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The document discusses subject verb agreement through a series of examples. It provides sentences with verbs that do or do not agree with their subjects and asks the reader to identify the correct form.

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naseeb saharan

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Topic 1

Subject Verb Agreement

1. Noting that the price of oil and other fuel components, a major factor in the cost structure of an airline,
have risen and will continue to rise, the company management was pessimistic about their outlook for the
upcoming quarter.
• have risen and will continue to rise, the company management was pessimistic about their
• have risen and will continue to rise, the company management was pessimistic about the
• will continue to rise, the company management was pessimistic about the
• has risen and will continue to rise, the company management was pessimistic about their
• will continue to rise, the company management was pessimistic about their

2. A higher interest rate is only one of the factors, albeit an important one, that keeps the housing market
from spiraling out of control, like it did earlier in the decade.
• keeps the housing market from spiraling out of control, like it did
• keep the housing market from spiraling out of control, as it did
• keeps the housing market from spiraling out of control, as it did
• keep the housing market from spiraling out of control, like
• keep the housing market from spiraling out of control, like it did

3. The Daughters of the American Revolution, a volunteer service organization, admits as members only
women who can prove lineal descent from a patriot of the American Revolution.
• admits as members only women who can prove lineal descent
• admit as members only women who can prove lineal descent
• admits as members women who can prove lineal descent
• only admit as members women who can prove lineal descent
• admits as members women who can prove lineal descent only

4. Consumption of bread products made from ergot-infected grains often trigger severely debilitating
symptoms such as muscle contractions, seizures and gangrene but, at a proper dose, also cause a
significant reduction in maternal bleeding after childbirth.
• bread products made from ergot-infected grains often trigger severely debilitating symptoms such as
muscle contractions, seizures and gangrene but, at a proper dose, also cause a significant reduction in
• products made from ergot-infected grains often trigger severely debilitating symptoms such as muscle
contractions, seizures and gangrene but, at a proper dose, also cause significantly reduced
• bread products made from ergot-infected grains often triggers severely debilitating symptoms such as
muscle contractions, seizures and gangrene but, at a proper dose, also causes a significant reduction in
• bread made from ergot-infected grains often triggers severely debilitating symptoms such as muscle
contractions, seizures and gangrene but, at a proper dose, also cause a significant reduction in
• bread products made from ergot-infected grains often trigger severely debilitating symptoms such as
muscle contractions, seizures and gangrene but, at a proper dose, also causes a significantly reduced

5. Since the mid-1990s, the central government of Botswana has been forcibly removing native Bushmen
from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve; the government justifies their actions by stating that it is too
costly to provide such basic services like medical care and schooling to such a remote area.
• justifies their actions by stating that it is too costly to provide such basic services like
• justifies their actions by stating it is too costly and expensive to provide such basic services as
• justify their actions by stating that it is too costly to provide basic services like
• justify its actions by stating that it is too costly and expensive to provide such a basic service as
• justifies its actions by stating that it is too costly to provide such basic services as

7. The amount of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like accidents caused by faulty wiring, has increased
significantly since regulations on manufacturing have been relaxed.
• The amount of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like accidents caused by faulty wiring, has increased
significantly since regulations on manufacturing have been relaxed.
• The amount of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like those caused by faulty wiring, have increased
significantly since regulations on manufacturing were relaxed.
• The number of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like the number caused by faulty wiring, have
increased significantly since regulations on manufacturing were relaxed.
• The number of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like accidents caused by faulty wiring, has increased
significantly since regulations on manufacturing had been relaxed.
• The number of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like the number caused by faulty wiring, has
increased significantly since regulations on manufacturing were relaxed.

8. Hogarth's engravings, which provide a vivid portrait of eighteenth-century London, are of interest to both
artists and historians.
A. are of interest to both B. are interests both for C. are both interesting to
D. is of interest to both E. is interesting for both

9. The banana that contains high level of potassium and other important minerals are considered to be one of
nature’s healthiest fruits.
• The banana that contains high level of potassium and other important minerals are considered to be
• The banana, which contains high levels of potassium and other important minerals, is considered
• The banana, which contain high levels of potassium and other important minerals, is considered to be
• Bananas which contain high levels of potassium and other important minerals are considered
• The banana, which contains high levels of potassium and other important minerals, is considered to be

10. The increase in unemployment rates, coupled with significantly increased retail prices as well as energy
costs, are forcing many homeowners to look into alternative sources of fuel in order to save money on
winter heating.
• unemployment rates, coupled with significantly increased retail prices as well as energy costs, are
• rates of unemployment, coupled with significant increases in retail prices and energy costs, have been
• unemployment rates, coupled with significant increases in both retail prices and energy costs, is
• unemployment rates, coupled with significantly increased retail prices as well as energy costs, is
• rates of unemployment, coupled with significant increases in both retail as well as energy costs, had been

11. According to industry analysts, the recent growth in the number of hybrid motor vehicles in major
metropolitan areas are likely to accelerate in the future.
• the number of hybrid motor vehicles in major metropolitan areas are
• the numbers of hybrid motor vehicles in major metropolitan areas are
• the number of hybrid motor vehicles in major metropolitan areas is
• the numbers of hybrid motor vehicles in major metropolitan areas is
• hybrid motor vehicles’ numbers in major metropolitan areas are

13. Since 1929, when the global telegraph business peaked, the number of telegrams delivered annually have
decreased from 200 million to only 21,000 last year.
• have decreased from 200 million
• have been reduced from 200 million
• has decreased from 200 million
• has been reduced from 200 million down
• has decreased from 200 million down

14. Mathematical analysis of humpback whale sounds provide evidence that animals other than humans use a
hierarchical structure of communication.
• provide evidence that animals other than humans
• provides evidence that animals other than humans
• provide evidence that an animal other than humans
• provides evidence that an animal other than a human
• provide evidence that animals, like humans,

15. According to a recent study conducted at over 100 American universities, the number of college graduates
interested in pursuing a career in financial services is likely to double by 2010.
• is likely to double
• Are likely to increase by twice
• Are likely to double
• Will double
• Will increase by twice

16. Since 1989, after the Berlin Wall had been demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the
reunified Germany, in cultural and economic assimilation terms, were the former East Germans, who have
had to acclimate to an entirely different political system.
• after the Berlin Wall had been demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified
German, in cultural and economic assimilation terms, were the former East Germans
• after the Berlin Wall was demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified Germany,
in cultural terms as well as those of economic assimilation, were the former East Germans
• when the Berlin Wall was demolished, one of the reunified Germany's most problematic ethnic groups, in
terms of cultural and economic assimilation, was the former East Germans
• when the Berlin Wall was demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified Germany,
in terms of cultural and economic assimilation, has been the former East Germans
• after the Berlin Wall had been demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified
Germany, in both terms of cultural and economic assimilation, have been the former East Germans

17. Since the last election, the lobbying effort initiated by environmental organizations, homeowners, and small
business owners have increased awareness of pending environmental legislation.
• have increased awareness of pending environmental legislation
• have increased awareness about pending legislation dealing with the environment
• has increased awareness about pending environmental legislation
• has increased awareness of pending environmental legislation
• has increased awareness of environmental legislation that is still pending

18. Every workday at dawn, the patriarch of one of the city’s five richest families leaves his mansion and walks
to city hall.
• richest families leaves his mansion and walks
• richest families leave his mansion and walk
• richest families leaves his mansion and walk
• richer families leave his mansion and walks
• richer families leaves his mansion and walks

MODIFIER

1. Although covered in about 11 inches of snow, aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the
time of the emergency landing was acceptable.
• aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the time of the emergency landing was acceptable
• the runway conditions during the emergency landing were acceptable according to aviation officials
• according to aviation officials, the runway was in acceptable condition during the time of the emergency
landing
• the runway was in acceptable condition during the emergency landing, according to aviation officials
• aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the time of the emergency landing were acceptable

2. Discouraged by new data that show increases in toxic emissions from domestic factories, searches for
alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the nation’s leading
manufacturing companies.
• searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the nation’s
leading manufacturing companies
• searches are being conducted by shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies who are
looking for alternative investment opportunities
• shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies had begun searching for investment
opportunities outside of the manufacturing industry
• the nation’s leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative investment opportunities for its
shareholders
• shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative investment
opportunities

3. Found in the wild only in Australia and New Guinea, powerful back legs with long feet distinguish
kangaroos from other large mammals.
• powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals
• powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other mammals that are large
• powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from those of other mammals that are large
• kangaroos are distinguished from other large mammals by powerful legs with long feet
• kangaroos are being distinguished from other mammals that are large by powerful legs with long feet

4. Responding to growing demand for high-end vehicles, the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious
that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models.
• the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that they sell
• the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that the cars are sold
• auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models that are so luxurious that they sell
• the interior of the newest models are so luxurious that they are sold
• auto makers have installed such luxurious interiors in the newest models that these cars sell

5. By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations, it is possible to determine how
much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s products in order to meet its goals in both the
short and long terms.
• it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s products in order
to meet its goals in both the short and long terms
• a company’s managers can determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of the company’s
products in order to meet its short and long term goals
• it can be determined by company managers how much effort ought to be devoted to each of the
company’s products in order to meet its goals, both short and long term
• it may be possible for company managers to determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of
these products in order to meet the company’s short and long term goals
• managers at a company can determine how much effort ought to be dedicated to each of these products
in order to meet the company’s goals in both the short and long term

11. Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power only after
a long struggle by the native people.
• Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power
• Before independence in 1947, Britain had ruled India as a colony and relinquished power
• Before its independence in 1947, India was ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished power
• Before independence in 1947, India had been ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished power
• Before independence in 1947, India had been a colony of the British, who relinquished power

12. Used until the end of the Second World War, the German army employed the U-boat to attack both military
or civilian watercraft.
• the German army employed the U-boat to attack both military or
• the U-boat was employed by the German army to attack both military and
• the U-boat employed the German army to attack both military or
• the German army had employed the U-Boat to attack both military and the
• the U-boat has been employed by the German army to attack both military and also

Topic 3
Parallelism

1. With companies spending large parts of their advertising budgets online, the market for content such as
feature articles and opinion essays created by a professional writer, a blogger, and by individual users, are
expanding rapidly.
• the market for content such as feature articles and opinion essays created by a professional writer, a
blogger, and by individual users, are expanding
• the market for content such as feature articles and opinion essays created by professional writers,
bloggers, and by individual users, are expanding
• the market for content such as feature articles and opinion essays created by a professional writer, a
blogger, and individual users, is expanding
• the market for content such as feature articles and opinion essays created by professional writers,
bloggers, and individual users, are expanding
• the market for content such as feature articles and opinion essays created by professional writers,
bloggers, and individual users, is expanding

2. The Federal Reserve announcement said that growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter
and that the policy makers remain concerned about the prospects of inflation, even though there are few
signs of higher energy prices driving up the cost of other goods so far.
• that growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and that the policy makers remain
concerned about the prospects of inflation, even though there are few
• growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and that the policy makers remain concerned
about the prospects of inflation, even though there are few
• that growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and the policy makers remain concerned
about the prospects of inflation, even though there are little
• growth had accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and the policy makers remain concerned about
the prospects of inflation, even though there are little
• that growth accelerated after slowing in the second quarter and that the policy makers remain concerned
about the prospects of inflation, even though there are few

3. Unbiased third-party "clean" teams can protect sensitive data while assessing the business rationale of a
deal, helping to develop an integrated business plan, and supporting negotiations.
• while assessing the business rationale of a deal, helping to develop an integrated business plan, and
supporting
• while also assessing the business concerns for a deal, as well as helping the development of an integrated
business plan, and to support the
• and assess the rationale of a deal from a business perspective, help the development of an integrated
business plan, and supporting relevant
• while facilitating the assessment of a business rationale of a deal, help to develop a business plan of
integration, and supporting the
• and assist the assessment of the deal’s business rationale, helping to develop an integrated plan for the
business, and support

4. Unsolicited electronic junk mail, also termed spam, has hurt companies by both draining company
resources used to combat the problem and diminishing employee productivity.
• both draining company resources used to combat the problem and diminishing employee productivity
• draining both company resources used to combat the problem and diminishing employee productivity
• draining both company resources used to combat the problem and diminishing how productive its
employees are
• both draining company resources used to combat the problem and the productivity of employees is
diminished
• both draining company resources used to combat the problem and diminishing how productive its
employees are
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5. Art experts have attributed the enduring intrigue of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa to everything from
having an enigmatic smile, which was never explained, to her association with the rich and powerful
families of Europe.
• having an enigmatic smile, which was never explained
• having an enigmatic smile, which has never been explained
• her enigmatic smile, for which there has never been an explanation
• her enigmatic smile, which has never been explained
• having an enigmatic smile, for which there has never been an explanation

6. Foods high in tryptophan, an amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin, can help people to fall asleep by
reducing anxiety, relaxing the brain, and in regulating the sleep cycle.
• reducing anxiety, relaxing the brain, and in regulating
• means of reducing anxiety, relaxing the brain, and in the regulation of
• reducing anxiety, relaxing the brain, and regulation of
• reducing anxiety, relaxing the brain, and regulating
• means of reducing anxiety, relaxing the brain, and regulating

7. Undergoing a gastric bypass is to commit to a new lifestyle not only because they will no longer be
permitted to eat large portions of food at one sitting, nor will they be allowed to consume foods high in
sugar or fat.
• Undergoing a gastric bypass is to commit to a new lifestyle not only because they will no longer be
permitted to eat large portions of food at one sitting, nor will they
• Undergoing a gastric bypass is committing to a new lifestyle not only because they will no longer be
permitted to eat large portions of food at one sitting, but also they will not
• Undergoing a gastric bypass is to commit to a new lifestyle because the patient not only will no longer be
permitted to eat large portions of food at one sitting but also they will not
• To undergo a gastric bypass is to commit to a new lifestyle not only because the patient will no longer be
permitted to eat large portions of food at one sitting, nor will they
• To undergo a gastric bypass is to commit to a new lifestyle because the patient not only will no longer be
permitted to eat large portions of food at one sitting but also will not

8. When housing prices climb too quickly, the Federal Reserve often responds by raising the key interest rate,
which has the curious effect of actually lowering housing prices instead of raise them, as one might expect.
• which has the curious effect of actually lowering housing prices instead of raise them
• an action that has the curious effect of actually lowering housing prices rather than raising them
• which has the curious effect of actually lowering housing prices instead of raising them
• which rather than raising housing prices actually has the curious effect of lowering them
• an action that has the curious effect of actually lowering housing prices instead of raise them

9. According to anthropologists, the use of human language covers a wide spectrum from practical
communication between people engaged in the same task to establishing hierarchy within a social group.
• practical communication between people engaged in the same task to establishing hierarchy
• communicating practically between people engaging in the same task to the establishment of hierarchy
• practical communication between people engaged in the same task to the establishing of hierarchy
• communicating practically between people engaging in the same task to hierarchy established
• practical communication between people engaged in the same task to the establishment of hierarchy

10. The earliest English settlers in Virginia failed to survive their first winter in the New World because of
factors such as inadequate food supplies, harsh weather, and an inability to communicate with Native
Americans.
• an inability
• that they were unable
• because they were unable
• being unable
• Lacking an ability

Topic 4
Comparisons

1. Like many of his contemporaries did, Bob Dylan wrote songs that became anthems for a generation of
antiwar activists.
• Like many of his contemporaries did, Bob Dylan wrote songs
• Bob Dylan wrote songs like many of his contemporaries
• As did many of his contemporaries, Bob Dylan wrote songs
• Like the songs of his contemporaries, Bob Dylan wrote songs
• As did many of Bob Dylan’s contemporaries, he wrote songs

2. Unlike Mozart, whose funeral was sparsely attended being buried in an unmarked common grave,
Beethoven’s was attended by more than thirty-thousand mourners and his final resting place lies in a
famous Vienna cemetery near the graves of Schubert and Brahms.
• being buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethoven’s was attended by about thirty-thousand
mourners and his final resting place lies in a famous Vienna cemetery near the graves of Schubert and
Brahms
• being buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethoven’s funeral was attended by about thirty-thousand
mourners and his final resting place was near the graves of Schubert and Brahms in a famous Vienna
cemetery
• and he was buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethoven was given a funeral attended by more than
thirty-thousand mourners and his final resting place lies near the graves of Schubert and Brahms in a
famous Vienna cemetery
• and who was buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethoven’s funeral was attended by more than
thirty-thousand mourners and his final resting place lies in a famous Vienna cemetery near the graves of
Schubert and Brahms
• and who was buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethoven was given a funeral attended by more
than thirty-thousand mourners and lies buried near the graves of Schubert and Brahms in a famous Vienna
cemetery

3. Like in 2004, car sales to first-time buyers as often, if not more often than, to return customers buoyed the
economy this January.
• Like in 2004, car sales to first-time buyers as often, if not more often than, to return customers buoyed
• Like in 2004, first-time buyers bought cars as often, if not more often than, return customers and that
buoyed
• As in 2004, car sales to first-time buyers as often as, if not more often than, to return customers and it
buoyed
• As in 2004, first-time buyers bought cars as often as, if not more often than, return customers, buoying
• As in 2004, car sales to first-time buyers as often, if not more often than, to return customers buoyed

5. During the rule of Emperor Claudius, which was known for his military expeditions against the German
tribes of the Chauci and Catti, the population of ancient Rome exceeded any city in the Roman Empire.
• which was known for his military expeditions against the German tribes of the Chauci and Catti, the
population of ancient Rome exceeded any
• known for his military expeditions against the German tribes of the Chauci and Catti, the population of
ancient Rome was exceeded by no other
• known for his military expeditions against the German tribes of the Chauci and Catti, the population of
ancient Rome exceeded that of any
• known for his military expeditions against the German tribes of the Chauci and Catti, ancient Rome
exceeded any
• known for his military expeditions against the German tribes of the Chauci and Catti, the population of
ancient Rome exceeded that of any other

6. Unlike lions and tigers, which can be roaring by causing its hyoid bones to vibrate, domestic cats have
fixed hyoid bones and are therefore unable to roar.
• which can be roaring by causing its hyoid bones to vibrate, domestic cats
• which can roar by causing their hyoid bones to vibrate, domestic cats
• who can roar by causing their hyoid bones to vibrate, domestic cats differently
• who can roar by causing its hyoid bones to vibrate, domestic cats
• of which the hyoid bones vibrate to cause a roar, domestic cats

7. Because its military is larger and more technologically sophisticated than Japan, the United States
shoulders much of the burden for patrolling and protecting the shipping lanes of the West Pacific.
• its military is larger and more technologically sophisticated than Japan
• their military is larger and more technologically sophisticated than Japan
• their military is larger and more technologically sophisticated than that of Japan
• its military is larger and more technologically sophisticated than Japan’s
• its military has been larger and more technologically sophisticated than those of Japan

8. Numerous studies have shown that the income levels of working adults who were students of average
academic ability often surpass the income levels of those adults who were once students of exceptional
academic abilities.
• the income levels of those adults who were once students of exceptional academic abilities
• those of adults who had been exceptionally able students academically
• those of adults who were students of exceptional academic ability
• adults who were students of exceptional academic ability
• the incomes of adults who had been students of exceptional academic ability

9. Unlike most other species of cat, regardless of being domesticated or not, the claws of the cheetah are not
retractable and so it is more like a dog in that way.
• regardless of being domesticated or not, the claws of the cheetah are not retractable and so it is more like
a dog in that way
• domestic or wild, the cheetah does not have retractable claws and so is more like a dog in that respect
• regardless of domestication or not, the cheetah's claws are not retractable and so it more like a dog in that
respect
• domestic or wild, the claws of the cheetah are not retractable and so it is more like a dog in that way
• domestic or wild, the cheetah does not have retractable claws and so they are more like a dog's in that
respect

11. Based on recent box office receipts, the public's appetite for documentary films, like nonfiction books,
seems to be on the rise.
• like nonfiction books
• as nonfiction books
• as its interest in nonfiction books
• like their interest in nonfiction books
• like its interest in nonfiction books

12. Unlike Mars, the surface of Earth is primarily water, with landmass making up less than half of the total
area.
• Mars, the surface of Earth is primarily water
• Mars, Earth's surface is primarily water
• the surface of Mars, that of Earth is primarily water
• Mars, water is primarily Earth's surface
• that of Mars, Earth has a surface that is primarily water

Topic 5
Pronouns

1. The United States Navy announced that, beginning next year, they plan to close several of their bases in
order to reduce operating expenses.
• they plan to close several of their bases
• they are planning to close several of their bases
• it plans to close several of its bases
• they plan several closures of their bases
• it plans to close several of their bases

2. In the small, closed Bedouin world, in which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a
carrier and their families, subsequently lowering their chances for marriage should word get out that a
genetic disease runs in her family.
• in which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and their families,
subsequently lowering their
• in which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and her family,
subsequently lowering her
• which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and her family, subsequently
lowering her
• in which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and her families,
subsequently lowering her
• which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing carriers and their families, subsequently
lowering their

3. Used by many natural history museum curators in the preparation of animal skeletons for display,
dermestid beetles feed on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses, pulling with its mouthparts to strip the
bone of any residual fat or muscle tissue.
• dermestid beetles feed on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses, pulling
• dermestid beetles feed on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses and pull
• the dermestid beetle feeds on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses and pulls
• the dermestid beetle feeds on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses, pulling
• the dermestid beetle feeds on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses and it pulls

5. In their most recent press release, the new management stated that they plan to expand into the global
software market via a series of acquisitions in Asia and Latin America.
• their most recent press release, the new management stated that they plan to expand
• its most recent press release, the new management stated that they plan to expand
• its most recent press release, the new management stated that it plans on expanding
• its most recent press release, the new management stated an intention to expand
• its most recent press release, the new management stated their intention to expand

6. Although Moliere's satirical play Tartuffe was condemned by his contemporaries, he is now considered the
writer of one of the most famous French plays of all time.
• was condemned by his contemporaries, he is now considered the writer of
• was condemned by his contemporaries, it is now considered
• resulted in condemnation by contemporaries, he is now considered to be the writer of
• resulted in condemnation of him by contemporaries, it is now considered to be
• condemned him by his contemporaries, it is now considered

7. The artwork of Vincent Van Gogh, mostly paintings executed in bright colors with loose, expressive
brushstrokes and drawings done in pen and ink, will be shown for the first time in minor museums where
they can be appreciated by people who a trip to a major city may be too expensive for.
• they can be appreciated by people who a trip to a major city may be too expensive for
• they can be appreciated by people for whom a trip to a major city may be too expensive
• people who a trip to a major city is too expensive for can appreciate it
• it can be appreciated by people for whom a trip to a major city may be too expensive
• it can be appreciated by people who a trip to a major city may be too expensive for

8. One of the important functions of the United Nations is to decide if they should recognize the legitimacy of
a new government that assumed power through violence.
• to decide if they should recognize the legitimacy of a new government that
• to decide whether to recognize the legitimacy of a new government that
• deciding whether to recognize a new government to be legitimate that
• to decide if it should recognize the legitimacy of a new government, which
• deciding whether they should recognize the legitimacy of a new government that

9. Last year, the State Assembly failed to pass a balanced budget because they could not agree on certain
key provisions.
• they could not agree on
• they could not agree about
• it could not agree about
• the Assemblymen could not agree about
• the Assemblymen could not agree on

10. Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the
1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will remember him as the architect of the Transamerica
Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University, and the city of Irvine.
• including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will
• like those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations
• like that for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will
• including that for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations will
• including those for the 1942 film “Reap the Wild Wind,” future generations

Topic 6
VERBS

1. While the stock market was bouncing back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent
recession; between 2001 to 2004, typical household savings plummeted nearly 25% and the median
household debt rose by a third.
• was bouncing back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; between
• bounced back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession, from
• has bounced back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; between
• has bounced back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; from
• bounced back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; from

2. If the new department store would open by Thanksgiving, it will be attracting many holiday shoppers.
• would open by Thanksgiving, it will be attracting
• would be opened by Thanksgiving, it would be able to attract
• was opening by Thanksgiving, it would be able to attract
• was to open by Thanksgiving, it also will attract
• opens before Thanksgiving, it will attract
3. The recent global boom in the market price for scrap steel and aluminum leads to a sudden rise in the
theft of everyday metal objects like manhole covers, guard rails, and empty beer kegs.
• leads to a sudden rise in the theft of everyday metal objects like manhole covers, guard rails, and empty
beer kegs
• have led to a sudden rise in the theft of everyday objects such as manhole covers, guard rails, and empty
beer kegs
• has led to a sudden increase in the number of thieves for everyday metal objects like manhole covers,
guard rails, and empty beer kegs
• has led to a sudden rise in the theft of everyday metal objects such as manhole covers, guard rails, and
empty beer kegs
• is leading the suddenly rising theft of everyday metal objects: manhole covers, guard rails, and empty beer
kegs

4. With government funding for the arts dwindling, even major orchestras would feel the pressure of trying to
meet their payroll and travel costs over the past several years.
• would feel
• will feel
• have felt
• feel
• are feeling

5. Rust can deteriorate a steel pipe to such an extent that it will snap easily, as though it was a twig.
• will snap easily, as though it was a twig
• will snap easily, like a twig does
• will snap easily, as though it is a twig
• might snap easily, as though it was a twig
• will snap easily, as though it were a twig

7. Many analysts have recently predicted that democratic institutions will develop in China, as the growth of
democracy has generally followed industrial development in other countries throughout the 20th century.
• has generally followed industrial development
• generally followed industrial development
• had generally followed industrial development
• generally follows industrial development
• followed general industrial development

8. The health commissioner said that the government had implemented strict measures to eradicate the
contaminated food and, despite the recent illnesses, it will try to prevent the outbreak from recurring in the
future.
• it will try
• that it tried
• it had tried
• it would have tried
• that it would try

9. In 1860, the Philological Society launched its effort to create a dictionary more comprehensive than the
world had ever seen; although the project would take more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English
Dictionary had been born.
• would take more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary had been
• took more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was
• would take more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was being
• would take more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was
• took more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was about to be

10. A recent study has cited overcomplexity, increasing worker mobility between companies, and poor financial
planning in estimating that less than half of eligible American workers had contributed the maximum
amount to their employer-offered retirement plans.
• A recent study has cited overcomplexity, increasing worker mobility between companies, and poor financial
planning in estimating that less than half of eligible American workers had contributed the maximum
amount to their employer-offered retirement plans.
• Overcomplexity, increasing worker mobility between companies, and poor financial planning have been
cited by a recent study that estimated that over half of eligible American workers do not contribute the
maximum amount to their employer-offered retirement plans.
• Citing overcomplexity, increasing mobility of workers between companies, and poor financial planning, less
than half of eligible American workers had contributed the maximum amount to their employer-offered
retirement plans, a recent study estimates.
• A recent study of American workers, citing overcomplexity, increasing mobility of workers between
companies, and poor financial planning, has estimated that less than half of eligible American workers had
contributed the maximum amount to their employer-offered retirement plans.
• Citing overcomplexity, increasing mobility of workers between companies, and poor financial planning, a
recent study has estimated that less than half of eligible American workers contribute the maximum
amount to their employer-offered retirement plans.

12. Though most paper currency was at one time backed by fixed assets such as gold or silver, it now derives
its purchasing power from a declaratory fiat of the issuing government.
• was at one time backed by
• had at one time been backed by
• was at one time backing
• had at one time backed
• has at one time been backed by

13. Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led
an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
• Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led
an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
• Although he had resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully
led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
• Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, had successfully
led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
• Although he had resisted the assignment, Lawrence of Arabia, who successfully led an Arab uprising
against the Ottoman Empire, was earlier known as T. E. Lawrence.
• T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman
Empire, although they had resisted the assignment.

14. Though he had had success broadcasting his controversial radio program on highly regulated terrestrial
airwaves, Howard Stern opted out of terrestrial broadcasting in favor of the less regulated satellite radio
medium.
• Though he had had
• Though he has had
• Even though he had
• Having had
• Having achieved

15. In the remote western province of China, the prevailing price for a large bowl of noodles, which are a
staple in the region, rose from 27 cents to 31 cents overnight, prompting allegations that noodle shop
owners had colluded to fix their prices.
• rose from 27 cents to 31 cents overnight, prompting allegations that noodle shop owners had
• rose from 27 cents to 31 cents overnight, and prompts allegations that noodle shop owners had
• had risen from 27 cents to 31 cents overnight, prompting allegations that noodle shop owners
• had risen from 27 cents to 31 cents overnight, prompting allegations that noodle shop owners had
• raised from 27 cents to 31 cents overnight, prompting allegations that noodle shop owners had

16. Due to the highly sensitive nature of the court proceedings, the jury has been sequestered to prevent the
leaking of information to the press.
• has been sequestered to prevent the leaking of information
• have been sequestered to prevent the leaking of information
• has been sequestered to prevent them from leaking information
• have been sequestered in an attempt to prevent them from leaking information
• has been sequestered to prevent the leaks of information from them

17. A recent and popular self-help book wryly notes that if adolescence was not so painful, it would have a
droll comedic aspect, at least in retrospect.
• was not so painful, it
• was not so painful, they
• were not so painful, they
• were not so painful, it
• were not so painful, being one

Topic 7
IDIOMS / DICTION

1. The pigments used in modern oil paints are different than the ones used in older paints because they are
more lightfast and vibrant.
• are different than the ones used in older paints because they are
• differ from those used in older paints in that the modern ones are
• are different than those used in older paints because the modern ones are
• are different from the ones used in older paints on account of being
• differ from the ones used in older paints because they are

2. Some museums regard themselves as keepers rather than owners of art, responsible for conserving it in
the present and letting it go where circumstances are auspicious to do it in the future.
• letting it go where circumstances are auspicious to do it in the future
• letting them go where circumstances are auspicious to do so in the future
• letting them go when circumstances are auspicious to do it in the future
• letting it go when circumstances are auspicious to do so in the future
• letting it go when circumstances are auspicious to do it in the future

3. Jack Nicklaus, who solidified his legendary status with an improbable victory at the famed Augusta National
Golf Club in 1986, and Tiger Woods are widely regarded as two of the best golfers in the history of the
sport.
• Jack Nicklaus, who solidified his legendary status with an improbable victory at the famed Augusta National
Golf Club in 1986, and Tiger Woods are widely regarded as two of the best
• Jack Nicklaus, who solidified his legendary status with an improbable victory at the famed Augusta National
Golf Club in 1986, and Tiger Woods are widely regarded to be two of the better
• Tiger Woods and Jack Nicklaus, who solidified his legendary status with an improbable victory at the famed
Augusta National Golf Club in 1986, are widely regarded to be two of the best
• Tiger Woods and Jack Nicklaus, who solidified his legendary status with an improbable victory at the famed
Augusta National Golf Club in 1986, are widely regarded as being two of the better
• Solidifying his legendary status with an improbable victory at the famed Augusta National Golf Club in
1986, Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods are widely regarded as two of the best

4. Public-access cable television was created in the 1970s as a means to derive public benefit from the laying
of private television cables on public land.
• from the laying of private television cables on public land
• from laying private television cables on the public land
• by the laying of private television cables on the public's land
• from private television cables being laid on public land
• by laying private television cables on land that was public

5. The category 1 to 5 rating known as the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale provides an estimate of a
hurricane’s potential of destroying or damaging property, and is primarily determined from wind speed; a
category 5 storm has wind speeds so high as to blow away small buildings, completely destroy mobile
homes, and cause severe window and door damage.
• of destroying or damaging property, and is primarily determined from wind speed; a category 5 storm has
wind speeds so high as
• to destroy or damage property, and is primarily determined from wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind
speeds high enough
• of destroying or damaging property, and is primarily determined by wind speed; a category 5 storm has
wind speeds so high as
• to destroy or damage property, and is primarily determined by wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind
speeds high enough
• to destroy or damage property, and is primarily determined by wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind
speeds so high as
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6. Opponents of the proposed water desalination plant cite the environmental impact and the tremendous
cost as being reasons not to approve the plan.
• as being reasons not to
• to be reasons not to
• as if they were reasons not to
• for reasons that they should not
• as reasons not to

7. It was not long after the 1930s commenced that such baritone singers as Bing Crosby and Russ Columbo
contributed to the popularization of a type of romantic, soothing singing that came to be called “crooning.”
• It was not long after the 1930s commenced that such baritone singers as Bing Crosby and Russ Columbo
contributed to
• Not long after the commencement of the decade of the 1930s, baritone singers such as Bing Crosby and
also Russ Columbo decided to contribute in
• Not long after the 1930s commenced, baritone singers like Bing Crosby and Russ Columbo contributed to
• Not long after the beginning of the 1930s commencement, baritone singers like Bing Crosby and Russ
Columbo had contributed to
• It was not long after the 1930s commenced that baritone singers such as Bing Crosby and Russ Columbo
had contributed in

8. According to a survey conducted by the school administration, incoming seniors planning to attend college
prefer not only rigorous courses, like honors and advanced placement courses, over those that require less
work, but also science and math courses over those in the humanities.
• like honors and advanced placement courses, over those that require less work, but also science and math
courses over
• such as honors and advanced placement courses, to those that require less work, but also science and
math courses to
• like honors and advanced placement courses, to those requiring less work, but they prefer science and
math courses to
• such as honors and advanced placement courses, more than those that require less work, but also science
and math courses more than
• such as honors and advanced placement courses, more than those requiring less work, and also science
and math courses more than

9. During the twentieth century, the study of the large-scale structure of the universe evolved from the
theoretical to the practical; the field of physical cosmology was made possible because of both Einstein's
theory of relativity and the better ability to observe extremely distant astronomical objects.
• because of both Einstein's theory of relativity and
• by both Einstein's theory of relativity and
• by Einstein's theory of relativity and also
• because of Einstein's theory of relativity and also
• as a result of both Einstein's theory of relativity and

10. Many financial analysts consider an upward trend in a firm’s current ratio a sign of improving liquidity.
• a sign of
• as a sign of
• to be a sign of
• a sign of their
• as being a sign of

11. Though Frank Lloyd Wright is best remembered today because of bold designs like the Guggenheim
Museum in New York City, most of his buildings were intended to blend into their surroundings.
• because of bold designs like the Guggenheim Museum
• for bold designs such as the one for the Guggenheim Museum
• because of bold designs such as the Guggenheim Museum
• because of bold designs such as that for the Guggenheim Museum
• for bold designs like the Guggenheim Museum's

13. Recent research has indicated that sustainable weight loss is generally a result not of self-deprivation or
adopting an extreme diet, but a healthy lifestyle that integrates a balanced diet, regular exercise, and a
long-term approach.
• self-deprivation or adopting an extreme diet, but
• self-deprivation or the adoption of an extreme diet, but of
• self-deprivation or the adoption of an extreme diet, but
• depriving oneself or adopting an extreme diet, but
• depriving oneself or adopting an extreme diet, but that of
14. According to a recent study, hand sanitizers require a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration for the
killing of most harmful bacteria and viruses.
• require a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration for the killing of
• require that there be a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration to kill
• require that a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration be present to kill
• require a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration to kill
• require that there be a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration for the killing of

15. William Shakespeare, though long considered as being one of the finest writers in English or any other
language, was the subject of speculation over the years that he was not the real author of works attributed
by him.
• as being one of the finest writers in English or any other language, was the subject of speculation over the
years that he was not the real author of works attributed by
• as one of the finest writers in English or any other language, has been the subject of speculation over the
years that he was not the real author of works attributed to
• to be one of the finest writers in English or any other language, was the subject of speculation over the
years that he was not the real author of works attributed to
• one of the finest writers in English or any other language, has been the subject of speculation over the
years that he was not the real author of works attributed to
• to be one of the finest writers in English, was over the years the subject of speculation that he had not
been the real author of works attributed by

16. According to a recent study by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the incidence of
reported neck and back pain correlate positively to the amount of time spent in sitting positions at work.
• correlate positively to
• are correlated positively to
• correlate positively with
• correlates positively to
• correlates positively with

17. Despite Beethoven's traditional status as the first great Romantic composer, he is considered
by some musicologists to be the last great composer of the Classical era.
• Despite Beethoven's traditional status as the first great Romantic composer, he is considered by some
musicologists to be the last great composer of the Classical era.
• Despite Beethoven's traditional status as the first great Romantic composer, he is considered the last great
composer of the Classical era by some musicologists.
• Although his status is traditionally as the first great Romantic composer, Beethoven is considered as being
the last great composer of the Classical era by some musicologists.
• Despite his traditional status as the first great Romantic composer, Beethoven is considered the last great
composer of the Classical era by some musicologists.
• Although he is traditionally considered to be the first great Romantic composer, some musicologists
consider Beethoven as the last great composer of the Classical era.

Topic 8

Numerical idioms

1. Having more than the usual numbers of fingers or toes on the hands or feet is termed polydactyly.
• Having more than the usual numbers of fingers or toes
• Having had more than the usual number of fingers or toes
• Having more than the usual number of fingers or toes
• To have more than the usual number of fingers or toes
• To have more than the usual numbers of fingers or toes

2. According to the Federal Trade Commission, the recent increase in the amount of irrigation systems sold by
foreign conglomerates in the United States has resulted in more expensive prices for the American
consumer.
• amount of irrigation systems sold by foreign conglomerates in the United States has resulted in more
expensive
• number of irrigation systems sold by foreign conglomerates in the United States has resulted in higher
• numbers of irrigation systems sold by foreign conglomerates in the United States has resulted in higher
• number of irrigation systems sold by foreign conglomerates in the United States has resulted in more
expensive
• amount of irrigation systems sold by foreign conglomerates in the United States has resulted in higher

3. Like other performance indicators, the growth rate of a start-up business is generally related to the amount
of time and resources dedicated to the endeavor.
• Like other performance indicators, the growth rate of a start-up business is generally related to the amount
of time and
• Just like other performance indicators, the growth rate of a start-up business is generally related to the
amount of time and
• Like other performance indicators are, the growth rate of a start-up business is generally related to the
amount of time and number of
• As other performance indicators are, the growth rate of a start-up business is generally related to the
amount of time and
• As other performance indicators are, the growth rate of a start-up business is generally related to the
amount of time and number of

4. A recent study of the United States tort system indicates that in 2004, accident, product-liability, and other
tort costs totaled $260 billion, twice as many as 1990.
• twice as many as 1990
• twice as much as 1990
• twice the amount spent in 1990
• a number double those of 1990’s
• a number double that of 1990’s

5. Poor weather in early 14th-century Europe created meager harvests, causing the result of mass starvation
in some areas and the elimination of as many as 15 percent of the population.
• causing the result of mass starvation in some areas and the elimination as many as
• causing the result of mass starvation in some areas and eliminating as much as
• resulting in mass starvation in some areas and the elimination of as much as
• and resulted in mass starvation in some areas and the elimination of as many as
• causing mass starvation in some areas and the elimination of as many as

7. The administration has increased the number of fines for mining safety violations as part of their campaign
to protect miners.
• has increased the number of fines for mining safety violations as part of their
• have increased the number of fines for mining safety violations as part of their
• has increased the number of fines for mining safety violations as part of its
• has increased the amount of fines for mining safety violations as part of its
• have increased the amount of fines for mining safety violations as part of their

8. The portion of the interest earned on the state university's endowment that is set aside to fund merit
scholarships for outstanding high school seniors is more numerous than that set aside to fund the
university's high-powered athletic program.
• is more numerous than
• are more numerous than
• is greater than
• is greater
• are greater than

9. According to the international investment memorandum recently signed in Geneva, France is one of the 4
European nations planning to provide fewer tax incentives for foreign investment in production of heavy
industrial machinery.
• planning to provide fewer
• planning to provide less
• planning on providing fewer
• which is planning on providing fewer
• that is planning to provide less

10. Of the three major candidates for President in 2004, Ralph Nader, an independent who had represented
the Green Party in the 2000 election, received the least media coverage and ultimately the fewest votes.
• received the least media coverage and ultimately the fewest votes
• received less media coverage and ultimately fewer votes
• received less media coverage and ultimately less votes
• received the least media coverage and ultimately less votes than did the other candidates
• received the smallest amount of media coverage and ultimately the smallest number of votes

11. According to the National Science Foundation, in 2003 there were 198,113 female science and engineering
graduate students, almost 42% of the graduate students in those fields, twice as much as 1981.
• twice as much as 1981
• twice as many as 1981
• double the figure for 1981
• double what it was in 1981
• a number double that of 1981’s

Meaning clarity

1. By choosing glass apartments towering a hundred feet over brownstone units designed for earlier
generations, seemingly younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design
ethic that accentuated their luxury-laden lives.
• By choosing glass apartments towering a hundred feet over brownstone units designed for earlier
generations, seemingly younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design
ethic that accentuated
• By choosing glass apartments towering a hundred feet over brownstone units designed for earlier
generations, seeming younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic
that accentuates
• In choosing glass apartments in hundred-foot towers instead of brownstone units designed for earlier
generations, seemingly younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic
that accentuates
• In choosing glass apartments in hundred-foot towers instead of brownstone units designed for earlier
generations, seemingly younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic
that accentuated
• In choosing glass apartments towering a hundred feet over brownstone units designed for earlier
generations, seeming younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic,
accentuating

2. Nearly 2000 years after its initial construction, the United Nations declared the Roman aqueduct of Segovia
to be a Heritage of Humanity in 1985, prompting the Spanish government to begin renovations on the
aqueduct, which had been deteriorating.
• Nearly 2000 years after its initial construction, the United Nations declared the Roman aqueduct of Segovia
to be a Heritage of Humanity in 1985, prompting the Spanish government to begin renovations on the
aqueduct, which had been deteriorating.
• Since its initial construction nearly 2000 years earlier, the Roman aqueduct of Segovia had been
deteriorating, prompting the Spanish government to begin renovations after the United Nations declared
the aqueduct to be a Heritage of Humanity in 1985.
• After being declared a Heritage of Humanity by the United Nations in 1985, the Spanish government began
renovations on the Roman aqueduct of Segovia, which had been deteriorating since its initial construction
nearly 2000 years earlier.
• In 1985, the United Nations declared the Roman Aqueduct of Segovia to be a Heritage of Humanity and
prompted the Spanish government to begin renovations on the aqueduct, which had been deteriorating
since its initial construction nearly 2000 years earlier.
• In 1985, the United Nations declared the Roman aqueduct of Segovia a Heritage of Humanity, prompting
the Spanish government to begin renovations on the aqueduct, which had been deteriorating since its
initial construction nearly 2000 years earlier.

3. The spending on durable goods like household appliances and automobiles is a cyclical pattern that
depends on if the overall economy is healthy, whereas non-durable goods like food and shelter remain
constant regardless of the economy.
• The spending on durable goods like household appliances and automobiles is a cyclical pattern that
depends on if the overall economy is healthy, whereas non-durable goods like food and shelter remain
constant regardless of the economy.
• Regardless of the economy, spending on non-durable goods like food and shelter remains constant even
though spending on durable goods like household appliances and automobiles is a cyclical pattern that
depends on whether the overall economy is healthy.
• Spending on durable goods, such as household appliances and automobiles, follows a cyclical pattern that
depends on the health of the overall economy, whereas spending on non-durable goods such as food and
shelter remains constant regardless of the economy's health.
• Whether the overall economy is healthy determines the cyclical pattern of spending on durable goods such
as household appliances and automobiles, whereas non-durable spending such as food and shelter remains
constant regardless of the economy.
• The cyclical pattern of spending on durable goods such as household appliances and automobiles depends
on whether the overall economy is healthy but non-durable goods like food and shelter remain constant
regardless of the economy.

5. When airline carriers are able to impose a significant fare increase without deterring many price-sensitive
passengers, it is an encouraging sign for the health of the airline industry.
• When airline carriers are able to impose a significant fare increase without deterring many price-sensitive
passengers
• When airline carriers are able to impose a significant fare increase without deterring many passengers who
are price-sensitive
• When airline carriers may raise fares significantly without it acting as a deterrent to many price-sensitive
passengers
• When airline carriers may raise fares significantly without it deterring many price-sensitive passengers
• When airline carriers are able to impose a significant fare increase without it deterring many price-sensitive
passengers

6. The bowerbirds of Australia derive their name from the fact that the males build elaborate bowers of sticks
and twigs to attract females, decorating them with flowers and other vegetation in a display of courtship.
• the fact that the males build elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs to attract females, decorating them with
flowers and other vegetation
• the elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs that the males build and decorate with flowers and other
vegetation in order to attract females
• the elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs, decorated with flowers and other vegetation that the males use
to attract females
• the fact that the males build elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs, having decorated them with flowers and
other vegetation, to attract females
• the elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs that are built by the males and decorated with flowers and other
vegetation to attract females

8. Although reclusive author Harper Lee wrote just one book in her lifetime and that book is widely
considered a masterpiece.
• lifetime and that book
• lifetime and it
• lifetime, that book
• lifetime; it
• lifetime; that book

9. Some scientists suggest the moon had been formed out of part of the Earth, which was dislodged perhaps
by a meteor.
• the moon had been formed out of part of the Earth, which was dislodged perhaps
• that the moon was formed from part of the Earth that had perhaps been dislodged
• that part of the Earth formed the moon, which was dislodged perhaps
• the moon was formed out of part of the Earth, having perhaps been dislodged
• that the moon had been formed from part of the Earth, which perhaps had been dislodged

11. Quarried from a site over five miles away, scientists are still puzzled as to how the prehistoric Britons
managed to transport the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge over such a great distance without
machinery.
• scientists are still puzzled as to how the prehistoric Britons managed to transport the massive stone blocks
of Stonehenge over such a great distance without machinery.
• the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge are still puzzling to scientists because of how the ancient Britons
managed to transport them over such a great distance without machinery.
• scientists are still puzzled by how the prehistoric Britons managed the transportation of the massive stone
blocks of Stonehenge without machinery over such a great distance.
• the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge still puzzle scientists, who wonder how the prehistoric Britons
managed to transport them over such a great distance without machinery.
• the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge are still a puzzle to scientists due to being transported over such a
great distance without machinery.

Topic 10

Concision / Wordiness

1. Between 1990 and 2000, the annual precipitation in Henan, one of the main agricultural provinces in
central China, has fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches per year, causing substantial variation in the
productivity of local crops and making it difficult to predict whether or not the rapid economic growth of
the province could be sustained in the future.
• has fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches per year, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local
crops and making it difficult to predict whether or not the
• fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches per year, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops
and making it difficult to predict whether or not the
• fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and
making it difficult to predict whether its
• fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and
making it difficult to predict whether or not the
• fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and
making it difficult to predict whether the

2. The process of digital remastering is the method by which analog sound recordings are converted to digital
files, edited to remove undesirable audio artifacts introduced during analog recording, and filtered to
enhance the overall quality of the sound.
• The process of digital remastering is the method by which analog sound recordings are converted to digital
files
• The process of digital remastering is the way that analog sound recordings are converted to digital files
• Digital remastering is the process by which analog sound recordings are converted to digital files
• Digital remastering occurs when analog sound recordings are converted to digital files
• Digital remastering, the process by which analog sound recordings are converted to digital files

3. Federal government financing is an essential key in the survival of the interstate rail system.
• is an essential key in
• is an essential key for
• is essential for
• is essential in
• is essential

5. The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, makes some people sweat is because
they contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerve endings in the mouth as does a rise in
temperature; this stimulation sometimes results in the activation of certain biological cooling mechanisms,
one of which is perspiration.
• The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, makes some people sweat is because
they contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerve endings in the mouth as does a rise in temperature
• The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, makes some people sweat is that these
foods contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerves in the mouth like a rise in temperature
• Certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, make some people sweat because they contain a
chemical that stimulates the same nerves in the mouth like a rise in temperature does
• The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, make some people sweat is that these
foods contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerves in the mouth and on the tongue as does a rise in
temperature
• The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, make some people sweat is because
they contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerves in the mouth as does a rise in temperature

6. Although the Argentine ant is neither poisonous nor predatory, individual colonies cooperate in a super-
colony so large that its collective appetite can become a competitive threat to bird, lizard, and other insect
populations.
• individual colonies cooperate in a super-colony so large that its collective appetite can become a
competitive
• individual colonies cooperate in a super-colony of such size, its collective appetite can become a competing
• individual colonies cooperate in a super-colony so large as to cause its collective appetite to become a
competitive
• such is the size of the cooperative super-colony comprising individual colonies, its collective appetite can
become a competing
• there is so much size to the individual colonies’ cooperative super-colony that its collective appetite can
become a competitive

7. In preparation for the cold winter months, it was the usual custom for prehistoric people to gather and
preserve, with smoke or by salting it, as much meat that they could during the summer.
• it was the usual custom for prehistoric people to gather and preserve, with smoke or by salting it, as much
meat that they could during the summer.
• prehistoric people usually gathered as much meat as they could during the summer, preserving it either by
smoking or salting
• it was the usual custom of prehistoric people to gather and preserve, either with smoke or by salting, as
much meat that they could during the summer
• prehistoric people had the usual custom of gathering and preserving as much meat, either by smoking or
salting it, as they could during the summer
• it was usually that prehistoric people would gather and preserve as much meat as they could, which was
either smoked or salted during the summer

Punctuation

1. Found even in ancient Egyptian mummies, the parasitic Guinea worm became the focus of a global public
health campaign in 1986; this species of parasite has declined for two decades, and may finally be
eradicated from the earth by 2010.
• Found even in ancient Egyptian mummies, the parasitic Guinea worm became the focus of a global public
health campaign in 1986; this species of parasite has
• Being the focus of a global public health campaign since 1986 and found even in ancient Egyptian
mummies; the population of the parasitic Guinea worm has
• Having been the focus of a global public health campaign in 1986, it was found even in ancient Egyptian
mummies; the frequency of the parasitic Guinea worm
• Being found even in ancient Egyptian mummies and having been the focus of a global public health
campaign since 1986, the frequency of the parasitic Guinea worm
• Having been found even in ancient Egyptian mummies and being the focus of a global public health
campaign since 1986, the parasitic Guinea worm species

2. Alpacas' fleece is worth surprisingly little compared to their market value; a top breeding specimen bringing
upwards of $100,000 even if five pounds of fleece fetches only $80 to $240.
• Alpacas' fleece is worth surprisingly little compared to their market value; a top breeding specimen bringing
upwards of $100,000 even if five pounds of fleece fetches
• Alpacas' fleece is worth surprisingly little in comparison with its market value; a top breeding specimen
bringing upwards of $100,000 while five pounds of fleece fetches
• The fleece of the alpaca is worth surprisingly little compared to its market value, while a top breeding
specimen can bring upwards of $100,000 even though five pounds of fleece fetch
• The fleece of the alpaca is worth surprisingly little compared to the animal's market value; a top breeding
specimen can bring upwards of $100,000 while five pounds of fleece fetch
• The worth of the alpaca's fleece is surprisingly little compared to the animal's market value; a top breeding
specimen can bring upwards of $100,000 even though five pounds of fleece fetches

3. The relationship between cell phone use and the incidence of brain tumors is still unclear, this is because
some studies show a causal relationship while others do not.
• is still unclear, this is because some studies show
• is still unclear; some studies show
• are still unclear because some studies show
• is still unclear because: some studies show
• is still unclear; the reason is that some studies show

4. In his laws of motion, which now form the core of classical mechanics, Isaac Newton clearly and concisely
introduced three important physical ideas: the concept of inertia, the relationship between force and
acceleration, and the coupled nature of forces.
• three important physical ideas: the concept of inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and
the coupled nature of forces
• three important physical ideas; the concept of inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and
that forces were coupled in nature
• three important physical ideas; the concept of inertia, force and acceleration were related, and the coupled
nature of forces
• three important physical ideas, the concept of inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and
he also introduced the coupled nature of forces
• three important ideas that were physical in nature: the concept of inertia, the relationship between force
and acceleration, and the coupled nature of forces

5. In the 1980s advertising revenues accounted for approximately 40% of operating profits of a typical local
newspaper; in the 1990s this proportion increased to 57%.
• newspaper; in the 1990s this proportion increased to 57%.
• newspaper; in the 1990s they increased by 57%.
• newspaper, in the 1990s they increased to 57%.
• newspaper; increasing to 57% in the 1990s.
• newspaper, which increased to 57% in the 1990s.

7. Municipal governments are beginning to confront the growing pension liabilities; this leads local politicians
throughout the country to become increasingly vocal about restraining costs and limiting services.
• the growing pension liabilities; this leads
• their growing pension liabilities; leading
• the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads
• their growing pension liabilities, leading
• their growing pension liabilities, that leads

Miscellaneous Questions

1. The number of acres destroyed by wildfires, which have become an ongoing threat due to drought and
booming population density, have increased dramatically over the past several years, prompting major concern
among local politicians.
• which have become an ongoing threat due to drought and booming population density, have increased
• which have become an ongoing threat due to drought and booming population density, have been increasing
• which has become an ongoing threat because of drought and booming population density, has increased
• which have become an ongoing threat due to drought and booming population density, has increased
• which have become an ongoing threat because of drought and booming population density, has increased
• Choose the correct inference
2. Despite entering the courthouse with police escort, the lead attorney and his assistant, manhandled by an
aggressive crowd of reporters that bombarded him with questions, was injured seriously enough to warrant
immediate medical attention.
• Despite entering the courthouse with police escort, the lead attorney and his assistant, manhandled by an
aggressive crowd of reporters that bombarded him with questions, was injured seriously enough to warrant
immediate medical attention.
• Despite the fact that the lead attorney and his assistant entered the courthouse with police escort, they were
manhandled by an aggressive crowd of reporters that bombarded the attorney with questions and injured him
so seriously that he needed immediate medical attention.
• Despite their entering the courthouse with police escort, the lead attorney and his assistant were manhandled
by an aggressive crowd of reporters that bombarded him with questions, injuring him so seriously as to
warrant immediate medical attention.
• Despite the fact that they entered the courthouse with police escort, the lead attorney and his assistant, having
been manhandled by an aggressive crowd of reporters, was bombarded with questions and injured seriously
enough to warrant immediate medical attention.
• Despite entering the courthouse with police escort, the lead attorney and his assistant were manhandled by an
aggressive crowd of reporters that bombarded him with questions and injured him so seriously as to warrant
immediate medical attention.
• Choose the correct inference
3. Though margarine was introduced as a supposedly healthful alternative to butter, recent studies suggest it is
as harmful or worse than butter.
• it is as harmful or worse than butter
• it is just as harmful or even worse than butter
• that it is as harmful as or worse than butter
• it is as harmful as if not worse than butter
• that it is as harmful if not worse than butter
• Choose the correct inference

6. Though some education experts claim that the low test scores of children in the city can be raised by hiring
more teachers and an increase in the amount of funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist that
doing this cannot guarantee any improvement.
• by hiring more teachers and an increase in the amount of funding for textbooks and other supplies, others
insist that doing this
• by hiring more teachers and increasing funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist that doing so
• by a hiring of more teachers and increasing the amount of funding for textbooks and other supplies, other
insist that doing so
• by hiring more teachers and increasing the amount of funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist
that doing this
• by hiring more teachers and an increase in funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist that doing so
• Choose the correct inference
7. Starting at age four, Mozart's father began taking him on tours of the capitals of Europe, in order to
demonstrate his musical talents.
• Mozart's father began taking him on tours of the capitals of Europe, in order to demonstrate his musical talents
• Mozart's father began taking the boy on tours of the capitals of Europe, to demonstrate his musical talents
• Mozart began accompanying his father on tours of the capitals of Europe, to demonstrate his own musical
talents
• Mozart was accompanying his father on tours of Europe's capitals, to demonstrate his musical talents
• Mozart's father began taking him on tours of the capitals of Europe, to demonstrate the boy's musical talents
• Choose the correct inference
8. Instead of buying stocks and bonds, which is the more conventional approach for someone new to financial
planning, real estate has become increasingly attractive to young people looking for a first investment.
• Instead of buying stocks and bonds, which is the more conventional approach for someone new to financial
planning, real estate has become increasingly attractive to young people as a first investment.
• Instead of buying stocks and bonds, which is the more conventional approach for those new to financial
planning, young people have shown an increasing attraction to real estate as a first investment.
• Rather than buying stocks and bonds, which is the more conventional approach for someone new to financial
planning, real estate has become increasingly attractive to young people looking for a first investment.
• Rather than buy stocks and bonds, which are the more conventional instruments for those new to financial
planning, young people have turned increasingly to real estate as a first investment.
• Instead of stocks and bonds, which are the more conventional approach for those new to financial planning,
young people have shown an increasing attraction to real estate as a first investment.
• Choose the correct inference

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9. What concern scientists the most about global warming are the risks that the polar ice caps will melt, the seas
will grow too warm to sustain marine life, and that violent weather patterns may result.
• are the risks that the polar ice caps will melt, the seas will grow too warm to sustain marine life, and that
violent weather patterns may result
• is the risks that the polar ice caps will melt, that the seas will grow too warm to sustain marine life, and that
violent weather patterns may result
• are the risks that the polar ice caps will melt, that the seas will grow too warm to sustain marine life, and that
violent weather patterns may result
• is the risks that the polar ice caps will melt, the seas will grow too warm to sustain marine life, and that violent
weather patterns may result
• are the risks of polar ice caps melting, seas growing too warm to sustain marine life, and that violent weather
patterns may result
•
10. Famed for his masterful use of irony, many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics due to
the author slowly revealing at the end of each piece a tragic twist of fate.
• Famed for his masterful use of irony, many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics due to
the author slowly revealing at the end of each piece a tragic twist of fate.
• Many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics because of how he famously and masterfully
uses irony, evident in the slow revelation of a tragic twist of fate at the end of each piece.
• Famed for using irony in a masterful way, many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics
because of the author slowly revealing a tragic twist of fate at the end of each piece.
• Many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics because of the author's famed and masterful
use of irony, evidenced in the slow revelation of a tragic twist of fate at the end of each piece.
• Many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics because he slowly revealed a tragic twist of
fate at the end of each piece, demonstrating his famed and masterful use of irony
• Choose the correct inference
11. The ancient Inca city of Macchu Picchu, perched on a ridge in the Andes Mountains of Peru, had been built at a
high enough altitude that it often makes modern-day tourists from lower elevations sick with oxygen
deprivation.
• had been built at a high enough altitude that it often makes modern-day tourists from lower elevations sick
with oxygen deprivation
• had been built at so high of an altitude that it often makes modern-day tourists from lower elevations sick from
oxygen deprivation
• was built at a high enough altitude that modern day tourists from lower elevations often become sick with
oxygen deprivation when visiting the city
• was built at such a high altitude that modern-day tourists from lower elevations often become sick from
oxygen deprivation when visiting the city
• was built at so high of an altitude that it often makes modern-day tourists from lower elevations sick from
oxygen deprivation
• Choose the correct inference
12. Despite the sequel's poor critical reception, most people seeing it find the acting and cinematography at least
as good or even better than the original.
• most people seeing it find the acting and cinematography at least as good or even better than the original
• most people seeing it find the acting and cinematography at least as good or even better than the original's
• most people who see the film find the acting and cinematography at least as good as or even better than those
in the original
• most people who see it find the acting and cinematography at least as good or even better than those in the
original
• most people seeing the film find the acting and cinematography at least as good as or even better than those
of the original's
• Choose the correct inference
13. In response to growing demand for high-end vehicles, the interiors of the newest models of car are so
luxurious that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models.
• the interiors of the newest models of car are so luxurious that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's
models
• the interiors of the newest models of car are so luxurious that the cars sell for nearly twice the price of last
year's models
• auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models of car that are so luxurious that they sell for nearly
twice the price of last year's models
• the interior of the newest models of car are so luxurious that they are sold for nearly twice the price of last
year's models
• auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models of car that are so luxurious that the cars sell for
nearly twice the price of last year's models
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14. The more people that move to western states, which is an already overburdened ecosystem, the more
pressure on water resources becomes increasingly great, eventually requiring the diversion of major rivers and
the construction of dams.
• The more people that move to western states, which is an already overburdened ecosystem, the more
pressure on water resources becomes increasingly great
• The more that people move to western states, which is an already overburdened ecosystem, the greater the
pressure is on water resources
• With more people moving to western states, an already overburdened ecosystem, the more pressure on water
resources becomes increasingly great
• The more that people move to western states, an already overburdened ecosystem, the greater the pressure
on water resources becomes
• The more people move to western states, which are already an overburdened ecosystem, the greater the
pressure on water resources becomes

15. Unlike modern irrigation techniques, in which water is carefully distributed in small amounts rather than
allowed to flow freely, the ancient Romans created systems of canals that often flooded and thus wasted
water.
• the ancient Romans created systems of canals that often
• the irrigation methods of the ancient Romans consisted of systems of canals that often
• the ancient Roman irrigation methods often were systems of canals that flooded
• the ancient Romans had canal systems for irrigation that were often
• the methods of ancient Roman irrigation were systems of canals that often

16. Rather than confining the animals to cages, the zoo's lions currently live in an environment that it specially
designed to mimic their natural habitat.
• the zoo's lions currently live in an environment that it specially designed to mimic their natural habitat.
• the zoo designed a special environment for its lions in which the animals currently live in a mimic of their
natural habitat.
• the zoo is currently housing its lions in an environment that it specially designed to mimic their natural habitat.
• the zoo's lions currently live in a special environment that the zoo designed to mimic their natural habitat.
• the zoo currently houses their lions in a special environment designed to mimic their natural habitat.

17. The coloration of insects can serve as camouflage, as in the case of green insects that spend their lives in or
near foliage, or to warn predators, as in the case of insects colored in yellow and black, which often signals
that it is poisonous.
• or to warn predators, as in the case of insects colored in yellow and black, which often signals that it is
poisonous.
• or for warning predators, as in the case of insects that have yellow and black coloring, which often signals that
it is poisonous.
• or as a warning to predators, as in the case of insects bearing a combination of yellow and black, which often
signals that they are poisonous.
• or as a predator's warning, as in the case of insects that are colored yellow and black, which often signals that
they are poisonous.
• or to warn predators, as in the case of yellow-and-black insects, which often signals that they are poisonous.

18. Capital gains tax, levied against profits earned on investments, have been being the subject of recent political
debate.
• have been being
• have been
• were
• has been being
• has been

19. The first woman elected to Congress in the United States, many people regard Jeanette Rankin to be a role
model because of her committing to peace, as shown by her legislative votes against joining both World Wars.
• many people regard Jeanette Rankin to be a role model because of her committing to peace
• many people view Jeanette Rankin to be a role model because of her commitment to peace
• Jeanette Rankin is considered as a role model by many people because of her commitment to peace
• many people see Jeanette Rankin as a role model because of her commitment to peace
• Jeanette Rankin is regarded by many people as a role model because of her commitment to peace

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