruska walls test was implemented to study
the work fatigue. When the results were compared to the reaction time, it can be said that the
highest level of worker fatigue was followed by the afternoon shift and last morning shift where

222
the rotation of the shift system changed after one week. In the second research, the
combination data were collected, i.e. the questionnaire (for the nuisance variable) and measure
the reaction time of the dependent variable. Through this study, the authors found that the
workloads were the same for all of the operators.

In the third study, the analytic observation type was used with cross sectional approach
implemented in the Refinery Control Central Room (RPPK) of petroleum processing companies
in Balongan Indramayu. This research was done by collecting data from the forms of self
identity and the measurement of work fatigue level by using KAUPK questionnaire. After the
measurement of work fatigue between the morning shift, afternoon shift, and night shift, the
result derived were that there was no difference of fatigue level between the morning shift and
afternoon shift workers, there was no difference of fatigue level between the afternoon shift
and night shift workers, but there was significant difference of the night and morning shift
workers where the night shift workers’ fatigue was greater than the morning shift workers. The
rotation of the work shift system in this research was 3-3-3 where every shift was done for 3
days. The third study, although the direct data was only collected through a questionnaire, but
it could give a general overview of the difference in the fatigue suffered by the early morning
shift, night shift, and night shift workers, which the shift with the highest level of fatigue was
suffered by the night shift workers.

The fourth research with the type of analytical survey research with cross sectional
approach was conducted at oil palm companies in Jambi. The data retrieval in this study is only
done by measuring the reaction time. This research used the T-Test statistic test. The
conclusion of this study was that there was a significant difference in work fatigue between the
morning shift and night shift workers which the night work fatigue was greater than the
morning shift. The prevailing rotation for this companies was 2 shifts daily, each shift lasted for
12 hours, with the weekly rotation where the workers work fully for 12 hours on Monday to
Saturday and 8 hours on Sunday. The fourth research only retrieved the reaction time data and
was only done during the morning shift and night shift. This study directly concluded that the
work fatigue on the night shift was higher than in the morning shift.

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 The fifth research with analytical survey type research with cross sectional approach was
done in the wrapping department of herbal medicine companies. The data collection in this
research was done by measuring the reaction time and distributing questionnaires. This study
used Wilcoxon statistical test. The conclusion of this study was that there was a significant
difference in the fatigue suffered by the morning shift workers and the night shift workers
which the night shift workers’ fatigue level was higher than the morning shift workers, the
fatigue suffered by the morning shift workers was more moderate, while the night shift workers
suffered from more severe fatigue. There was no information on the shift rotation in this fifth
study. The fifth study carried out the data of the reaction time and questionnaire done at the
morning shift and night shift. This study directly concluded that the work fatigue suffered by
the night shift workers was higher than the fatigue suffered by the morning shift workers.

In the sixth study that used analytic observational research type with cross sectional
approach was implemented in a hospital. This research was done by collecting the research
data obtained through data forms of self identity and measurement of work fatigue level using
KAUPK questionnaire. This study resulted in data that the highest level of work fatigue felt by
the night shift because they experience sleep disturbance and had longer working hours than
other shifts. The rotation shift system applied was 2-2-2 where the shift was implemented for 2
days as after 2 days of night shift the workers could take a rest for 2 days. The sixth research,
although the indirect data was only taken through a questionnaire, but it could provide a
general overview of the difference in the fatigue level in the morning shift, afternoon shift and
night shift, which the highest level of fatigue shift was in the night with the greatest fatigue rate
compared to other shifts.

In the seventh study the analytic observational research using cross sectional approach was
implemented, it was conducted at daily check of land transportation companies. This research
was done by collecting research data obtained through a questionnaire. The research
concluded that there was a relation between work shift with the work fatigue and the workers
who experience high work fatigue was the night shift workers. The rotation applied to PT.
Kereta Api Daerah Operasi VI Yogyakarta Dipo Kereta Solo Racing was 3 shifts every one week.

224
In the seventh research, although the data was just taken through a questionnaire, but it could
give a general overview of the difference in fatigue level in the morning shift, afternoon shift
and night shift workers, which the highest fatigue level was in the night shift, with the highest
fatigue level compared to other shifts.

In the eighth research with analytic observation type research with cross sectional approach
was done in the weaving companies that process raw material raw material into pattern or
batik printing clothes. The eighth study was conducted in the same companies as the second
but was conducted on different departments. This study was only conducted on female
workers. This study was conducted through a questionnaire and the measurement of work
fatigue with the reaction time with statistical test for one way anova questionnaire. This study
resulted in the conclusion that there were significant differences in the work fatigue between
the morning, afternoon, and evening shifts, as well as the fatigue in the morning and afternoon
shifts were still in the category of light work fatigue while in the night shift was categorized as
moderate work. When it was compared to the reaction time it could be said that the highest
level of worker fatigue was followed by the afternoon shift and last morning shift which the
rotation shift system changed after one week.

In the eighth study, the combined data were collected through questionnaires (for the
nuisance variables) and measure the reaction time for the dependent variable. The interfering
variable in this study can be controlled, so the ratio of the treatment to the sample population
was equal to the level of work fatigue referring to the reaction time. In this study, it was noted
that the workloads are the same for all of the operators.

In the ninth study used analytic observational research type with cross sectional approach
was done in the hospitalization room of the hospital. This study was conducted through a
questionnaire and with the measurement of work fatigue with reaction time with chi-square
statistical test. This study resulted in the conclusion that there were significant differences in
the work fatigue between the morning, evening, and night shifts, and the highest fatigue felt by
the nurses in the morning shift due to the number of activities performed by the nurses in the
morning while at night the nurses had bedtime only when the patients asleep and the nurse
225
work was easier because there were helps from the nursing staff and some students who had a
an internship practice there. There was no information about the rotation shift system. In the
ninth study, combination data were collected, i.e. questionnaire (for the nuisance variables)
and measured reaction time for the dependent variable. This study had anomalies with the
highest fatigue of morning shift due to the dense work of nurses in the morning shift, while at
night the nurse had sleep time while the patient asleep and the nurse job got helps from the
nursing staff and some students who had an internship practice there.

In the tenth research used analytical survey type with cross sectional approach done in the
production department of PT.X Semarang beverage factory. This study was conducted by
measuring work fatigue with speed and accuracy test of the Bourdon Wiersma. This study
resulted in the conclusion that the highest work fatigue experienced by the night shift workers
followed by the afternoon shift and morning shift workers that were measured by the speed
and accuracy of the Bourdon Wiersma test before and after the work which the lowest speed
and accuracy rate was on the night shift. The rotation shift system changed after one week.

In the eleventh research used analytic observation type research with cross sectional
approach done at a gas station operator in a gas station. This research was carried out with
questionnaire, interview, heart rate measurement (for work load), and work fatigue
measurement with reaction time with cramer coefficient C test test from the stastistic test. This
research resulted in the conclusion that there was significant difference in the work fatigue
between the morning, evening, and night shifts, as well as the highest fatigue felt by the
afternoon shift workers due to the number of vehicles that recharge their fuel in the afternoon.
The applicable shift rotation system was 3-3-3, which every shift was done for 3 days with 3 day
shift pattern, 3 day shift, 3 night shift, and one day off.

Of the 11 research journals studied, it can be said that there was a difference in the level of
fatigue between morning shift, day shift, and night shift workers with the highest level of work
fatigue perceived by the night shift workers (noted from the morning shift, afternoon shift,
same night shift workloads). The night shifts often cause physiological disorders (low sleep

226
quality, decreased physical and mental capacity, gastrointestinal disorders), physiological
disorders, and performance disorder [17].

An effect of working in the night shift was the occurrence of performance disturbances. This
can be understood, because working at other times of sleep or otherwise would change the
body’s natural function. To perform a good job (though not maximum) was through a long
process of adaptation and acclimatization [17]. Meanwhile, according to the Institute for Work
& Health that also conducted a research from 18 studies that there were unintended
consequences for workers outside the normal shift (morning) that resulted in disruption of
internal body clock, fatigue, sleeping difficulties, disturbed appetite and digestion, addiction
sedative, disturbed in social life that ultimately affects performance, increased the likelihood of
errors and accidents in the workplace. Shift work could also exacerbate the existing health
problems such as diabetes, asthma, epilepsy and psychiatric illness [14].

4. CONCLUCIONS

There was difference of fatigue level between morning shift, afternoon shift and night shift
from 11 researches which had been done, it could be concluded that the shift with highest work
fatigue level was the night shift which the work load traversed to the sample population was
the same, the anomaly that happened was that the highest work fatigue was suffered by the
morning shift and afternoon shift because the workloads through the morning shift and the
afternoon shift were heavier than the night shift.

5. RECOMMENDATION

For the workers involved in the shift system, they are advised to arrange the best possible sleep
patterns to reduce the fatigue level in work and the companies should provide them a rest
room.

For companies that perform work shift system, they are suggested to remodel the shifts
according to the level of work fatigue where after the night shift (with the record of all shift
workloads equals) the workers are given rest day.

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For further research, it is expected to summarize more journals for literature studies that the
studies are related to the work shift and fatigue.

References

[1] http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/saptawati.bardosono/material/crosssectionalstudy
programdoktor.pdf accessed on 04 Oktober 2017, 14.45 WIB.

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WSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1504561904&Signature=aBri58ttLM
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[14] Institute for Work& Health. Shift work and Health. April 2010

[15] Institution of Occupational Safety and Health. The Effect of Shift Work on Health. 2003

[16] Institute for Work& Health. Scientific Symposium The Health Effect of Shift Work. 12 April
2010.

[17] Tarwaka, Solichul HA. Bakri dan Lilis Sudiajeng. 2004. Ergonomi untuk keselamatan,
kesehatan kerja dan produktivitas. Surakarta: UNIBA PRESS.

229
EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM IN PT X BASED ON NFPA 1600

EDITION 2016

Muhamad Lazuardi Pradivta Komara1 Prof. dra. Fatma Lestari, MSi, PhD 2
1
Student of Magister of Occupational Health & Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok,

Indonesia.
2
Department of Occupational Health & Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok,

Indonesia.

Corresponding Author: Fatma@ui.ac.id

Abstract

All companies from various sectors are required to plan, implement, and manage a good

and well-planned emergency response system program. PT. X is an Engineering,

Procurement, and Construction (EPC) company with an Occupational Health, Safety, and

Work Environment guideline that refers to SMK3 OHSAS 18001:2007. This study describes

the compatibility of the emergency response system in PT.X with NFPA 1600 Edition 2016.

This is a qualitative descriptive analytical study through the use of semi-structured

interviews, document review, and direct observation of the studied location. The results

show that for the six elements of the NFPA 1600 Edition 2016, the total average of

compatible categories is 89.59% while the average percentages of incompatible and not

applicable categories are 1.59% and 8.87%, respectively. It is recommended to better

maintain and manage the emergency response system by satisfying all required elements in

NFPA1600 Edition 2016.

Keywords: Emergency Response System, EPC, NFPA 1600 Edition 2016

230
1. INTRODUCTION
The globalization era continues to grow rapidly and significantly, pushing all companies to
increase their productivity and quality and, at the same time, pay attention to work
efficiency. This leads to the use of modern technology, hazardous materials/raw materials
and very complex work processes which, if not managed properly, certainly creates a high
possibility of emergency situations and accidents due to the presence of potential dangers
and major risks. The rate of occupational accidents in Indonesia tends to increase every
year. In 2011, 9,891 cases were recorded. This number increases dramatically in to 21,735,
35,917, and 24,910 in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. (Data and Information Center of
the Ministry of Health, 2015)
Many cases of occupational accidents and disasters are results from poor emergency
response implementation and management that causes various losses. Therefore, all
companies are required to plan, implement, and manage an emergency response program
as a good and well-planned system. This emergency response often aims to isolate the
source of danger and secure other areas from the spreading effect of the source of danger
into a broader area. The objective of this study is to assess the implementation of
emergency response system in companies. The reference used for assessing the company’s
emergency response system is the 2016 Edition of the National Fire Protection Association
1600 (NFPA 1600) [2]. NFPA 1600 is an important tool to respond and improve an
emergency response program because it consists of the best instruction to establish a
comprehensive program [1]. Based on the 2016 Edition of NFPA 1600 there are six stages
that have to be performed in establishing an emergency/disaster management program:
management program, planning, implementation, training and education, exercise and test,
and program maintenance and improvement.
2. METHOD
This study was conducted during the period of June–July 2017. This is a quantitative
descriptive analytical study on two informants, i.e. health, safety, and environment manager
and area supervisor. Data collected were primary and secondary data which were collected
through in-depth interviews in a focus group discussion format. In addition, direct
observation and document review were also performed to assess the validity of the results
of the interview to be able to meet the principle of triangulation in a qualitative study. The
instruments used in this study were interview guideline and observation sheet in the form

231
of a self-assessment tool for conformity checklist released in the 2016 Edition of NFPA 1600.
The analysis of the data was performed in an univariate manner through content analysis.
3. RESULT

Interview using focus group discussion technique with the informants on the
implementation of the emergency response system based on NFPA 1600 was performed,
followed by direct observation and company document review to get the conformity
proportion of the company’s emergency response system to NFPA 1600. The total average
of conformity of the emergency response system implementation in PT X to the NFPA 1600
was around 89.59% and the total proportion of the elements that are not fully conform to
NFPA 1600 was around 1.59%. The nonconformity proportion was bigger than the
conformity proportion or not fully conform, which was around 8.87% (Figure 1).

Figure. 1 Result of Implementation NFPA 1600 Edition 2016 in Company

RESULT

9%
2% Confirm
Not Fully Conform
Non Conformity

89%

4. DISCUSSIONS

Based on the 2016 Edition of NFPA, there are six elements in the implementation stage of
emergency/disaster response management. The first element is Program Management
which relates to the commitment of the company, starting from the organization to
resource allocation and activities to establishing a legal framework is. The second element is
Planning that emphasizes on process, analysis, need assessment, and target. The third
element, Implementation, is a clear description of a company’s condition towards the
232
emergency response itself. The fourth element, Training and Education, sees the
strengthening of human resource, both in the company and around the company. The fifth
element, Exercise and Test, focuses on the formulation of methodology and various
evaluations to strengthen the resources in the company. The last element, Improvement
and Maintenance, aims to improve the program so that the company will still be able to run
well despite of any adverse events it experiences.

Figure. 2 Six Element NFPA 1600 Edition 2016

ELEMENT OF NFPA 1600 EDITION 2016

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Management Planning Implementation Training and Exercise and Program
Program Education Test maintenance
and
improvement

Conform Not Fully Conform Non Conform

Based on the results in Figure. 2, it is apparent the company had put efforts to
implement various requirements of each element in the 2016 Edition of NFPA 1600.
However, there were still some requirements for emergency response system in the 2016
Edition of NFPA 1600 that were not implemented yet, starting from those that have been
programmed but not yet run to those that were completely missing from the program. This
condition leads to an assessment result of partially conforming or non-conforming. The
company had performed training and education the best possible to meet the requirements
of emergency response training and education element of the 2016 edition of NFPA 1600
that it achieved a perfect score (100%) as measured in the conformity proportion. Another
perfect score was achieved in the exercise and test points, as measured in the conformity
proportion for this element. Despite the two perfect scores in two elements, the score in

233
the planning element conformity was 73.9%. The company needs to understand the
importance of planning. Meanwhile, other elements had not met the requirements for the
2016 Edition of NFPA1600.

In terms of planning in strengthening the emergency response, the thing that is very
much needed by the company is risk assessment [3]. Yet, it is clear that emergency response
planning is an important step to overcome anything that may happen anytime that with
good planning, fatal disaster can be avoided. The point that has the lowest score in the
planning element was the risk assessment point with a percentage of 32.26% [6]. This point
is certainly vital because in risk management, the risk assessment very much influences the
determination of impact or exposure to potential dangers because through risk assessment,
occupational accidents can be prevented or eliminated.

In the implementation, the results obtained was 78.3% which was the second lowest
value. It is very surprising that the mitigation point was 0% [4]. Surely this is very shocking
because mitigation is important in the management of disasters/emergency situations
(Susanto, 2009). The second point in the implementation element that also received low
score of 66% was crisis communication and public information. Hence, it is urgent that the
company should increase them as soon as possible [5]. This relates to the fact that
communication is needed in the disaster management system starting from the planning,
mitigation, emergency response, to rehabilitation processes.

Competing interest

This study was conducted as a contribution to the world to depict the emergency response
system in EPC companies in Indonesia. The instrument used was the 2016 Edition of NFPA
1600. The author declares that there is no other interest or personal or group ego to take
advantage or discredit any party through this study.

Reference

[1] Schmidt DL. NFPA 1600: an important tool for response and recovery. National Fire
Protection Association Journal. 2002; 96 (4): 88.
[2] National Fire Protection Association. National Fire Protection Association 1600: standard

234
 on disaster/emergency management and business continuity programs. 2016 ed.
Quincy, Massachusets: National Fire Protection Association; 2015.
[3] Siswowardojo Widodo: Norma Perlindungan Ketenagakerjaan, Keselamatan dan
Kesehatan Kerja. Yogyakarta. UII Press; 2003
[4] R. Ristriana Rachmawati: Penilaian program emergency respon di PT MacDermot. FKM
Universitas Indonesia; 2009
[5] Ramly. S: Pedoman Praktis Manajemen Bencana(Disaster Manajemen). Jakarta. Dian
Rakyat;2010
[6] A. M. Sugeng Budiono: Bunga Rampai Hiperkes dan KK. Semarang. UNDIP; 2005

235
Study about Factors that become Obstacles in the Implementations of
SMK3 in Construction Services Industry
Theresia Marisa1, Chandra Satrya2
1
Student of Magister Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok,

West Java, Indonesia

2
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java,

Indonesia

Corresponding Author: chandra.satrya@gmail.com

Abstract

Construction works are activities that are very complex, multidisciplinary science and involve a

lot of abusive labor with relatively low education, operating in open land with the threat of

heat, rain and wind, and interact simultaneously with various heavy equipment in a limited field

so it has the potential to invite high hazards threatening the safety and health of workers.

The construction industry is the largest contributor to accidents followed by manufacturing,

transportation, mining and forestry. Therefore, the government does not cease socializing the

implementation of SMK3 on any construction work under the auspices of the Ministry of Public

Works and Housing

This research was conducted to find out the factors inhibiting the implementation of SMK3 in

construction projects and then concluded the most dominant factor in the implementation of

SMK3 in the construction projects.

This research uses data collection method which is done by field observation which ended with

interview method for filling tabulation data that have been prepared. The most important

236
documentation used in this research include documentation of Monitoring and Evaluation

results of the implementation of SMK3 in Construction Project.

In this research, it is indicated that the factors that become obstacles of the application of

SMK3 are : cost factors 51%, skilled human resources factors 14% and awareness factors of

workers and management of the company itself 35%.

Keywords: OSH, Construction Services, SMK3

1. INTRODUCTION

The construction service industry is an industry that includes all parties involved in the

construction process, including professionals, construction executives and suppliers who jointly

meet the needs of actors in industry [1]. Construction service industry is one sector of industry

that has a high risk of accidents in Indonesia.

Construction activities contain many hazard elements with high risk levels of accidents,

whether happened to labor involved in construction work and the community in the

neighborhood of construction works. Negative impacts arising from the construction process is

the emergence of accidents due to work. This is because the works of construction services is

almost always in the open field and has the ease of access for entering by many people, where

conditions are not support for occupational safety and health so that potential for the

occurrence of accidents [2].

From the data on the proportion of occupational accidents in Indonesia it is known that in

2010 the highest number of occupational accidents is in construction service sector (31.9%)

followed by manufacturing industry (31.6%), transportation (9.3%), mining (2, 6%), forestry

237
(3.8%), where the data is still 50% of the actual amount because the data is still obtained from

the number of claims against Jamsostek [3].

SMK3 (Occupational Safety and Health Management System) is part of the overall

management system that includes the organizational structure, planning, responsibility,

implementation, procedures, processes and resources needed for the development of the

implementation, achievement, review and maintenance of occupational safety and health

policies in the context of risk control related to work activities for the creation of safe, efficient

and productive workplaces [4]. SMK3 is a more responsible system in trying to create a safe,

healthy and prosperous working environment and free from accidents and occupational

diseases [5].

There are several obstacles in the implementation of SMK3 in construction projects, among

others : lack of involvement and cooperation of workers in the planning and implementation of

SMK3 on construction projects, weak commitment of companies in implementing SMK3 on the

ongoing project, the system applied not in accordance with the needs of companies and lack of

experts in the OSH field within the company.

2. METHODS

This research was conducted to find out the factors inhibiting the implementation of SMK3

in construction project and then concluded the most dominant factor in the implementation of

SMK3 in the construction project.

This research uses data collection method which is done by field observation which ended

with interview method for filling tabulation data that have been prepared. The most important

238
documentation used in this research include documentation of Monitoring and Evaluation

results of the implementation of SMK3 in Construction Project.

The provinces that being the subject of this research is : North Sumatra Province. The first

step is to identify and propose projects within the Ministry of Public Works and Housing of the

Province of North Sumatra to be reviewed, and then prepare a work plan for monitoring the

implementation of SMK3 construction for the projects. After that, monitoring fulfilled by

placing SMK3 experts on the projects. There was two experts accompanied by three assistants

and six surveyors. Researchers and teams came to each project site and distributed a list of

questions to the respondents to fill in.

There are about ten projects reviewed in this research with contract values ranging from Six

Billion Rupiahs to Thirty Six Billion Rupiahs, among others : Kabanjahe Kutabuluh Road

Widening Project, Kutabuluh - Lawepak Road Extension Project, Improved Road Structure of

Kapten Sumarsono Medan, Development Project of Primary Network of Waste Water Zone 11,

Infrastructure Development Project of Slum Areas Section Deli Medan Belawan Subdistrict

Medan City, Optimization Project IPA Martubung / Medan Deli, Percut River Climbing Project

along the 275 meters Deli Serdang District, Project Retrograde River Deli along 260 meters

Medan City, and Flood Control Infrastructure Development Project around Kualanamu

International Airport Deli Serdang Regency.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this research, it is indicated that the factors that become obstacles of the application of

SMK3 are : cost factors 51%, skilled human resources factors 14% and awareness factors of

workers and management of the company itself 35%.

239
 For hazard identification, risk assessment and control, the RK3K document has been

created, but its content and its applicability is sometimes inappropriate and more often than

not done. For common K3 aspects, its implementation is still not done, financing needs to be

explained in detail and awareness. For aspects of competence, training, and awareness, level of

consciousness is still low. Training and upgrading of competence is still not done much. Officers

and Occupational Health and Safety expertise are still lacking and not in accordance with the

needs of the project and the Minister of Public Works. For communication, participation and

consultation, communication is good enough. Several banners and posters and information

media have been installed and used according to project needs. Conduct periodic consultations

with OSH experts and community support around the project. For aspects of use of work tools,

in the use of tools adjusted to the type of package or work has been done, but there are still

conditions in which the equipment operators do not have a license (SIO). There are also

packages in which the tools used are not well maintained, performing any device calibration

test and checking the tool before use. And then for Occupational Safety and Health, there are

still many projects that do not apply Occupational Safety and Health aspect in every job

implementations so that many unsafe conditions and even the possibility of accident.

4. CONCLUSION

Companies generally feel overwhelmed with the implementation of SMK3 because they

must incur additional expenses for the needs of implementing SMK3 on their ongoing projects.

Whereas on the contrary, the implementations of SMK3 precisely saving companies expenses

because by the implementation of SMK3, companies are not burdened with the cost of

accidents or health workers. A healthy worker can increase the company's productivity.

240
Acknowledgments

I thank all the people involved until this research can be finished well. Especially, I thank my

academic counselor, Chandra Satrya, instructor of the Faculty of Public Health University of

Indonesia for his valuable guidance and encouragement. This study was supported by Ministry

of Public Works and Housing officials and staff. Thus, the authors appreciate the managers of all

construction companies and all the staff members who give their sincere contributions to this

research.

References

[1] Hillebrant, P.M. Economic Theory and the Construction Industry. Mc Millan, London, 2 nd ed.

1985.

[2] Hinze, Jimmie W. Construction Safety. New Jersey : Prentice Hall Inc. 1997.

[3] Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat. Penerapan SMK3 di Proyek

Konstruksi Kurangi Kecelakaan Kerja. 2015. Available from : http://www.pu.go.id

[4] Menteri Tenaga Kerja. Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja Nomor : PER.05/Men/1996 tentang

Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan. Jakarta. 1996.

[5] Logawa, G. Bunga Rampai Manajemen Proyek Konstruksi. Jakarta : Universitas Trisakti.

2007.

Tables

Table 1. Ranking Analysis of the Overall Reviewed Construction Projects

241
 Factors Inhibiting the Implementation of Occupational
No. Percentages Ranking
Safety and Health Management System (K3)

Does the organization of SMK3 training from companies to

1 form HSE experts affect the implementation of SMK3 in the 14% 3
field?

Does the budget procurement for the implementation of

2 51% 1
SMK3 in construction projects affect the company's profit?

Does the implementation of SMK3 properly and correctly

3 35% 2
affect the workers in doing their work in the field?

Table 2. GAP Analysis Checklist for SMK3 Implementation on Reviewed Projects

Results
Accumulated
GAP
No Target Packages Name Contract Values RK3K Progress until
(Values)
September
Yes No % 2017

Kabanjahe Kutabuluh Road

1 Rp. 36.208.573.400 √ 91,5% 100%
Widening Project

Kutabuluh - Lawepak Road

2 Rp. 29.358.091.961 √ 85,5% 100%
Extension Project

Widening Jamin Ginting Road

3 Rp. 18.093.816.663 √ 87,6% 100%
(Medan)

Improved Road Structure

4 Rp. 17.470.620.000 √ 50% 100%
Kapten Sumarsono (Medan)

5 Construction of Primary Rp. 31.000.000.000 √ 51,7% 100%

Wastewater Water Zone

242
 Network 11

Infrastructure Development of
Slum Settlement Area Bagan
6 Deli Kec. Medan Belawan Rp. 11.509.280.000 √ 65,9% 100%
Medan City (Continued)
(Kota - Medan I)

Optimization of IPA Martubung

7 Rp. 6.249.938.000 √ 7,3% 100%
/ Medan Deli

Strengthening River Cliffs

8 Percut Throughout 275 M Kab. Rp. 3.220.149.900 √ 63,8% 100%
Deli Serdang

Retrofitting Deli River

9 Rp. 7.309.467.000 √ 14,3% 100%
Throughout 260 M Medan City

Pembangunan Prasarana
Pengendalian Banjir di sekitar
Development of Flood Control
10 Rp. 16.740.537.000 √ 32,1% 100%
Initiative around Kuala Namu
Airport Deli Serdang Regency
(Continued)

243
DEVELOPMENT OF FIRE INDICATOR IN GRINDING AREA AT XYY
FACILITY
Jatar Sagala1 , Fatma Lestari2
1
Student of Magister Occupational Health & Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia
2
Department of Occupational Health & Safety, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
Correspondence author: fatma@ui.ac.id

Abstract

Accident by Fire has been one of the accident mostly dangerous happened in industrial
world. This research was took a place in XYY facility which produce a lifeboat deck extension
between 2011 to 2012 and the company has a total 120 employees. The facility normally does
fire drill 4 times every year and utilizes a Fire Alarm as a fire accident sign. During the drill, the
employees need 6 minutes 15 seconds for them to arrive at assembly point and the group of
employees from grinding process, which has 18 employees, has always the last group that
arrived. Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel, the aim is to
eliminate sharpen edge after steel cutting process. During the process, it would create a loud
noise. Earplug has equipped to workers in order to reduce noise injury.

By using a questioner, the researcher will be observe what is the basically issue that has
happened inside grinding room. Then we can find what is the most problem why they always
the last group that reached safe area. The outcome indicated that they couldn’t hear enough of
Fire Alarm. The company then try to developed another fire sign indicator so that the grinding
worker will immediately response after fire sign executed. We tried using Blitz Lamp, the Lamp
will go on and off simultaneously in high intensity discharge of light. The next fire drill showed
after applying the Blizt Lamp, when the next Fire drill held, the time of evacuation took 5
minutes 20 seconds until all the employees arrived in the safe place and the grinding worker
was not anymore the last group that arrived.

Keyword: Light Fire Sign, Fire at Grind Area, Visual Alarm Fire

244
1. INTRODUCTION
As we knew, fire is one of accident that mostly dangerous in industrial world. It will contribute
to loss of human life and uncountable damage of property, also other things such as falling
down of company’s image, profit gain, stop production etc. From all of those losses, losing
human life is the most important things must to be avoid in other word immediate human
evacuation must be the first thing to execute when accident happened.
In Jakarta itself, as we see from graph below, at least 1.000 fire accident take place every
year and more than 50% caused by electric short circuit [1].

There are many activities in terms of Emergency Response Preparedness (ERP) required in
preparing human resources and organization to carry out activities in an emergency or disaster
situation. The activities include the formulation of emergency plan and procedures, ranging
from supporting tools and resources that aim to save lives and minimize property damage.
NFPA or the National Fire Prevention Association 1600 is a standard that provides instructions
to build, run, and evaluate disaster/emergency management and business continuity programs
[3]. This research only focusing in how to minimize of human life killed during the accident,
by reducing the time of escape.

XYY company is a manufacture facility, where they produced life boat deck extension . The
material that they used 90% steel . The company has 120 workers in total and 18 of them work

245
at grinding operation. The facility equipped with Fire Alarm as a warning stage as a sign
information to the employees when Fire accident has happened.

An emergency alarm and evacuation system for directing persons to an emergency exit. The
system includes an alarm, a plurality of indicator units arranged in a line toward the emergency
exit, and an operating unit coupled to the alarm and being operable in response to an output
signal from the alarm to successively energize the indicator units in the direction of the exit [4].

Grinding process is a machining process which utilize hard abrasive particles as the cutting
medium and shaping surface material [5]. The grinding force is generated by the grinding wheel
rotating at high speed on the grinded metal. This force excites both the grinding wheel and the
grinded metal which can generate noise and vibrations. Noise and vibration of handheld
grinders is one of the most important health and safety problems at work in metal workshops.
The sound pressure levels of the grinding process are much higher than 90 dB(A) at the
operator and the generated hand arm vibrations (HAV) can cause serious diseases like
"vibration white fingers" [2]. Indonesia regulation has declared that noise threshold limit is 85
dB(A) [6]. In order to meet that requirement, during the process, the worker equipped with ear
plug. Beside it the area of grinding is isolated to prevent debris that produced by the process
comes out from the area.

2. METHODS
This study is a descriptive study, data were collected through interviews with all worker at
grinding process area and the observations conducted directly in the location. The researchers

246
used a stopwatch-timer to calculate time of evacuation before and after the experiment. The
study had been conducted from 2011 to 2012.

3. RESULTS
The company exercising fire drill 2 times in a year. In 2011, when fire drill held, all employees
took 6 minutes 15 seconds for them to arrive to safe area. By a chance, the group of employees
from grinding process was always the last group that arrived. The researcher thought at first,
whether they did to tire since they are work in the hardest process or there is other problem
that slowing them. The details time see table below :
Escape Time 2011

No of workers 1st Semester 2nd Semester

Office workers 20 5 minutes 18 seconds 5 minutes 19 seconds
Warehouse workers 14 5 minutes 22 seconds 5 minutes 20 seconds
Maintenance workers 6 5 minutes 15 seconds 5 minutes 12 seconds
Welder workers 8 5 minutes 21 seconds 5 minutes 22 seconds
Assembly workers 22 5 minutes 21 seconds 5 minutes 19 seconds
Paint workers 12 5 minutes 17 seconds 5 minutes 18 seconds
Grinding workers 18 6 minutes 17 seconds 6 minutes 15 seconds

As we can see that grinding workers was the very last group that arrived at the safe area, they
are almost 1 minute away behind form other groups.

4. DISCUSSIONS
In order to find out the big issue, the research examined the area of grinding process and the
worker. After examined the grinding room, the researcher can’t discover anything wrong such
as the doors hard to open or there are part that blocked escape route, then researcher started
to interview all worker in grinding area, the objective was to know why they slowed in escape
time compared with other worker in the other area. They answered that 90% of them was they

247
couldn’t hear enough the sound of Fire Alarm. They only knew that the other group was ran out
from their window glass so they ran also following them.
The audible alarm method as a means for alerting persons having impaired hearing of
course is, in most cases, ineffective and unsuitable. As means of addressing this problem,
numerous alerting systems have been developed to rely on other indicators more readily
noticed by the persons to be warned. An improved actuator device is disclosed which comprises
a combination of indicator light for providing an alarm to those persons of impaired hearing [7].

The company additionally installed a Blitz Lamp inside the grinding room. The mechanism of
this Lamp is it will go on and off simultaneously in high intensity discharge of light and working
along with Fire Alarm when fire accident happened.

In 2012, the facility running the first fire drilled that blitz lamp was installed inside the
grinding room and then did it one month after it again. As the result we can see below :

Escape Time 2012

No of workers January February

Office workers 20 5 minutes 19 seconds 5 minutes 21 seconds
Warehouse workers 14 5 minutes 21 seconds 5 minutes 22 seconds
Maintenance workers 6 5 minutes 14 seconds 5 minutes 13 seconds
Welder workers 8 5 minutes 23 seconds 5 minutes 23 seconds
Assembly workers 22 5 minutes 23 seconds 5 minutes 21 seconds
Paint workers 12 5 minutes 18 seconds 5 minutes 19 seconds
Grinding workers 18 5 minutes 19 seconds 5 minutes 20 seconds

5. CONCLUSIONS
Since the blitz lamp been used as an indicator of fire accident the grinding worker was no
longer the last group that arrived in safe area. The indicator lamp worked successfully as a
trigger to human response in sensing a specific condition by visualization. The results showed
what is the most effective fire tool relating the human senses in the specific area such as
grinding process room. This can be seen by the increased of their time speed when escaped.

248
References

[1] Jakarta Fire Department. ( Accessed from www.jakartafire.net on Sept 14th, 2017)

[2] Jean-Luc Wojtowicki & Jean Nicolas. Noise and Vibration Sources of Handheld Grinders

[3] National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA). (2016). Standard on Disaster/Emergency

Management and Business Continuity Program (2016 ed.). Standard Council.

[4] Shiro Nishino. 1975. Emergency Alarm and Evacuation System

[5] Stephen Malkin & Changseng Guo. 2008. Theory and Application of Machining with
Abrasives.

[6] Indonesian Labour Minister no 13th. 2011

[7] Edward R. Smith. Apparatus and System for Alerting Deaf Person

249
RISK ASSESSMENT AT INSTALATION COMPRESSOR COMPANY : PRE
ELIMINARY STUDY TO IDENTIFY MAJOR HAZARD IN THE WORKPLACE
Fauzan Karim 1; Chandra Satrya 2
1
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia
2
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia

Abstract
Each workplace has a potential hazard and risk that can causes accident which impact to
personal injury, illness until property damage. Therefore, it is a mandatory to carry out risk
assessment of the work activities. This study conducted at installation compressor Machine
Company in large scale where it had not conducted risk assessment yet. The aim of this
study was to identify major hazard and analyse risk. The method was survey of work
environment, inspection and in depth interview to all of responsible area. Risk assessment
method of this study was used risk matrix refer to standard of AS/NZS 4360: 2004. The
results founded several hazard such us potential fire, material fall down from a height and
expose to the worker, punctured a sharp object, and struck by heavy equipment. The lack of
knowledge workers on occupational health and safety is also founded in this study. In
according with processing of data, it was found score of high risk namely potential of fire
with risk index score was 20 and lifting heavy equipment manually with the risk index
average score of 16, followed working at heights as well as the equipment which is still
minimal with the risk index average of 12 and the lifting work with the risk index 12.

Keywords : Identification, compressor, hazard, Risk, risk index

1. INTRODUCTION

The occurrence of workplace accidents and occupational diseases is a common problem

faced by all industry in Indonesia. Data from Social Security Agency Employment (BPJS
Ketenagakerjaan), until the end of 2015 showed that in Indonesia have occurred as much as
105.182 cases of occupational accidents. The number of major accidents that resulted in
fatality cases is as much as 2,375 cases. This figure does not include other costs borne by the
company or by the victim's family. So that the cost of loss caused by workplace accidents is
often illustrated as a phenomenon "iceberg". Phenomena "iceberg" is described as chunks /
ice mountain that looks at the sea surface is smaller than the overall size of real ice. This
means that in a work accident, the "visible" loss is less than the overall loss [6]
Occupational accidents in Indonesia occurred in nearly all types of industries. The
problem is Not all industry players eager to implement health and safety optimally. The lack
of awareness of the importance of the implementation of occupational health and safety is
still a central issue of employment. Therefore it is important to continue to developed and
introduced on occupational safety and health of this whole business entrepreneurs start
from large scale businesses to small scale industries including compressor machine used
almost universally across all industrial scale.
Compressors is a mechanical device which serves to increase the fluid pressure of gas or
air. The aim to increase pressure is to be able to flow or process needs in system in larger
process. Application air compressor is used for filling the tire, clean the engine parts, provide
air supply to the combustion process in the boiler / electric motor, and for process of
painting with a spray apparatus. In the other side, the compressor is also widely used for
tools that use pneumatic system [5]. In the compressor industry is also expose hazards and
risks Occupational health and safety that need to be identified and controlled. this process is
known as risk management safety and health.
Risk management is an effort to manage the risk of occupational safety and health to
prevent unwanted accidents with comprehensive, planned, and structured by system. Risk
management associated with hazards and risk that occur in the workplace that may result in
losses for the company. If not controlled, the risk can threaten the survival of the company.
[1]
The Literature and journals that discussed the hazard identification and risk assessment
on the machine installation industrial compressors was not commonly founded in
occupational safety and health journals in Indonesia. In the other side, studies of hazard
identification and risk assessment in this compressor installation company is also the first
study conducted formulated comprehensive. Some of work accidents have occurred in this
compressor industry so that it is a sufficient to be consideration in reviewing early to analyze
the risk and major hazard in industrial compressor installation company.
251
 The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the general description of the hazard
and risks of each work process, analyze level of knowledge and understanding of
occupational safety and health that affect work performance and risk, and determine the
level of occupational safety and health risks of each of the work process. This study is a
preliminary study to the next can be used for more in-depth study due to limitation of time
and resources. A limitation of this study is only on the stages of storage, preparation and
installation of the compressor in the factory. For the use of the compressor and its derivative
functions that causes hazard and risk was not discussed in this study. This study is important
to be able to determine the next step or study so that the necessary resources are more
effective and efficient

2. METHODS
Design studies were used in this studies are descriptive study. The process of this study was
collecting the symptoms and facts. It were founded during the walk-around inspection and
in-depth interviews to some of responsible person area in the job site. Data and information
is also processed and subsequently analyzed using a type of qualitative risk analysis with the
standard AS / NZS 4360: 2004 Standard is commonly used by many industry in conducting
risk assessment [3]
In this study, the Author determined level of risk from all the steps and activities so that
the major hazard as Main purpose of this research can be explored. Analyze level of Risk was
using combination probability (Probability) with impact (Consequences). Standard used by
AS / NZS 4360: 2004 can be seen in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.
The process of risk analysis to determine the level of risk using a worst case scenario. It
means that potential hazards analyzed without treatment. The reason for this is the worst
case scenario was because occupational health & safety was unknown by the employees yet
and the implementation of their daily work is far from risk control.

Table 1. Possible Level (AS / NZS 4360: Risk Management, 2004)

level descriptor commentary
1 Very Unlikely Allows Never Happen
2 Unlikely Can Happen, But rarely
3 possible Can Occur in Certain conditions
 level descriptor commentary
4 Likely Can occur regularly
5 Almost Certain Can happen anytime

Table 2. Severity and Impact (AS / NZS 4360: Risk Management, 2004)
level descriptor commentary
1 not significant No injury, minor financial loss
2 Minor Injury Mild, moderate Financial Losses
3 moderate Moderate injury, need medical attention, a big
financial loss
4 Major Severe injury more than one person, a big
loss, disruption of production
5 Disaster / extreme Fatal more than one person, the loss is very
large and widespread impact affecting long, a
cessation of all activities

Table 3. Risk Matrix (AS / NZS 4360: Risk Management 2004)

Information :
Medium Low = 1-3 = 4-9 Very High High = 10-16 = 20-25

3. RESULTS
In analyzing the variables risk, the authors identify all of the work processes and activities
that result of risk, sources of risk and its effect. The approach taken to identify risk factors
and the variables in this study is to conduct a field review, direct observation and interviews
to some of the responsibility area.
253
 Analysis of risk assessment based on primary and secondary data. Sources data comes
from interviews, questionnaires and direct observations in the field regarding the risks which
may occur at the work location. After data collection has been completed, Data and
Information was processed through the processing stages is formulated as a function of
possibility (likelihood) and the negative impact (impact) [4] or formulated as follows:

Risk Index = Probability (likelihood) × Impact (Impact).

Table 3. Risk variable

No. Event Risk (Risk Event)
Activity (work activiy) variable
Occupation :Workshop
1 preparation compressor Lifting heavy objects manually
Workers hit by forklift
Forklift hit the car transporter
Hand injury during the process of displacement
2 Lifting part with the chain block Worker crushed by part
Part fallen and corrupted due to any binding
Chain block collapse
3 drain oil Used oil spill
fires
Workers slip / fall due to oil spills
4 Hot work (welding, grinding, cutting) Sparks exposure
Respiratory problems due to welding fumes
Fire due to gas leak
Eye exposure to gram
5 Washing with cleaning chemicals Leather Workers exposed to chemicals
Chemical exposure to the eye
6 Repair parts Workers sharp object punctured
worker exposed by hammer
Workers exposed to heat exposure
Occupation :Warehouse
7 compressor movement (0.5-1.5 tons) hand pinched
By using a forklift Workers hit by forklift
Forklift struck another vehicle
No. Event Risk (Risk Event)
Activity (work activiy) variable
8 Use of Overhead cranes Worker crushed by objects while lifting
Property damaged crushed
Worker fall from height during the lifting
Occupation: Fitting / Installation Compressor in factory
8 Compressor lowering of the truck to the Forklift worker rammed
forklift
Forklift struck other property
9 Electrical connection / power Electrical shock
Sparks cause fire
10 Work at height Worker falls from a height
Equipment falling under the exposed workers
11 Penyambunga pipe Worker falls from a height
Workers exposed pipes
Injured while working with pipes
12 Scaffolding disassembly scaffolding collapses
Worker falls from a height
Tube / frame fell and hit workers

Table 4. Analysis / Risk Level calculation

No. Risk (risk event) Possibility Impact risk
activity variable (P) (D) R=PxD

1. compressor preparation Lifting heavy objects 4 4 16

manually
2 Workers stroked by forklift 3 3 9

3 Forklift hit the car 2 3 6

transporter
4 hand injury during the 2 3 6
process of displacement
5 Lifting part with the Worker crushed by part 3 3 9
chain block
6 Part fall and corrupted due 2 2 4
to any binding

255
No. Risk (risk event) Possibility Impact risk
activity variable (P) (D) R=PxD

7 Chain block collapse 4 3 12

8 drain oil Used oil spill 4 2 8

9 Fire from flammable 4 5 20

materials in large quantities
10 Workers slip / fall due to oil 4 2 8
spills
11 Hot work (welding, Workers exposed to sparks, 3 3 9
grinding, cutting)
12 Respiratory problems due to 3 3 9
welding fumes
13 Fire due to gas leak 3 3 9

14 Eye exposure to gram 3 3 9

15 Washing with cleaning Leather Workers exposed to 4 2 8

chemicals chemicals
16 Chemical exposure to the 4 2 8
eye
17 Compressor repair Workers sharp object 4 3 12
parts punctured
18 Worker crushed by a 4 3 12
sledgehammer
19 Workers exposed to heat 3 3 9
exposure
20 Displacement hand pinched 4 3 12
compressor (0.5-1.5
tons)
No. Risk (risk event) Possibility Impact risk
activity variable (P) (D) R=PxD

21 By using a forklift Workers hit by forklift 3 3 9

22 Forklift struck another 3 3 9

vehicle
23 Use of Overhead cranes Worker crushed by objects 3 4 12
while lifting
24 Property damaged crushed 3 3 9

25 Worker fell when lifting 3 4 12

process
26

27 Compressor lowering of Forklift worker rammed 3 3 9

the truck to the forklift
28 Forklift hit other property 3 3 9

29 Electrical connection / Stung workers litrik 3 3 9

power
30 Sparks cause fire 3 3 9

31 Working at height Worker falls from a height 3 4 12

32 Equipment falling under the 3 4 12

exposed workers
33 Pipe connection Worker falls from a height 3 4 12

34 Workers exposed pipes 3 3 9

35 Injured while working with 3 3 9

pipes

257
No. Risk (risk event) Possibility Impact risk
activity variable (P) (D) R=PxD

36 Scaffolding assembling scaffolding collapses 2 5 10

37 Worker falls from a height 3 4 12

38 Tube / frame fell and hit 3 3 9

workers

From the calculation of rik level, it can be obtained with a variable level of high risk (high
risk) on some work or activity, namely:
a. Lifting heavy objects manually
b. Chain block collapse
c. Workers punctured sharps object
d. Hand exposed to hammer
e. Hand pinched
f. Worker crushed by objects while lifting
g. Worker fell when lifting process
h. Worker falls from a height
i. Equipment fell from a height on employees
j. Fires due to flammable material
One factor that makes the analysis results into extreme or high is a factor of knowledge
workers are still low or minimum . Interviews with workers method was used to determine
the risk of hazard control that has been done except from exist design and technical factors.
The result of worker interview, general it can be concluded that the knowledge workers in
occupational health and safety is still largely limited to personal protective equipment and
hazard control strategies have not done a systematic risk and optimal.
4. DISCUSSION
Selection of the object study in this research is intentionally design for industry who do not
know or are still minimal in occupational safety and health aspects, in this study selected
industrial compressor installation. This is in addition to add literary as well as to introduce
Occupational safety and health in the study work site. In the other side, it has previously
been some work accidents is quite significant impact on workers.

Of the 10 variables were categorized as high risk, ie

a. Lifting heavy objects manually
b. Chain block collapse
c. Workers punctured sharps object
d. Hand exposed to hammer
e. Hand pinched
f. Worker crushed by objects while lifting
g. Worker fell when lifting process
h. Worker falls from a height
i. Equipment fell from a height on employees
j. Fires due to flammable material
Author categorize again 10 high variable to
a. Manual handling process
b. Lifting
c. Working at height and crockery
d. Fire
This is to facilitate the determination of the risk evaluation and their control.
The next stage after analysts proccess is the evaluation of risk, whether it is acceptable
or not by the organization. The approach in determining the priority of the risks of using the
Australian standard 10014b in which there are three categories of risk (4), namely:
 It is generally accepted (Generally acceptable)
 Egregious (Tolerable)
 Not acceptable (Generally unacceptable)
The discussion must be made directly by representatives of the heads of departments
and the helm of the company through the coordination meeting. From all of the variables

259
that to be central issue concluded that the evaluation of the high risk is not able to accept
(Generally Unacceptable). Since it is not acceptable, the Organization should undertake
hazard and risk control measures.
Risk management is an important step and the most decisive in the overall risk
management. Organizations must decrease the level of high risk (red) to medium risk
(yellow) or low risk (green) to determine control measures are optimal and effective.
Standard AS / NZS 4360 set the stage or in the selection of risk control, namely:
 Reduce likelihood
 Reduce the severity or consequence
 Divert partially or completely
 Avoid
This preliminary study already had decided level of risk. But for selected types of risk control
has not been carried out by the Organization until the study was conducted one month ago.
On the other hand, commitment to follow the determination of control has been agreed by
top management and heads of department representatives' organizations so that further
research can be conducted by the researchers. Form of risk control will be discussed in
future studies which will also evaluation effectives control of hazards and risks can be lower
/ reduce accidents in the workplace.
5. CONCLUCIONS
The conclusion of this study is that the general picture of the hazards and risks have
been reached through this preliminary study. Overview hazard and risks of high levels
consist of Process Manual handling, Lifting, Work at heights and its equipment and Fire.
from all the risk highest level there is the potential for fire from flammable material that
has not been managed well with the risk index value 20. The next is also a central issue is
the lifting heavy equipment manually with the risk index average of 16, followed working
at heights as well as the equipment which is still minimal with the risk index average of
12 and the last lifting work also with the risk index 12.
 The study of the knowledge and skills of workers to occupational safety and health found
that the level of knowledge and understanding is very minimal or low almost all workers.
Lack of training and education safety and health problem faced by the workers in the
organization. The results of this study have also been followed up by top management and
department heads of the organization after the delivery through the coordination meeting
for the organization that strengthens the continuation of this research in the future.

Acknowledgment
The author would like to thank Ms Fadilanissa (Director of the company) in the
compressor installation and staffs who have given the place, time, and other resources for
this study so that the research can run smoothly and complete on time.

Ethical approval
Not applicable for this study.

Competing interst
The author hereby declares that this research there is no conflict with a particular
interest in addition to the research objectives.

References
[1] Ramli Soehatman: Practical Guidelines for Risk Management in Perspective K3. 2010
[2] Rao V, Steven M, Robin M, Scott S: Risk assessment and management Handbook for
Environmental, Health and Safety Professional. 1996
[3] Gabby E, Bonny F: Health and Safety Risk Management work (case study on the
construction of high school building Eben Haezar). J.Ilmiah Media Enginnering.2014 (229-
238) 2087-9334 IISN
[4] Bryan A, Tjakra J: Risk Management of Health and Safety at office building project Orlens
Fashion Manado, J.Sipil static Vol. 1 No4. 2013 (282-288). ISSN: 2337-6732
[5] Francis, Takiyudi; the working principle of the compressor. 2017. www.indotara.co.id
[6] Fajrul, Falakh: Reflection of the Moon national occupational safety and health in
2016.www.kompasiana.com

261
Metal Copper Smelters Chemical Health Risk Assessment
"Systematical Review"
1 2
Wishnu Puspoprodjo , Mila Tejamaya
1
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia
2
Head of Occupational Health and Safety Laborato, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia
Corresponding Author: wishnu.uzma@ui.ac.id

Abstract
Project Workers with daily activity in metal smelter and refinery area which air contain
chemical dust (Ar, SO4, H2SO4, CaCO3) are object to be observe. Process activities have
some serious chemical potential to health problems. This paper conducted to identify
factors related to work environment condition by to chemical health risk to project workers.
The method is a systematic review will search for publication in the following search engine
and database as online searching JStor, ProQuest, Science Direct, Springer Link and Local
Journals by year of publication from 2000 to 2017. Journals were screened by title and
abstract according to the research topic then filtered using criteria inclusion was only
research in English language and describe health risk assessment in copper smelter area.
According to the result of the journals review shown that, copper production has major
influence on air pollution. Exposure chemical dust or particulates represented a threat to
human health. Another result showed that cancer risk due to inhalation exposure and
dermal contacts. Cu in small number is important in diet to keep people healthy. However, a
single intake or a very high intake per day can be dangerous. When drink water with Cu
levels higher than normal will result in vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps and nausea. If
the arsenic intake is very high it can cause liver and kidney damage, even death. Inorganic
arsenic has been known as a human toxin for a long time, which can lead to death. Low
doses will result in tissue damage. When through the mouth, in general, the effects are
irritation of food channels, pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It also results in decreased
formation of red and white blood cells, impaired heart function, damage to blood vessels,
injuries to the liver and kidneys. Exposure SO4, H2SO4 through ingestion has severe effects,
burning in the mouth, pharynx, abdomen followed by vomiting, diarrhea, dark red stools

262
(melena). Blood pressure dropped dramatically. Exposure through inhalation causes
respiratory tract irritation, coughing, choking, then pulmonary edema, narrow chest, low
blood pressure and rapid pulse. Exposure through the skin is very painful and skin burns.
CaCO3 dust cause the incidence of acute respiratory tract infected to workers.
Keyword: Copper Smelter, Chemical Health Risk Assessment, Human, Impact.

1. INTRODUCTION
Worker health aspect
Workers who work in dusty enviromental industri daily exposed with chemical substaant,
diferent type of health hazards such as Ar, SO4, H2SO4, CaCO3, which has risk factor to
developing occupational desease. Copper Smelting is one of industry that involved to
development industry in advance and modern world.
Copper Smelting dust could cause lung function impairment, chronic breath problem.
Other studies presented that, pneumoconiusis and carcinoma to lungs. Others shown that
teh dust have effect to blood system circulation, and could reach the essentially such as
bone, heart, liver etc. Effect feels more hard when dust inhale by childrenwho live near the
copper smelter plant.
Chemical Dust by Process
Pyrometallurgically or hydrometalurgically can produces copper. The traditional process is
based on roasting, smelting on reverbatory furnaces (or electric furnaces), produce matte
(copper-iron sulfide), and converting for produce of blister copper, which is further refined
to cathode copper. This route for production of cathode copper requires large amounts of
energy per ton of copper: 30–40 million British thermal units (Btu) per ton cathode copper.
It also produces furnace gases with low sulfur dioxide (SO) concentrations from which the
production of ulfuric acid or other products is less efficient [1]. The SO2 concentration on
exhaust gas from a reverbatory furnace is about 0.5–1.5%; that from an electric furnace is 2
about 2–4%. So-called flash smelting techniques have therefore been developed that utilize
the energy released during oxidation of the sulfur in the ore. The flash techniques reduce
the energy demand to about 20 million Btu/ton of produced cathode copper. The SO
concentration in the off gases from flash furnaces is also higher, over 30%, and is less
expensive to convert to sulfuric acid. Flash processes since the 1950s [2].
2. METHODS
The Systematical review of Chemical Health Risk Assessment related to copper smelting was
conduct in September 2017. The following electronic database were searched: Jstor,
ScienceDirect, Proquest, SpringerLink, Google Scholar and Local Journal (2000 – 2017). This
research stategy included all type of studies, but only in English. Reference from local
articles were also searched by hand screening to identify the relevant articles. Keywords
was used as search provisions: “Copper Smelter “AND “Chemical Health Risk Assessment
“AND “Human “AND “Impact”.

Review Procedures
From previous systematic of Chemical Health Risk Assessment Copper Smelter, studies have
been found to be heterogeneous, as they were conducted in different countries, different
methods, different unit of observations, for this reason we did not try to analyse the data
from those points of view, but we review the results summarized to find out the best way to
identify that phenomenon, and find the CHRA related to Copper Smelter.

Inclusions/ Exclusions Criteria

Writers classified all types of studies that reported the Health Risk Assessment. Writers not
classified letters, conference papers, opinions, and reports from media and editorial papers.
A good quality assessment to identified studies was performed. Writers evaluated the
papers based on the following criteria: Purpose of this paper is to give clear description
about CHRA and Copper Smelter.

3. RESULTS
Writers found 5.202 articles search by using database online : Jstor, Google Scholar,
ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Springer and local journal. “Google Scholar search engine, result
580 articles, filtered by year, English, discipline, content type, document type and remove
the duplicate, resulting 22 articles. Tittle and abstract screening resulting 5 articles being full
text review and 2 articles were selected. Proquest serach engine resulted 4.103 articles,
filtered by year, english, discipline, content type, document type and remove for duplicating
resulting 14 articles. Tittle and abstract screening resulting 1 article. Science Direct search
engine resulted 430 articles. Filtered by year, english discipline, content type, document
type and removal duplicating resulted 2 articles. Springer search engine resulted 69 articles.
Filtered by year, english, discipline, content type, document type and removal duplicating
resulting 6 articles.

At the final, writers included 8 articles studies in this systematic review (Fig. 1). Articles
that choosed and assessed for review were article tha relevant to research. Eventhought,
articles that unchoosed for this research were article did not relevant with question and did
not relevant with teh research.

Figure 1. Systematic Review Flowchart

Identification N = 5.202

Limitation Filtered by Year

(2000 – 2017),
Document Type, Content
N = 112 Type

Screening Tittle and Abstract

Screening

N = 44

Full Text Review

Included N=8 Studies Include in this

Review
No Authors/ Time Object to be Unit of Study
Tittle Result
Year Research Observe Observe Design
1. Reassessing the Alexander 1938 – 1956, Estimate the 8.014 Cohort The paper suggest that the excess deaths from cause other than
Link between P. Keil and 1990 excess of male respiratory cancers comprises the majority of the excess deaths
Airborne Arsenic david B. mortality workers caused by inhaled arsenic exposure. Healthy workers survivor
Exposure among Richardson from on bias may have masked such association in previous analyses.
Anaconda Copper respiratory anaconda These result emphasized the need for consideration of all
Smelter Workers cancer, heart Cu- exposure routes for upcoming risk assessment by the U.S.
and Multiple disease, Smelter Environmental Protection Agency. Estimate that eliminating
Causes of Death others caused arsenic exposure would prevented 22 death case by age 70 22
Using the by per 1000 workers. Of those 22 excess death, estimation 7.2%
Parametric g- occupational would be death due to heart disease, 4.0% due to respiratory
Formula arsenic cancer, 11% due to others case. [3]
exposure
2 Exceedance of air Snezana M. 1994–2008 To Present Brezonik, Cross The prediction equation of daily SO2 concentration represent a
quality standart Serbula. air pollution Town Sectional good model with regression coefficient from 0.854 to 0.926 at all
resulting from pyro– Tanja S. caused by Park, measurement site. Correlation analysis showed that eastern and
mettalurgy Kalinovic. SO2 and As in Urban western wind increase SO2 concentration, thus increasing health
production of Jelena V. the urban – Institute, risk of the inhabitants in the study area. [4]
copper: a case Kalinovic. industrial Jugopetrol
study, Bor (Eastern Ana A. Ilic zone
Serbia)
3 Arsenic exposure Catterina 1994 – 1998 An estimate Arsenic- Cohort Characteristic of arsenic risk are very similar in different ethnic
and its Impact on Ferrecio adn of daily study and cultural group. Excess of lung cancer in general population
health in Chile Ana Maria ambient exposure was caused by arsenic interact in drinking water, smoking to
Sancha exposure by of entire increase risk of lung cancer, arsenic interact with nutritional to
combinin Chilean increase health effect, skin lesions present of dose – response
ginformation populatio interact with arsenic. [5]
obtain n
through
envronmental
monioring
4 Health risk Na Zheng a, Determaine Industrial Epidemiolo The biggest contribution to street dust is atmospheric deposition
assessment of heavy the spatial area of gical Cross due to metal smelting, but traffic density makes slight
metal exposure to Jingshuang distribution Huludao Sectional contribution to heavy metal contamination. According to the
street dust in the Liu a, of chemical calculation on Hazard Index (HI), in the case of noncancer effect,

266
No Authors/ Time Object to be Unit of Study
Tittle Result
Year Research Observe Observe Design
zinc smelting Qichao dust and to the ingestion of dust particles of children and adults in Huludao
district, Northeast of Wang a, estimate city appears to be the route of exposure to street dust that
China Zhongzhu population results in a higher risk for heavy metals, followed by dermal
Liang b health risk contact. The inhalation of resuspended particles through the
due to heavy mouth and nose is almost negligible. The inhalation of Hg vapour
metal dust as the fourth exposure pathway to street dust is accounting for
exposure and the main exposure. Children are experiencing the potential
cancer risk health risk due to HI for Pb larger than safe level (1) and Cd
close to 1. Besides, cancer risk of Cd due to inhalation exposure
is low. [6]

5 Health implications D. Sanchez- 2001 – 2008 Airborne Huelva, Cross The results obtained by Inductively Coupled
of the distribution Rodas a, Particuate southwest sectional Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed that arsenic
of arsenic species in b,⁎, A. Matter (PM) ern Spain accumulates preferentially (ca. 70–80%) in the par- ticles with
airborne particulate Sanchez de of Huelve smaller diameter (PM2.5 versus PM10), representing a threat to
matter la Campa b, ambienet air human health due to the higher capacity of the finer particles to
V. Oliveira enter the organism through the respiratory system. Moreover,
b, J. de la the toxicity of the inorganic arsenic species depends also on the
Rosa b oxidation state, As(III) being more toxic that As(V). The speciation
analysis performed with High Performance Liquid
Chromatography-Hydride Generation- Atomic Fluorescence
Spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AFS) with samples collected between
2006 and 2008, showed that As(V) represented the main arsenic
species, but As(III) was also found at significant concentration,
represent- ing a 5–10% of the total arsenic content. The results
also indicate that the more toxic As(III) tends to concen- trate
preferentially in the finer fraction PM2.5 in comparison with
As(V), thus representing an added health risk for the local
population. [7]

6 Releases from R.Newhook, 1998 6 copper Health risk Cohort In these assessments of releases from copper smelters and
copper smelters and H.Hirtle, smelter, 4 evaluating refineries and from zinc plants as Priority Substances under the
refineries and zinc K.Byrne, refinery on Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), available data
plants in M.E.Meek copper, 4 zinc emissions were critically evaluated to determine if environmental exposure
No Authors/ Time Object to be Unit of Study
Tittle Result
Year Research Observe Observe Design
Canada: human plants. to selected components of these releases poses a risk to human
health exposure and health.The data on airborne levels of a variety of toxic substances
risk characterization near these facilities in Canada were obtained from the companies
or provinces and systematically analyzed. Monitoring of ambient
air near the Canadian copper smelters and refineries and zinc
plants indicates that releases from these facilities result in
increased potential for inhalation exposure of local human
populations to several components of releases (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb,
SO2 and PM10 ). Airborne levels in the vicinity of these metal-
processing operations overlap those associated with
cardiorespiratory effects for PM10 , and exceed health- based
guidelines for SO2 and, near some facilities, Pb.In addition, the
margin between levels of As, Cd, Cr and Ni near these facilities in
Canada and carcinogenic potency for each of these metals is
relatively small near copper smelters, larger near copper
refineries, and intermediate near zinc plants.On this basis, the
risk to human health from environmental exposure to releases
from these facilities is considered to be high compared with
other Priority Substances assessed under CEPA, especially for
facilities where copper is smelted. [8]
7 Size distribution and Yolanda 29 August – 7 Industrial Air As, Cd, Cu, Cross The results demonstrate that the Cu-smelter is an important
chemical Gonza lez- September Polution Zn, Pb, Bi Sectional source of inhalable toxic elements carried by fine airborne
composition of Castanedo 2011 particles. The pollution abatement systems applied so far appear
particulate matter a, *, Teresa to be relatively ineffective in preventing metalliferous air
stack emissions in Moreno b, pollution events, potentially increasing health risks to local and
and around a copper Rocío Ferna regional populations. [9]
smelter ndez-
Camacho a,
Ana María
Sa nchez de
la Campa a,
Andre s
Alastuey b,
Xavier
No Authors/ Time Object to be Unit of Study
Tittle Result
Year Research Observe Observe Design
Querol b,
Jesús de la
Rosa a

8 Assessment of air Snezana M. 2005 – 2007 Determine Urban and Cross The results of principal component analysis showed that copper
pollution originating Serbula • the impact of suburban sectional production has major influence on air pollution. In other hand,
from copper smelter Ana A. Ilic • Cu – Smelter area of the High SO loads were also observed at all the measuring sites,
in Bor Jelena V. emission on Bor Town, due to pyrometallurgical processing of sulphide copper ores.
(Serbia) Kalinovic • the air. In Serbia Frequent daily and annual exceeding of the LVs enlarge
Tanja S. order to meet health risk, since the epidemiological studies have shown that
Kalinovic • air quality inhalation exposure to SO leads to respiratory diseases, such as
Nevenka B. standart. asthma. The results of the cluster analysis confirmed the high
Petrovic loads of As and SO in the air by grouping these pollutants into
separate clusters. The correlation analysis showed that As
and studied metals have the same emission source. The results
of the PCA showed that copper production has major influence
on air pollution, especially on ambient SO2 [10]
Characteristic of Included Studies

4 of 8 studies were cohort studies, 4 of 8 studies were cross sectional studies these studies
condusted in South America, Serbia, Spain, Canada, Chile, China. There were several unit of
observation: internal industry area and population. Effect of exposeure of arsenic, SO2 and
chemical dust exposure and cancer risk.

Types of Exposure Effect

All Assessed studies chemical health risk assessment, 4 of 8 strudied assessed type of
exposure effect: respiratory disease (Lung Cancer, Bronchictasis, Bronchitis) Vascular
diseseas ( premature cardiac, bladder cancer), dermal disease ( lesions, redness, bumps with
water inside, burning skin). 1 of 8 studies assessed, an important source of inhale toxic
element carried by airborne. 1 of 8 studies assessed, the biggest factor of total element is
Arsenic particulate, and also bring the biggest factor thus representing chemical health risk
particularly in population area. 1 of 8 studies assessed, element (Particualte Matter) thus
release to airborne in potential increase for inhalation factor of disease of local population.
1 of 8 studies assessed, estimate that by eliminating arsenic exposure, could prevent the
death by age 70 about 22 of 1000 workers.

4. DISCUSSIONS
The aimed of this systematic review was to review chemical hazard and health risk
assessment relating to copper smelter industry and popuation area. Heatlh Risk Assessment
are important factor who work and life around the smelter. Journals has done to review in
systematic review way has review in area of studies in case to find out CHRA and copper
smelter effect to health extensively. There was all studies said that all chemical dust result
of smelter process has negative effect to health not only to workers, but also to society who
life around the smelter factory. Heavy metal has carcinogent and noncarcinogent effects,
carcinogenic and non carcinogenic expose through food and soil ingetion adn dermal
contact In these countries–industrial, residents are exposed to mainly via consumption of
food stuffs, rather than ingestion of or contact with soil. 9, there have been reports of
arsenicosis—leukoderma, melanoderma, and hyperkeratosis— but only related with
workers; couple years after the increase of arsenic exposure in drinking water, arsenicosis
associated with respiratory symptoms, including diffuse and segmentary bronchiectasis.
Years after peak exposure, 28% showed chronic bronchitis compared until only 4% among
children of the non-exposed, the prevalence of cough or dyspnea dropped from 38% to 7%.
In the general population, there was an excess of respiratory symptoms and vascular
problems associated with arsenicosis.

A few years after peak exposure, reported showed to peripheral vascular diseases,
including Raynaud syndrome and ischaemia of the tongue. 22% percent presented
peripheral vascular syndromes, such as chrocianosis, and 30% had Raynaud syndrome
compared to none among Iquique patients. In 1973, researchers deduced that the most
frequent clinical complications in children associated with arsenic in drinking-water were
respiratory and cardiovascular diseases 53% of these younger cases presented arsenicosis.
Peculiar vascular lesions, composting of thickening of small and medium arteries, were
found, mainly in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, skin, liver, and pancreas. Studied
comparison, the morbid condition associated with ingestion of arsenic had resulted in:
system arterial disease, spread hypertrophy of the myocardium, arterial hypertension,
arterial thrombosis, bronchiectasis, hepatic cirrhosis, hemangioendothelioma of the liver,
chronic diarrhea, time after time bronchopneumonia, and bilateral pneumonia.

Limitation

Limitations of this paper shall be considered in interpreting the conclusion and result. The
writers access the electronic database for completing this paper only Jstor, ScienceDirect,
Proquest, SpringerLink, Google Scholar and Local Journal, thus online database that used
due to can be access for free. Writers might miss some articles from another online
database. The strategy designed to as effective as acceptable. Writers only use English
article, it could generates some biases for articles with no English, another method, design
study, place, point of view and result. Writers did not count the data from articles reviewed,
writers only summarized the articles to find another conclusion if possible.

5. CONCLUSION
The chemical health risk assessment to workers copper smelters in the smelter plant is
affected significantly. Reports and investigations on estimate and assessment the toxicity
values and exposure are scanty. In estimate and aseessment chemical health risk
assessment, these are a need furthure research of dust xposure and transport related to
wind and speed direction and epidemiological study, including human and environmental.
But, generally has the same result to negative effect. Measly collect positive effect related
to it.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thank you to all who involved to finished this paper, lecturer, parents, friends,
reviewers. The writers also would like to say thanks to all writers who wrote valuable
articles.

References
[1] T. Wang and J. A. Howarter, Energy Technology 2017. 2017.

[2] I. Description and W. Characteristics, “Copper Smelting,” 2007.

[3] A. P. Keil and D. B. Richardson, “Reassessing the Link between Airborne Arsenic
Exposure among Anaconda Copper Smelter Workers and Multiple Causes of Death
Using the Parametric,” vol. 608, no. 4, pp. 608–615, 2017.

[4] S. M. Serbula and T. S. Kalinovic, “Exceedance of air quality standards resulting from
pyro-metallurgical production of copper : a case study , Bor ( Eastern Serbia ),” pp.
1989–1998, 2013.

[5] C. Ferreccio, A. M. Sancha, C. Ferreccio, and A. M. Sancha, “Linked references are

available on JSTOR for this article :,” vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 164–175, 2017.

[6] N. Zheng, J. Liu, Q. Wang, and Z. Liang, “Science of the Total Environment Health risk
assessment of heavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district ,
Northeast of China,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 408, no. 4, pp. 726–733, 2010.

[7] D. Sanchez-rodas, A. S. De, V. Oliveira, and J. De Rosa, “Health implications of the

distribution of arsenic species in airborne particulate matter,” J. Inorg. Biochem., vol.
108, pp. 112–114, 2012.

[8] R. Newhook, H. Hirtle, K. Byrne, and M. E. Meek, “Releases from copper smelters and
refineries and zinc plants in Canada : human health exposure and risk
characterization,” vol. 301, pp. 23–41, 2003.
[9] T. Moreno, R. Fern, and A. M. S, “Size distribution and chemical composition of
particulate matter stack emissions in and around a copper smelter Yolanda Gonz a,”
vol. 98, 2014.

[10] S. M. Serbula, A. A. Ilic, and J. V Kalinovic, “Assessment of air pollution originating

from copper smelter in Bor ( Serbia ),” pp. 1651–1661, 2014.

[11] P. Vybı, “Dust from Zambian smelters : mineralogy and contaminant bioaccessibility,”
pp. 919–933, 2014.

[12] S. A. R. Oda, “Environmental Arsenic Exposure of Children around a Former Copper

Smelter Site,” vol. 81, pp. 72–81, 1997.

[13] F. Beavington, P. A. Cawse, and A. Wakenshaw, “Comparative studies of atmospheric

trace elements : improvements in air quality near a copper smelter,” vol. 332, pp. 39–
49, 2004.

[14] E. Sipter, “HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC.”

Evidence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Among the Workers at
Production Site of Water Supply Company PT. XYZ
Dimas Brilliant Sunarno1, Sjahrul M. Nasri1
1
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia
Correspondence author: sjahrul.mn@gmail.com

Abstract
PT. XYZ is a water supply company, in its business process PT. XYZ has 23 departments
which have various work patterns, locations, and noise sources. The aims of this study
are to find the evidence of noise-induced hearing loss among the workers at PT. XYZ
and describe the distribution of prevalence of workers who had NIHL. A total of 483
workers were analyzed by univariate method. The result showed that the prevalence
of NIHL among workers at PT. XYZ are 42 (8.7%) on right ear and 51 (10.6%) on left ear.
Obtained a result of 97.6% and 96.1% of workers who had NIHL are male. On the other
hand, 97.6% and 90.2% of workers who had NIHL are above 40 years old. Further
research is needed to prove the cause of NIHL among workers at PT. XYZ.

Keywords: Noise-induced hearing loss, water supply company, audiometry

1. INTRODUCTION
PT. XYZ is a water supply company which serving 3 million people in Jakarta Capital City
with 9000 litre per second supply. PT. XYZ sells 162 million m3 water in 2016 and will
be targeted to be 170 million m3 water in 2017 [1]. To serving its customers, PT. XYZ
operates all of its business activity in 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, during day and
night. PT. XYZ also has 23 types of job (departments) which have various work location
and occupational hazard. PT. XYZ has 6 water treatment plants, 37 booster pumps, 1
head office, 3 main area offices, and many customer offices, those are located spread
throughout Jakarta.
With the number of work locations and types of job, the chances of workers to be

274
exposed to the noise hazard are enormous. For example: in Production department,
PT. XYZ using many machines and pumps that produce noise. In Distribution
Construction department, the workers using many construction equipments that
produce noise. It can cause the workers exposed by noise hazard. The excalation of
target and workload could make noise hazard exposure increase. Noise hazard that
exposes the workers could make noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) among the workers.
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the second most common acquired hearing
loss following presbycusis, and is known as an occupational disorder long ago [2]. In
spite of implementation of hearing conservation programs, NIHL is among the most
important and frequent occupational disorders and the second cause of occupational
injuries. NIHL is permanent and irreversible, but it can be preventable [3]. The NIHL can
be caused by occupational hazard in the workplace and/or personal characteristic such
as age and lifestyle [4].
Nowadays in Indonesia, there are only a few research about noise-induced hearing
loss (NIHL) in water supply company. It needs more research to analyse the description
of NIHL many kind of industries in Indonesia. The aims of this study are to find the
evidence of noise-induced hearing loss among the workers at PT. XYZ and describe the
distribution of prevalence of workers with NIHL.

2. METHODS
This study applies cross-sectional design using secondary data. The secondary data was
obtained from Environmental Health & Safety Division of PT. XYZ in 2014. In this study,
will be assessed the result of audiometry measurement from yearly workers medical
check-up at PT. XYZ to find the evidence of NIHL among the workers and describe how
the distribution. PT. XYZ has 1156 total workers, however only 483 workers were
measured in audiometry due to their type of job and work location. The average of
Hearing Threshold Limit (HTL) is calculated at a frequency of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz
and 4000 Hz according to Permenakertrans 25/2008 [5]. Then an univariate analysis
was conducted to determine if there were workers suffer NIHL and to determine the
distribution of employe with NIHL based on type of job, age and gender.

275
3. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The average of Hearing Threshold Limit calculation result showed that there were 42
workers who suffer NIHL on the right ear and 51 workers who suffer NIHL on the left
ear from the total 483 workers who have measured their hearing function by
audiometry. In the percentage is shown at Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Figure 1. Prevalence of NIHL on Right Ear

Figure 2. Prevalence of NIHL on Left Ear

The results show evidence that there are workers at PT. XYZ suffering from NIHL.
Prevalence of NIHL at PT. XYZ is smaller than the steel smelting industry, plywood and
air force helicopter crew. In NIHL steel smelting industry 31.55%, industry plywood

276
31.81% and air force helicopter crew prevalence of 27.16% [6]. Despite the prevalence
at PT. XYZ is smaller than the three types of industry, NIHL among workers of PT. XYZ
can not be ignored. There is a need for preventive program such as Hearing
Conservation Program, so that NIHL prevalence does not increase.
If analyzed by variable of the type of work and work location, it can be concluded
that 3 types of jobs that have workers with the highest NIHL are Production 2,
Production 1 and Distribution Network Center Area with the percentages respectively
17.6%, 14.3% and 14.3%. It should be further investigated why these three types of
work have the highest NIHL prevalence. In detail of distribution prevalence of NIHL at
PT. XYZ by type of work can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Distribution of Prevalence NIHL Based On Type of Job

Frequency Percentage
Type of Job
Right Ear Left Ear Right Ear Left Ear
Customer Investigation 3 2 7.1% 3.9%
Manager 1 0 2.4% 0.0%
Building & Office Management 1 1 2.4% 2.0%
CAPEX & Asset Management 1 1 2.4% 2.0%
Central Maintenance 1 3 2.4% 5.9%
Commercial Losses & Metering 1 1 2.4% 2.0%
Customer Care 1 3 2.4% 5.9%
Distribution Construction 1 1 2.4% 2.0%
Booster Pump 2 4 4.8% 7.8%
DN Unit UPP West 5 3 11.9% 5.9%
DN Unit UPP Center 6 6 14.3% 11.8%
DN Unit UPP South 3 0 7.1% 0.0%

Industrial Relation & Security Management 1 0 2.4% 0.0%

Leak Detection and Repair 3 4 7.1% 7.8%

Office Security Management 0 1 0.0% 2.0%
Permanent Area Study 2 1 4.8% 2.0%
Production 1 6 6 14.3% 11.8%
Production 2 4 9 9.5% 17.6%
Transmission Network 0 4 0.0% 7.8%
Water Resources Development & Process
0 1 0.0% 2.0%
Optimization
Total 42 51

277
 According to the gender variable, the results showed that 97.6% of workers with
NIHL on the right ear were male and 96.1% of the workers of NIHL patients in the left
ear were male. The remaining 2.4% and 3.9% of workers of NIHL patients in the right
and left ear are female. A comparison of the number of workers of NIHL patients in
terms of gender variables can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Variable Gender at PT. XYZ

Frequency Percentage
Gender
Right Ear Left Ear Right Ear Left Ear
Male 41 49 97.6% 96.1%
Female 1 2 2.4% 3.9%
Total 42 51

According to the age variable, the results showed that 97.6% of workers with NIHL
on the right ear in PT. XYZ is above 40 years old and 90.2% of workers with NIHL on the
left ear in PT. XYZ is over 40 years old. While 2.4% and 9.8% of workers of NIHL
patients in the right and left ear are under and equal to 40 years. Complete data on the
distribution of NIHL patients by age is presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Variable Age at PT. XYZ

Frequency Percentage
Age
Right Ear Left Ear Right Ear Left Ear
>= 40 41 46 97.6% 90.2%
<40 1 5 2.4% 9.8%
Total 42 51

4. CONCLUSIONS
The conclusion of this research is found there is evidence that among employees of PT.
XYZ there were 8.7% of employees suffering from NIHL on the right ear and 10.6% of
employees suffering from NIHL on the left ear. Prevalence of NIHL among employees
of PT. XYZ is still lower than the prevalence of NIHL in steel smelting, plywood and air
force helicopter crews. Based on the type of work in PT. XYZ, the highest prevalence of
work in Production Department 2 is 17.6%. By age, 97.6% of workers with NIHL on the

278
right ear in PT. XYZ is over 40 years old. By gender, 97.6% of workers with NIHL on the
right ear in PT. XYZ are male.

5. RECOMMENDATION
To prove the cause of NIHL among employees of PT. XYZ, it needs further research.
That study is to prove whether workers with NIHL at PT. XYZ is caused by hazard noise
in the workplace or because of personal characteristics such as age and lifestyle.

Competing interest
I declare that I have no significant competing financial, professional or personal
interest that might have influenced the performance or presentation of the work
described in this manuscript.

References
[1] Annual Report 2016. 2016. PT XYZ
[2] Schindler DN, Jackler RK, Robinson ST. 2007. Hearing loss. In: LaDou J, editor.
CURRENT Occupational & Environmental Medicine: Fourth Edition. New York:
Mcgraw-hill; pp. 104–20.
[3] Robinowitz PM, Rees TS. 2004. Occupational hearing loss. In: Rosenstock L, editor.
Textbook Of Clinical Occupational And Environmental Medicine. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; pp. 426–35.
[4] Sliwinska-Kowalska M, Davis A. 2012. Noise-induced hearing loss. Noise
Health;14:274-80
[5] Kementerian Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi. 2008. Pedoman Diagnosis dan
Penilaian Cacat Karena Kecelakaan dan Penyakit Akibat Kerja. Republik Indonesia.
PER.25/MEN/XII/2008.
[6] Rani, Siti. 2008. Gambaran Dosis Pajanan Bising Harian dan Keluhan Pendengaran
Pekerja di Section Produksi Assembling (2W) PT. Indomobil Suzuki International
Plant Cakung Jakarta Timur Tahun 2008. FKM – UI.

279
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) from Fish Oil and Margarine as
Bioactive Compound for Anti-Inflammatory in Occupational
Dermatitis
Mohamad Amin1*, Nanda Earlia2, Yuslinda Annisa3, Ahya Zhilalikbar Amin4, Cita R.S.Prakoeswa5, Rinaldi
Idroes6, Ihya Fakhrurizal Amin7,Betty Lukiati1
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, State University of Malang
2
Doctoral Student of Mathematics and Applied Science, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh
3
Postgraduate Student of Biology Study Program, Postgraduate Program State University of Malang
4
Student of SMAN 3 Malang
5
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya
6
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh
7
Undergraduate Student of Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta
Corresponding author: mohamad.amin.fmipa@um.ac.id

Abstract
Occupational dermatitis (OCD) is a skin inflammatory disease caused by allergen and irritant
agent at workplace. The disease related hypersensitivity reaction correlated with
immunological mechanism (allergic contact dermatitis) and non-immonological mechanism
(irritant contact dermatitis). Patient with atopic history (rhinitis allergic, asthma, and atopic
dermatitis) has higher risk of OCD. In atopic individu has barrier skin damaged that increased
the risk of allergen and irritant penetration. Inflammatory reaction involved T-helper 1 (Th1)
which produced cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF α), Interferon- γ (INF- γ ), then T-helper
(Th2) produced interleukin (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10). Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an omega 3
from Polyunsaturated Free Fatty Acids (PUFAs) has been shown as an anti-inflammatory effect,
and decreased macrophage accumulation. In the inflammatory process, EPA inhibited IL-6, IL-8,
and TNF α which are mediated by Free Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs). The aim of this
study is to determine the bioactivity compound EPA for anti inflammatory agent and its target
based on in silico screening. The bioinformatics tool based on reverse docking used in this study
were Pubchem compound databese, protein target prediction data base, Pharmmapper and
Swiss Target Prediction, molecular docking software PyRx 0,8, ligand docking and binding site

280
analysis with PyMOL software. Docking and binding site analysis showed that the EPA was able
to interact with FABPs with binding affinity of EPA with FABP 4 highest (- 4.2 kcal /mol) than
hydrocortisone with FABP 4 ( -7.4 kcal /mol). EPA has same binding site and relative bonding
power with the FABPs then it is potential to be an alternative medicine for anti-inflammatory in
OCD.
Keywords: Occupational dermatitis, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Free Fatty Acid Binding
Proteins (FABPs), reverse docking

1. INTRODUCTION
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) included dermatologic
disorders on the top 10 work-related disease and injures in United States. The most common
injuries are due to lacerations, punctures, abrasions, and burns. Occupational contact
dermatitis (OCD) is a skin inflammatory disease caused by allergen and irritant agent at
workplace. The disease related hypersensitivity reaction correlated with immunological
mechanism (allergic contact dermatitis) and non-immunological mechanism (irritant contact
dermatitis) [1]. Contact dermatitis account for 90% of occupational skin disease. Among host-
related factors, atopic dermatitis has been the most well investigated risk factor for developing
occupationally induced skin diseases, particularly hand dermatitis in adult atopic. Individual
atopic dermatitis have a reduced threshold for developing irritant contact dermatitis from
soaps, detergents, solvents, and chemical irritant [1,2].
Patient with atopic history (rhinitis allergic, asthma, and atopic dermatitis) has higher risk of
OCD. Atopic individu has barrier skin damaged that increased the risk of allergen and irritant
penetration. Inflammatory reaction involved T-helper 1 (Th1) which produced Tumor Necrosis
Factor (TNF α), Interferon- γ (INF- γ ), then T-helper (Th2) produced interleukin (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8,
IL-10). The worldwide prevalence of AD has increased during the past three decades, and it
often begins during early childhood, and adult patients frequently have chronic diseases. The
etiology of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but most individuals who are affecting have
associated with allergic manifestations (e.g. asthma, food allergies, seasonal allergies), and
there is no definitive treatment for AD [1,3].

281
 Polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have a major
impact on human health outcomes, such as motor and cognitive development, mental health
and psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disorders and immunologic and inflammatory
responses [4]. EPA cannot be produced by humans, primarily found in dietary fish oils and
derived also from plants in margarine [4,5]. EPA have been shown to have anti-inflammatory
effects, and biological effects are mediated by the production of preresolving mediators, which
have been proposed to modulate and likely resolve inflammatory responses [5,6]. This study
aimed to discover natural bioactivity compounds of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from fish oils
and margarine for the treatment of occupational contact dermatitis based on in silico
screening.

2. METHODS
Ligand Preparation
Chemical 3D structure and SMILES of EPA obtained from the PubChem compounds database
(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) with number ID: CID 446284.
Target Selection
Target protein for EPA obtained by entering SMILES to multiple servers which are swiss targets
prediction (http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/) and pharmmapper
(http://59.78.96.61/pharmmapper/submit_file.php). The server will provide a list of predicted
target protein for EPA. The list of target proteins from both servers are compared and selected
protein targets with the most potential for ligand (EPA).
Molecular Docking
Molecular docking for EPA, target protein, and compound control performed using PyRx0.8
software
Molecular Visualization and Inter Molecular Interaction
Interaction between EPA, target protein and control compounds visualized and analyzed using
PyMol and LigPlus, and Biovia Discovery Studio 2016 Client.

282
3. RESULTS
The results of target selection using pharmmapper (job ID: 17091218418) and swiss
target prediction (SMILES: CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(=O)O) obtained the potentially
interact protein target with EPA is Fatty acid-binding proteins 4 (FABP 4). FABP 4 belongs to a
family of cytosol proteins with small molecular weight (15 kDa) that bind with high affinity to
unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. FABP 4 plays a role in active regulation of lipid trafficking
and inflammatory activity and highly expressed in almost all tissues with high rates of fatty acid
uptake and lipid metabolism [7,8]. Fatty acid shifted to the long-chain fatty acids (LCFA)
which are transported by FABPs to various tissues, where they are metabolized, stored or
utilized [8]. Fatty acids, such as EPA, can be metabolized into a diverse and large family of bio-
active lipid mediators called eicosanoids, which may have function as anti-inflammatory
mediators [9,10,11].

283
Figure 1. Results of molecular docking 3D structure between protein target (Fatty acid-binding
proteins 4), candidate ligand (eicosapentaenoic acid), and control ligand
(hydrocortisone), which indicates that the ligand capable to interact with protein
target on the same binding site. Description: green (FABP 4), blue (EPA), red
(hydrocortisone).

Figure 2. Visualization interaction between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with Fatty acid-binding
proteins 4 (FABP 4) using Discovery Studio Client BIOVIA,2016. (a) EPA (blue) binds to
protein target (FABP 4) (b) The distance of type of interaction or bonding between EPA
with FABP 4 (c) The types of interactions between the amino acids of EPA with FABP 4.

Figure 3. Visualization interaction between hydrocortison with Fatty acid-binding proteins 4

(FABP 4) using Discovery Studio Client BIOVIA,2016. (a) Hydrocortison (red) binds to

284
 protein target (FABP 4) (b) The distance of type of interaction or bonding between
Hydrocortison with FABP 4 (c) The types of interactions between the amino acids of
Hydrocortison with FABP 4.

4. DISCUSSION
Reverse Docking is a computing-based methods that can be used to search for patterns of
interactions involving molecular docking (drug/ligand) in a potential binding site on a set of
clinically relevant macromolecules targets. The results of reverse docking between proteins
Fatty acid-binding proteins 4 (PDB ID: 3P6H) resolutions 1:41 Å, with a candidat ligand (EPA),
and control ligand (hydrocortisone) using software PyRx 0.8 shows the binding affinity EPA
with FABP 4 highest (- 4.2 kcal /mol) than hydrocortisone with FABP 4 ( -7.4 kcal /mol). Then
results docking visualized using the software PyMol indicates that candidate ligand (EPA), and
control ligand (hydrocortisone) is able to interact with the FABP 4 on same binding site (Figs. 1).
Bond and location of the ligand binding site on a protein target was visualized with Biovia
Discovery Studio 2016 Client. Results of visualization showed that EPA interact with FABP 4
through bond Alkyl from amino acids Leu 90 (5.18 Ǻ) of FABP 4 (Figs. 2). Hydrocortisone interact
with FABP 4 through bond Alkly of amino acids Lys 17(3.90 Ǻ), bond Unfavorable bump of
amino acid Gly 18 (1.95 Ǻ) (Figs. 3).

5. CONCLUSION
This study proved that EPA has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in the OCD by interact
with Fatty acid-binding proteins 4 (FABP 4) that activated anti-inflammatory effects. EPA and
hydrocortisone were able to interact with the FABP 4 on the same binding site, binding affinity
EPA has a higher bond than hydrocortisone, then it is potential to be an alternative medicine
for anti-inflammatory in OCD.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare

285
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Nepal: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd, pp. 257–264.
[2] Brunner. Patrick M.; Suárez-Fariñas, Mayte; He, Helen; Malik, Kunal; Wen, Huei-Chi; Juana
Gonzalez; Chih-Chieh Chan, Tom; Estrada, Yeriel; Zheng, Xiuzhong; Khattri, Saakshi;
Dattola; James G., Nancy; Krueger; and Yassky, Emma Guttman. 2017. The atopic
dermatitis blood signature is characterized by increases in inflammatory and
cardiovascular risk proteins. Scientific Report,7 (8707): 1-12
[3] Tanjung, Conny; Rzehak, Peter; Mansyur, Muchtaruddin; Munasir, Zakiudin; Sudoyo,
Herawati; Immanuel,Suzanna; Irawan, Roedi; Reischl, Eva; Demmelmair, Hans; Koletzko,
Berthold; Hadinegoro,Sri Rezeki; and Rusli, Damayanti Sjarif. 2017. Study protocol to
investigate the environmental and genetic aetiology of atopic dermatitis : the Indonesian
Prospective Study of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants ( ISADI ). BMJ Open, 1–7.
[4] Patel, Ashok R.; Lecerf, Jean-Michel; Schenker, Sarah and Dewettinck, Koen. 2016. The
Contribution of Modern Margarine and Fat Spreads to Dietary Fat Intake. Comprehensive
Review in Food Science and Food Safety, 15: 633–645.
[5] Molfino, Alessio; Amabile, Maria Ida; Monti, Massimo; and Muscaritoli, Maurizio. 2017.
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Critical Illness : Anti-Inflammatory , Proresolving,
or Both ?. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017: 1-7.
[6] Yamada, H., Umemoto, T., Kakei, M., Momomura, S. and Kawakami, M. 2017.
Eicosapentaenoic acid shows anti- inflammatory effect via GPR120 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
and attenuates adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obese mice. Nutrient and
Metabolism, 120: 1–11.
[7] Wang, Q. et al. Successful reduction of inflammatory responses and arachidonic acid –
cyclooxygenase 2 pathway in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells by silencing
adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein. Journal of Inflamation, 14 (8):1–9.
[8] A. Baran; M. S´widerska; Bacharewicz‑Szczerbicka, Joanna; H. Mys´liwiec1; I. Flisiak. 2016 .
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287
THE PATTERN OF SAFETY AND HEALTH WORK TO PREVENT
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AT WELDING WORKER IN
MAHKAMAH STREET
MEDAN
Eka Lestari Mahyuni, Kalsum, Makmur Sinaga
Occupational Safety and Health Department
Faculty of Public Health, University of Sumatera Utara
Correspondence author : eka_mahyuni@ymail.com

Abstract
The welding worker has a potential risk in their work whereas the posture in welding
process was not ergonomic. The fatique or musculoskeletal disorders happened at the
welding worker shown by their vertebra disorders and some complaint like feel pain in
their bone and muscle. The posture like bending over to the floor or squate position in
a long duration would giving the fatique complaint at the last process. The purpose of
this research was to implement the pattern of safety and health work as the prevention
action for decrease the musculoskeletal disorders. This is an observational survey by
using the handycam to documented the posture and use the Participatory Action
Research approach. Nordic body map questionnaire used to present the mapping of
musculoskeletal disorders that happened at the welding worker. The results showed
the pattern of safety and health work could be implement at the welding worker such
as change the posture with welding in standing posture by using the work bench and
do the ergonomic relaxation in 2-3 minutes if the worker feel pain in the part of their
body, then do the full ergonomic exercises after the work. The result show that the
workers feel pain at their knee, waist, hand, back and shoulder after their work. When
they implement the ergonomic relaxation or exercises the musculoskeletal disorders
are decrease in 67 % than before and feel productive to continue their work. In
conclusion, the ergonomic exercise and relaxation could decrease the musculoskeletal
disorders at the welding worker in Mahkamah street Medan. Recommended to the
host of welding informal industry to arranged their work time for implement the
288
ergonomic exercise in daily to decrease the musculoskeletal disorders at welding
process.
Key word : welding, posture, musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomic

1. INTRODUCTION
Occupational safety and health is an applied science in every workplace. This
application has been regulated in Undang Undang RI No.1 Tahun 1970, concerning
work safety, Undang Undang No.14 Tahun 1969 clauses 9 and 10 of the main
provisions concerning labor, PERMENAKER No: PER. 02 / MEN 1982 on qualifying
welders in the workplace. In general, the achievement of safety and health could not
be separated from the role of ergonomic, because ergonomic related to people who
work, in addition to the effectiveness and efficiency of work [1,2].
Welding industry is the one of the informal industry sector belonging to Usaha Kecil
Menengah (UKM) which still not yet consider the Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH) as priority scale. The minimum implementation of OSH generally in UKM covers
91% of 169,524 entities in Indonesia needed to get serious attention and important of
awareness about Occupational Safety and Health. This is necessary because workers in
informal sector are very vulnerable to accidents and occupational diseases [3].
Welding is defined as one of the techniques of grafting metal, in practice it is not
an easy task because it has a very high physical risk, so that in the process requires
special skills and equipment, to did not exposed by accident and health problems.
[4.5].
Every work always contained hazards including welding process. The hazard of
welding can be distinguished by the nature of its work such as electric machine
operation, fire, arc welding radiation, welding fume, explosion and noise. The
electromagnetic rays generated from welding are non-ionizing radiation consisting of
ultraviolet light with wave lengths of 200-400 nm, visible light with wave length 400-
700 nm and infrared light with wave lengths between 700-1400 nm. This ray has a

289
power of at least 100 watt with a wavelength lies 1064 nanometers. In addition, in the
process of welding workers generally show a posture that is not ergonomic and
irregular way of working. Ergonomic work posture often occurs due to ergonomic work
facilities where workers work in an incorrect position like form a bent posture.
[6,7,8,9].
The results of the Ministry of Health studies on the profile of health problems in
Indonesia showed that about 40.5% of diseases suffered by workers related to their
work. According to a study of 9,482 workers in 12 districts / cities in Indonesia, the
health problems experienced by workers are musculoskeletal disease (16%),
cardiovascular (8%), neurological disorders (6%), respiratory problems (3%), and Ear-
Nose-Throat (1.5%) [10].
Jalan Mahkamah Medan is one of the centers of welding workshop in Medan City.
In each welding process, it is found that a lot of ergonomic work methods are
demonstrated from the posture of a squat in long periods of time due to work done on
the floor or over the iron pile. Manual handling process also much happening where
workers must move the steels that has been ready or will be welded to a certain place.
Based on the results of preliminary survey, showed that the workers who have
abnormalities in muscle and skeleton such as lordosis, increased shoulders, kifosis, and
hips are sloping. Workers also feel pain on the body such as part of calf, waist,
shoulders and hands. Based on the statement, the purpose of this study was to
implement a safe and healthy work patterns as an effort to prevent musculoskeletal
disorders complaints.

2. METHODS
This research was conducted at Jl. Mahkamah Medan which is the center of welding
business. Population in this research are all welding worker at 22 workshop of welding
with total worker counted 93 persons. The sampling technique was done by purposive
sampling and there were 51 workers willing in this research. This research is an
observation research using handycam. In the application of safe and healthy working
pattern used Participatory Action Research approach. The musculoskeletal complaints

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felt by the welding workers were obtained using the Nordic Body Map questionnaire.
The data obtained were analyzed in descriptively.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Overview of Welding Workshop at Jl. Mahkamah Medan
The welding industry of Jalan Mahkamah Medan is a business belonging to informal
sector engaged in the product of cafe tents, fences, canopies and others using iron as
base materials. Initially in 1973 on Jl. Mahkamah only stands two metal industries, until
in 1995 began to multiply until now *11+.
The work environment of each welding workshop looks homogeneous where each
workshop space is filled with stacking iron, open work space and a bit dark and directly
related to the outdoor environment. Noise due to grinding or welding process and
welding rays that appear either continuously or intermittently could be seen directly
because on average almost all workers are done openly without using a curtain or in a
special place. The worker also do their work in naturally without using a complete
protective device. The welding worker usually only wears black glasses to reduce the
glare experienced while welding, but also workers who didn’t use any personal
protection during their work.

Ergonomics Hazard at Welding Worker Jl Mahkamah Medan

Welding process at Jl. Mahkamah has many
risks, especially ergonomic hazards
characterized by work postures, layouts,
manual handling and working methods.
Lay out in welding workshops is difficult to
change because the existing room is
strived to the maximum extent possible as
Figure 1. Grinding Posture
putting the irons with long or short sizes. To
preparation of iron is always placed on the side of the room, so that the work area is
dominated in the middle of the room. In this case the stacked conditions are still

291
understandable as long as the distance for passing is filled.
Manual handling often occurs in the welding process where workers must move
the material in the form of iron from one place to another for the continuation of each
process. The raised iron is also not in the amount of one but it could be with 5-7 iron
bars or other shapes of varying weight. When lifting and transporting, the worker
shows a bending and non-ergonomic posture. Late bending activity caused by
overloading causes spinal injuries and other musculoskeletal disorders *12+.
Working posture formed on the welding
process varies. The posture that formed on
the worker due to human machine relations
that occur in a limited area and surrounded by
iron piles. Work postures also vary in motion
according to the way work happens during the
welding process. Work posture is a decisive Figure 2. Manual handling
point in the analysis of welding workers because it is determined by welding skills. If
the working posture is incorrect or not ergonomic it may lead to musculoskeletal
fatigue and complaints *13+.
Welding process begins from the production pattern making by measuring and
cutting iron. Cutting of iron by size is done on the floor by using grinding. As a result,
the body's posture is not ergonomic like squatting for a long time, squatting while
bowing, even half standing with a bent of approximately 90 0. Working position that
requires squatting by folding both legs close to the body in a long time. This pattern of
work also tends to cause musculoskeletal complaints.
The next process is iron welding using an electric welding machine. Installation of
electricity in each workshop is still very simple according to the capacity of the room
and enough risk of short circuit. Welding is also often done with a sitting position,
squat and stand where the workers adjust their position to the shape and surface of
the iron to be connected through welding. In this welding process only a few workers
who use glasses to protect the exposure of light from the welding. The work posture
formed during the welding process is also not much different from the position of the

292
body grinding where the workers do on the floor while sitting squat between the piles
of iron and adjust his body with the shape and size of iron to be welded.
After the product is welded then the process of smoothing iron using hand grinding
which is directly held and held close to pieces of connected iron. In the process of
refinement is usually the workers grind with a standing position and performed in open
areas either above the ground or using a work table. This is due to the smoothing
process requiring higher precision in order for the smoothed iron joints to improve the
quality of the resulting product.
The final stage of the finishing process is usually done in accordance with consumer
demand. Generally produced products colored with colorful paint as needed. In the
process of iron painting begins by cleaning and smoothing iron dust from the remnants
of welding by using sand paper. Work posture during both of these processes is also
done in a squatting or standing position and not using a mask.
Ergonomic work postures often cause complaints in the body known as
musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal complaints are formed because of the
attitude of static work or posture in continuity. Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are a
set of symptoms related to muscle tissue, tendons, ligaments, cartilages, nervous
system, bone structure, and blood vessels. MSDs begin with pain, numbness, tingling,
swelling, stiffness, trembling, sleep disturbance, and burning which results in a
person's inability to move and coordinate limb movements or extremities thereby
reducing work efficiency and loss of work time resulting in productivity work decreases
*14+.
Musculoskeletal complaints are felt in 51 workers vary almost spread throughout
the body. This is supported because the welding workmanship pattern is still done
manually. The most high complained is on the shoulders, arms, waist, knees and calves.
This is due to the squat position that always experienced welder workers on Jl.
Mahkamah could be seen in the following table:

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 Table 1. Musculoskeletal complaints on welding workers at Jl. Mahkamah
Score Score
Muskulo Muskulo
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
skeletal skeletal
System N % N % N % N % System N % N % N % N %
Upper neck 16 31, 16 31, 18 35, 1 2,0 Necklace 16 31, 10 19, 21 41, 4 7,8
4 4 3 4 6 2
Left 23 45, 17 33, 9 17, 2 3,9 Right 15 29, 11 21, 23 45, 2 3,9
shoulder 1 3 6 shoulder 4 6 1
Upper arm 28 54, 15 29, 7 13, 1 2,0 Back 6 11, 14 27, 29 58, 2 3,9
left 9 4 7 8 5 9
Upper arm 19 37, 17 33, 11 21, 4 7,8 Waist 5 9,8 13 25, 28 54, 5 9,8
right 3 3 6 5 9
Pinggul 16 31, 19 37, 13 25, 3 5,9 Buttock 25 49, 17 33, 9 17, 0 0
4 3 5 0 3 6
Left elbow 27 52, 15 29, 9 17, 0 0 Right elbow 14 27, 22 43, 14 27, 1 2,0
9 4 6 5 1 5
Left under 26 51, 17 33, 8 15, 0 0 Right under 12 23, 23 45, 15 29, 1 2,0
arm 0 3 7 arm 5 1 4
Left hand 22 43, 20 39, 7 13, 2 3,9 Right hand 15 29, 25 49, 10 19, 1 2,0
wrist 1 2 7 wrist 4 0 6
Left hand 23 45, 17 33, 10 19, 1 2,0 Right hand 15 29, 20 39, 12 23, 4 7,8
1 3 6 4 2 5
Left thigh 28 54, 16 31, 6 11, 1 2,0 Right thigh 21 41, 23 45, 4 7,8 3 5,9
9 4 8 2 1
Left knee 19 37, 24 47, 7 13, 1 2,0 Right knee 16 31, 22 43, 10 19, 3 5,9
3 1 7 4 1 6
Left calf 15 29, 27 52, 9 17, 0 0 Right calf 17 33, 23 45, 9 17, 2 3,9
4 9 6 3 1 6
Left ankle 26 51, 21 41, 4 7,8 0 0 Right ankle 22 43, 22 43, 7 13, 0 0
0 2 1 1 7
Left leg 29 56, 14 27, 7 13, 1 2,0 Right leg 17 33, 24 47, 8 15, 2 3,9
9 5 7 3 1 7
Source: 0=normal; 1=little hurt; 2 = pain; 3= painful

Based on the pain complaint of musculoskeletal that feels by welding worker at Jl.
Mahkamah could divide in MSDs risk categories that explained at the table.

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Table 2. MSDs Risk Categorize at Welding worker Jl Mahkamah
MSDs Risk Categorize Frequencies Percentage
Low 21 41,2
Middle 27 52,9
High 3 5,9
Total 51 100

The complaints experienced by the dominant welding workers are in the

moderate category (52.9%) in accordance with the research done on the welding
workshop X *15+, where the moderate category generally leads to compliance with the
degree of weight.
Based on the above table, the risk of MDSs experienced by workers need to be
taken as a preventive measure. MSDs disease is a chronic disease that takes a long time
to develop and manifest. The longer it works the longer the workers are exposed to the
risk of MSDs *16+.
To reduce the risk of developing MSDs that can be experienced by welding
workers, the workers are trained and encouraged to do light stretching for 2-3 minutes
by stretching the sick body while working. After work the worker can do ergonomic
exercises for 10-15 minutes before heading home. This gymnastic activity is conducted
jointly in the workplace and some workers' opinions state that with the ergonomic
gymnastics exercises to know the parts of the body that are sick and able to self-assess
its working patterns so far. This is a good achievement where awareness has emerged
from workers realizing that during their work has demonstrated unsafe and unhealthy
static work patterns.
Based on complaints of pain initially felt in the body, workers acknowledge
experiencing pain loss initially felt and pain in the body decreased approximately 67%
from previous pain. Workers also feel changes in blood and muscle movements that
are better than ever. This suggests that ergonomic gymnastics is one of the best
preventive measures in reducing musculoskeletal complaints due to unsafe and
unhealthy work patterns.

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4. CONCLUSIONS
The pattern of occupational safety and health work to prevent musculoskeletal
were doing the streching relaxation and gymnastic activity. The ergonomic exercise and
relaxation could decrease the musculoskeletal disorders at the welding worker in
Mahkamah Medan in 67%.
Recommended to the host of welding informal industry to arranged their work time
for implement the ergonomic exercise in daily to decrease the musculoskeletal
disorders at welding process.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On this occasion, the researchers would like to thank Mr. Samosir who is the owner of
CV Nauli welding business who has cooperated and supported the implementation of
this research. We also thank to the Head of Sub-district of Mosque who has given
permission to implement this activity. This gratitude is also delivered to all the welding
workers who are on Jl. Mahkamah in this study could prevent disease complaints
especially musculoskeletal disorders with sustainable ergonomic gymnastics.

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[1] Himpunan Peraturan Perundang-undangan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja,
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Ketenagakerjaan dan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Tahun 2015
[2] Sedarmayanti, 1996, Ergonomi untuk Produktivitas Kerja.
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at 29 September 2017)
[3] Herlina, J.Evaluasi Stasiun Kerja dan Postur Kerja pada Bagian Pengelasan Ditinjau
dari Faktor Ergonomi di UKM Logam Jalan Mahkama Medan, Medan : Tesis
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[4] Sonawan, Hery dan Rochim Suratman, Pengantar untuk Memahami Proses
Pengelasan Logam, Penerbit Alfabeta, Bandung, 2003

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[5] Annasyatul U., Kurniawati, Sonya H., Sri., R.I., 2008, Buku Pedoman Pelaksanaan
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[6] Dwi Sandi bakhtiar, M. Sulaksmono, Risk Assessment Pada Pekerjaan Welding
Confined Space di Bagian Ship Building PT. DOK dan Perkapalan Surabaya, The
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[7] Canadian Center For Occupational Health & Safety.Radiation and the Effect On
Eyes and Skin. Canada : Canadian Goverment. 2008
[8] Agus Rubiyanto, Pengembangan Nano Fotonik dalam Perspektif dan Inovasi
Teknologi, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
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[9] Ronny Tuhumena, Rudi Soenoku, Slamet Wahyudi, Perancangan Fasilitas Kerja
Proses Pengelasan yang Ergonomis (Studi Kasus pada bengkel PT. Aji Batara
Perkasa), JEMIS Vol2. No.2 tahun 2014, ISSN 2338-3925
[10] Departemen kesehatan RI, 2006, Glosarium data dan informasi kesehatan RI.
www.depkes.go.id/download.php/file/pusdatin/glosarium-2006.pdf. access at 19
April 2017.
[11] Badan Pusat Statistik, Profil Jalan Mahkamah Medan Kelurahan Mesjid Medan
Kota, 2016 www.bps.go.id
[12] Eli Mas’idah, Wiwiek Fatmawati, Lazib Ajibta, Analisa Manual Material Handling
(MMH) dengan Menggunakan Metode Biomekanika untuk Mengidentifikasi
Risiko Cidera Tulang belakang (Musculoskeletal Disorder) (Studi Kasus pada
Buruh Pengangkatamn Beras di Pasar Jebor Demak), Jurnal Sultan Agung, Vol.
XLV Np. 119 September-Nopember, 2009
[13] Rian Yuni Kurnianto, Mulyono. Gambaran Postur Kerja dan Resiko Terjadinya
Muskuloskeletal pada Pekerja bagian Welding di Area Workshop Bay 4.2. PT.
Alstom Power Energy Systems Indonesia, The Indonesian Journal of Occupational
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[14] Tarwaka. Ergonomi Industri Dasar Dasar Pengetahuan Ergonomi dan Aplikasi di
Tempat Kerja. Edisi II. Harapan Press. Surakarta, 2015
[15] Brianti Dofina, Erwin Dyah Nawawinetu, Beberapa Faktor yang Berhubungan
dengan Keluhan Subjektif MSDs Pada Bengkel Las X, Jurnal Penelitian AKBID
Mandiri Gresik 2016
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Surakarta: UNIBA Press, 2010.

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Control of Hazardous Chemical As An Effort For Compliance
Criteria of SMK3
Fransisca Anggiyostiana Sirait1 , Abdul Rohim Tualeka2 ,
Indriati Paskarini3 , Samsul Arifin4
1,2,3,4
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University,
Surabaya, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: fransiscaanggi@gmail.com, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8239-0679

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate control of hazardous
chemicals as an effort to fulfill the criteria in the OHS management system in the
welding workshop in PT X East Java.
The research method was used descriptive by giving a clear picture about control of
hazardous chemicals in company. Primary data obtained from the observation with the
review of compliance criteria in SMK3 or OHS management system and direct
interviews to Head of Bureau K3LH and safety officer. Secondary data was obtained
from corporate documents, including company policies and commitments, Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) guidelines, and enterprise management systems. Data
analysis was completed with presentation in the form of tables and explanations, so it
become an information that was easily understood.
The results showed that on the principle of monitoring and performance evaluation
there are 3rd element with 46 criteria are fulfilled and 1 criterion was not fulfilled the
category of minor findings, namely criteria 9.3.5, and the calculation of achievement
level was 97,87%.
From the results of the research can be concluded that the control of hazardous
chemicals in the company still not fulfilled the criteria in SMK3, while the appraisal rate
was in satisfactory category.

Keywords: hazardous chemicals, OHS performance, OHS risk, OHS management

system
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1. INTRODUCTION

The rapid advancement of technology boosts every sector of the industries to use the
modern technology in doing any of their job. The competition of the industry that
becomes more competitive demands every company to optimize the whole resource
they have, some of them are financial, physical, human, and technology. Human as the
resource becomes one of the keys from the success of a development. One of the way
to boost the quality of the human resources is by guaranteeing the occupational health
and safety (OHS) of every worker, whether for the worker with the lowest risk of work
up to those who needs a lot of concentration and great deal of physical power.
The data of International Labor Organization (ILO) mentioned that at 2010 is noted
that in each year, more than 2 million people died for the work accident and disease
caused by the workplace, and it happened that about 270 million of work accident per
year in the world [6]. In Indonesia, the number of work accident indicates a worrying
outcome. This thing is based on the result of research of ILO that Indonesia get the
52nd spot from 53rd in how lacking the management of OHS. The cost that will be spent
by the company will be massive, if there is any accident in workplace.
The theory of Domino according to H.W. Heinrich that the cause of work accident,
88% of it is due to unsafe action, 10% of it is because of unsafe condition and 2% of it is
unavoidable occurrence [2]. One of the attempt to reduce the unsafe action and the
unsafe condition is by doing the risk management. Risk management of OHS is one of
the attempt to process all the risks in OHS to prevent the unwanted accident
comprehensively, planned, and structured in a good system. The risk management of
OHS related to the danger and the risk that exist in the workplace that can cause loss
by the company. If this thing happened beyond control, then it can threaten the
continuity of the business or the development process [6].
K3 stands for Occupational Health and Safety, abbreviated as OHS. K3 or OHS is a
condition that must be realized in the workplace with all efforts based on science and
deep thinking to protect the workforce, people, work and culture through the
application of accident prevention technology that is done consistently in accordance
with applicable laws and standards. Safety is the safety associated with machinery,

300
tools, materials and processing, platform and environment [8]. It also deals with the
way in doing the work and the production process. OHS is from, by, and for every
workforce and others within the company and the community. This is very important
to prevent the occurrence of work accidents and various types of loss and even death.
The Law Number 1 of 1970 about The Work Safety mentioned that every worker
has the rights on protection upon the safety in doing the work for the prosperity and
increasing production, as well as the national productivity [9]. Based on that, then the
company must guarantee the safety and health of the workers when working and
when is located in the workplace. While, the Article Number 87 of Law Number 13 year
2003 about The Employment mentioned that every company must apply the SMK3
that is integrated with the management system of the company [10].
SMK3 is OHS management system which guided by the applicable regulation in
Indonesia. Based on Article Number 5 Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah)
of Republic Indonesia Number 50 of 2012 about the Application of SMK3 mentioned
that every company must apply the SMK3 in its company [5]. The application of SMK3
in companies has the aim to increase the effectiveness of the protection of OHS, as
well as the comfort and efficient in pushing the productivity. The number of work
accident happened is big enough on the company that can not apply the SMK3, while
the company that has already apply the SMK3 is proven to experience a reduction in
the number of work accident.
The previous study by Komarul [3] mentioned that the application of Golden
Certificate of SMK3 as well as the OHS in company of Kertas Leces Probolinggo has
already reducing the number of unsafe action and the work accident due to the unsafe
action effectively for the 2011. While the result of risk scoring in working process in PT
X of East Java, that generally the danger is in the category of risk in the level of II, III,
and IV. For example, the working in height, operational of forklift, install/dismantling
scaffolding, cutting, welding, and grinding. On the process of welding, there is the use
of chemical that is acethylene and lubricant oil. This needs the monitoring and the
control related to the storing and the use of such hazardous chemicals in workplace.
The activity of the monitoring and the control is done by the authorized officer that is

301
competent. This is intended that the officers in charge upon the control of hazardous
chemicals based on Government Regulation of Republic Indonesia or PP RI Number 50
of 2012 [5] is someone that has the special certificate and expert of OHS in chemistry.
The practice of the OHS management system in work most be monitored regularly
from time to time. This is expected to ensure that the system working properly
according to the planning. Based on the Government Regulation of Republic Indonesia
Number 50 of 2012 [5], the activity of monitoring and evaluation of working of OHS is
done through checking, testing, and measuring as well as the internal audit. All the
activities done by the competent resources. If the company do not have the human
resources to do the activity of monitoring and evaluating of the occupational safety
and health must be reported regularly. This report is then used to do some action of
repairing.
PT X has applied SMK3 that is integrated with the management system of the
company. The application of SMK3 is done in every process of the work, while
monitored by the division named K3LH or OHS and environment (OHS&E). HSE of PT X
has socialized the programs of K3LH to all of the workers. There is the HSE plan that
functions to increase work and the commitment of application management system in
the company, as well as there is the practice of internal audit from that division, as
well as the external audit. Therefore, the further research is needed about the control
of hazardous chemicals as the attempt to fulfill the criteria based on the Government
Regulation of Republic Indonesia Number 50 of 2012 [5]. While the purpose from the
practice of this research is to find out the correct control of hazardous chemicals as the
attempt to fulfill the criteria in SMK3.

2. Methods

The location for this research is in the workshop of the welding of PT X East Java. The
time of this research is on February until March of 2017. The method used is the
descriptive, because it has the main purpose of this study is to create a picture or the
description about the condition objectively to solve or to answer the question that
faced in the situation recently. This is intended because the result will give the clear
302
and correct picture about the control of the hazardous chemicals as the attempt of
fulfilling the criteria of SMK3 or OHS management system based on the Government
Regulation of Republic Indonesia Number 50 of 2012 [5].
The primary data in this research is gained from the result of the observation and
interview directly. The data obtained by doing some review on the practice of
monitoring and evaluation of the work of OHS in company and based on the document
related that occur in the workshop of welding of PT X, as well as adjusted with the
condition on site or in workplace. Observation done by using the checklist sheets of
criteria upon the application of SMK3 based on Government Regulation of Republic
Indonesia Number 50 of 2012 [5]. The direct interview done by using the instrument in
the form of structured guideline of interview that composed based on the Attachment
II of this Government Regulation that is to the Head of OHS&E and Human Resources
Bureau and safety officer. The secondary data obtained from the archive documented
by this company, such as the organization structure, company policy and commitment
of the leader, Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), company management system,
and the related documents.
The data have been obtained then processed and analyzed with the base theory
and presented in the form of description, so that it becomes an information that is
easy to understand. The data analysis is also completed with the data presentation
about the scoring towards the fulfilling of the criteria of practice of occupational
monitoring and evaluation of OHS in the form of table, as well as the reference and
other sources about the practice of SMK3 in the company. It is so that it can help to
solve the existing problem. The conclusion of the data analysis is then will be used as
the base to give a suggestion of repair that hopefully can be the consideration for the
company.
The scoring upon the company based on the criteria that according to its
characteristics, divided into three categories as follows:
a. Critical category
Classified as the critical category if there is finding that cause fatality/death.
b. Major category

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 Classified as the major category if the company does not meet the requirement
of the ruling constitution, do not practice one of the principles of SMK3 and
there is a minor finding for one criteria of audit in several location.
c. Minor Category
Classified as the minor category if the company is not consistent in fulfilling the
requirement of the ruling constitution, standards, and the guidance as well as
other references.

3. RESULTS

The elements found in the principles of monitoring and evaluation of work of OHS is
the monitoring standard; reporting and repairing of lacks; material processing and its
mobility; the data collection and usage; as well as the checking or audit of the OHS
management system. The fulfilling criteria that occurs inside each of the elements on
the practice of monitoring and evaluation for the work of OHS in PT X presented in
Table 1 below.

Table 1. Result of Fulfillment of Criteria in the Practice of Monitoring and Evaluation

for the Work of OHS in PT X East Java 2017

Criteria
No. Element Sub-Element Not Fulfilled
Fulfilled
(Minor)
7.1 Checking for danger 7 criteria -
7.2 Monitoring/measuring the workplace 3 criteria -
Monitoring 7.3 Tools Checking/Inspection,
1. 2 criteria -
Standards measuring and testing
7.4 Monitoring upon the health of
5 criteria -
Employee
8.1 Reporting of danger 1 criteria -
Reporting and
8.2 Reporting of accident 1 criteria -
2. repairing for the
8.3 Checking and study of accident 6 criteria -
lacks
8.4 Handling of problem 1 criteria -
Material 9.1 Handling manually and mechanically 4 criteria -
3.
management and 9.2 Transporting system, storage and 3 criteria -

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 Criteria
No. Element Sub-Element Not Fulfilled
Fulfilled
(Minor)
displacement disposal
9.3 Controlling upon the hazardous
4 criteria 1 criteria
chemicals
Data collection and 10.1 Note of OHS 4 criteria -
4.
usage 10.2 Data and Report of OHS 2 criteria -
5. Checking of SMK3 11.1 Internal audit 3 criteria
Total 46 criteria 1 criteria

Based on Table 1 above, it can be found out that from 47 criteria of scoring in
practice of monitoring and evaluating the work of OHS PT X has fulfill 46 criteria and
there is 1 criteria that is not fulfilled with the minor category, that is in the criteria
number 9.3.5. The data of the result upon the study indicates that from the five
elements in the principles of monitoring and evaluating the work of OHS, there are 46
criteria that is fulfilled and 1 criteria that is not fulfilled (minor category). Then the
calculation upon the level of achievement for the practice of monitoring and the
evaluating the work of OHS in PT X is as follows:

46 criteria fulfilled
x 100% = 97,87%
47 criteria

Based on the calculation above, then the score achieved in the practice of
monitoring and evaluating the work of OHS is 97,87%. Therefore, PT X is in the
classification of “Satisfactory” in term applying the criteria.

4. DISCUSSION

The monitoring and the evaluating the works of OHS is the requirement in applying the
SMK3 or OHSMS that can be used to ensure the practice of OHS in the company works
properly and according to the planning. Ramli argued that the principle of monitoring
and evaluation of OHS can be used to find out if there is any unwanted violation so
305
that later can be repaired immediately [6]. In the principle of monitoring and
evaluating the work of OHS, there are 5 elements with 14 sub-elements, and the total
criteria are 47 points. The scoring in practicing the monitoring and evaluating the work
of OHS in the company can be done by identifying and evaluating the fulfilling the
criteria mentioned in every elements of practice of monitoring and evaluating the
work of OHS.
PT X has the total employees of more than 200 persons and there are some jobs
with relatively high risk of practice so that the scoring upon the practice SMK3 is
needed by scoring the monitoring and the evaluation of the work of OHS in every
activity and working program that is used. Based on the result of interview with the
safety officer, it is found out that the HSE has done the monitoring upon the practice
of all program of OHS&E regularly in every month. The result of the monitoring activity
done then recorded and arranged into a monthly report. The result of the monitoring
and evaluation of these programs is then handed to division of the company.
PT X has some certificates. Some of them are audit result from implementation of
SMK3 on 2015 with the category of satisfactory, certificate of Zero Accident, Audit 5R,
and PROPER. Internal audit was done by the division of K3LH that done regularly, that
is twice a year. The result of this internal audit then becomes the evaluation to
improve the lacks and violation existed. The monitoring and evaluation of the work of
OHS has been done in accordance to the requirement mentioned on the Government
Regulation Number 50 of 2012 [5], that all company must do the monitoring an
evaluation of the work of OHS, which covers the internal audit as well as the checking,
testing, and measuring. The procedure of practice are as follows:
a. The involved personnel must have the experience and the qualification.
b. The record of checking, testing, and measuring that is on process must be kept
and available for the management, workers and working contractor of related
fields.
c. Sufficient testing tools and methods must be used to ensure the fulfillment of
the OHS standards.

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 d. The repair must be done immediately whenever any violation found upon the
requirement of OHS from the result of checking, testing, and measuring.
e. The sufficient investigation must be done to locate the cause of the problem
from an incident.
f. The findings must be analyzed and studied further.

Monitoring Standards

Bird and Germain in the theory of Loss Caution Model focuses on the importance of
the role of to prevent and controlling the accidents, that possibly seen as
uncontrollable in a complex situation by using the advancing technology [1]. This
theory is more prioritizing the direct relationship between the management with the
cause and effect from the accident and the multilinear interaction from the order of
factors of cause and effect. This theory also explained that the failure in control also
influences the occurrence of work accident, including inside is the lack of strength
upon the policy and standard of working program. If the policy, rules, and standard do
not working well, then unsafe action and unsafe condition might still happen
frequently.
The identification of unsafe action and unsafe condition is done through the
Hazard Observation (HO), safety patrol, and inspection. The checking or inspection
upon the working place and the way employees work is done by the competent safety
officer that is properly assigned to and is able to identify danger. This action is done
regularly at least monthly. There is a schedule and procedure of operation for the
inspection, including the 5R, HO, and JHA. This is according to procedure of Standard
Operating Number 2 UA 002 about The Identification of Aspects and Effect of K3LH, SO
Number 2 UA 019 about Monitoring and Inspection of K3LH; SO Number 2 UA 036
about the Monitoring of Workplace and Condition of Surrounding, and SO Number 2
UA 049 About Inspection OHS as well as the Surrounding Environment.
The findings of mismatch obtained from the activity of the safety patrol and the
inspection are then recorded and is made into a report as well as informed and
distributed to the concerned team. This is proven with the document of Memorandum

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BO.06/36100/I/2017 about the Follow-up upon the Findings of Safety Patrol. Then, it
will soon followed-up in the period of time according to the capability and the deal
made together with the HSE. The report is also handed to the P2K3 or organizing
committee of OHS according to the needs to be delivered and discussed in the meeting
of P2K3 related to the result from the inspection, whether the findings about violation,
achieving target, boosting the work and productivity, as we as the follow-up and the
repair done from the result of checking and monitoring of K3LH.

Reporting and Repair of Lacks

The reporting of danger upon safety and health as well as the environment has done
by the HSE team and the head of Workshop PT X that is through the hazard
observation, as well as the danger identification and the risk grading mentioned in the
SO Number 2 UA 002. The procedure and rules about the way to report and investigate
a case of work accident as well as the recording of the incident in PT X is mentioned in
SO Number 2 UA 017, also in SO Number 2 UA 023 about the Reporting of Accident or
the HSE report. In such report, it is contained the cause and effect of a occurrence of
the work accident or the sickness caused by the work, also supplemented with the
recommendation and the schedule of action of repair as the follow-up for the
recovery.

Material Management and Displacement

PT X has the written and documented procedure related to the handle of materials and
workplace, such as the SO Number 2 UA 002 about the Identification of Aspects and
the Effects of K3LH, SO Number 2 UA 005 about the Control or Processing the
Domestic Liquid Waste, SO Number 2 UA 009 about the Processing of Dangerous and
Toxic Waste or B3, SO Number 2 UA about the Readiness and Responsive upon the
Emergency of Oil Spill in company Area, and SO Number 2 UA 052 about the Handle of
Housekeeping or 5R (Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain).

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 PT X has kept records of expiration and safe placement as a requirement in the
fulfillment of SMK3 on criteria about the control of damaged or expired materials
Besides, there also the document of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) that discuss
about the safety of materials and how to handle it according to the rules of the
constitution, as well as supplemented with clearly tagged label on the hazardous
chemicals. On the workplace that contained hazardous chemicals there are some signs
of warning as one of the requirements of the ruling constitution, SO, and company
procedure. The procedure or the document of MSDS then stored orderly on the
shelves of document or the company manuals in the HSE room. Therefore, all
important documents or procedures can be easily obtained and reached by the parties
in need.
The criteria 9.3.5 in the fulfilling of implementation of SMK3 based on the
Government Regulation of Republic Indonesia Number 50 of 2012 [5] that is included
in the element of material processing and its mobility, stated that the handle of
hazardous chemicals is done by the competent and authorized officer. The handling of
the hazardous chemicals in PT X has done by the competent officer who is a graduate
from the chemistry study program. This officer is the delegation from division of K3LH
PT X. However, this officer has not yet acquire the license or the certificate of expertise
for example the certificate of expert chemist so that in this case is a minor category
finding in that certain criteria.

Data Collection and Usage

PT X has established a draft about the document control and the storage of records or
notes of K3LH. This can be seen on the master list of records or the list of all document
of SO owned and its location of storage. This SO list is mentioned in the standard
operational procedure of K3LH (Project Environmental Document, Health and Safety
Plan, Number 9500-12-013-PRO-001). Master list in company is supplemented with the
note of revision and the date of revision of the document of procedure. Besides, there
is also the Letter of Order Number Sprint/027a/36000/II/2017 about the Control of
Document in SO, which inside it there are some procedure of practice in identification,
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collection, archiving, maintenance, storage and replacement upon the document of
OHS according to the requirement of fulfillment in implementing the SMK3.

Checking of SMK3

The practice of internal audit SMK3 of PT X is done twice a year regularly. The internal
audit is done to check the suitability of the planning and determine the effectiveness
from every existing activity or program. The practitioner of this auditing is called s the
auditor. Internal auditor is the officer that own the certificate as an auditor and has the
authority as well as the competence or skill to do some audit internally on all division
of the PT X. The practice of internal audit is done by the team of OHS division PT X that
has owned the auditor certificate of SMK3. The result of the internal audit are then
composed into a report of audit and then distributed to the concerned party, including
the assistant manager and HSE to the workshop or the supervisors, and other officers
concerned on each division of PT X. From the composed report, monitoring is done to
ensure that there has been actions done in order to repair as the follow-up from the
findings of the audit.

The Level of Achievement in Scoring the Monitoring and Evaluating the Work of OHS
in PT X East Java
The scoring category for the fulfillment of the implementation of SMK3 based on the
Government Regulation of Republic Indonesia Number 50 of 2012 [5]. In which the
level of achievement of 0-59% is classified in the achievement of “Lacking”, the score
of 60-84% is classified as “Good”, and the score of 85-100% is classified as
“Satisfactory”.
Based on the result of the study, it can be concluded that the score of OHS
implementation is 97.87%, it means that the PT X has implement SMK3 in the level of
“Satisfactory”. One of the goal of implementing SMK3 based on the Government
Regulation of Republic Indonesia Number 50 of 2012 is to prevent and reduce the
number of work accident as well as the sickness due to the work [5]. The consistent

310
implementation of SMK3 can be useful as the protection for the workers. PT X has
applied management system of occupational safety and health to achieve zero
accident. However, it is undeniable that there are still some danger potential and risks
in each processes of work or production.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the result of the study, then the following conclusions can be drawn:

a. On the principle of monitoring and evaluating the works of OHS PT X has fulfill all
criteria in the element of monitoring standards, the element of reporting and
repairing for the lacks, the elements of data collection and usage, and the
elements of checking SMK3, also 11 criteria in the elements of material
management and displacement. It means that there are 46 criteria that is fulfilled
out of the 47 total criteria that needs to be fulfilled.
b. The implementation of monitoring and evaluating the works of OHS in welding
workshop of PT X was done by the safety patrol. The tools inspection, the
internal audit SMK3 along with the report of findings for incompatibility as well
as the repair, also the medical checkup of the workers located in high potential of
danger, locking system (Lock Out-Tag Out), compensation records, and the health
rehabilitation of the workers mentioned in the investigation report of work
accident.
c. The minor finding in the scoring of the practice of monitoring and evaluating the
work of OHS is in the criteria 9.3.5, that is the welding workshop of PT X has
acquired the procedure of storage, handling, and the mobility of hazardous
chemical, as well the marking system or the tag labelling done by the authorized
officers that is competent with the chemistry educational background, yet the
officer has not acquired any special certificate (expert of OHS in chemistry).
d. The result of the calculation upon the level of achievement of the practice of
monitoring and evaluating the work of OHS is 97,87% so that it can be concluded
that PT X is in the category of “Satisfactory”.

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 Based on the conclusions above, then several following suggestions might be given
for the company.

a. Keep the commitment upon the management system and the policy of OHS to be
sustainable so that the practice of SMK3 can work effectively.
b. Keep doing the management of review or the Board of Direction (BOD), HSE and
P2K3 meeting regularly to increase the work of SMK3 in along with the evaluation
programs.
c. Assign or point one or more officers in handling the hazardous chemicals and
giving the training upon the danger and the way to handle or control that, as well
as planning the certification program for the specific skill that is suitable that is
the OHS experts in chemistry and the OHS of chemistry officers based on the
Decree of the Minister of Employment of Republic Indonesia Number
Kep.187/MEN.1999 [4] about the control of hazardous chemicals in workplace.
This is related to the use of acethylene in the welding working process and the
lubricant oil used in the workshop.
d. To keep up with the level of achievement gained in practicing the monitoring and
evaluating the work of OHS so that it will still be in the “Satisfactory” level.

Acknowledgement

This research is fully borne by researcher or author, without involving

fellowships and other funding sources.

Ethical Approval

The study was approved by the institutional Ethical Board of the Public Health,
Airlangga University. All subjects were fully informed about the procedures and
objectives of this study and each subject prior to the study signed an informed consent
form.

312
Competing Interest

All authors have no competing interest.

References

[1] Bird Jr., E. Frank dan Germain L. George: Practical Loss Control Leadership.
Atlanta: International Loss Control Institute, inc; 1992.

[2] Heinrich, H.W: Industrial Accident Prevention. New York: Mc. Graw Hill Book
Company; 1980.

[3] Fausiyah, Komarul: Penerapan Sistem Manajemen K3 (SMK3) dan Gambaran

Unsafe Action Selama Tahun 2011 di PT Kertas Leces (PERSERO) Probolinggo.
Surabaya: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga. 2012.

[4] Menteri Tenaga Kerja Republik Indonesia: Keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja
Republik Indonesia Nomor Kep.187/Men/1999 Tentang Pengendalian Bahan
Kimia Berbahaya Di Tempat Kerja. Jakarta; 1999.

[5] Presiden Republik Indonesia: Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor

50 Tahun 2012 Tentang Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan
Kesehatan Kerja. Jakarta; 2012.

[6] Ramli, S: Manajemen Resiko Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja. Jakarta: Dian
Rakyat; 2010.

[7] Ramli, S: Smart Safety Panduan Penerapan SMK3 yang Efektif. Jakarta: Dian
Rakyat; 2013.

[8] Tarwaka: Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja “Manajemen dan Implementasi K3 di

Tempat Kerja”. Surakarta: Harapan Press; 2008.

[9] Presiden Republik Indonesia: Undang Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1970 Tentang
Keselamatan Kerja. Jakarta; 1970.

313
[10] Presiden Republik Indonesia: Undang Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang
Ketenagakerjaan. Jakarta; 2003.

314
Crash Characteristic and Factors Associated with Injury
Severity Among Road Traffic Accident (RTA) Victims.
Endri Kurniawan, I Made Ady Wirawan. I Made Kerta Duana
Public Health Major, Faculty of Medicine.
Udayana University, Bali.
Corresponding author: kurniawan.endri89@gmail.com

Abstract
Injuries and deaths caused by road traffic accident have become a major public
health and socioeconomic problems in Indonesia. In 2010-2015 there were 98.019
road traffic accidents occurred in Indonesia, inflicted more than 242 billion rupiah
financial losses each year. Denpasar city has the highest accident and fatality rate in
Bali Province, caused 105 (15,2%) fatalities and 207 (30%) major injuries.

This is an analytical cross-sectional study, using a quantitative approach. This study

aims to analyze the contributing factors associated with injury severity among road
traffic accidents victims in Denpasar, Bali. Data were collected from 401 accident
reports and 690 victim records in Traffic Accident Unit, Denpasar Police Department
throughout the year 2016.

The results revealed, 401 accidents caused 690 injury victims, most of them were
males (70.72%) and occurred in 18-40 age group category (62,03%). Chi-square
analysis showed, there’s a significant association between educational level, type of
crashes, type of vehicle, opponent’s vehicle, road user category and helmet usage
status with injury severity. Compared with the single vehicle accident, in multiple
vehicles crashes there is 2.9 higher risk to affect a serious injury (P 0,01 CI 1,44-
2,95). Non-helmeted motorcycle rider have 2.8 times higher risk to suffer serious
injury (P 0.05 CI 1,38-5,73). Regarding the road user category, pedestrian have the
highest risk to suffer a serious injury. In multivariate analysis, the result has shown a
315
significant association between helmet usage status and opponent’s vehicle type
with injury severity.

Using a protective equipment can reduce the injury risk, evaluation in driving license
issuance also needed to reduce the risk of existence ineligible motor-vehicle user.
An educational approach, prevention and promotion also needed to inform the
public about safety riding/driving behavior on the streets.

Keyword: Crash Characteristic, Fatality, Injury Severity, Road Traffic Accidents.

1. BACKGROUND

Nowadays, transportation has become a primary needs for each individual, and the
transportation needs consistently tend to increase in a huge number. In 2015 there
are 121,394,185 units of vehicles in Indonesia, with 9.13% annual growth rate. This
pattern can bring a positive impact for the fulfillment of needs in society. But also
gain undesirable negative effects, such as traffic jam, high density, and the
occurrence of road traffic accidents (RTA).

Throughout 2010 to 2015 there were 98,019 road traffic accidents (RTA) per
year, inflicted more than 242 billion rupiahs financial losses per year (Indonesian
Statistical Department, 2015). In 2015, RTA caused 26,495 fatal injuries (16.44%)
followed by 23,937 serious injuries (14.85%), more than 50% victims came from the
productive age group (15-21 years).

Bali province has 4,056,300 total population and recently claimed there were
3,961,644 vehicles recorded. Based on the ratio of road length to the number of
vehicles, Bali has a ratio of 503.37. This indicates every 01 km of roads serve more
than 500 vehicles. (Department of Public Works and Housing of the Republic of
Indonesia, 2013). In 2016, there were 1628 traffic accidents in Bali. Caused 3.3
billion rupiahs financial losses, inflicted more than 2,957 victims, consisting of 16.5%
fatality, 12.07% major injuries and 71.42% of minors-injuries. Denpasar city
contributes the highest number of traffic accidents. From 401 traffic incidents
occurred, resulting in 105 deaths, 207 victims who suffered serious injuries and 380
victims of minor injuries, estimated causing 831 million rupiahs losses.

2. METHOD

This is an analytical cross-sectional study, using a quantitative approach. This study

aims to analyze the contributing factors associated with injury severity among road
traffic accidents victims in Denpasar, Bali. Data were collected from 401 accident
reports and 690 victim records in Traffic Accident Unit, Denpasar Police Department
throughout the year 2016.

3. RESULT & DISCUSSION

Accidents Characteristic

Figure 1. Accident characteristic based on type of week.

As shown in figure 1, the higher accident occurred on the weekday with a rate of
57.2. A study conducted by Kiteywo [9], showed the same tendency. The majority
(72.2%) of motorcycle accident occurred on Monday to Friday, with the highest
percentage on Monday (16.4%) and also on Friday at 16.4% [9]. Most of the
accidents occur on weekdays are due to the fact that on the weekdays people tend
to go to work a lot and it is open market days [16]

Figure 2. Accident characteristic based on time scale types.

 Figure.2 shown, most of the accidents occurred at 12:00pm-18:00pm which
amounted to 107 events (26.82%). The most accidents occur in the afternoon and in
the morning, in the afternoon is the hours of work home where riders tend to rush
to get their home [9].

Figure 3. Accident characteristic based on types of roads.

According to the road types, most of the accidents occurred in the district roads
(296 incidents/79.70%). District- roads in Denpasar City have the greatest frequency.
There are 486.08 km (83%) district roads, 46.570 km (7.9%) of national roads
and 52, 1 km (8.9%) provincial roads (Denpasar Central Bureau of Statistics, 2015).

Residential area CBD Area

Figure 3. Accident characteristic based on types of areas.

 Most of the crash accidents occurred in the central business district area
(56.73%). In a study conducted by Tulu, .et al [21] (2013), the injured victims of
traffic accidents in Ethiopia, there were 6.290 traffic accident victims (21.4%) came
from the central business district area incident. Compared with the residential area,
CBD area has a larger number of injured victims.

Table 1. Sociodemographic association with injury severity among RTA victims.

Injury Severity
Minor injury Serious
Variable injury P
n (%) n (%) n Value PR (CI 95%)

Sex
Female
173 85,64 29 14,36 202
Male
410 84,19 77 15,81 487 0.63 1.10 (0.74 - 1.63)
Age
≥ 25 403 85,56 68 14,44 471
< 25 180 82,57 38 17,43 218 0.31 1.20 (0.83 - 1.73)

Driving Licence
Have driving license
268 87,01 40 12,99 308
No driving license
137 81,55 31 18,45 168 0.10 1.42 (0.92 - 2.18)

Educational Level
≥ Senior High school
233 86,62 36 13,38 269
< Senior High school
48 75,00 16 25.00 64 0,02 1,86 (1.10 - 3.14)

Sex

Most of the victims were male (70,22%). The male victim has 1.1 times
higher risk than the female to be seriously injured, but there was no significant
association (P = 0.63 (95% CI 0.74-1, 63). Similar result was found in a study
conducted by Wang, et al., [22] (2017). There was a larger distribution of male
victims, but no statistically significant associations (P = 0, 18) (Wang, et al.,[22]
2017). Another study conducted by Cordellieri, [2] showed, there was a significant
difference in gender variables with P=.001, men’s group had higher values of
inattentive driving scores and higher values of violations while driving violation P
<0.001[2].

Age

Young road user (under 25 years old) has 1,2 times higher risk to suffer a serious injury
than the older group, but no statistically significant relationship was found (P 0.31 (95% CI
0.83-1, 73). The same results were also found in a study conducted by Kiteywo, [9] (2016)
aimed to discover the characteristics of accidents and injury patterns in Kitale Hospital
Kenya. Found no related distribution between injury severity and age group. In
adolescence group, there is a tendency to assert their freedom and enjoy a more intense
social life [14].

Educational Level
Victims with lower education level have 1.86 times higher risk to suffer a
serious injury (P=0.02 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.14). The same result was found in a study
conducted by Sami., Et al. [17] (2013), aims to examine the relationship between
education and age levels as a causative factor in the incidence of traffic accidents in
Fars Province Iran, There is a significant relationship between education level and
fatality rate in traffic accident victims (X2=275.98, P<0.0001)[17].

Driving Licenses Status

In this study showed, the road user without driving license has 1.1-times higher to
suffer serious injury, but no statistically significant relationship was found (P=0.11
95% CI 0.92-2.18). A different result was found by Solanki & Mittal, [18], there was a
significant relationship between driving license status and injury severity (P=0.001)
[18].
 Motorbike user who does not have a driving license has a tendency to not use the
helmets and other safety equipment, so this would increase the severity risk of injury
during an accident [13]. In a study conducted by Elliot, et al. [4] found that the driving
license status has a significant relationship with helmet usage behavior (P 0.001)[4].

Table 2. Association of Type of crash, type of vehicle and opponent vehicle with injury
severity among RTA victims.

Injury severity
Minor injury Serious Tot P
Variable injury al Value PR CI 95%

n (%) n (%)
Type of crashes
Single vehicle 72 94,74 4 5,26 76
Multiple vehicle 391 84,63 71 15,37 462 0,01 2,91 (1.09-7.76)
Type of vehicle
Four wheel vehicle 35 94,59 2 5,41 37
Two wheel vehicle 508 85,67 85 14,33 593 0.00 16 (4.42-138.25)
Opponents vehicle
Two wheel vehicle 347 88,52 45 11,48 392
Four wheel vehicle 183 76,25 57 23,75 240 0,00 2,06 (1.44-2.95)

Type of Crashes
In accidents that involved more than one vehicles showed, there is 2.9 times
higher risk to suffer a serious injury than the single vehicle collision. Based on chi-
square test results found a significant association (P 0.01 (95% CI 1.09-7.76).
According to Khorashadi et al. [8] there is a -

different injury level between single and multiple accidents, in accidents involving
more than one vehicle is more likely to experience more fatal result [8]. Hassan,
(2015) found, there was a significant difference between single and multiple vehicle
crashes.

Type of Vehicle
Chi-square analysis showed Prevalence ratio/PR =16 (P 0.00 CI 95% 4,42-
138,25), which means the motorcyclist has 16 times higher risk than four-wheeled
vehicles user to suffer serious injury, the statistical analysis has shown a significant
correlation. The motorcyclist has more susceptible risk factors, such as lack of
stability and the protection of the passengers. The motorcyclist has 18 times higher
risk of death than car user [15].

Hsieh, et al., [7] (2016) higher proportion of injury rates occurred among the
motorcycle users. At 1.000.000.000 km distance traveled by motorcyclists, there
are 117 motorcyclists deaths. These results show a risk of more than 30 times
higher than the car users, where there are only 4 deaths per 1.000.000.000 km
distance traveled [3].

Opponent Vehicle
There was a significant relationship between the types of opponent vehicle with
the injury severity (95% CI 1.44-2.95). Drivers who crashed with four-wheeled
vehicles have a risk of 2 (two) times higher. A study conducted by Torrão, et al., [20]
(2014), which aims to determine the relationship of vehicle type and type of
collision to the severity of injury in two-vehicle collisions, found that the types of
opponent vehicle was a significant factor with the injury level in multiple crashes
(P<0.038) [20].

Lefler, [10] (2002), found that pedestrian who was hit by light truck vehicle
(LTV) had a higher risk of injury than the victim who was hit by a smaller vehicle.
Pedestrian who was hit by LTV had a higher likelihood of death (OR=1.31 CI=0.88-
1.94). It is assumed that on LTV type has a bigger shape, size and also higher weight
[6].
Table 3. Association of Road user category & Helmet Status with injury severity
among RTA victims
Injury severity
Minor Serious Total P PR CI 95%
Variable injury injury Value
n (%) n (%)
Road user category
Passenger 128 89,51 14 10.49 143 REF
Driver/rider 415 85,22 72 14,78 487 0,03 1,05 (0,74–4,65)
Pedestrian 40 67,80 19 32,20 59 0,02 1,37 (1,04-3,03)

Helmet status
Helmeted 115 87,12 17 12,88 132
Non-helmeted 14 63,64 8 36,36 22 0.005 2.82 (1.38-5.73)

Helmet Usage Status

Chi-square analysis showed PR=1.05 and 1.37 (passengers as the comparison

reference) (P=0,02 95% CI 1.04-3,03) (P=0,03 95% CI 0,74–4,65). Which means there
is a significant correlation between the road user category with the injury severity.
Driver/rider has 1.05 higher risk for serious injury than passengers. Furthermore, the
pedestrian victim has 1.37 higher risk to suffer seriously than the passenger group. A
higher proportion of injured victims of road traffic accident occurred among the
driver/rider category [9]. Markogiannakis, et al., [12] (2006), found a correlation
between differences of road user category, age, and gender with the injury profile at
Herakleion Hospital, Greece. Higher frequencies of craniocerebral injuries were
dominated by riders and pedestrians group.
Road User Category

There was a significant relationship between helmet status with the injury severity.
The motorcyclist who does not use helmets has 2.8 times higher risk to suffer a
serious injury (P 0.005 (95% CI 1.38-5.73). Most of the motorcyclists who did not use
helmets during the accident, suffered head injuries amounted 85.6% [9]. Head injury
is the most common cause of deaths due to road traffic accidents, the head
becomes the most vital and vulnerable organ to fall on injury [19].

Research conducted by Branas & Knudson, (2001) concerning on the regulation

of helmet usage with the mortality rates on motorcyclists in 50 US states in 1994-
1996. Discovered that the mortality rate in states with strict regulation of helmet
usage indicates a lower rate of mortality than the unregulated states (P = 0.740) [1].

Multivariate Analysis
Table 4. Forward selection multivariate analysis result.

P
Variable OR 95% CI
Value
Opponent vehicle
Two wheeled
Four wheeled 7,36 (2,49-21,70) 0,000
Helmet usage status
helmeted
non helmeted 5,69 (1,75–8,49) 0,004

Based on the results of multivariate analysis using forward selection method. Final
model showed, there was a significant relationship between the type of vehicle used by the
opponent and the status of helmet usage with the injury level of the RTA victims. The
motorcyclist who doesn't use helmets during the accident has 5.6 times greater risk of
getting a serious injury (OR 5.6 P = 0.004 CI 95% 1.75-8.49).
 At the same time, opponent vehicle variable also showed a similar tendency
(OR=7.36 P=0,000 CI 95% 2.49-21.70). The opponent vehicle type was a significant factor of
the injury status in multiple crashes accident (P <0.038) [20]. Four-wheeled vehicles have
the weight, size and also a larger shape than a motorcycle. Drivers who use lighter vehicles
have a higher risk of injury while crash with a larger and heavier vehicles. In this case, the
likelihood of serious injury will be higher as the vehicle size differences and vehicle weight
enhancement [11].

4. CONCLUSION
This study has shown that the opponent vehicle types, vehicle types, type of collision, road
user status, level of education and the helmet status have a significant relationship with the
injury severity among road traffic accident (RTA) victims. With respect to the multivariate
analysis, the opponent vehicle type and the helmets usage status proved a significant
relationship to the injury level.

5. SUGGESTION
Using a protective equipment can reduce the injury risk, evaluation in driving license
issuance also needed to reduce the risk of existence ineligible motor-vehicle user.
An educational approach, prevention and promotion also needed to inform the
public about safety riding/driving behavior on the streets.

REFERENCES

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andTwo-Vehicle Crashes on Ontario Highways. Electronic Theses and
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Young Drivers: The Road to Safety, s.l.: s.n.
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Accident Cases At A Tertiary Care Hospital In Udaipur. IJCRR Healthcare Sci.
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traffic accidents in a rural district of Maharashtra- Autopsy based study. J
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of subject and opponent vehicle on crash severity in two-vehicle collisions..
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reported Road Traffic Crashes in Ethiopia over a Six Year Period. Proceedings of
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Crashes: A Case Study of Wuhan, China. MDPI Journal, Volume 9.
ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS IN GEOENGINEERING DIVISION PT
FREEPORT INDONESIA BASED ON HUMAN FACTOR ANALYSIS AND
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM-MINING INDUSTRY FRAMEWORK (HFACS-
MI) METHOD 2015
Antoni Bona Foncus Naibaho1, Iwan Sriyanto2, Victor Mamoribo3
SHE GeoEngineering Department, GeoEngineering Division - PT Freeport Indonesia, Papua-Indonesia
Corresponding Author: anaibaho@fmi.com; antonibonafoncusnaibaho@gmail.com

Abstract
Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is an accident analysis method which
used to see the weakness of each layer on HFACS itself. The layers on HFACS are consist of
unsafe act, precondition to unsafe act, unsafe leadership, and organizational influences. At the
moment, PT Freeport Indonesia has been doing accident investigation for every single case or
accident using internal tools is RCAP (Root Cause Analysis Process) method. This thing is quite
sufficient in investigation process in a company. The number of case/accident is quite enough
(nearmiss until lost time/restricted duty) in GeoEngineering division 2015 as many as 51 cases,
then the author want to see from the other side by using HFACS method which further see the
human factor side.
The layers which are on HFACS are unsafe act which consist of error and violation. Second layer
is precondition to unsafe act which consist of environmental factor, condition of operator and
personal factor. Third layer is unsafe leadership consist of inadequate leadership, planned
inapropriate operation, failure to correct known problem and leadership violation. The last
layer is organizational influences which consist of resources management, organizational
climate, organizational process.
From the analysis result which been done on the cases/accident 2015 in GeoEngineering
Division, it’s been known that unsafe act has the biggest proportion as many as 106%,
precondition to unsafe act 102%, unsafe leadership 16% and organizational influences 10%. The

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presentation above is more than 100% because the number of accident causes is bigger than
the number of case/accident.
Based on explanation above, the weaknesses which found in each layer of HFACS-MI which
been conducted on the accident/case data in GeoEngineering Division is like in the next
explanation. In the unsafe act layer, the biggest weakness which been analyzed is related to
postural error, risk assessment, misjudgement and procedural violation. In the precondition to
unsafe layer, the things which become the biggest weakness are inadequate installation of
guard, ergonomic issues, PPE/guard/safety device, physical/mental limitation and the weakness
on coordination and communication. In the unsafe leadership layer, the weakness is about
inadequate guidance. In the last layer is organizational influences where the thing which
become the biggest weakness is about inconcistency implementation of procedure.
Key Words: HFACS, Analysis, Layer, Weakness

1. INTRODUCTION
PT Freeport Indonesia is a mineral mining located in Papua Province, Timika distric. Operation
area located from Timika until the highland of Jaya Wijaya. Mining system conducted by two
method and they are open pit and underground method. GeoEngineering is one of the support
team of underground and provide some Geological, geotechnical, seismics and etc. in 2015 it
had happened 51 cases/occurrence in Geoengineering division, experience direct loss and
reach USD 6018,17 until December 31, 2015. If we look at the pyramid theory of cost, indirect
cost is bigger than direct cost. All accident happened in GeoEngineering Division during 2015
has been investigated as procedur, but the same occurrence still happen in 2016. Therefore it’s
need to looking for counter measure, what kind of counter measure should be doing to
decrease or eliminate those accident. On this thing, the author will conduct analysis of accident
using method with different from company usually did. The method used is Human Factor
Analysis and Classification System Framework-Mining Industry (HFACS-MI), where this method
will see the accident from human side. Its consist of 4 layers they are unsafe act, precondition
to unsafe act, unsafe leadership, organizational influences.

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2. TEORITICAL REVIEW
Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is a system develop by Reason
Model (1990) which seeing active failure and latent failure where it begin develop by US Navy
and Marine corps as a tools to analysis the data and accident investigation [4]. By seeing the
concept of active and latent failure from Reason, HFACS described human error in every level of
failure those are unsafe act, precondition to unsafe act, unsafe supervision and organizational
influences [4]. Below are the explanation for each level.

a. Unsafe Act
Unsafe act level divided into two they are error and violation. Although both have much
similiarity, but both of them have a different when rules and regulation in a company have
made. Error can described as something “valid” where it happen while conducting a job but
failed to get wanted result. While violation generally definitioned as a behavior which break the
rules conducted in purpose. Error in HFACS divided into three parts such skill based error,
decision error, perceptual error. While violation consist of routine and exceptional [1].
Error: one of general form of error is decision error where there is conscious, direct to the
purpose based on designed, but the provent plan is not suitable or not correct for current
situation. Usually often called ‘honest mistakes”, this things is usually happen because bad
procedure execution, incorrect choosen or the simple is there are wrong interpretation or
wrong usage of related information [1].
Different with decision error, the second form of error is skill based error its happened
because there is no consciousness. For example in operating automatic machine do not need
high consciousness to operate. The thing become difficulties in this practical is that the
probability of somebody loosing their intention and fail to remember. Result of skill based error
is such the broken of scan pattern, failure to activate or inactivate the button, forget the
purpose, loss one of the item on checklist. In aviation the lack of behavior and skill (agressive,
tentative and control) in one flight can affect the flight safety. Decision and skill based error
usually dominate the cause of accident in all error frame. The last is perceptual error happen
when input to the neuro degradate or ‘unusual” [3].

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b. Precondition to Unsafe Act
Precondition generally is failure system with latent character which stay in a long period till
contribute to an accident. Precondition to unsafe act consist of environmental factor, operator
condition and personal factor [2].
Environmental factor consist of two they are physical environment and technological
environment. Physical environment is common stated and see in accident database. Physical
environment refers to both operational (equipment, machine,etc) and environmental ambient
(temperature, weather, etc). Mine worker often exposure at high temperature which can cause
concentration down, dusty roads decrease vision and dehydration, where it all can lead to an
accident. Environmental technology related with equipment design and interaction between
operator and equipment [2].
Operator condition divided into three parts: adverse mental state, adverse physiological
state and physical/mental limitation. Adverse mental state including mental condition of
someone which can effect their performance. Example, mental fatigue, boring, disruption, lack
of intention, frustration, wrong place of motivation, etc. Adverse physiological state include
health and physiological condition which effect employee performance. Such as organ
functioning normally, if not functioning normally, it will impact employee performance [2].
Physical/mental limitation, eventhough many people didn’t want it, there are some job
which sometimes conducted by an employee beyond his capacity. For example, we all can not
be a best cricket player in a short time, and we will not have capability either physic and mental
to play it complexily, operating heavy equipment correctly by a little experiences. This category
refers to situation when individual capability excess the capacity which required by a job [2].

c. Unsafe Leadership

Reason (1990) said that, action of a leader can impact the performance and behavior of an
operator. In investigation, the chain of accident cause, leadership factors should be involved
[3]. Unsafe leadership divided into four category: inadequate leadership, planned inappropriate
operations, failure to correct known problem and leadership violations.

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Inadequate leadership. A leader responsible to give a chance to an employee to do safe
operation. This is conducted by adequate training, supervisory, insentives, guideline, etc.

Planned Inappropriate Operations. This category refers to situation where there are action
initiate and place the employee at risk to the intolerate level. Although those condition
achievable in emergency situation, but in normal condition is not achievable. For example, a
leader assign his/her subordinate to add shift work to cover the shift which is not achieve as
schedule. Those example can increase a probability of someone to human error.

Failure to Correct Known Problem. This category refers to condition and behavior which can
not received that identifieable, however the counter measure didn’t carry out. Inconsistent of
action or indiscipline will lead to regulation violation [5].

Leadership Violation. Is the last category in this level, it is situation where a violation of existing
rules by a leader. When an employee see their leader do rules violation, so it will impact to
organization culture.

d. Organizational Influences
Organizational failure can be investigated further for the lack in highest level. Latent
condition at organization level often not appear in accident investigation. Usually this factor is
hardly to find unless has deep understanding related with usage organization and also
investigation frame. Identification of causing factors at this level can covered over incapability
to blame company. This level divided into three category such resources management,
organizational climate and organizational process [5].
Resources Management. The most appear of corporate decision related with resources
management. Resources management include equipment, facility, money and human.
Resources allocation usually based on two objects which opponent each other that is safety and
profit. Failure of resources management can happen when there is imbalance comparation of
leader and exist employee [5].

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Organizational Climate. Refers to some variable which affecting performance, include
organization structure, culture and policy. Organization structure usually become the main
structure in a company. The way interact between management and employee is become a
part of organization climate. Culture refers to behavior, value, belief, and habitual which used
as guidelines [6].
Organizational Process. The las category in organizational influences, organizational process
refers to decision making taken by leader who take control of operation day by day in an
organization. Organization process include creation and distribution of procedure, roster
choosen and developing of safety program [6].

3. METHODS
Data. Data research obtained from accident database of GeoEngineering Division during 2015.
those data was the data of investigation result which had been conducted using Root Cause
Analysis Process (RCAP) method. All investigator had already trained related with that method,
and its sure that investigation result is adequate and regard with criteria. The number of case in
2015 in GeoEngineering division as many as 51 cases, from nearmiss to loss time accident.
There was no fatality in 2015 in GeoEngineering Division.
Category. All data analyzed by using previous method will be reclassified based on level in
HFACS such unsafe act level, precondition to unsafe act, unsafe leadership and organizational
influence. Classification conducted independently by researcher according to the level on
HFACS using classification table
Analysis. All cases which been analyzed using RCAP method, will be analyzed by researcher
using HFACS-MI method and will be grouping into each level of HFACS, Grouping conducted by
using microsoft excel and data in each category input manually.

4. RESULTS
Analysis result using HFACS-MI method involving all level, except outside factor level. The
table below is the analysis result of accident data carried out in Geoengineering Division.

335
Percentage of some level can exceed 100% because the analysis result conducted, causes of
cases on that level is multiple causes or the causes is more than one in each level.

336
 Number of cases
Category (N=51) Percentage
51
Unsafe Act 54 106%
Error 41 80%
Skill Based error 7 14%
Decision Error 26 51%
Perceptual Error 8 16%

Violation 13 25%
Routine Violation 13 25%
Exceptional Violation 0 0%
Precondition To Unsafe Act 52 102%
Environmental Factor 32 63%
Physical Environment 26 51%
Technological Environment 6 12%

Condition of Employee 13 25%

Adverse Mental State 1 2%
Adverse Physiological State 4 8%
Physical/Mental Limitation 8 16%

Personal Factor 7 14%

Communication, Coordination & Planning 7 14%
Personal Readiness/Fitness For Duty 0 0%

Unsafe Leadership 8 16%

Inadequate Leadership 7 14%
Planned Inapropriate Activities/Operation 1 2%
Failed to Correct Know Problem 0 0%
Leadership Violation 0 0%

Organizational Influence 5 10%

Resource Management 0 0%
Organizational Climate 0 0%
Operational Process 5 10%

N=51 (N=Case Number/Occurence)

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5. DISCUSSION
Unsafe Act
Unsafe act is directly associated with accident. In many cases, unsafe act has a bigger portion
compare with other causing factor. So do with the cases analyzed in GeoEngineering division,
unsafe act has 54 involveness or 106% from the total of cases (51). in this case, decision error
become the biggest weakness point as many as 26 (51%) and followed by perceptual error as
many as 8 (16%) and skill based error as many as 8 (14%). While for violation 13 or 25% from
cases total. Below diagram is description of unsafe act.

Error Level Detail

30 26
25
20
15
10 7 8
5
0
Skill Based Error Decision Error Perceptual Error

Skill Based Error. Unsuitable operation, incorrect position when conducting a job and incorrect
lifting become the weakness point in skill based error. On this table below we can see the each
distribution.

Skill Based Error Level Detail

6 5
4
2
2
0

For detail, it is explain each factors which have weakness point on skill based error.

Inadvertent or missed operations Total

Inadvertent operation of incorrect control 2

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 Postural Errors Total
Improper position for task 2
Improper lifting 2
Improper loading 1

Decision Error. In this case, decision error become the biggest weakness point between another
error. The most decision error found is such: inadequate risk assessment, incorrect decision
making, failure to conduct precheck inspection, etc. Below diagram show each weakness on
decision error.

Decision Error Level Detail

16 14
14
12
10
8
6 3 3 4
4 1 1
2 0 0
0

Detail of decision error, things become the weakness of occurrence in a case such on the table
below:

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 PPE/Equipment/Tools Total
Incorrect use of equipment 1
Improper placement of equipment or materials 2
Procedural Total
Improper procedure (i.e. lock out/tag out not
1
done)
Failure to take appropriate action regarding
2
known hazard

Information Processing Total

Misinterpretation of information 1
Improper decision making 3
Situational Assessment Total
Failure to report/correct hazardous conditions 1
Risk Assessment Total
Inadequate risk assessment 11
Failure to perform pre-start inspection 3
Other Total
Working in unsafe area 1

Perceptual Error. Related to employee perception to the capability of correct decision making.
From analysis, the most weakness of error is related with error to approximate such distance,
deep, weight, etc.

Perceptual Error Level Detail

10 8
8
6
4
2 0 0
0
Misjudgement Auditory Visual

340
Perceptual error detail on the table below:

Misjudgement Total
Misjudged distance 3
Misjudged depth/height 1
Misinterpreted/misread equipment 3
Under/over estimation of object’s weight 1

Violation. Analyzed violation on this research is violation of applied rules in company. In this
cases, the most violation with often break is related to procedures, equipment utilization,
equipment operation, dll. Here is the detail ov violation by employee during 2015.

Violation Level Detail

15 11
10
5 1 1 0 0
0

Detail of violation:

PPE Usage Total

PPE Not used 1
Tool/Equipment Operation Total
Operating vehicle/equipment at speeds greater
than the posted limit 1
Procedural Total
Disregard for SOP 11

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Precondition To Unsafe Act
In precondition to unsafe act, the most weak factor is environmental factor, followed by
condition of operator and personal factor. In environmental factor, the most found is physical
environment and followed by technological environment.

Physical Environment Level Detail9

10
8 7 7
6
4
2 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0

Detail of physical environment:

Physical Environment
Ventilation Total
Inadequate Ventilation 1

Inadequate Installation

Labels/warning signs 2
Guards 5
Surface/Road Conditions

Slippery floors or walkways 2

Slippery roadways 5
Visibility

Restricted visibility 1
Housekeeping

Trip hazard 1
Ergonomic issues

Congested or restricted motion 9

342
In physical environment, the bisggest weak is related with inadequate installation, road
condition or surface and ergonomic issue. While for technological environment, the bigges
weak is related with tools and equipment and also PPE/guards/safety device .

Technological Environmental Level

Detail
5 4
4
3 2
2
1 0 0
0

For technological environment we can see on the table below:

Technological Environment:

PPE/Guards/Safety Device Total

LTA or defective guards or protective devices 1
No guards or protective devices in place 1
Equipment/Tools

Defective equipment or tools 1

Dysfunctional equipment or tools 1
LTA equipment/tool maintenance 2

On condition operator level, the most weak factor is physical mental limitation, followed by
adverse physiological state dan adverse mental state. At physical/mental limitation part, the
most weak factor is like lack of competence, and for adverse physiological state, related with
high working load.

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 Condition of Operator Level Detail
10 8
8
6 4
4
2 1
0
Adverse Mental Adverse Physical/Mental
State Physiological Limitations
State

Below is the detail of each level in condition of operator:

Adverse Mental State

Attitude Total
Awareness

Distraction 1
Adverse Physiological State:

Physiological Condition Total

Fatigue

Fatigue due to workload (physical) 3

Fatigue due to lack of rest 1
Physical/Mental Limitations
Mental Limitations Total
Limited experience/proficiency 1
Inability to comprehend instructions, policies, etc. 1
Physical Limitations

Lack of competency 2
Lack of proficiency 3
Restricted range of body movement 1

344
On personal factor level, lack of communication and improper communication between
employee become the most weak.

Personal Factor Level Detail

10 7
5 0
0
Coordination and Fitness for Duty
Communication

Coordination and Communication Fitness for Duty

Personal factor detail showed on table below:

Coordination and Communication

Communication Total
LTA communication of hazards 3
LTA communication b/w workers
and leadership 1
LTA communication between work
groups 3

Unsafe Leadership
On unsafe leadership level, the most weak factors is rwlated with inadequate leadership,
followed by inappropriate operation. While for two others factopr are not available in the
analysis as seen on below diagram.

Unsafe Leadership Level Detail

8 7
7
6
5
4
3
2 1
1 0 0
0
Inadequate Planned Failure to Leadership
Leadership Inappropriate Correct Violation
Operations Known
Problem

345
Inadequate Leadership. The weakness on this level are related with guidance and training. In
term of guidance, the weakness is such a failure to give a proffesional guidance and supervisory
to subordinate. For training, the weakness point is inappropriate of training which stated on
procedure, exist regulation and policy. On this thing, training purposed in procedures,
regulation and policy is not suitable with given training actual. Below is the diagram of
distribution factor which become the weakness on this level.

Inadequate Leadership Level Detail

5 4
4
3
2 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
0

For detail, we can see on the table below:

Inadequate Leadership
Guidance Total
Inadequate monitoring of work 1
Failed to provide professional
guidance/oversight 3
Unclear or conflicting assignment of
responsibility 1
Training
Inadequate training on SOPs, policies,
regulations 1
Leadership Knowledge/Skill-Level
Leadership unaware of procedures
associated with task 1

Planned Inappropriate Level. The weakness on this level is related with task/work plan such
inadequate assessment about work needed or plan to a jon is not adequate.

346
 Planned Inapropriate Operation Level
Detail
1.2 1
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 0 0 0 0
0

Organizational Influences
From the analysis, the weakness on organizational level is on organizational process, while for
resources management and organizational climate did not found on this research. Weakness on
organizational process is such inconcistency of procedures, what is stated on procedures is not
match with what employee conducted in field. Below is diagram for organizational influences .

Organizational Influences Level Organizational Process Level Detail

Detail 6
5
6 5 5
4 4
2 3
0 0
0 2
Resource Organizational Organizational 1
Management Climate Process 0 0
0
Operations Procedures Oversights

Detail explanation:
Organizational Process
Procedures Total
Policy/standard guidelines not written 1
SOPs inconsistent with work practices 4

347
6. CONCLUSIONS
From result above, it can conclude that each level on HFACS system framework, have the
weakness which impact either direct and indirect to accident in Geoengineering division during
2015. However, the basic things and important which often violate is the lack of risk assessment
of job which lead to accident. On violation side, many still employee break the procedure such
driving with unsuit velocity, break the traffic rules, break the procedures in company.
On the othe side, the weakness on precondition to unsafe level which affect to accident is
related with ergonomics factor such limited movement while working, slippery road and
inadequate safety guard installation. Its affect the accident occurrence direct and indirectly.
On the next level related with unsafe leadership, the weakness point are the failure of a
leader to guide and inadequate supervisory when employee conducting a job.
The last level is organizational influences, the weakness point is inconcistency such
inconsistency procedure implementaion, policy and regulation considered by company. The
main thing is implementation of a job in the field was not appropriate with written procedure.
This is directly impact to an accident. Therfore, safety behavior and safety culture need to
develop and delivered to all employee and ensure all is understand about the procedure of the
job conducted.

Suggestions
From the analysis result, below here are suggestion hopefully able to decrease the
occurrence of the case in GeoEngineering Division in the future.
1. All employee obligate to conduct risk assessment prior to work. Risk assessment conducted
to the human (physically and mentally fit, procedure understanding, competence, related
training, etc), work environment (weather, ground support condition, underground mine
condition, etc), used equipment (LV, tools, PPE, etc).
2. Geographic condition in mine with a difficult and heavy field are really difficult to control.
Company had created the regulation to decrease and prevent the accident. Employee
should obey all the rules such as obey the mine traffic, speed rules, vehicle operation, etc.
By obeying all the rules it is hopefully to avoid accident. Employee is wished to understand

348
 related to safety guard by participate on training. Adequate safety guard on equipment and
machinery able to decrease and prevent accident. Limited movement when working is often
found in the workplace. Therefore hopefully, conducting a job witj limited space must be a
person who trained and had an adequate competence.
3. When an employee conducting a job, it is hped that supervisor had an active roles to give a
supervisory and guidance to all subordinate proffesionally, in order all accident case
decreased or even eliminated.
4. Organization must ensure that all employee understand the procedure of the job, in order
the implementation can performed well. The way is by deliver a workshop or training
related with procedure in each department. By understaning procedure, hopefully
employee able to conduct a job based on proper procedure.

References
[1] Patterson, Jessica. (2009). Human Error in Mining: A Multivariable Analysis of Mining Accidents/Incidents In
Queensland, Australia and the United States of America Using The Human Factor Analysis and Classification
System Framework. Tiger Prints. Clemson University.
[2] Patterson, Jessica. (2009). The Development of an Accident/Incident Investigation System for The Mining
Industry Based on The Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) Framework. Department of
Mines and Energy. Queensland-Australia.
[3] Reason, James. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge University Press. UK.
[4] Reinach, Stephen & Alex Viale.(2005). Application of Human Error Framework to Conduct Train
Accident/Incident Investigations. USA.
[5] Wiegman & Shappel. (2000). Human Factor Analysis and Classification System-HFACS. University of Illionis at
Urbana-Champaign, Institute of Aviation. Savoy.
[6] Wiegmann & Shappel. (2000). The Human Factor Analysis and Classification System. Federal Aviation
Administration, U.S Department of Transportation. United States.

349
Health Risk Assessment of Vapor-Phase Hydrogen Peroxide Exposure
at A Milk Factory PT. XYZ Year 2017
Bagus Adiyantoko and Mila Tejamaya
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Corresponding author: tejamaya@ui.ac.id

Abstract
H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) has been widely used as sterilization substance due to its strong
oxidation properties. Nowadays, especially in dairy industry, H2O2 is mainly used to sterilize
containers. However, it was found out that long term exposure of H2O2 to workers might cause
adverse effects such as irritations towards eyes, skins, and respiratory systems.
This research aimed to evaluate the potential health risks of H2O2 exposure to workers working
at UHT milk packing process PT XYZ. Furthermore, several recommendations to minimize risk
will be discussed. Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment (CHRA) method from DOSH Malaysia was
used and assessing health complaints from the workers were identified using a questionnaire.
It was found that during observation, H2O2 exposure level at filling room and exhaust chimney
were the highest, 1.50 ppm and 9 ppm respectively. The TLV-TWA is was 1.00 ppm. Dry and
sore throat were the most common health implications experienced by the workers. Steam
flows were proposed as an absorbent for H2O2 inside the chimney to reduce the exposure level.
It was shown that the released concentrations of H2O2 from chimney were reduced from 9 ppm
to 0.5 ppm after steam flows were implemented. Thus, it was recommended to improve air
circulation and exhaust fan on filling machines to further reduce the H2O2 exposure level.

Keyword: Chemical Health Risk Assessment, CHRA

1. INTRODUCTION
At milk factory, PT XYZ, aseptic packaging is used for UHT milk. To enable the production of high
quality product for extended time, hydrogen peroxide is used to sterilize packaging material.
The purpose of this sterilization process is to eliminate most microorganism except bacteria's

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spores [1]. Hydrogen peroxide is a sterilized agent which act as oxidator with strong oxidation
properties, suitable to be used for this process. Hydrogen peroxide which is used by Milk
factory PT XYZ is INTEROX AG Batch 35-S produced by Solvay. It was made specifically for
aseptic filling machine because the stabilizer system has been optimized, so the evaporation
process or spraying will be ideal and thus no chemical residue left on the materials, nozzle
tools, roll and coil heater.
However, with all benefits provided by hydrogen peroxide for product, there are potential
hazardous factors which might affect workers’ safety and health. Those factors are chemical,
physics, biology, ergonomics and psychology. When those aspects are ignored, the quality of
work environment will decline and potentially lead to accidents and occupational diseases.
Based on The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), a TLV–time
weighed on average (TWA) of 1 ppm (1.4 mg m3) [2]. The value cited is, however, rather meager
and some data obtained indicate that these threshold values do not provide the optimal
protection for the workers. Rough skin on hands and decolorized hairs were observed in
workers exposed to H2O2 concentrations of 1 ppm [3]. Based on the research conducted at PT
XYZ, the H2O2 vapor exposure in the filling room area and vapor disposal in the chimney were
found to be the highest with the average of H2O2 vapor measurement results in filling room
area and chimney were 1.50 ppm and 9 ppm respectively. It is further strengthened by other
research emphasizing the need of H2O2 concentration threshold range in filling room, “The
source of risk was the exposure in the sterile chamber, although the time of exposure was
approximately 30 min. The presence of symptoms among the workers entering the sterile room
even for short period of time suggests that there is a need for a short-term exposure limit for
H2O2” [4].
The result of questionnaires which are given to the worker showed that they experience
eye, skin and nose irritation with some also claims experiencing respiratory disorder.

2. METHODS
This study was descriptive research by qualitative and quantitative analysis using CHRA from
DOSH Malaysia. The collected data were results from direct observation, work environment

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measuring, questionnaire, and company secondary data. Hydrogen peroxide process and flow
on PT XYZ divided into 3:
1) Reception. The transfer processes of H2O2 liquid from supplier tank to storage tank.
2) The usage on production. Transferring hydrogen peroxide in liquid phase from storage
tank to spray H2O2 vapor unto packaging material (sleeve)
3) Waste disposal to environment, the disposal of H2O2 residual which is used in production
to the environment after neutralization process using water steam.

Figure 1. Flow Process of H2O2

Measurement of H2O2
The measurement of H2O2 concentrate was done using Dräger X-am 5100A Single-gas
detector. It was made during maximal (full loaded) production load and was took in filling room
area once a week together with up to 3 times repeatability on every disposal chimney. In filling
room, samples point was chosen where workers perform their tasks for more than 5 hours,
while on disposal chimney, samples were took 150cm from the opening.
Hazards evaluation
Hazards were evaluated using CHRA to protect worker from chemical effects. Determining
the potential hazard of H2O2 for worker's health by observing, analyzing, and measuring

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potential hazards to eye and skin contact or respiratory by identifying, evaluating and
controlling every health risks that lead to work activity that using and contacting with H2O2.
1) Exposure Parameters  identifying worker activity that H2O2 exposure are possible. Start
from reception, usage in production until waste disposal that cause hazard to worker’s
health.
2) Degree of Exposure
3) Frequency of Exposure  to assess acute effect of H2O2 exposure.
Table 1. Frequency Rating [5]
Rating Description Definition
5 Frequent Potential exposure of one or more time per shift
4 Probable Exposure greater than one time per week
3 Occasional Exposure greater than one time per month
2 Remote Exposure greater than one time per year
1 Improbable Exposure less than one per year

4) Duration of Exposure  A duration rating was used to asses chronic or routine exposures.
Duration of exposure also has a significant effect on the exposure
Table 2. Duration Rating [5]
Total Duration of Exposure*
Rating
% work hour Duration per 8-hr shift or per 40-hr week
5 > 87.5 % > 7 hrs/ shift or > 35 hours/ week
4 50-87.5 % 4 to 7 hrs/ shift or 20 to 35 hours/ week
3 25-50 % 2 to 4 hrs/ shift or 10 to 20 hours/ week
2 12.5-25 % 1 to 2 hrs/ shift or 5 to 10 hours/ week
1 < 12.5 % < 1 hr/ 8 hr shift or < 5 hours/ week
Note: Total exposure duration per week (TD)
= (Number of exposure per week) x (Average duration of each exposure)

5) Intensity or Magnitude of Exposure  to determine the intensity or the amount of H2O2

exposure using 2 ways:
 Quantitative Evaluation- inhalation exposure

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 Quantitative evaluation of exposure was carried out for inhalation exposures if air
sampling data for the exposed employees were available. Where exposure data was
limited or unavailable the assessor should assess the exposure qualitatively. The
evaluation of inhalation exposure is without regards use respirators [5].
The activities that conducted by measurement were done in production area and at
the site of waste disposal to environment.
 Qualitative Estimation of Magnitude of Exposure
The area where measurement was not made by tools, it was done by assessing the
amount of exposure based on estimated absorbed dose through inhalation and skin
absorption of H2O2. For this estimation we will look at the degree of chemical
released or its presence and also the degree of chemical absorbed or likely to be
absorbed at the exposure boundary [5].

Assigning Magnitude Rating (MR)

Table 3. Magnitude Rating [5]

Degree of release Degree of absorption MR

LOW 1
Low MODERATE 2
HIGH 3
LOW 1
MODERATE MODERATE 2
HIGH 3
LOW 1
HIGH MODERATE 2
HIGH 3

6) Significance of Risk  This evaluation was used to see the effect of H2O2 exposure to
workers’ health. Its evaluation was divided into 2: significant and not significant.
Furthermore, this evaluation can be used to identify and make priority of controlling
strategy.

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 Table 4. Risk Matrix [5].

Exposure Rating
1 2 3 4 5

1 RR =1 RR =2 RR =2 RR =2 RR =3

Hazard Rating 2 RR =2 RR =2 RR =3 RR =3 RR =4

3 RR =2 RR =3 RR =3 RR =4 RR =4

4 RR =2 RR =3 RR =4 RR =4 RR =5

5 RR =3 RR =4 RR =4 RR =5 RR =5

QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire is a tool that is used to collect information from individual [6] about themselves
or their environment [7]. This method was used to give insight on workers’ complaint which
directly contact with H2O2, this questionnaire was given to 23 workers.

3. RESULTS
From reception process, until waste disposal there were several hazardous factors observed
that may affect workers’ safety and health. Several physical hazards detected which caused by
H2O2 35% were:
1) Respiratory system damage: Irritation to nose, throat and lungs with cough, choking or
tightness as the symptoms.
2) Burn and stinging pain if skin is exposed, followed by inflammation such as itch and scaling
3) Red/Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis).

Measuring H2O2 were done at usage process in production and waste disposal to
environment because the result of measurement in filling room area showed the H2O2
concentration was above TLV threshold, especially at filler area where the operator doing their

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activity for about 6,5 hours of total working hours; 8hours. According to table 1 the average of
H2O2 concentration at filler area was 1.7-2.2 ppm
Besides filling area, H2O2 concentration was also measured at waste disposal area. The
residual hydrogen peroxide vapor that directly dispatched into the air can cause health
problems to material loading unloading, WWTP, and CIP Central workers that work next to
filling area and might also raise protest from local community because of the basic character of
H2O2 which is slightly sharp and pungent odor.
H2O2 vapor concentration was measured by using gas detector at a distance of 0.5 meter
from the opening of disposal chimney and the result was 8-10 ppm. Thus, H2O2 neutralization
process before releasing to the air was needed. It was then proposed to neutralize H2O2
residual vapor using spray steam
There were significant differences detected between measurement results before and after
spray system tool installed. Six chimneys with installed spray steam tool to neutralize H2O2
showed that vapor concentration which dispatched to the air were under 1 ppm. Spray steam
tool was seen effective to decreased H2O2 concentration to meet appropriate to threshold
value, 0.2-0.7 ppm.

Table 6. Concentration on the Production Area

Area Concentration (ppm) Remark

Filler 1 2 Production
Filler 2 2.1 Production
Filler 3 2 Production
Filler 4 2 Production
Filler 5 2.1 Production
Filler 6 2.2 Production
Filler 7 2 Production
Filler 8 1.7 Production
Sleeve Room 0.5 Production
BDT Room 0.3 Production
Control Room 0.3 Production
Panel Room 0.4 Production

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 Area Concentration (ppm) Remark

CIP Kitchen 1.5 Production

Table 7. Measurement Result in H2O2 Disposal Waste Area Before and After Spray System Tool Installed to
Neutralize

Concentration (ppm) Remark

Chimney
Before Neutralization After Neutralization
1 8.2 0.4 Production
2 9.6 0.5 Production
3 8.4 0.7 Production
4 9.4 0.6 Production
5 8.4 0.2 Production
6 10.1 0.6 Production

According to CHRA Table, can conclude that every activity that done by operator at working
place in PT XYZ have Risk Evaluation with “Risk Significant” Category as category 1 and category
2.
Based on the questionnaires given to the worker with direct contact activity with H2O2, the
most common symptoms experienced were shore throat, with frequent cough in the second
place. When filling the questionnaires, worker may choose more than one health complaint
that they experience during the work so they have more than one symptom.

4. DISCUSSION
The measurement results of H2O2 vapor at filling area room was 1.50 ppm on average. It was
higher compared to the threshold according to The American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) which states a TLV–time weighted average (TWA) of 1 p.p.m. (1.4
mg m3). The threshold value was supported by other study in beverage processing plant, where
lung function was examined in workers exposed to airborne H2O2 at levels in compliance with
the ACGIH TLV–TWA value (Mastrangelo et al., 2005). The study suggest that exposure did not

357
induce lung function changes. In spite of this, the workers at the plant reported widespread
work-related symptoms from eyes and upper airways system, suggesting that the value was not
sufficient enough to fulfill overall worker protection (G. MASTRANGELO,2009). Moreover, to
ensure the total workers’ health, deep analyze was needed to ensure interference that lead to
respiratory system known. The collected primary research data were not complete yet in every
work activity which directly contact with H2O2, especially in H2O2 reception area. The
secondary data obtained from the results of yearly worker health examination and clinic visit at
PT XYZ has not been analyzed yet to complete a comprehensive data of health impact of
workers due to H2O2 exposure.

5. CONCLUSIONS
To sum up, it was clearly shown that the highest exposure of H2O2 vapor took place in filling room area
and H2O2 vapor disposal chimney. The measurement results of H2O2 vapor on filling room area was
1.50 ppm on average and 9 ppm on average at chimney with the allowed threshold was only 1.00 ppm.
Controlling method to reduce concentration on chimney was done using steam (water vapor), hence
concentration of exposure to the environment was decreased from 9 ppm to 0,5 ppm. Based on the
questionnaires filled by filling operator, health disorders which they often experienced were dry and
shore throat. Recommendation to control filling room area was to repair air circulation and adding
exhaust fan in every filling machine.

Reference
[1] Rutala WA. APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. Am J Infect Control 1996; 24:313—342
[2] ACGIH. (2016) Annual reports of the committees on TLVs and BEIs for year 2016. American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists
[3] Suenaka T, Akaska S, Hirata M. (1984) A survey of occupational exposure to hydrogen peroxide –H2O2
exposure level and its effects on lipid peroxide and its related enzyme activities. Proceedings of Osaka
Prefecture Institute of Public Health, Edition of Industrial Health; 22: 9–13
[4] G. MASTRANGELO, R. ZANIBELLATO, E. FADDA, J. H. LANGE,L. SCOIZZATO, R. RYLANDER (2009) Exposure to
Hydrogen Peroxide and Eye and Nose Symptoms Among Workers in a Beverage Processing Plant. Occup. Hyg.,
Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 161–165

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[5] Department of Occupational Safety & Health (DOSH), Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia (2000).
Assessment Of The Health Risk Arising from the use of hazardous Chemical in the Workplace ( A Manual of
nd
Recommended practice 2 Edition). Ministry of human Resource Malaysia
[6] CDC, 2008. Data Collection Methods for Program Evaluation: Questionaire. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/pdf/brief14.pdf
[7] Siniscalco, M.T. & Auriat, N., 2005. Questionnaire Design, Paris

[8] Ansari and Datta, 2003, M.I.A. Ansari, A.K. Datta An overview of sterilization methods for packaging
materials used in aseptic packaging systemsFood and Bioproducts Processing, 81 (2003), pp. 57-65
[9] Emmanuele Christofari-Marquand, Myriam Kacel, Francois Milhe, Antoine Magnan, Marie-Pascale
Lehucher-Michel. (2007) Asthma Cause by Peracetic Acid – Hydrogen Peroxide Mixture. Occup
Healt;49:155-158
[10] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814609012163#bib6
[11] http://www.tetrapak.com/packaging/aseptic-solutions
[12] Kaelin RM, Kapanci Y, Tschopp JM. (1988) Diffuse interstitial lung disease associated with hydrogen
peroxide inhalation in a dairy worker. Am Rev Respir Dis; 137: 1233–5.
[13] Lestari, Fatma 2009. Chemical Sampling Hazard and Measurement of Chemical Contaminant in the
Air,EGC, Jakarta
[14] Mastrangelo G, Zanibellato R, Fedeli U, et al. (2005) Exposure to hydrogen peroxide at TLV level does
not induce lung function changes: a longitudinal study. Int J Environ Health Res; 15: 313–7

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Low Awareness of Using Seat Belt in Developing Countries:
A Literature Review
Doddy Faizal and Indri Hapsari Susilowati
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok,
Indonesia
Corresponding author: indri@ui.ac.id

Abstract
The low awareness of using seat belt while driving, it could make high risk of road accident
and fatality. This happens because the driver’s perception that it was not important and
felling uncomfortable when using the seat belt. The aims of this study was described the
awareness of using seat belt in developing countries by field observation, literature review.
The result of this study showed that the drivers and passengers are still ignoring the
importance of seat belt use. To increase the public awareness in using the seat belt, can be
done by giving socialization about the importance of using seat belt, safety driving, road
safety and safety belt campaign, distribution of pamphlets and stickers to the driver in the
road and law enforcement by giving a severe sanctions and penalty for those who violate.
Keywords: safety belt, seat belt, public awareness, safety driving, road safety

1. INTRODUCTION
A seat belt is a standard feature that exists on any four or more wheeled products
designed to secure the driver and passengers of a vehicle against harmful movement that
may result during a collision or a sudden stop. A seat belt functions to reduce the likelihood
of death or serious injury in a traffic collision by reducing the force of secondary
impacts with interior strike hazards, by keeping occupants positioned correctly for
maximum effectiveness of the airbag (if equipped) and by preventing occupants being
ejected from the vehicle in a crash or if the vehicle rolls over.
Increasing motorization worldwide has brought increases in crashes and injuries to
vehicle occupants in the developing countries. One of the most effective ways to protect
occupants from injury in the event of a crash is the fitment and use of seat belts. They are

360
proven to save lives and reduce injury severity even more all vehicle occupants should be
appropriately restrained when traveling in a motor vehicle.

2. METHODS
This study was descriptive study conducted through literature review and field
observation to know the actual conditions occurring along the Jalan Raya Bogor from PAL
junction to intersection Pasar Rebo, East Jakarta.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The result of this study showed that the drivers and passengers are still ignoring the
importance of seat belt use. Even though there are some of drivers and passengers obeying
the law and they all wear the seat belt during ridding the vehicle moreover if there is a
routine traffic operation by the local police not by the function of a seat belt that can reduce
the likelihood of death or serious injury in a traffic collision.
The use of seat belts is regulated in Law No. 22 of 2009 on traffic and road transport
Article 106 paragraph 6, which reads; any person who drives four or more wheels on the
road and passengers sitting beside him shall wear safety belts. Although wearing a seat belt
in the front seat is compulsory, but there are many drivers and passengers do not comply
with the regulation.
Furthermore, there are no regulations that require a seat belt to be worn in the rear
seat especially in developing countries and as a result very few back seat passengers were
strapped in. This indicates that complying with regulation is more important than wearing a
seat belt for protection and there is probably little knowledge of the dangers to other
passengers and the drivers. The drivers have also indicated that seat belts are
uncomfortable to wear while driving, and cite this as a primary factor in their decision not to
buckle up. Although no scientific data support the claim that seat belts are uncomfortable in
a vehicle.
Seat belt is one of the primary safety feature used in vehicle to avoid major injuries to
the driver driving the vehicle. Even after the government norm that is wearing of seat belt is
mandatory, accidental injuries increase due to negligence of occupants in vehicle of wearing
seat belt. If seat belt is not buckled correctly than the chances of accidental injuries
increase. Multiple studies have shown that enactment and enforcement of seat belt use

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laws are the best way to improve seat belt wearing rates for passenger vehicle drivers.

Based on the picture from Global Status Report on Road Safety (GSRRS) 2015 from
World Health Organization, we can see the seat belt fact that the use of seat belt can reduce
the risk of fatal injury up to 50% for the front seat occupants and up to 75% for rear seat
occupants. The enactment of seat belt laws should cover both front and rear occupants for
the best safety and in year 2015 based on GSRRS, there are 105 countries have good seat
belt laws in line with best practice that mean this covers around 4.8 billion people in using
seat belt.

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4. CONCLUSION
In countries where car use is rising most rapidly like in the developing countries, the use
of seat belts is low. More needs to be done to convince the government, police authorities,
individual drivers and passengers that seat belts provide essential protection from injury
and can reduce the consequences of a crash. To increase the public awareness in using the
seat belt, can be done by a comprehensive programs of legislations, law enforcement,
public education, publicity, giving socialization about the importance of using seat belt,
safety driving, road safety and safety belt campaign, distribution of pamphlets and stickers
to the driver in the road, they are needed to promote the benefits of seat belt use and also
law enforcement by giving a severe sanctions and penalty for those who violate.

5. SUGGESTIONS
In a 2002 study, Fildes, et al. estimated the “Benefits of Seat Belt Reminder Systems” for
the Australian population. The study presented results of an analysis of an aggressive safety
belt reminder system for passenger vehicles to determine how cost-beneficial each of the
systems would be for Australia. The three systems analyzed were: (1) a simple flashing light
and warning tone, (2) a simple flashing light and warning tone where intensity increases
with higher travel speeds, and (3) a system like the previous one where the hazard lights
also flash (outside the vehicle) after a set period of noncompliance. This study also identified
that safety belt reminders are most appropriate for those who forget to put their safety
belts on rather than for those who actively refuse to use them.
Howell’s study outlined reasons for part-time and habitual nonuse of safety belts based
on NHTSA studies, including the Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey (MVOSS) and the
National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS). The study also provided a historical
review 8 of experiences with safety belt use technologies, including light and buzzer
reminders (1972), ignition interlocks (1973), and the 4- to 8-second warning light and buzzer
system. The study found that audible reminder systems are effective and acceptable to
passenger vehicle drivers. The technology is proven and reliable. Also, existing passenger
vehicle technology (including safety belt buckle sensors and existing chimes) allows for
simple implementation of an enhanced audible reminder.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to the honorable person for her contribution,
valuable advice and encouragement on this research; Mrs. Indri Hapsari Susilowati, my
mentor research of Occupational Health and Safety Department Faculty of Public Health
University of Indonesia.

REFERENCES

[1] WHO (2009) ‘Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners’,
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[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt, accessed in October 2017
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2017
[4] http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2775792/More-drivers-shun-seat-belts-180-000-caught-not-
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2017
[8] Toroyan, T. (2015) ‘Global status report on road safety’, World Health Orgainisation, p. 318. doi:
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International Conference of Occupational Health & Safety 1