The Pharma Innovation Journal 2020; 9(5): 65-71

ISSN (E): 2277- 7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.03 Insect repellent fabric
TPI 2020; 9(5): 65-71
© 2020 TPI
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 14-03-2020
Neenu Poonia and Dr. Saroj S Jeet Singh
Accepted: 16-04-2020
Abstract
Neenu Poonia Mosquitoes are a serious threat to public health transmitting several dangerous diseases for over two
Department of Textile & Apparel million people in the tropics. Worldwide, however, mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700, 000,
Designing, I.C. College of Home 000 people annually and will be responsible for the deaths of 1 of every 17 people currently alive. To
Science, CCS HAU, Hisar, avoid such sort of disease transmission to humans can be avoided using mosquito repellent fabrics. A
Haryana, India
textile fabric with the mosquito repellent is one of the revolutionary ways and the much needed feature of
driving away the mosquitoes. It protects the humans from the bite of mosquitoes and thereby promising
Dr. Saroj S Jeet Singh
Department of Textile & Apparel safety from the mosquito borne diseases.
Designing, I.C. College of Home
Science, CCS HAU, Hisar, Keywords: Mosquito, disease, fabric, repellent
Haryana, India
Introduction
From centuries men has always concerned about his protection which led to number of
developments in every field with regards to textiles. After fabricating the mansions of fashion
and comfort, Textiles are moving towards high-tech era of performance, which brought up
diversification and expansion of technologies. To ensure our security and safety from the
future hazards, we need to equally development the technology for our protection. Protective
textiles are among one such smart application of smart technology in textiles. Protective
textiles refer to those textile products which have a functionality of giving protection from
something in some or the other sense. With regard to textiles, the protective textile field of the
smart textiles has to fulfill this requirement. Insect repellent textiles are one of the
revolutionary ways to advance the textile field by providing the much-needed features of
driving away insects, especially in the tropical areas.

Insect: Any animal of the class Insecta, comprising small, air breathing arthropods having
the body divided into three parts (head, thorax,and abdomen), and having three pairs of legs an
d usually two pairs of wings.

Insect Groups (Orders): The Insects (Class Insecta) are divided into a number of Orders.
These are grouped together into two sub-classes called the Apterygota (wingless insects) and
the Pterygota (winged insects). In addition to the Class Insecta there are three other classes of
invertebrates that have six legs, these three classes are known as non-insect hexapods.

Diseases associated with insects

1. Viruses (chikungunya virus, yellow fever, dengue fever, etc.)
2. Bacteria (Lyme disease, plague, etc.),
3. Parasites (malaria, sleeping sickness, filariasis, etc.)

Corresponding Author:
Neenu Poonia
Department of Textile & Apparel
Designing, I.C. College of Home
Science, CCS HAU, Hisar,
Haryana, India
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Impact of Insect borne disease of the day. Prompt removal of attached ticks can prevent
a) Economic loss some infections. Showering soon after leaving a tick-infested
b) Illness and death area may prevent ticks from attaching or facilitate detection of
c) Deforestation recently attached ticks.
d) Loss of biodiversity
e) Introduction of allen species
f) Climate change

Insect Attack
A female mosquito feeds on blood to acquire protein that
allows the development of her eggs (Figure 1). When she 6) Insecticides and spatial repellents: Active ingredients in
bites, she releases saliva into the area where she is feeding. these products, metofluthrin and allethrin, provide protection
Her saliva contains proteins that may cause some people to from insect over a wide area. Spray aerosols can clear rooms
have an allergic reaction, such as itchy red bumps and swollen or areas of mosquitoes; coils, vaporizing mats, and spatial
hives. For those with increased sensitivity to bites, a blister, repellents repel insects from a circumscribed area. Use
bruise, or large inflammatory reaction may occur. If a insecticides and repellent products with caution, avoiding
mosquito is harboring a pathogen, such as a virus, a direct inhalation of spray or smoke.
protozoan, or a nematode worm, it is possible that she can
transmit the pathogen to humans through her saliva.

Protective measures: The right insect repellent and other

preventive actions can discourage mosquitoes, ticks and other
biting insects from landing on people and harming them.

1) Avoiding Infested habitants

a) Eliminate standing water in rain gutters, old tires, Protective textiles: It is defined as textile products which
buckets, plastic covers, toys, or any other container where having a functionality of giving protection. This type of
mosquitoes can breed. textiles help in protection from the species that are prone to
b) Empty and change the water in bird baths, fountains, cause damage in some or other manner.
wading pools, rain barrels, and potted plant trays at least
once a week to destroy potential mosquito habitats. Insect Repellent: is any substance or mixture of substances
c) Drain or fill temporary pools of water with dirt. intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating
d) Keep swimming pool water treated and circulating. any pest. (Mitigating means reducing the effect of something).
2) Use Structural Barriers
a) Cover all gaps in walls, doors, and windows to prevent
mosquitoes from entering.
b) Make sure window and door screens are in good working
order.

3) Wear appropriate clothing: Travelers can minimize areas

of exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants,
How insect repellant works does: Humans attract
boots, and hats. Tucking in shirts, tucking pants into socks, mosquitoes and other blood feeding insects by their breath
and wearing closed shoes instead of sandals may help reduce
and skin odors. The insect is attracted to the carbon dioxide in
risk. Application of repellents or insecticides, such as
a human's breath. Repellents are effective only at the skin area
permethrin, to clothing and gear can provide an added layer of and close to the treated surface, so mosquitoes may still be
protection.
seen flying nearby. An insect repellent also commonly called
"bug spray” is a substance applied to skin or clothing which
produce a vapor layer that has an offensive smell or taste and
makes a person unattractive for feeding and therefore repels
the insect from landing or climbing on that surface. Insect
repellents help to prevent and control the outbreak of insect-
borne diseases such as malaria, Lyme disease, dengue
fever and West Nile fever. Repellents with higher
concentrations (percentages) of active ingredient usually
provide longer-lasting protection.
4) Bed nets: Bed nets provide essential protection to travelers
staying in accommodations lacking adequate window screens History of Insect Repellent
and air conditioning. Bed nets that do not reach the floor  484BCE-425BCE: The plant species (O.dorsovittatus)
should be tucked under mattresses. Treating bed nets with a contain the insect repellent chemicals called
pyrethroid insecticide helps maximize their efficacy. benzoquinones and it was hypothesized that the anointing
behaviour was designed to deter biting insects.
5) Check for ticks: Peoples should inspect themselves and  4th century: Rubbing a concoction of Vinegar, manna
their clothing for ticks during outdoor activity and at the end and oil on the body to repel insects.
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 17th century: Burning of plants such as neem to repel Citronella: Citronella is a well-known natural mosquito
biting insects. repellent. The oils from the plant are used to make lotions,
 18th century: burning fish, shell, various bones generated sprays, and candles. In some studies, citronella-based
a thick smoke that have some repellent effect repellents have been found to be as effective as DEET. The
 1890: Pyrethrum which is natural plant oil incorporated main problem with this old standby is that it can evaporate
into the mosquito coil to repel insects. within two hours, depending on the formula, Wong (2017).
 1929: The first chemical repellent to be developed was Newer findings have discovered that combining it with
dimethyl phthalate (as a fly repellent). vanillin can slow down the evaporation. Those citronella
 1953: Deet is the most important in the evolution of candles, which people have long used on patios and when
repellants, the most effective repellent use in today-more camping, aren't as effective as skin applications. Candles,
than 50years after its discovery. which offer continuous evaporation of the oil, have been
 1975: IR3535 and many modern synthetic long lasting shown to reduce mosquitos by just 50%. Muller et al., (2008)
repellent were introduced to repel insects. stated that the repellency rate of 5%citronella candles against
mosquito was 29.0%, of 5% linalool candles was 71.1% and
Classification of insect repellect 5%geraniol candles was 85.4%.The candles with geraniol
Natural insect repellant: Those repellants which are derived were about twice as effective as those with linalool and were
from plant based ingredients are called natural insect about 5times as effective as citronella candles. The repellency
repellents. These are obtained from various parts of plants rate of 5%citronella candles towards sand flies was 24.7%, of
such as leaf, stem, roots, weeds and peels etc. 5%linalool candles was 55.2% and of 5% geraniol candles
Leaf: Basil was79.7%. A geraniol candle was almost 5 times as effective
Catnip as a citronella candle and about twice as effective as a linalool
Bay leaves candle in protecting a person from being bitten indoors by
Neem sand flies.
Flower: Alliums
Marigold
Vanilla
Clove
Weed: Pineapple
Wormwood
Peels: Orange
Lemon

Clove: Botanical name of clove is Syzygium aromaticum and

Basil: The botanical name of basil is Ocimum tenuiflorum and
its native place are Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Pakistan etc.
its native place is India. It is used mainly in treating cough,
It is mainly used in fever reduction and prevent premature
syrup, bronchitis and asthma. Many people chew tulsi to get
ejaculation. Cloves are used as a carminative. It also repel
relieves from cold and flu. It is also used to make an insect
various type of insects such as Ants, housefly, moth and
repellent spray due to its medicinal properties. Basil came in
mosquito. The essential oil found in cloves kills insects on
wide variety but among various variety cinnamon basil,
contact, which makes it an excellent ingredient for use in
lemon basil and Peru are the best because they have a very
homemade insecticides. Whole, dried cloves can be used as
strong aromatic property. The insect repellect made from basil
an insect repellent, because, though the oil has dried, the
are mainly used to repel flies and mosquitoes.
pungent odor of the cloves is repulsive to pests such as ants,
flies and moths. Nentwig G et al., (2017) [10] Studies have
found that undiluted topical clove oil is active against
mosquitoes. The studies concluded that it's effective for
nearly four hours. However, like thyme oil, clove oil should
not be applied undiluted to skin as it can be absorbed and
result in adverse effects. Gupta (2014) converted plain woven
cotton fabric into mosquito repellent fabric by application of
clove extract. For treatment using 7 and 14 percent
concentration of clove extract at room temperature for 30
Garlic: The botanical name of garlic is Allium sativum and its
minutue. Then the fabric samples were tested for mosquito
native places are North Eastern Iran and Central Asia. It is
repellency as per the standard test method (Cage tests). Both
used as a seasoning or condiments. It helps to prevent cancer,
the untreated cotton fabric and treated fabric were placed
common cold, cardiovascular diseases. It also helps to control
inside the mosquito cage containing mosquito for 2hours. The
nematicide and insecticide such as aphids, fleas, Japanese
effectiveness of the finish was evaluated by the presence of
beetles, and spider mites.
number of mosquitos on the sample and the bites.

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Snowbrush: It is also called as red roots and its botanical in many ways such as leaves are anti-inflammatory, roots are
name is Ceanothus velutinus. It is used to treat colds, fevers, tonic. Roots, fruits, flowers, leaves and bark have great
and Influenza. Helps to prevent dandruff and repel insects medicinal value and are used for medicinal and insect
such as Ants, flies, cockroach. repellent purposes. Ramasamy et al., (2014) [12] synthesized
nanoparticles loaded with V.negundo leaf extract using ionic
gellification method. Repellent textiles were achieved by
padding cotton fabrics with nanoparticle loaded with
V.negundo leaf extract using conventinial pad-dry method.
The finished fabric were analyzed using mosquito repellency
behavioural test and showed 100% mosquito repellency
efficiency and fabrics retained their activity untill 15 washes.

Pennyroyal: It is also known as mint. The botanical name of

pennyroyal is Mentha pulegium and its native places are
Europe and North Africa. It is used in flavoring of teas drinks
and foods and mainly present along walkways, house
entrances, foundations, and near pet quarters. Mint is also
used as a insecticide and pest repellant due to its various
properties such as abortifacient, culinary, insecticide and pest
repellents thus repel ants, white cabbage moths, aphids, and
flea Betteles. Neem: The botanical name of neem is Azadirachta indica and
its native places are India, Nepal, Pakistan & Bangladesh. It is
used for its medicinal purpose and to control pest and disease.
It has several properties such as antifungal, antidiabetic,
antibacterial and antiviral. It prevent mosquito, fleas, tick &
ants. It is helpful in preparation of polymeric resins and
cosmetics.

Marigold: The botanical name of marigold is Calendula

officinalis. and its native place are South-western Asia &
Western Europe. It is used in eye, genital, skin infection
treatment and Immune boosting formula. It also prevent
serious skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema. Marigold have
inherent properties such as anti-inflammtory, antispasmodic
and antifungal due to which it repel insects such as mexican Castor Oil: The botanical name of castor oil is Ricinus
bean beetles, squash bugs, thrips, tomato hornworms, and communis. Castor oil has been used as a natural insect
whiteflies. Rana, M (2016) [13] conducted an experiment to repellent as far back as Greek antiquity. Castor oil have
give mosquito repellent finish to cotton and P/C blend using antihistamine and anti-inflammatory properties. It has long
different techniques, marigold and nirgundi plant material was been used on the skin to prevent dryness. It is used as insect
selected among 8 plant because these have mosquito repellent repellent. Tseghai (2016) [15] concluded that Sample treated
efficacy. They found that direct application technique has with Castor oil was effective on mosquito repellency
better efficacy after treatment and durability was found better property. The wash fastness was poor so it is recommended
with microencapsulation and combination technique with both not to wash the treated fabric or retreat it after washing by
plant extract on both the fabric as compared to treated fabric. spraying. The strength of the treated fabric was better than the
untreated hence the finish didn’t degrade the fabric. The finish
showed slight shrinkage but no increase in the stiffness was
observed.

Nirgundi: The botanical name of nirgundi is Vitex

negundo and its native place is India. It is mainly used to treat
Inflammatory swellings of joints and Catarral fever. It is also
used as bio-pesticide or insecticide and help to repel
mosquito. Nirgundi have inherent properties such as anti- Synthetic insect repellent: Those repellent which are
inflammatory, anticatarrhal, analgesica and antimicrobial. obtained from chemical ingredients and prepared by chemists
Mohanraj et al., (2012) explained V.negundo is an effective in laboratory. The various type of synthetic repellents are
bio-control agent, antibacterial, antifungal, antifilarial, Deet, IR3535, benzaldehyde, picaridin, ethylhexanediol and
antiviral and mosquito repellent. Every part of plant is useful metaflorin etc.
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Deet: N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, also called DEET or  Insect repellents derived from plants can be an
diethyltoluamide, is the most common active ingredient inexpensive.
in insect repellents. It is a slightly yellow oil intended to be  Plant-based repellents are ethically sourced and produced
applied to the skin or to clothing and provides protection then they can bring trade to developing countries and are
against mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, chiggers, leeches and many less damaging to the environment,” said Dr. Moore.
biting insects. A slightly yellow liquid at room temperature, it  Plant-based repellents distillation requires biomass
can be prepared by converting m-toluic acid (3-methylbenzoic energy, extraction commonly uses organic solvents that
acid) to the corresponding acyl chloride using thionyl chloride must be disposed of carefully, growing the plants uses
(SOCl2), and then allowing that product to react with agrichemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides.
diethylamine. Yoon et al. (2015) [7] test the efficacy and
complete protection times (CPTs) of three representative Pattanayak et al., (2015) [11] studied plants having mosquito
mosquito repellents: N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide repellent activity. Plant-derived repellents usually do not pose
(DEET), citronella, and fennel oil. The repellency of hazards of toxicity to humans and domestic animals and are
citronella oil decreased over time, from 97.9% at 0 h to 71.4% easily biodegraded. Compared to synthetic compounds,
at 1 h and 57.7% at 2 h, as did the repellency of fennel oil, natural products are presumed to be safer for human. As
from 88.6% at 0 h to 61.2% at 1 h and 47.4% at 2 h. In Malaria is very common in most of the tribal dominated areas,
contrast, the repellency of DEET remained over 90% for 6 h. development of low cost herbal mosquito repellents will save
The CPT of DEET (360 min) was much longer than the CPTs the precious life of many poor people.
of citronella (10.5 min) and fennel oil (8.4 min).
Application of Herb on fabric
1) Extraction from the Herb: The selected sources were
cleanly and safely collected from both living area and the
forest area that were grown under optimal environmental
condition that is free from disease and contamination.
Fresh leaves dried under shadow and the leaves were
grinded.
2) Filtration: Required amount of dry powder is mixed
with methanol; the container was closed and kept
overnight. After overnight incubation, the extract was
filtered through filter paper.
3) Evaporation/condensation: After filtering the herb
extract, methanolic solvents were evaporated using the
IR3535: It is also known as Ethyl soxhlet method and thus the herb extract were condensed.
butylacetylaminopropionate. It is derivative of beta-alanine 4) Techniques used for application: There are four main
and used as an insect repellent, has no killing action and does techniques to achieve the method of repellent textile
not give rise to selection pressure or development of which are absorbed, incorporation, polymer coating and
resistance. It is a colorless and almost odorless oil and is microencapsulation.
intended to be applied to the skin of humans and animals. It
has a broad efficacy against various insects like mosquitoes, a) Absorption Technique: comprises the method of
ticks, lice, and other bugs. Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate spraying, dipping or pad dry cure method.
is safe for use on infants, pregnant and breastfeeding women. Dipping method: In this method fabrics is immersed in the
It is biodegradable and completely degraded in the solution for effective formation of the material. Once the
environment within a very short time. Carroll (2008) [3] material is deposited then the substrate can be removed by
revealed that the three IR3535 formulations provided evaporation which will result the thickness of the layer are
unusually long-duration protection against mosquitoes and unique. The major forces that are used for the dip coating
blacklegged ticks, even at comparatively low doses. Complete process are gravitational force and surface tension. Kumar et
protection times ranged from 7.1 to 10.3 h for mosquitoes and al., (2007) treated cotton and nylon with chrysanthemum oil
from 9.1 to 12.2 h for blacklegged ticks. Long protection by padding and exhaust method using direct and
duration resulted in many cases being truncated by darkness microencapsulation techniques. It was found that both
or eventual subject withdrawal, which suggests that actual methods were quite effective, particularly the exhaust method
protection times were probably greater. with direct technique which showed satisfactory performance
with both nylon and cotton. The major disadvantage
Reasons for using plant based repellent associated with this finish was slight yellowing problem but
 Plant-based repellents are safer than synthetic because possessed good wash fastness whereas in micro encapsulation
they are natural. technique, release of plant oils has been found to be
 Plant based repellents are better for the environment than significantly decreasing the bites per minute in test boxes.
synthetic molecules.
 Natural insect repellent does not contain dangerous Pad Dry cure method: The textile is passed through a water-
chemicals like allethrin. based solution bath containing the finishing chemicals. The
 Plant-based insect repellent is used because of user textile is then dried and cured using heat and/or pressure.
acceptability. People tend to favor natural products over
synthetics. b) Incorporation technique: This techniques is mainly used
 Plant-based active ingredients are also thought by some during the manufacturing or dyeing process.
to pose fewer risks to users.
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c) Polymer coating: In this technique a layer of polymers 6) Insect repellent finishes are use to achieve effective and
coated onto the textiles fibre thus finish taken place. long lasting insect repellent properties in an ecofriendly
manner.
d) Microencapsulation: It must be in capsule form that 7) It’s aiming at improving the formulation of essential oil
mixed to binding solution. The plant essential oils were to increase their longevity through the development of
microencapsulated to prevent the easily evaporation nanofibers, micro-encapsulation, sol-gel dopping and
process. The textile treated with microencapsulated entrapping in cyclodextrins etc.
performed the higher and longer lasting protection against 8) Insect repellent textiles should be multifunctional
insects compared to sprayed fabric with ethanol solution combining the repellent character with other
of essential oil. Gupta and Gupta (2010) [5] revealed that functionalities like UV Protection, Flame retardent,
most finish on textiles use micro-capsulation to deliver Water repellency etc.
active ingredient like moisturizer, therapeutic oil, body 9) It can be used as a repellent in home to kill rats,
lotions, creams or insecticides through the clothes onto the mosquitoes, flies, bug etc.
skin directly where they were absorbed by the dermis.
Conclusion
Application of Insect repellent finish Natural plant based insect repellent can be used as viable
Clothing: Jacket, Netting Jacket, Headnets, Vests, T-shirt, functional finishes for imparting antibacterial and insect
Trousers, Bands and Ankles. repellent to different textile substrate like wool and cotton
fabric etc. Thus they protect the people from the bite of insect
Upholsteries/Outdoor: Detachable patches of fabric (Velcro and thereby provide safety from insect borne diseases. Many
strips, press buttons or adhesive stickers), Hammock, Curtain, of the textile material treated with insect repellent have
Bed-Sheets, Bed-Curtains, Mosquito netting (rectangular potential to provide protection against insect vectors but lack
netting, circular netting, wedge shaped netting & baby netting the residual activity necessary to achieve prolonged effect or
(self supported). cost effective. Some promosing technique for improving their
longevity includes the microencapsulation pretreatment that
Advantage has a positive effect on the final characteristics of fabrics.
1) Generally very safe to use. Natural products can serve as effective alternative materials to
2) Natural fragrance. synthetic organic compounds, and therefore could be highly
3) Environmentally friendly and fully biodegradable. useful for the society as well as to the environment as a
4) Acceptance due to long history use whole. With the necessity to reduce environmental burden it
5) Less expensive is important for the textile industry to develop green processes
6) Fewer side effect- compatible with all types of skin. and products for improving health and protect the
7) They don’t create any by-product. environment.
8) Botanical products are rich source of vitamin,
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