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Memory:: 1. Immediate Memory (Sensory Memory)

Memory is the ability to recall information and is closely related to learning through the retention of acquired information. There are three types of memory: immediate memory which recalls objects within seconds, short term memory which stores recent events over days, and long term memory which recalls distant past events indefinitely. Forgetting is the loss of ability to recall something learned earlier and can occur through trace decay over time, displacement by new information filling short term memory, and interference from previously or subsequently learned information. Retrieval failure can also cause forgetting when information is temporarily inaccessible despite being stored.

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Ayesha Hamid
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99 views2 pages

Memory:: 1. Immediate Memory (Sensory Memory)

Memory is the ability to recall information and is closely related to learning through the retention of acquired information. There are three types of memory: immediate memory which recalls objects within seconds, short term memory which stores recent events over days, and long term memory which recalls distant past events indefinitely. Forgetting is the loss of ability to recall something learned earlier and can occur through trace decay over time, displacement by new information filling short term memory, and interference from previously or subsequently learned information. Retrieval failure can also cause forgetting when information is temporarily inaccessible despite being stored.

Uploaded by

Ayesha Hamid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Memory:

The ability to recall information

 It is very closely related to learning.


 The retention of acquired information.
 If no previous experience, nothing would be learned.

Classification of memory:
1. Immediate memory (sensory memory):
The ability to recall perceived objects within seconds after stimulus has been removed.
Example: recalling a telephone number you just looked up in the directory.

2. Short term memory:


Storage mechanism involves remembering events experienced in the past few days.
- Information in short-term memory must be limited.
- Example: remember your breakfast or recalling the address of a friend he had visited
yesterday.

3. Long term memory:


- Recall the events in the distant past that has received repeated attention.
- Stores information indefinitely and its capacity is limitless.
- Example: LTM like my name, age, telephone number etc.

Forgetting:
“Forgetting is the loss, temporary or permanent, of the ability to recall or recognize
something learnt Earlier.”
According to Drever (1952) “Forgetting means failure at any time to recall an
experience, when attempting to do so, or to perform an action previously learnt.

Theories of forgetting:
1. Trace Decay:
The longer the time, the more the memory trace decays and as a consequence more
information is forgotten.
2. Displacement:
When STM is 'full', new information displaces or 'pushes out’ old information and takes
its place.

3. Interference:
It was assumed that memory can be disrupted or interfered with by what we have
previously learned or by what we will learn in the future.

How forgetting occurs:


 Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the retrieval
process of information in LTM.
 Proactive interference occurs when information in LTM interferes with the ability to
recall newly learned information.
 Retrieval failure: Information may be available but temporarily inaccessible.
Retrieval cues can be:
- External / Context - in the environment, e.g. smell, place etc.
- Internal / State - inside of us, e.g. physical, emotional, mood, drunk etc.

Why do we forget? 
There are two simple answers to this question. 
First, the memory has disappeared - it is no longer available. 
Second, the memory is still stored in the memory system but, for some reason, it cannot
be retrieved.

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