The Jade culture[edit]
Metal lingling-o earrings from Luzon.
Existence of a "Jade culture" in the Philippines is evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely
crafted jade artifacts found at a site in Batangas province.[36][37]
Jade artifacts are made from white and green nephrite and dating as far back as 2000–1500 BC,
have been discovered at a number of archeological excavations in the Philippines since the 1930s.
The artifacts have been both tools like adzes[43] and chisels, and ornaments such as lingling-o
earrings, bracelets and beads.
Nephrite, otherwise known as Jade, is a mineral widely used throughout Asia as ornaments or for
decorative purposes. The oldest jade artefacts in Asia (6000 BC) were found in China where they
were used as the primary hardstone of Chinese sculpturing. In 3000 BC, jade production in the
Hongsan and Liangzhu cultures of China reached its peak. During this period, the knowledge of jade
craftsmanship spread across the sea to Taiwan and eventually to the Philippines. The artefacts
discovered in several sites in the Philippines were made from nephrite. Nephrite excavated in the
Philippines were of two types: white nephrite and green nephrite. [44]