Week
2
Exercises
Solutions
S3E1
We
will
use
the
numbers:
R1
=1800,
R2
=
1000,
V1
=
10,
and
V2
=
-‐3.3.
The
procedures
of
node
analysis
are:
1. Select
a
reference
node
as
the
ground.
In
this
case,
it
has
already
been
chosen
for
you.
2. Label
voltages
of
the
remaining
nodes
with
respect
to
this
reference
ground:
In
this
case,
we
have
V1,
-‐V2,
and
e
(this
is
the
only
unknown).
3. Write
KCL
for
the
necessary
nodes.
In
this
case,
only
need
to
do
it
for
the
unknown
node
e.
a.
(e-‐V1)/R1
+
(e-‐(-‐V2))/R2
=
0
-‐-‐>
(e-‐v1)/R1
+
(e+V2)/R2
=
(e-‐10)/1800
+
(e+(-‐3.3)/1000
=
0
4. Solve
for
the
node
voltages
a. From
3.a,
the
solution
for
e
is
5.69
V.
5. Back
solve
for
branch
voltages
and
currents
if
any.
In
this
case,
there
is
no
other
voltages/currents
that
need
to
be
solved.
So,
in
summary,
you
just
need
to
define
the
unknown
node
voltage
e
and
then
use
KCL
at
node
e
with
the
following
equation:
(e-‐V1)/R1
+
(e+V2)/R2
=
0
-‐-‐>
(e-‐10)/1800
+
(e+(-‐3.3)/1000
=
0
and
you
will
get
the
answer
for
e.
Here’s
a
way
to
check
your
answer:
From
the
positive
node
of
V1
to
the
negative
node
of
V2,
there
is
a
potential
drop
of
V1
+
V2
=
6.7
V,
because
of
two
voltage
sources
in
series.
We
then
find
the
current
passing
through
the
resistors
by
using
an
equivalent
resistor
(Req
=
R1
+
R2
=
2800),
and
using
V
=
IR
to
find
current
I
=
V/R
=
0.0024.
We
then
find
the
voltage
drop
over
R1
to
be
V
=
IR
=
4.31.
This
is
the
drop
from
V1,
so
we
find
V1
–
V
=
10
-‐
4.31
=
5.69.
S3E2
1.
KCL
at
center
node
at
top
of
the
circuit
(V1-‐V3
)/R1
+
(V2
-‐V3
)/R2
–
V3
/R3
=
0
V3
*
(1
/
R1
+
1
/
R2
+
1
/
R3)
=
V1/R1
+
V2
/R2
And
solving
for
V3
yields
V3
=
V1
*
R2R3
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
+
V2*
R1R3
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
Now
we
can
pick
out
a
and
b
by
inspection
So
a1
=
R2R3/(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
and
a2
=
R1R3/(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
2.
I1
=
(V3
–
V1)
/
R1
=
(V1
*
R2R3/(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
+
V2
*
R1R3
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
-‐
V1)
*
1
/
R1
=
V1
*
R2R3
/
(R1*(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
)
-‐
V1
/
R1
+
R3V2
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
=
-‐(R1R3
+
R1R2)V1
/
(R1(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
)
+
R3V2
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
Now
we
can
find
b1
and
b2
by
inspection
so
b1
=
-‐(R2*R1+R1*R3)/(R1*(R2*R3+R1*R2+R1*R3))
and
b2
=
R3/(R2*R3+R1*R2+R1*R3)
3.
Similarly
I2
=
(V3
–
V2
)
/
R2
=
(V1
*
R2R3/(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
+
V2
*
R1R3
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
–
V2
)
*
1
/
R2
=
V2
*
R1R3
/
(R2*(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
)
–
V2
/
R2
+
R3Vf1/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
=
-‐(R1R3
+
R1R2)V1
/
(R1(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
)
+
R3V2
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
Now
we
can
get
c1
and
c2
by
inspection
so
c1
=
R3/(R2*R3+R1*R2+R1*R3)and
c2
=
-‐(R2*R1+R2*R3)/(R2*(R2*R3+R1*R2+R1*R3))
S3E3
Initial
values
R1
=
1
Ω,
R2
=
2
Ω,
R3
=
7
Ω,
V1
=
4V
and
V2
=
7V
Voltage
across
R3
=
V3
which
is
same
as
in
S3E2
so,
x1
=
V1
*
R2R3
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
and
x2
=
V2*
R1R3
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
Plugging
in
the
given
values
above,
current
going
into
resistor
R1
is
I1
which
we
solved
for
in
S3E2
so,
y1
=
-‐(R1R3
+
R1R2)V1
/
(R1(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
)
and
y2
=
R3V2
/
(R2R3
+
R1R2
+
R1R3)
plugging
in
the
values
above
S3E4
Initial
values
V2
=
5V,
R1
=
5600
Ω,
R2
=
5600
Ω
Using
voltage
divider,
and
taking
the
open
circuit
voltage
at
the
output,
VTH
=
Vs
*
R2/(R1+R2)
=
2.5V
And
parallel
resistors
RTH
=
R1//R2
=
R2R1/(R2
+
R1)
=
5600/2
=
2800Ω
S3E5
Initial
values
RP
=
1.6MΩ,
RS
=
11kΩ,
RL
=
100kΩ
and
I
=
4.408
uA
1.
Again,
we
take
open
circuit
voltage
at
the
output
VTH
=
IRP
=
1.6*4.408
=
7.05V
2.
RTH
=
RP
+
2RS
=
1.611
MΩ
3.
Using
voltage
divider
on
the
combination
of
the
Thevenin
equivalent
and
load,
VL
=
VTH
*RL/(RL+RTH
)
=
IRP
*RL/(RL
+
2RS
+
RP
)
=
1.6*4.408*.1/1.711
=
0.41V
S3E6
Initial
values,
RP
=
1.6
MΩ,
RS
=
14kΩ
and
I
=
1.045
uA
IN
=
I
=
1.045uA
RN
is
found
by
turning
the
current
source
to
an
open
circuit
Then
RN
=
2RS
+
RP
=
1.628MΩ
We
can
get
current
IL
flowing
through
the
load
by
using
current
divider
on
the
center
node
So,
IL
=
IN*RN/(RL
+
RN)
and
VL
=
IL*RL
=
IN*RN*RL/(RL
+
RN)
=
1.045*.1*1.628/1.728
=
0.098V
S4E1
Part
1
The
forbidden
zone
is
VIH
–
VIL.
Part
2
Low-‐level
noise
margin
is:
VIL
–
VOL.
Part
3
High-‐level
noise
margin
is:
VOH
–
VIH.
S4E2
Part
1
First,
look
at
2
Boolean-‐valued
signals:
X1
and
X2.
There
are
4
possible
values:
00=0,
01=1,
10=2,
11=3.
Part
2
How
many
ways
are
there
of
assigning
outputs
to
4
input
values?
(0,
1,
2,
3)
-‐>
(0,
0,
0,
0),
(0,
0,
0,
1),
(0,
0,
1,
0),
...,
(1,
1,
1,
1).
This
means
that
for
two
Boolean-‐valued
signals:
X1
and
X2,
we
can
have
16
Boolean-‐valued
functions
where
first
function
f1(X1,
X2):
X1X2
f1(X1,
X2)
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
and
second
function
f2(X1,
X2):
X1X2
f2(X1,
X2)
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
and
so
on.
So,
there
are
((2^(2^2))=16
Boolean-‐valued
functions
for
2
Boolean-‐valued
signals.
So,
in
general,
there
are
(2^2^n)
Boolean-‐valued
functions
for
n
Boolean-‐valued
signals
as
inputs.
Part
3
Likewise,
for
3
signals,
there
are
2^3
=
8
distinct
values
that
can
be
represented.
Part
4
Therefore,
there
are
(2^(2^3))=256
distinct
Boolean-‐valued
functions
for
3
signals.
S4E3
Part
1
Circuit
one
is
(A
or
B)
and
(Not
C),
while
Circuit
two
is
(A
and
B)
or
(Not
C).
Based
on
that,
we
can
see
that
it
is
circuit
2.
Part
2
a
is
(0
and
0)
or
(not
1)
is
0
or
0,
which
gives
0.
Part
3
d
is
(1
and
0)
or
(not
0)
gives
0
or
1,
thus,
1.
Part
3
c
is
(0
and
1)
or
(not
1)
is
0.
Part
4
e
is
(1
and
0)
or
(not
1),
which
is
0.