Routes of
Drug Administration
With Advantages and Disadvantages
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Route of Administration
Enteral Parenteral Other
Oral Route Intramuscular Route Topical Route
Buccal Route Intravenous Route Inhalation Route
Buccal/Sublingual Subcutaneous Route Rectal & Vaginal
Intrathecal Route & Intradermal Route
* In some books there is several classes, which are part of above class
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Oral Route of Administration
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DRUG
MOUTH
STOMACH
DISINTEGRATION
DISSOLUTION
ABSORPTION ACTION
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Oral Route of Administration
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Convenient 1. Slow onset of action
2. Self medication is possible 2. Degradation in GIT
3. Painless and user friendly 3. First pass metabolism
4. Varieties are available 4. GIT irritation
5. Low cost 5. Unpleasant taste
6. No issue of sterilization * 6. Food-Drug Interaction
7. Compact in size 7. May be vomit out
8. Withdrawal is possible 8. Not for unconscious
* Does not mean contaminated
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Buccal/Sublingual
It is closely related to the
oral route; however, The
tablet is to be
dissolved under the
tongue (sublingual) or in
the pouch of the cheek
(buccal). Nitroglycerin, for
heart patients, in tablet form
is more likely the most
frequently administered
sublingual drug.
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Buccal/Sublingual
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Rapidly Absorbed 1. Inconvenience
2. Bypass GIT 2. Loss of efficacy if swallowed
3. Fast onset of action 3. Limited availability
4. No GIT irritation 4. Small dose limit
5. No Interaction with food
6. Drug stability
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Parental Route of Administration
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Parental Route of Administration
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DRUG
IV/IM/SC
BLOOD
CIRCULATION
ABSORPTION ACTION
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Parental Route of Administration
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Very fast onset of action 1. The dosage form must be
2. Avoid first pass administered by trained
3. No degradation in GIT personnel
4. No food Interaction in GIT 2. It is difficult to reverse its
physiological effect
5. Prime consideration in
clinical condition 3. Painful
6. Parenteral therapy is 4. Expensive
required for drugs that are 5. Should be fully sterilized
not effective orally
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Transdermal Route
Advantages
Avoid first pass. Mask Taste and Pain
Easy in use, Easy in withdrawal
Controlled release, Comfortable in
application. Free from drug intervals,
Single application multiple day use.
Disadvantages
Insufficient dose. Skin
Irritation, Dose Inaccuracy.
Improper adhesive. May not
be comfortable. Expensive.
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Inhalational Route
Advantages
Fast onset. Avoid first pass. Direct
effects. Absorption is gas
efficient. Targeted drug site.
Minimize irritation. No pain. No
interaction.
Disadvantages
Difficulty in use. Not accurate.
Expensive. Minimum duration of
action. Concentration dependence.
Can be removed by fresh air
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Ophthalmic & Ear Route
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Vaginal and Rectal route
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