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Page 1 of 46
Page no:1
M.L.Institute of Diploma
Studies,Bhandu
A Project Report On
DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC JACK & ANALYSIS
Submitted To
Gujarat Technological University
Submitted By
RANA HITENDRASINH K. 096350319104
PATEL SATISH H. 096350319082
VANZARA RANCHHOD M. 096350319117
RATHOD HITESH M. 096350319060
Guided By
Faculty Name : Mr.M. K. PATEL
Mechanical Engineering Department
UNDEFINED PROBLEM
The student information
Name of student
Page 2 of 46
Page no:2
(In Capital Letters) Surname Name Father’s Name
Enrollment
Number
Contact Numbers Mob: Landline:
Email ID
College Name College Code:
Branch Semester:
Student Team Name:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Enrollment
Numbers
Student Signature
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
M.L. INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES
Page 3 of 46
Page no:3
BHANDU
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Mr./Ms
from College having Enrolment No:
has completed UDP/ Semester V Project Report
having title
In a group consisting of persons under the guidance of the Faculty Guide
Institute Guide-UDP Head of Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Page 4 of 46
Page no:4
I am deeply indebted to my revered supervisor M.K. PATEL
for inspiring, encouraging and guiding me in my project work without
his suggestion timely guidance and co-operation. I confess, I would not
have completed my Project Work he has been constantly a source of
motivation for complete this thesis and model.
I am very much thankful to R. D. GOSWAMI, head of
Mechanical department M.L.I.D.S. BHANDU & K.R. PATEL SIR, for
providing me all the necessary facility for my project work.
I owe a world of gratitude to the authorities of M.L.I.D.S.
BHANDU they granted me permission whenever I requested not only
that they also provided me excellent facility of my work.
I would like to express my thanks to my prof. R. M. GOGE &
prof. R. M. PATEL who have assisted me at various stages of my Work.
I wish to express my heart left gratitude to my friends. For
their ceaseless help and co-operation all throughout this onerous task.
Last but not list I owe have a word of gratitude to the
almighty for providing me hidden strength and inspiration. I also thank
all who have supported me a lot in my project work.
Page 5 of 46
Page no:5
ABSTRACT:
Now a day, infrastructure development is very fast growing, for that the
use of
R.C.C construction machinery is very widely used, but in any R.C.C
construction machinery
proper Mixing of raw material for Concrete is major problem. Proper
mixing of raw material is
important task in any construction, for that we are use latest
equipments which are mechanically
and hydraulically combined operated mostly. DESIGN OF OPEN HYDRAULIC
JACK & ANALYSES is
one of them which are operated by two prime movers one prime mover is
use for hydraulic
system operation for operating the hoper and other for operating drum
for proper mixing of
concretThe work presented herein is mainly divided into the three
chapters. The first chapter
introduces the concrete benching mixing machine with problem formulation
and provides
motivation for the project. The second chapter presents the current
state of mixing machine
research as presented in the form of scientific literature review.
PROJECT DEFINATION:
A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift
heavy loads. The device itself is light, compact and portable, but is
capable of exerting great
force. The device pushes liquid against a piston; pressure is built in
the jack's container. The jack
is based on Pascal's law that the pressure of a liquid in a
container is the same at all point
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 6 of 46
Page no:6
No. Titles Page no.
Acknowledgement 1
Abstract 8
Tables Of Contents 9
List Of Figure
Nomenclature
Ch.1 Introduction 12
1.1 Definition Of Hydraulic Jack 13
1.2 Introduction 13
1.3 Pascal’s Law 13
1.4 History 14
1.5 Features 14
1.6 Classification Of Jack 14
1.6.1 Mechanical Jack 15
1.6.2 Hydraulic Jack 15
1.6.3 Pneumatic Jack 16
1.6.4 Strand Jack 17
1.7 Working Principal:- 18
1.8 Working Of Hydraulic Jack 18
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Page no:7
1.9 Advantages 21
1.10 Applications 23
Ch.2 Design Of Hydraulic System 24
2.1 Hydraulic Basics 25
2.1.1 Pressure And Force 25
2.2 Basic Systems:- 27
2.3 Parts Of Hydraulic Jack 29
2.3.1 Parts Of Cylinder 29
2.3.1.1 CYLINDER BARREL 29
2.3.1.2 CYLINDER BASE OR CAP 29
2.3.1.3 CYLINDER HEAD:- 30
2.3.2 Piston Rod:- 30
2.3.2.1 Piston Rod Construction 30
2.3.2.1.1 -Metallic Coatings:- 30
2.3.2.1.2 CERAMIC COATINGS:- 31
2.3.2.1.3 Length:- 31
2.3.2.3 Gland (End Cap):- 31
Ch.3 CALCULATION FOR DESIGN 32
Ch.4 37
Page 8 of 46
Page no:8
LITREACHER RIVIEW
Ch.5 REFERENCES 48
Page 9 of 46
Page no:9
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1-Defination Of Hydraulic Jack:-
Page 10 of 46
Page no:10
A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift
heavy loads. The device itself is light, compact and portable, but is
capable of
exerting great force. The device pushes liquid against a piston;
pressure is built in
the jack's container. The jack is based on Pascal's law that the
pressure of a liquid
in a container is the same at all points.
1.2-Introduction:-
A hydraulic jack is a jack that uses a liquid to push against a
piston. This is based on Pascal’s Principle. The principle states that
pressure in a
closed container is the same at all points. If there are two cylinders
connected,
applying force to the smaller cylinder will result in the same amount of
pressure in
the larger cylinder. However, since the larger cylinder has more area,
the resulting
force will be greater. In other words, an increase in area leads to an
increase in
force. The greater the difference in size between the two cylinders, the
greater the
increase in the force will be. A hydraulic jack operates based on this
two cylinder
system.
1.3-Pascal’s law :-
Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished and
acts with equal force on equal areas and at 90 degrees to the container
wall.
A fluid, such as oil, is displaced when either piston is pushed
inward. The small piston, for a given distance of movement, displaces a
smaller
amount of volume than the large piston, which is proportional to the
ratio of areas
of the heads of the pistons. Therefore, the small piston must be moved a
large
distance to get the large piston to move significantly. The distance the
large piston
will move is the distance that the small piston is moved divided by the
ratio of the
areas of the heads of the pistons. This is how energy, in the form of
work in this
case, is conserved and the Law of Conservation of Energy is satisfied.
Work is
force times distance, and since the force is increased on the larger
piston, the
distance the force is applied over must be decreased.
Page 11 of 46
Page no:11
1.4-History:-
The Origin Of Hydraulic Jacks Can Be Dated Several Years Ago
When Richard Dudgeon, The Owner And Inventor Of Hydraulic Jacks, Started A
Machine Shop. In The Year 1851, He Was Granted A Patent For His Hydraulic
Jack. In The Year 1855, He Literally Amazed Onlookers In New York When He
Drove From His Abode To His Place Of Work In A Steam Carriage. It
Produced A
Very Weird Noise That Disturbed The Horses And So Its Usage Was Limited To
A Single Street. Richard Made A Claim That His Invention Had The Power To
Carry Near About 10 People On A Single Barrel Of Anthracite Coal At A Speed
Of 14 M.P.H. Dudgeon Deserves A Special Credit For His Innumerable
Inventions
Including The Roller Boiler Tube Expanders, Filter Press Jacks, Pulling
Jacks,
Heavy Plate Hydraulic Hole Punches And Various Kinds Of Lifting Jacks.
1.5-Features:-
The jack uses compressible fluid, which is forced into a cylinder by
a plunger. Oil is usually used for the liquid because it is
self-lubricating and has
stability compared with other liquids. When the plunger comes up, it
pulls the
liquid through a check valve suction pump. When the plunger is lowered
again, it
sends liquid through another valve into a cylinder. A ball used for
suction in the
cylinder shuts the cylinder and pressure builds up in the cylinder. The
suction
valve present in the jack opens at each draw of the plunger. The
discharge valve,
which is outside the jack, opens when oil is pushed into the cylinder.
The pressure
of the liquid enables the device to lift heavy loads.
1.6-Classification Of Jack:-
1.6.1-Mechanical jack:-
Page 12 of 46
Page no:12
Fig 1.1 Mechanical jack
Jackscrews are integral to the Scissor Jack, one of the simplest kinds
of car jacks
still used.
A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The
most common form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts
vehicles so
that maintenance can be performed. Car jacks usually use Mechanical
advantage to
allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. More powerful
jacks use
hydraulic power to provide more lift over greater distances. Mechanical
jacks are
usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for example, 1.5 tons or 3
tons). The
jack shown at the right is made for a modern vehicle and the notch fits
into a hard
point on a unibody. Earlier versions have a platform to lift on the
vehicles' frame or
axle.
1.6.2-Hydraulic jack:-
Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather
than as an emergency jack to be carried with the vehicle. Use of jacks
not designed
for a specific vehicle requires more than the usual care in selecting
ground
conditions, the jacking point on the vehicle, and to ensure stability
when the jack is
extended. Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and
medium rise
buildings.
A hydraulic jack uses a fluid, which is incompressible, that
is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger. Oil is used since it is
self lubricating
and stable. When the plunger pulls back, it draws oil out of the
reservoir through a
suction check valve into the pump chamber. When the plunger moves
forward, it
pushes the oil through a discharge check valve into the cylinder. The
suction valve
ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the plunger. The
discharge
valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is pushed into the
Page 13 of 46
Page no:13
cylinder. At this point the suction ball within the chamber is forced
shut and oil
pressure builds in the cylinder.
In a bottle jack the piston is vertical and directly supports a
bearing pad that contacts the object being lifted. With a single action
piston the lift
is somewhat less than twice the collapsed height of the jack, making it
suitable
only for vehicles with a relatively high clearance. For lifting
structures such as
houses the hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical jacks through
valves
enables the even distribution of forces while enabling close control of
the lift.
In a floor jack (aka 'trolley jack') a horizontal piston pushes on
the short end of a bellcrank with the long arm providing the vertical
motion to a
lifting pad, kept horizontal with a horizontal linkage. Floor jacks
usually include
castors and wheels, allowing compensation for the arc taken by the
lifting pad.
This mechanism provide a low profile when collapsed, for easy maneuvering
underneath the vehicle, while allowing considerable extension.
1.6.3- Pneumatic jack:-
A pneumatic jack is a hydraulic jack that is actuated by
compressed air - for example, air from a compressor instead of human
work. This
eliminates the need for the user to actuate the hydraulic mechanism,
saving effort
and potentially increasing speed. Sometimes, such jacks are also able to be
operated by the normal hydraulic actuation method, thereby retaining
functionality,
even if a source of compressed air is not available.
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Page no:14
1.6.3- Pneumatic jack:-
Fig 1.2 Threaded rod 7" fully extended
Fig 1.3 2.5 ton house jack that stands 24 inches from top to bottom fully
threaded out.
A house jack, also called a screw jack is a mechanical
device primarily used to lift houses from their foundation. A series of
jacks are
used and then wood cribbing temporarily supports the structure. This
process is
repeated until the desired height is reached. The house jack can be used
for jacking
carrying beams that have settled or for installing new structural beams.
On the top
of the jack is a cast iron circular pad that the 4" × 4" post
is resting on. This pad
moves independently of the house jack so that it does not turn as the acme-
threaded rod is turned up with a metal rod. This piece tilts very
slightly but not
enough to render the post dangerously out of plumb
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Page no:15
1.6.4- Strand jack:-
A strand jack is a specialized hydraulic jack that grips steel
cables often used in concert, strand jacks can lift hundreds of tons and
are used in
engineering and construction.
1.7-Working Principal:-
The hydraulic jack is a device used for lifting heavy loads by
the application of much smaller force. It is based on Pascal’s law,
which states that
intensity of pressure is transmitted equally in all directions through a
mass of fluid
at rest.
The working principle of a hydraulic jack may be explained
with the help of Fig. Consider a ram and plunger, operating in two
cylinders of
different diameters, which are interconnected at the bottom, through a
chamber,
which is filled with some liquid.
Fig 1.4 Consider a ram and plunger,
1.8-Working Of Hydraulic Jack:-
Hydraulic jacks and many other technological advancements such as
automobile brakes and dental chairs work on the basis of Pascal's
Principle, named
for Blaise Pascal, who lived in the seventeenth century. Basically, the
principle
states that the pressure in a closed container is the same at all
points. Pressure is
described mathematically by a Force divided by Area. Therefore if you
have two
Page 16 of 46
Page no:16
cylinders connected together, a small one and a large one, and apply a
small Force
to the small cylinder, this would result in a given pressure. By
Pascal's Principle,
this pressure would be the same in the larger cylinder, but since the
larger cylinder
has more area, the force emitted by the second cylinder would be
greater. This is
represented by rearranging the pressure formula P = F/A, to F = PA. The
pressure
stayed the same in the second cylinder, but Area was increased,
resulting in a
larger Force. The greater the differences in the areas of the cylinders,
the greater
the potential force output of the big cylinder. A hydraulic jack is
simply two
cylinders connected as described above.
An enclosed fluid under pressure exerts that pressure throughout its
volume and against any surface containing it. That's called
'Pascal's Principle', and
allows a hydraulic lift to generate large amounts of force from the
application of a
small
Assume a small piston (one square inch area) applies a weight of 1 lbs. to
a confined hydraulic fluid. That provides a pressure of 1 lbs. per
square inch
throughout the fluid. If another larger piston with an area of 10 square
inches is in
contact with the fluid, that piston will feel a force of 1 lbs/square
inch x 10 square
inches = 10 lbs
Fig 1.5 Working Of Hydraulic Jack:-
Page 17 of 46
Page no:17
So we can apply 1 lbs. to the small piston and get 10 lbs. of force to
lift a heavy
object with the large piston. Is this 'getting something for
nothing'? Unfortunately,
no. Just as a lever provides more force near the fulcrum in exchange for
more
distance further away, the hydraulic lift merely converts work (force x
distance) at
the smaller piston for the SAME work at the larger one. In the example,
when the
smaller piston moves a distance of 10 inches it displaces 10 cubic inch
of fluid.
That 10 cubic inch displaced at the 10 square inch piston moves it only
1 inch, so a
small force and larger distance has been exchanged for a large force
through a
smaller distance.
Hydraulic jacks have six main parts. These are the reservoir, pump,
check valve, main cylinder, piston, and release valve. The reservoir
holds hydraulic
fluid. A pump will draw the fluid up and then create pressure on the
down stroke as
it pushes the fluid through the check valve. This valve allows the fluid
to leave the
reservoir and enter the main cylinder. In the main cylinder, the piston
is forced up
as the cylinder is filled with the fluid. When it is time to release the
pressure and
allow the piston to return to its starting position, the release valve
is opened. This
allows the fluid to return to the reservoir.
Page 18 of 46
Page no:18
Show In Figure;-
1.9-Advantages:-
Safety First:-
Hydraulic jacking System is one of the most safest mode to erect
storage tank, complete work is executed on ground level preventing risks of
accidents. For decades, there has been not a single report that proves
its credibility
in being the safest and most likely method for the storage tank
construction. The
hydraulic jack systems has now gained a lot of popularity.
Easier Inspection:-
Page 19 of 46
Page no:19
Our efficient hydraulic jacking systems needs various
scaffolding and attachments to offer comfortable access for welding
heights.
No Scaffolding Required:-
Welding inspectors can now perform ultrasonic as well as
several other non destructive tests on welds at ground level, it allows
easier
inspection for better quality control.
Faster Erection:-
The shell plates are erected at ground level in place of being
installed at the height of about 30 feet or more, in order to save
construction time
required for the alignment of plates. The time and manpower needed for
lifting the
plates to the height is amputated. Construction work remains unaffected
by snow
or rain.
Tank Erection Top Downwards Cuts Construction Time And
Cost Considerably :-
New shell plates are developed at the ground level in place of
being hauled up to about 30 feet heights or more, saving considerable
time desired
for alignment of plates. The cumulative time needed for lifting of men
and material
to the heights that is eliminated. Tank construction work stays practically
unaffected from rain or snow, hence most work is performed under the
protection
of the tank itself.
Page 20 of 46
Page no:20
1.10-Applications:-
Dismantling of old tanks
Repair to tank foundation
Building of field erected storage tanks
Repair or replacement of tank bottom plate
Increasing tank capacity by adding shell rings or courses
Erection of other circular structures such as reactor shields in
nuclear power
stations, etc.
Page 21 of 46
Page no:21
Chapter 2
Design of Hydraulic Jack
Page 22 of 46
Page no:22
Chapter 2 Design of Hydraulic Jack
2.1 Hydraulic Basics:-
Hydraulics is the science of transmitting force and/or motion
through the medium of a confined liquid. In a hydraulic device, power is
transmitted by pushing on a confined liquid.Figure 1-1 shows a simple
hydraulic
device. The transfer of energy takes place because quantity of liquid is
subject to
pressure. To operate liquid-powered systems, the operator should have a
knowledge of the basic nature of liquids. This chapter covers the
properties of
liquids and how they act under different conditions.
2.1.1:- Pressure and Force.:-
Pressure is force exerted against a specific area (force
per unit area) expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). Pressure can
cause an
expansion, or resistance to compression, of a fluid that is being
squeezed. A fluid is
any liquid or gas (vapor). Force is anything that tends to produce or
modify (push
or pull) motion and is expressed in pounds a. Pressure. An example of
pressure is
the air (gas) that fills an automobile tire. As a tire is inflated, more
air is squeezed
into it than it can hold. The air inside a tire resists the squeezing by
pushing
outward on the casing of the tire. The outward push of the air is pressure.
Equal pressure throughout a confined area is a characteristic of any
pressurized
fluid.
Confined liquid is
subject to pressure
Page 23 of 46
Page no:23
Figure 2.1 Basic hydraulic devices
For example, in an inflated tire, the outward push of the air is uniform
throughout.
If it were not, a tire would be pushed into odd shapes because of its
elasticity.
There is a major difference between a gas and a liquid. Liquids are
slightly
compressible (Figure 2.1). When a confined liquid is pushed on, pressure
builds
up. The pressure is still transmitted equally throughout the container.
The fluid's
behavior makes it possible to transmit a push through pipes,
around corners, and up and down.
D2=F1*D1/F2
Where
F1 = force of the small piston, in pounds
D1 = distance the small piston moves, in
inches
D2 = distance the larger piston moves, in
inches
F2 = force of the larger piston, in pounds
Page 24 of 46
Page no:24
2.2-Basic Systems:-
The advantages of hydraulic systems over other methods of power
transmission are
• Simpler design. In most cases, a few pre-engineered components will
replace
complicated mechanical linkages.
• Flexibility. Hydraulic components can be located with considerable
flexibility.
Pipes and hoses in place of mechanical elements virtually eliminate
location
problems.
• Smoothness. Hydraulic systems are smooth and quiet in operation.
Vibration is
kept to a minimum.
• Control. Control of a wide range of speed and forces is easily possible.
• Cost. High efficiency with minimum friction loss keeps the cost of a
power
transmission at a minimum.
• Overload protection. Automatic valves guard the system against a
breakdown
from overloading.
The main disadvantage of a hydraulic system is maintaining the precision
parts
when they are exposed to bad climates and dirty atmospheres. Protection
against
rust, corrosion, dirt, oil deterioration, and other adverse environment
is very
important. The following paragraphs discuss several basic hydraulic
systems.
A- Hydraulic Jack:-
In this system a reservoir and a system of valves has been
added to Pascal's hydraulic lever to stroke a small cylinder or pump
continuously
and raise a large piston or an actuator a notch with each stroke.
Diagram A shows
an intake stroke. An outlet check valve closes by pressure under a load,
and an
inlet check valve opens so that liquid from the reservoir fills the
pumping chamber.
Diagram B shows the pump stroking downward. An inlet check valve closes by
pressure and an outlet valve opens. More liquid is pumped under a large
piston to
raise it. To lower a load, a third valve (needle valve) opens, which
opens an area
under a large piston to the reservoir. The load then pushes the piston
down and
forces the liquid into the reservoir.
Page 25 of 46
Page no:25
Figure 2-2. Hydraulic jack
B- Motor-Reversing System:-
Figure 2-2, shows a power-driven pump
operating a reversible rotary motor. A reversing valve directs fluid to
either side of
the motor and back to the reservoir. A relief valve protects the system
against
excess pressure and can bypass pump output to the reservoir, if pressure
rises too
high.
C-Open-Center System:-
In this system, a control-valve spool must be open in
the center to allow pump flow to pass through the valve and return to
the reservoir.
Page 26 of 46
Page no:26
this system in the neutral position. To operate several functions
simultaneously,
an open-center system must have the correct connections, which are
discussed
below. An open-center system is efficient on single functions but is
limited with
multiple functions.
The return from the first valve is routed to the inlet of the second, and
so on. In neutral, the oil passes through the valves in series and
returns to the
reservoir, as the arrows indicate. When a control valve is operated, the
incoming
oil is diverted to the cylinder that the valve serves. Return liquid
from the cylinder
is directed through the return line and on to the next valve. This
system is
satisfactory as long as only one valve is operating at a time. When this
happens, the
full output of the pump at full system pressure is available to that
function.
However, if more than one valve is operating, the total of the pressures
required for
each function cannot exceed the system’s relief setting.
2.3-Parts Of Hydraulic Jack:-
Gland (End Cap)
Piston Road
Cylinder
Base Plate
Hose Pipe
2.3.1-Parts Of Cylinder:-
2.3.1.1-Cylinder Barrel:-
The cylinder barrel is mostly a seamless thick walled
forged pipe that must be machined internally. The cylinder barrel is
ground and/or
honed internally.
2.3.1.2-Cylinder Base Or Cap:-
In most hydraulic cylinders, the barrel and the
bottom portion are welded together. This can damage the inside of the
barrel if
done poorly. Therefore, some cylinder designs have a screwed or flanged
Page 27 of 46
Page no:27
connection from the cylinder end cap to the barrel. In this type the
barrel can be
disassembled and repaired.
2.3.1.3-Cylinder Head:-
The cylinder head is sometimes connected to the barrel
with a sort of a simple lock. In general, however, the connection is
screwed or
flanged. Flange connections are the best, but also the most expensive. A
flange has
to be welded to the pipe before machining. The advantage is that the
connection is
bolted and always simple to remove. For larger cylinder sizes, the
disconnection of
a screw with a diameter of 300 to 600 mm is a huge problem as well as the
alignment during mounting.
2.3.2-Piston Rod:-
The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-
rolled steel which attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder
through the
rod-end head. In double rod-end cylinders, the actuator has a rod
extending from
both sides of the piston and out both ends of the barrel. The piston rod
connects the
hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing the work. This
connection can
be in the form of a machine thread or a mounting attachment, such as a
rod-clevis
or rod-eye. These mounting attachments can be threaded or welded to the
piston
rod or, in some cases, they are a machined part of the rod-end.
2.3.2.1:-Piston Rod Construction:-
The piston rod of an hydraulic cylinder
operates both inside and outside the barrel, and consequently both in
and out of the
hydraulic fluid and surrounding atmosphere.
2.3.2.1.1:-Metallic Coatings:-
Smooth and hard surfaces are desirable on the outer
diameter of the piston rod and slide rings for proper sealing. Corrosion
resistance is
also advantageous. A chromium layer may often be applied on the outer
surfaces
of these parts. However, chromium layers may be porous, thereby attracting
moisture and eventually causing oxidation. In harsh marine environments,
the steel
is often treated with both a nickel layer and a chromium layer. Often 40
to 150
micrometer thick layers are applied. Sometimes solid stainless steel
rods are used.
High quality stainless steel such as AISI 316 may be used for low stress
Page 28 of 46
Page no:28
applications. Other stainless steels such as AISI 431 may also be used
where there
are higher stresses, but lower corrosion concerns.
2.3.2.1.2:-Ceramic Coatings:-
Due to shortcomings of metallic materials,
ceramic coatings were developed. Initially ceramic protection schemes
seemed
ideal, but porosity was higher than projected. Recently the corrosion
resistant semi
ceramic Lunac2+ coatings were introduced. These hard coatings are non
porous
and do not suffer from high brittleness.
2.3.2.1.3:-Length:-
Piston rods are generally available in lengths which are cut
to suit the application. As the common rods have a soft or mild steel
core, their
ends can be welded or machined for a screw thread.
2.3.2.3:-Gland (End Cap):-
The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the
pressurized oil from leaking past the interface between the rod and the
head. This
area is called the rod gland. It often has another seal called a rod
wiper which
prevents contaminants from entering the cylinder when the extended rod
retracts
back into the cylinder. The rod gland also has a rod wear ring. This
wear ring acts
as a liner bearing to support the weight of the piston rod and guides it
as it passes
back and forth through the rod gland. In some cases, especially in small
hydraulic
cylinders, the rod gland and the rod wear ring are made from a single
integral
machined part.
Page 29 of 46
Page no:29
Chapter 3
Calculation For design
Page 30 of 46
Page no:30
CALCULATIONS:-
Distance the larger piston moves
D2=F1*D1/F2
Where
F1 = force of the small piston, in pounds
D1 = distance the small piston moves, in
inches
D2 = distance the larger piston moves, in
inches
F2 = force of the larger piston, in pounds
The definition of fluid pressure is a force per unit area, or in
equation form,
P = F / A
where P = pressure (N/m 2 , psi),
F = force (N, lb f ), and
A = area (m 2 , in 2 ).
Page 31 of 46
Page no:31
TO FIND INNER DIAMETER OF CYLINDER TUBE:-
p where, P = total pressure
D = Inner diameter
p = working pressure
3 *1000 = 0.785 × D 2 × 300
D=3000/0.785*300
D 2 = 12.76
D = 6CM = 60MM. (inner diameter of cylinder tube)
TO FIND OUTER DIAMETER OF CYLINDER TUBE:-
We have already a equation =
Where, = working stress
P = working pressure
= outer diameter of cylinder tube
Page 32 of 46
Page no:32
= inner diameter of cylinder tube
= Working stress = 4200/4= 1050 KG/CM 2
1050 = 300 ×
1050do -3780000=300do +1080000
750do =2700000
do =2700000*750
do =202500000
do=73mm
THICKNESS OF THE CYLINDER TUBE:-
Tube thickness =
=73-60/2
Page 33 of 46
Page no:33
=6.5mm
DESIGN OF PISTON
We know that cylinder’s inner diameter is equal to piston’s outer
diameter so piston outer
diameter is 60mm . Generally piston’s are maded from MILD STEEL &
SUITABLE
MATERIAL……
DESIGN OF PISTON ROD
Material strength EN9 = 1750 kg/cm 2
3000=0.785*60*60*1750
3000=4945500kg/mm
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Page no:34
Chapter 4
LITERATURE REVIEW
Page 35 of 46
Page no:35
LITERATURE REVIEW
If the word hydraulics is understood to mean the use of water for the
benefit of mankind, then its practice must be considered to be even
older than
recorded history itself. Traces of irrigation canals from prehistoric
times still exist
in Egypt and Mesopotamia; the Nile is known to have been dammed at Memphis
some six thousand years ago to provide the necessary water supply, and the
Euphrates River was diverted into the Tigris even earlier for the same
purpose.
Ancient wells still in existence reach to surprisingly great depths; and
underground
aqueducts were bored considerable distances, even through bedrock. In
what is
now Pakistan, houses were provided with ceramic conduits for water
supply and
drainage some five thousand years ago; and legend tells of vast
flood-control
projects in China barely a millenium later. All of this clearly
demonstrates that
men must have begun to deal with the flow of water countless millenia
before
these times.
Though both the art and the science of hydraulics treat of such flows,
they obviously differ significantly in time and substance. Hydraulic
practice
necessarily originated as an art, for the principles involved could be
formulated
only after long experience with science in general and water in
particular. However
necessary the conduct of the art thus was to the eventual development of
the
science, it is almost exclusively with the science of hydraulics that
the present
article will deal. As a matter of fact, the subiect matter of the
traditional college
course in hydraulics -- particularly as it was taught in the not-too-
recent past --
provides a framework on which the history of the science can
conveniently be
based.
Such a course usually began with the topic of hydrostatics -- the
characteristics of liquids at rest. Instructors then proceeded to the
principle of
continuity (the conservation of fluid mass) and a form of the
work-energy principle
known as the Bernoulli theorem. In passing, note was taken of means of
measuring
velocity, pressure, and discharge, including the use of small-scale
models to
simulate flow conditions in themselves too large to test. These
principles were then
applied to the study of flow from orifices, over weirs, through closed
and open
conduits, and past immersed bodies. Simple as such matters now seem when
taught, they actually took centuries to understand. Particularly
noteworthy is the
fact that many such principles were first clarified by men like Isaac
Newton whose
interests extended far beyond hydraulics itself.
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