APA Referencing Summary

A guide to referencing based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).

This summary gives examples of the APA referencing style for a number of information sources that you will commonly use.
If you cannot find the relevant pattern here, then refer to the APA Publication Manual (6th ed.).
Learning Skills highly recommends that you purchase a copy of Robert Perrin’s Pocket Guide to APA Style (3rd ed.) from the Co-op Bookshop.
You should also explore using the EndNote software, which you can download for free from the library website. EndNote helps you to reference
correctly, and to organize your research and notes. Go to: http://www.csu.edu.au/division/library/research/endnote/index.html

Contents Page
Principles – The Reference List 2
– In-text Citations 2
– Page and Paragraph Numbers 2
Print Resources
– Books 3
– Periodicals (Journals, Newspapers, and Magazines in print) 6
– CSU Subject Outlines and Readings 8
Audiovisual Media 8 Revised in
Electronic Media
2010
– Basic Principles 9
– Online Journal Articles 10
– Electronic Books 11
– Curriculum and Course Materials Reference Materials 12
– Technical and Research Reports 13
– General Interest Media 14
– Websites 15
Secondary and Other Sources 15
This APA Referencing Summary is located at: http://www.csu.edu.au/division/studserv/learning/referencing/index.htm

Dr Peter Butler, Manager, Learning, CSU Wagga Page 1 of 16 19.v.2010

Some Basic Principles

The Reference List In-text Citations Page Numbers

(APA, 2010, p. 180; Perrin, 2009, p. 63, para. 4a. (APA, 2010, pp. 174–175, paras. 6.11–6.12; Perrin, (APA, 2010, pp. 170–172, paras. 6.03–6.05; Perrin,
Also APA, 2010, p. 184, para. 6.27; Perrin, 2009, 2009, pp. 71–73, para. 4e) 2007, pp. 74–75, para. 4f)
p.88, para. 6b)

A reference list is an alphabetically arranged list Insert references as you write. If you wait until APA’s guidance on page numbers is clear:
of sources used in a paper. It starts on a new later, you will be likely to forget the details. whether quoting an author directly, or
page immediately after the last page of the paraphrasing, you must credit the source.
paper. The list has the heading References 1. When a work has two authors, always cite
(centred, not in italics, and not underlined). both names every time the reference occurs For direct quotations, the author, year, and
in the text. page number are given (APA, 2010, p. 170,
Each reference has a hanging indent of 1 cm. para. 6.03).
See the examples on the following pages. No 2. When a work has three, four, or five
bullets or numbers. It is helpful to add extra authors, cite all authors the first time; in Many electronic sources do not provide page
space (8 pts) after each entry. subsequent citations, include only the numbers. When using direct quotations in such
surname of the first author followed by et al. cases give a section identifier and/or paragraph
Hint: begin your reference list as you start work (not italicized) and the year. number instead, like this:
on your assignment, adding items as you locate
each source. This will save time and energy 3. When a work has six or more authors, cite (Leech, 2006, para. 13)
later. EndNote will help with this. only the surname of the first author followed
by et al. and the year for the first and (Boland, 2001, Conclusion section, para. 2).
1. Names of authors appear in the order listed subsequent citations. When paraphrasing, “or referring to an idea
on the title page, not alphabetical order. The contained in another work, you are encouraged
names of up to and including seven authors 4. Within a paragraph, you do not need to
include the year in subsequent references to provide a page or paragraph number” (APA,
are listed, with all of their names inverted 2010, p. 171, para. 6.04).
(e.g. Smith, P. G.). An ampersand (&) joins so long as this does not lead to confusion.
the last two names in the series. e.g.: McLean (2004, p. 32) has shown that Getting into the habit of quoting page numbers
the effect of the drought on rural towns . . . will help readers locate material in lengthy
2. If a work has eight or more authors, the first texts, and will assist in your revision.
six are listed in full, followed by an ellipsis, McLean also demonstrated . . . .
and then the last author’s name. For a single page, the number is given thus:
p. 27. For a range of pages: pp. 245–246.
An ellipsis ( . . . ) is three periods with a
space before each and a space after the
last.

Peter Butler, Manager, Learning, CSU Wagga Page 2 of 16 19.v.2010

Print Resources
Books

Reference List In-text Citation

One author MacCulloch, D. (1996). Thomas Cranmer: A life. New Haven: Yale APA allows three forms for in-text citations:
University Press.
1. Anne Bolyn died “with dignity” on 19 May 1536
(MacCulloch, 1996, p. 159).
Note the hanging indent for reference list items. 2. MacCulloch (1996, p. 386) has suggested . . .
In titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize only the first 3. MacCulloch (1996) argues that “. . .” (p. 231).
word, the first word after a colon or em dash (—), and proper nouns (APA,
2010, p. 101, para. 4.15).
Note the space before page numbers.
Where more than one place of publication is given, show only the first
listed place. Quotations of 40 or more words are set off as a
block quotation, indented about 1cm. Quotation
For the rules of capitalization of titles within the body of the paper, see marks and italics are not used in this case.
APA, 2010, p. 101, para. 4.15.

Two authors Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2005). Principles of biochemistry (4th ed.). (Nelson & Cox, 2005, p. 897).
New York: Freeman.
Nelson and Cox (2005) describe Buchner’s
On publishers’ names see APA (2010, p. 186, para. 6.30), or Perrin “pioneering discovery” (p. 45) in biochemistry.
(2009, p. 67, para. 4c).
Cite both names every time the reference occurs in
text.
Three, four, or five authors List all authors. First in-text citation: Cite all names
Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (1995) The craft of (Booth, Colomb, & Williams, 1995, p. 25)
research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Second and subsequent citations:
Note the space before a second initial.
(Booth et al., 1995, p. 25)
Six or seven authors List all authors See page 2.
For six or more authors, cite only the first author,
followed by et al. (not italicized, and with a stop
after al) for all citations.
(Bloggs et al., 2009, p. 23)

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Books (cont.) Reference List In-text Citation
Eight or more authors Include the first six authors’ names, then insert an ellipsis, and add the As per six or more authors.
last author’s name.
For six or more authors, cite only the first author,
See example given below, p. 7, for Periodicals, Articles in Print. followed by et al. (not italicized, and with a stop
after al) for all citations

No author or editor named United Press International stylebook: The authoritative handbook for (“United Press International stylebook,” 1992)
rd
writers, editors, and news directors (3 ed.). (1992). Lincolnwood, Il:
National.
For in-text references: use a short title in place of
When no author or editor is named, place the title in the author position
the author name. No quotation marks and no italics.
(APA, 2010, p. 184, para. 6.27).
“United Press International” is a proper name,
hence the capitals.

Corporate author NSW Board of Studies. (2003). Science years 7–10 syllabus. Sydney: Stage 6 students can “critically analyse the opinions
Author. of others” (NSW Board of Studies, 2003, p. 69).
In this case the author and the publisher are the same.

Long name—abbreviated title New South Wales Department of School Education. (1997). Strategies for First in-text citation: (APA, 2010, p. 177)
assessment and reporting: Primary schools. Ryde: Author.
(Department of School Education [DSE], 1997, p. 7).

A cross-reference for an abbreviated title may be included in your

Subsequent citations:
Reference List:
. . . (DSE, 1997, p. 7).
DSE—see New South Wales Department of School Education.

Edited book Burchfield, R. W. (Ed.). (1996). The new Fowler’s modern English usage (Burchfield, 1996, p. 707).
rd
(3 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Multi-volume work Abrams, M. H., & Stillinger, J. (Eds.). (2001) The Norton anthology of (Abrams & Stillinger, 2001, p. 32).
th
English literature: Vol. 2A. The romantic period (7 ed). New York:
Abrams and Stillinger (2001, p. 4) maintain . . .
Norton.
Abrams and Stillinger (2001) suggest “. . .” (p. 57).

Peter Butler, Manager, Learning, CSU Wagga Page 4 of 16 19.v.2010

Books (cont.) Reference List In-text Citation
Item in a series Nicholas, P. (Comp. & Ed.). (2004). Soil, irrigation and nutrition. In Grape (Nicholas, 2004, p. 17)
Production Series: No. 2. Adelaide: South Australian Resource and
Development Institute.

Edition other than the first Findlay, B. (2006). How to write psychology research reports and essays (Findlay, 2006, p. 51)
th
(4 ed.). Frenchs Forest: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Article or chapter in an edited Rospond, R. M. (2003). Pain assessment. In R. M. Jones & R. M. (Rospond, 2003)
book Rospond (Eds.), Patient assessment in pharmacy practice (pp. 160–
Rospond (2003) writes that “The classic pain
170). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
pathway consists of a three-neuron chain” (p. 85).

Encyclopaedia or dictionary Collins, R. F. (1983) Fundamentalism. In A. Richardson & J. Bowden (Collins, 1983, p. 223)
article (Eds.), The Westminster dictionary of Christian theology (pp. 223–
224). Philadelphia: Westminster.
(author known)
Encyclopaedia or dictionary Fluoxetine Hydrochloride [Prozac]. (1995). In Nursing 96 drug handbook (“Fluoxetine Hydrochloride,” 1995, p. 385)
article (pp. 383–384). Springhouse, PA: Springhouse.
(author not known) Begin with the subject title, followed by the date in parentheses. The rest
of the entry follows the normal pattern.
Preface, introduction, 1. Introduction written by someone other than the author of the book.
foreword, epilogue, or
Fuller, R. B. (1971). [Introduction]. In V. Papanek, Design for the real (Fuller, 1971, p. xi)
afterword
world (pp. vii–xix). New York: Pantheon.
If nonroutine information is
important for identification, then
provide it in square brackets 2. Epilogue written by the author of the book.
(APA, 2010, p. 186, para. 6.29) Waldburg, R. (1992). [Epilogue]. A child like that (pp. 170–177). New (Waldburg, 1992, p. 173)
York: Feldheim.

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Periodicals: Articles in Print
— journals, monthly and weekly magazines, and newspapers. For journal articles found electronically, see page 10 below.
If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) has been assigned to an article, include it in your reference—for both print and electronic sources (APA, 2010, p,
189, para 6.31). See the third example, below.

Reference List In-text Citation

One author Crispin, G. (1996). Trial by fire. Pottery in Australia, 35(3), 18–19. (Crispin, 1996, p. 18)
For all journal articles (both print The volume number is italicized, but the issue number (and its
and online) always include the parentheses) are not.
journal issue number (if
available) along with the volume
number.
Two authors Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in (Klimosky & Palmer, 1993)
organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and
Research, 45(2), 10–36.

Print article with DOI, two Charman, R. E., & Vasey, J. R. (2008). Surgical treatment of carpal (Charman & Vasey, 2008, p. 196)
authors flexural deformity in 72 horses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 86(5),
195–199. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00275.x

Three , four, or five authors Corfield, G. S., Read, R. A., Nicholls, P. K., & Lester, N. (2007). Gall First in-text citation: Cite all names
bladder torsion and rupture in a dog. Australian Veterinary Journal,
(Corfield, Read, Nicholls, & Lester, 2007)
85(6), 226–231.
Subsequent citations:
(Corfield et al., 2007)

Six or seven authors List all authors See page 2.

For six or more authors, cite only the first author,
followed by et al. (not italicized, and with a stop
after al) for all citations.
(Bloggs et al., 2009, p. 23)

Peter Butler, Manager, Learning, CSU Wagga Page 6 of 16 19.v.2010

Periodicals (cont.) Reference List In-text Citation
Eight or more authors Liu, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, H., Yao, W., Bu, W., Yang, B., . . . Wang, X. As per six or more authors.
(2007). Susceptibility and transmissibility of pigeons to Asian
For six or more authors, cite only the first author,
lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1.
followed by et al. (not italicized, and with a stop
Avian Pathology, 36(6), 461–465.
after al) for all citations
Include the first six authors’ names, then insert an ellipsis (three spaced
(Liu et al., 2007, p. 462)
full stops), and add the last author’s name.

No author named Improving ADR reporting. (2002). The Lancet, 360, 1435. (“Improving ADR Reporting,” 2002)
In-text, use a short title. The first and major words
When no author or editor is named, place the title in the author position. are capitalized, and quotation marks are used. No
italics. See APA, 2010, p. 176, para. 6.15.
Monthly magazine article Reid, T. (2005, January). Caffeine. National Geographic, 207, 2–33. (Reid, 2005, p. 31)
The volume number and the following comma are italicized.

Weekly magazine article Gasparino, C. (2005, July 25). Good news: You’re fired. Newsweek, 146, (Gasparino, 2005)
48.

Newspaper article Murray, L. (2006, September 26). PM at war with Telstra’s $9m man. The (Murray, 2006)
Sydney Morning Herald, p. 1.

Letter to the editor Drennan, G. (2006, September 26). [Letter to the editor]. The Sydney (Drennan, 2006)
Morning Herald, p. 14.

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CSU Subject Outlines and Readings (Not mentioned in APA, but the principles of the style are applied here.)

Reference List In-text Citation

Subject outline Bardos, J. A. (2010). Introduction to nursing [SSS016 201015 Subject (Bardos, 2010, p. 27)
Outline]. Retrieved from Charles Sturt University website:
http://interact.csu.edu.au/portal/site/SSS016_201015_B_D

Article or chapter in a Give only the original citation details for the article or chapter in APA style. Author, date, and page number of the original
university book of Readings Page numbers are those of the original article. article to be provided in in-text citation.
Do NOT give details of the book (or CD-ROM) of university readings.
Similarly, for material found in eReserve in the library, include only the
original citation details for the article or chapter.

Audiovisual Media (See APA, 2010, pp. 209–210; Perrin, 2009, pp. 101–106).

Reference List In-text Citation

Motion picture Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You (Scorsese, 2000)
can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount
Pictures.
The picture’s country of origin and the name of the movie studio are given.
DVD For a DVD recording of a movie, follow the pattern for a motion picture,
giving details of the recording. Include the notation [DVD] after the name
of the movie.
Television broadcast Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer (Crystal, 1993)
news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC:
Public Broadcasting Service.
Music Recording Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different
from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD, record,
cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from
copyright date).
Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveller [CD]. New (Shocked, 1992, track 3)
York: Polygram Music.

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Electronic Media
Basic Principles:

Digital Object Identifier (DOI):

Note:
Many scholarly publishers now assign a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to journal articles and other
documents. The DOI is a unique string of numbers that identifies content and provides a lasting link to Some teachers do not
its location on the Internet. require students to
include retrieval
When a DOI is available, use it instead of the URL in the reference. No further retrieval information is statements for journal
needed. articles that have been
located electronically and
The DOI is usually located on the first page of an article. It may also be listed on the full record display downloaded as a pdf file.
of the database you used to find the article. If your lecturer accepts
this, then such articles
The safest way to include the DOI in your reference is by copying and pasting whenever possible. should be referenced as if
To find an article for which a DOI is given, go to: http://www.crossref.org/ they were from a print
journal.
—and enter the DOI string into the DOI Resolver

Retrieval dates:
The retrieval date is NOT included when the content is in its final form, and is not likely to be changed.

Publisher identity:
If the publisher’s identity is not clear from the author name, database name, or other information,
include it as part of the retrieval statement. This may be the case for large and complex websites. (For
examples, see the first two examples on page 12, the first example on page 13 or the second example
on page 14 of this guide.)

Database name:
In general, it is NOT necessary to include a database name in a reference. (The last example on page
11 is a rare exception.)

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Online journal articles:
Many journal articles (sometimes called periodicals) are available on the Web. Some have previously been published in print; others are only available
electronically. Peer reviewed journals provide reliable information. In contrast, general websites are often unreliable, and can be difficult to reference.
For these reasons, the following approach is highly recommended:
1. use the library’s databases to find reliable, peer-reviewed (academic-quality) articles;
2. select the pdf versions of articles that have already appeared in print;
3. reference the articles in the following way.

Note: If the electronic version of an article you are using is a draft version or not in its final form, then refer to the Publication Manual (6th ed.).

Reference List In-text Citation

Article with DOI assigned McDougall, K. L. (2007). Grazing and fire in two subalpine (McDougall, 2007, p. 43)
peatlands. Australian Journal of Botany, 55(1), 42–47.
doi:10.1071/BT06096
See notes above, page 9.
If a DOI is available, simply include it at the end of your
reference.
No further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate the
article.
Always include the issue number, if available, along with the
volume number.

Article with no DOI assigned Drury, V., Francis, K., & Chapman, Y. (2009). Mature learners (Drury, Francis, & Chapman, 2009, p. 41)
becoming registered nurses: A grounded theory model.
Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(2), 39–45.
Retrieved from http://www.ajan.com.au/

If a DOI for a journal article retrieved online is not available, give

the URL of the journal home page.
No retrieval date is needed.

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Electronic Books
Note: “Retrieved from” and “Available from”.
When using the CSU catalogue, most of the electronic books you use are immediately and freely available to you. In these cases use “Retrieved
from” at the start of the retrieval statement.
However, if a source is not immediately available to you for free, then use “Available from” instead.

Entire book Grant, G. (2008). Family wars: Classic conflicts in family business and (Grant, 2008, p. 45)
how to deal with them. Retrieved from EBook Library.
(Book found through database)

This book was accessed through an electronic collection, so the name of

the collection, EBook Library, is given. Other commonly used collections
are Safari Books Online, and PsychBOOKS database. Google Books and
Project Gotenberg are sources of out of print books.

Entire book O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Available from (O’Keefe, n.d.)
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135
(Book found on public website)

O’Keefe’s book was found on a publicly accessible website, so the URL is

given.
Note the use of “Available from” in this example, as the whole text must be
purchased.

Book chapter Mitchell, H. W. (1913). Alcoholism and the alcoholic psychoses. In W. A. (Mitchell, 1913, p. 290)
White & S. E. Jelliffe (Eds.), The modern treatment of nervous and
(Book found through database)
mental diseases (Vol. 1, pp. 287–330). Retrieved from PsychBOOKS
database.

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Curriculum and Course Material
Lecture notes Brieger, B. (2005). Lecture 3: Recruitment and involvement of trainees (Brieger, 2004, slide 4)
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Johns Hopkins Blomberg School
of Public Health OpenCourseWare website: http://ocw.jhsph.edu/
courses/TrainingMethodsContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfm

CSU Interact material Lipu, S. (2009). The information society [INF100 Module 2.3]. Retrieved (Lipu, 2009)
January 20, 2009, from Charles Sturt University website:
http://interact.csu.edu.au/portal/site/INF100_200910_W_D/page/40e
08a17-4b31-45c7-00a7-e846ca5c7052

The retrieval date is included here because CSU Interact sites are
constantly changing.

Forum posting Bardos, J. (2010, January 13). Webmail has been discontinued [Online (Bardos, 2010)
forum comment]. Retrieved from http://forums.csu.edu.au/perl/
forums.pl?forum_id=SSS016_201015_B_D_forum&task=frameset

Reference Materials
Online encyclopaedia Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford (Graham, 2005)
encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu
If the author of the entry is not named, place the title in the author position.
See the following example.

Online dictionary Pluperfect. (2009). In Oxford English dictionary online. Retrieved from (“Pluperfect,” 2009)
http://dictionary.oed.com/

The author of the entry is not named, so the title is placed in the author
position.

Peter Butler, Manager, Learning, CSU Wagga Page 12 of 16 19.v.2010

Technical and Research Reports
Technical and research reports “usually cover original research, but may or may not be peer reviewed” (APA, 2010, p. 205, para. 7.03). Such reports
are produced by a range of organizations including government departments, advocacy groups, trade groups, and corporations. It includes material
that is sometimes known as “gray literature”.
In the following examples a retrieval date is NOT necessary because the documents are dated and are not likely to be changed.

Fact sheet Nell, J. (2007, July). Diseases of Sydney rock oysters [Primefact 589]. (Nell, 2007, p. 3)
Retrieved from NSW Department of Primary Industries website:
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/164182/Dise
ases-of-Sydney-rock-oysters.pdf
A description of the work is included in square brackets to aid in document
identification and retrieval.

Fact sheet NSW Department of Health. (2007, September 24). Solarium safety [Fact (NSW Department of Health, 2007, Causes of
sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/factsheets/ cancer, para. 2)
general/solarium.html

Information card Beyond Blue. (2009). Anxiety disorders [Information card]. Retrieved from (Beyond Blue, 2009)
http://www.beyondblue.org.au/index.aspx?link_id=7.980&http://www.
beyondblue.org.au/index.aspx?link_id=6.1068&tmp=FileDownload&fi
d=1100
Consumer brochure California Board of Psychology. (2005). For your peace of mind: A (California Board of Psychology, 2005)
consumer guide to psychological services [Brochure]. Retrieved from
http://www.psychboard.ca.gov/formspubs/consumer-brochure.pdf

Press release NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2008, November 14). NSW helps (NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2008,
Tasmania put the lid on foxes [Press release]. Retrieved from para. 5.)
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/news/recent-news/forests/put-
the-lid-on-foxes

Australian Bureau of Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1999). Disability, ageing and carers: (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999)
Statistics Bulletin Summary of findings (No. 4430.0). Canberra: Author.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics is both author and publisher.

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Australian Bureau of Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2001). Census of population and housing: (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001).
Statistics from AusStats B)1 selected characteristics (First release processing) postal area
database 6050. Retrieved November 20, 2002, from AusStats Database.

Document contained within a Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and (Chou, McClintock, Moretti, & Nix, 1993)
large and complex website education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining
educational futures. Retrieved from Columbia University, Institute for
(e.g. the CSIRO, ABS,
Learning Technologies website: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/
Department of School
publications/papers/newwine1.html
Education, or a University)
Note that the URL is preceded by a colon.
(APA, 2010, p. 206, Examples
33 & 34)

General Interest Media and Alternative Presses

Newspaper article Mannion, J. (2009, May 25). Military chiefs back Obama on Guantanamo. (Mannion, 1999)
The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from http://news.smh.com.
au/

Audio Podcast Rayner, M. (Executive Producer). (2009, May 3). Spooking the strategic (Rayner, 2009)
imagination: Australia’s defence policy. Hindsight [Audio podcast].
Retrieved from http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2009/05/
hht_20090503.mp3

Peter Butler, Manager, Learning, CSU Wagga Page 14 of 16 19.v.2010

Web sites:
University teachers advise against using websites that are not associated with identifiable and reliable journals, scholars, universities, research
organizations (such as the CSIRO), or government bodies (including the ABS).
All websites should be carefully evaluated. If you cannot find out who is responsible for a site, then you should avoid it.
If page numbers are not given on a website, then include a section identifier and/or paragraph number: (Wilson, 2005, Introduction section, para. 3).

Reference List In-text Citation

Chapter or section in an Ogilvie, D. (n.d.). Why I don’t eat honey. In Why be vegan. Retrieved from (Ogilvie, n.d.)
internet document—author http://www.vnv.org.au/WhyBeVegan.htm
named

(n.d.) means that the date of publication was unavailable.

The name of the site, Why be vegan, is in italics.
The article, or section (Why I don’t eat honey), is not in italics.
Internet document—no author Effects of global warming on whales. (n.d.). Retrieved from (“Effects of Global Warming,” n.d., para. 3).
http://www.stopwhaling.org/site/c.foJNIZOyEnH/b.2660179/k.BBA
7/Stop_Whaling__Effects_of_Global_Warming_on_Whales__IFA In-text, use a short title. The first and major words
W_US.htm are capitalized, and quotation marks are used. No
italics.
Begin the reference with the title of the document.

Secondary Sources

Reference List In-text Citation

Book Truss, Lynne. (2003). Eats, shoots, and leaves: The zero tolerance According to Paul Robinson (as cited in Truss,
approach to punctuation. London: Profile. 2003, p. 124) semi-colons are often used
pretentiously.
Record the book that you actually read.

Journal article Bourke, C. A. (2005). A review of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) Peet et al. (as cited in Bourke, 2005, p. 264),
poisoning in cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal, 85(7), 261–267. examined the stomachs of affected sheep . . .
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00168.x
. . . (Peet et al., as cited in Bourke, 2005, p. 264).
Record the journal that you actually read.

Peter Butler, Manager, Learning, CSU Wagga Page 15 of 16 19.v.2010

Other Sources

Reference List In-text Citation

Personal communication Not included in the reference list as they cannot be traced by the reader. R. Smith reported that 27 mm of rain fell on the
paddock last week (personal communication, July
11, 2007).
(Including letters, conversations,
personal interviews, and e-mail (B. G. Binns, personal communication, June 23,
messages.) 2007)

Note on assignment layout:

The APA Publication Manual, which offers guidance on many aspects of formatting and presentation, was written to provide guidance for authors
preparing manuscripts to be submitted for publication in journals. Journal editors and typesetters receive copy manuscripts in their preferred style, but
the final typeset product may differ from the original (APA, 2005, p. 321).
However, student assignments are not usually intended for publication; they are a “final” product. Consequently, the requirements for the presentation
of university essays, theses, and reports—particularly in relation to questions of layout and structure—may differ from APA style. In all cases, the
rules should be balanced with good judgement. If in doubt, check your subject outline or ask your lecturer.

If all else fails . . .

It is possible that this APA Referencing Summary may not provide a specific model for a source you need to reference. In such cases follow the
examples and guidelines given in chapters 6 and 7 of the Publication Manual or Perrin (2009), and apply these to your situation. If in doubt, err on the
side of giving too much information, rather than too little (APA 2001, p. 232).

References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author.
Perrin, R. (2009). Pocket guide to APA style (3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth.

Dr Peter Butler
Manager, Learning
CSU Wagga

Peter Butler, Manager, Learning, CSU Wagga Page 16 of 16 19.v.2010