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Regulations Handbook
(Fourth Edition: 2000)

Respiratory Protection

©3M 2000
All Rights Reserved
 FOREWORD

A number of OSHA’s regulations have respiratory protection requirements. The most

significant is the general Respiratory Protection standard, 29 CFR 1910.134. Major
revisions were made to this regulation on January 8, 1998. The entire revised
regulation is presented in this handbook.

OSHA’s substance-specific standards also have respiratory protection provisions.

Changes were made to these regulations at the same time 1910.134 was revised.
Summaries of the portions of those standards related to respiratory protection are found
in this handbook. Significant parts of these standards that do not pertain to respiratory
protection were omitted. A few additional regulations with significant respiratory
protection provisions (e.g., Ventilation, 29 CFR 1910.94) are also summarized.

These summaries are intended to serve as a quick reference and should not be used in
place of the regulations. The full text of each standard should be consulted to identify
specific requirements.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

OSHA 1910.134: Respiratory Protection

Appendix A: Fit Testing 15

Appendix B: User Seal Checks and Cleaning Procedures 30

Appendix C: Medical Evaluation Questionnaire 32

Appendix D: Information for Employees Using Respirators Voluntarily 36

Substance Specific Health Standard Summaries

Applicability 38

ANSI Assigned Protection Factor Table 40

Key to Abbreviations 41

Asbestos 1910.1001 42

13 Carcinogens 1910.1003 43
4-Nitrobiphenyl
alpha-Naphthylamine
Methyl chloromethyl ether
3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine and its salts
bis-Chloromethyl ether
beta-Naphthylamine
Benzidine
4-Aminodiphenyl
Ethyleneimene
beta-Propiolactone
2-Acetylaminofluorene
4-Dimethylaminoazo-benzene
Methyl chloromethyl ether
N-Nitrosodimethylamine

Vinyl Chloride 1910.1017 44

Inorganic Arsenic 1910. 1018 45

Lead 1910. 1025 46

Cadmium 1910.1027 48

Benzene 1910.1028 50

Coke Oven Emissions 1910.1029 51

Cotton Dust 1910.1043 52

1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) 1910.1044 53

 Acrylonitrile 1910.1045 54

Ethylene Oxide 1910.1047 55

Formaldehyde 1910.1048 56

4,4’ - Methylenedianiline (MDA) 1910.1050 58

1,3-Butadiene 1910.1051 60

Methylene Chloride 1910.1052 62

Asbestos 1915.1001 (Shipyards) 64

4,4’ - Methylenedianiline (MDA) 1926.60 (Construction) 66

Lead in Construction 1926.62 68

Asbestos 1926.1101 (Construction) 70

Cadmium 1926.1127 (Construction) 72

Other OSHA Regulations Affecting Respirator Use

Introduction 74

Ventilation (Abrasive Blasting) 1910.94 and 1926.57 74

Hazardous Waste Operations And Emergency Response 1910.120 75

Permit-Required Confined Spaces 1910.146 80

Fire Brigades 1910.156 81

 § 1910.134 Respiratory protection.
This section applies to General Industry (part 1910), Shipyards (part 1915), Marine
Terminals (part 1917), Longshoring (part 1918), and Construction (part 1926)
.
(a) Permissible practice. respirator user with breathing air from a
source independent of the ambient
(1) In the control of those occupational atmosphere, and includes supplied-air
diseases caused by breathing air respirators (SARs) and self-contained
contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.
fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or
vapors, the primary objective shall be to Canister or cartridge means a
prevent atmospheric contamination. This container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or
shall be accomplished as far as feasible by combination of these items, which removes
accepted engineering control measures(for specific contaminants from the air passed
example, enclosure or confinement of the through the container.
operation, general and local ventilation, and
substitution of less toxic materials). When Demand respirator means an
effective engineering controls are not atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits
feasible, or while they are being instituted, breathing air to the facepiece only when a
appropriate respirators shall be used negative pressure is created inside the
pursuant to this section. facepiece by inhalation.
(2) Respirators shall be provided by the
employer when such equipment is Emergency situation means any
necessary to protect the health of the occurrence such as, but not limited to,
employee. The employer shall provide the equipment failure, rupture of containers, or
respirators which are applicable and failure of control equipment that may or
suitable for the purpose intended. The does result in an uncontrolled significant
employer shall be responsible for the release of an airborne contaminant.
establishment and maintenance of a
respiratory protection program which shall Employee exposure means exposure to
include the requirements outlined in a concentration of an airborne contaminant
paragraph (c) of this section. that would occur if the employee were not
using respiratory protection.
(b) Definitions.
End-of-service-life indicator (ESLI)
The following definitions are important terms means a system that warns the respirator
used in the respiratory protection standard user of the approach of the end of adequate
in this section. respiratory protection, for example, that the
sorbent is approaching saturation or is no
Air-purifying respirator means a longer effective.
respirator with an air-purifying filter,
cartridge, or canister that removes specific Escape-only respirator means a
air contaminants by passing ambient air respirator intended to be used only for
through the air-purifying element. emergency exit.
Filter or air purifying element means a
Assigned protection factor (APF) component used in respirators to remove
[Reserved] solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air.

Atmosphere-supplying respirator Filtering facepiece (dust mask) means

means a respirator that supplies the a negative pressure particulate respirator

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with a filter as an integral part of the Maximum use concentration (MUC)
facepiece or with the entire facepiece [Reserved].
composed of the filtering medium.
Negative pressure respirator (tight
Fit factor means a quantitative estimate fitting) means a respirator in which the air
of the fit of a particular respirator to a pressure inside the facepiece is negative
specific individual, and typically estimates during inhalation with respect to the ambient
the ratio of the concentration of a substance air pressure outside the respirator.
in ambient air to its concentration inside the
respirator when worn. Oxygen deficient atmosphere means
an atmosphere with an oxygen content
Fit test means the use of a protocol to below 19.5% by volume.
qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the fit
of a respirator on an individual. (See also Physician or other licensed healthcare
Qualitative fit test QLFT and Quantitative fit professional (PLHCP) means an individual
test QNFT.) whose legally permitted scope of practice
(i.e., license, registration, or certification)
Helmet means a rigid respiratory inlet allows him or her to independently provide,
covering that also provides head protection or be delegated the responsibility to provide,
against impact and penetration. some or all of the health care services
required by paragraph (e) of this section.
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA )
filter means a filter that is at least99.97% Positive pressure respirator means a
efficient in removing monodisperse particles respirator in which the pressure inside the
of 0.3micrometers in diameter. The respiratory inlet covering exceeds the
equivalent NIOSH 42 CFR 84 particulate ambient air pressure outside the respirator.
filters are the N100, R100, and P100filters.
Powered air-purifying respirator
Hood means a respiratory inlet covering (PAPR) means an air-purifying respirator
that completely covers the head and neck that uses a blower to force the ambient air
and may also cover portions of the through air-purifying elements to the inlet
shoulders and torso. covering.

Immediately dangerous to life or Pressure demand respirator means a

health (IDLH) means an atmosphere that positive pressure atmosphere-supplying
poses an immediate threat to life, would respirator that admits breathing air to the
cause irreversible adverse health effects, or facepiece when the positive pressure is
would impair an individual’s ability to escape reduced inside the facepiece by inhalation.
from a dangerous atmosphere.
Qualitative fit test (QLFT) means a
Interior structural firefighting means pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy of
the physical activity of fire suppression, respirator fit that relies on the individual’s
rescue or both, inside of buildings or response to the test agent.
enclosed structures which are involved in a
fire situation beyond the incipient stage. Quantitative fit test (QNFT) means an
(See 29 CFR 1910.155) assessment of the adequacy of respirator fit
by numerically measuring the amount of
Loose-fitting facepiece means a leakage into the respirator.
respiratory inlet covering that is designed to
form a partial seal with the face. Respiratory inlet covering means that
portion of a respirator that forms the

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protective barrier between the user’s about April 8, 1998 from the Occupational
respiratory tract and an air-purifying device Safety and Health Administration’s Office of
or breathing air source, or both. It may be a Publications, Room N 3101, 200
facepiece, helmet, hood, suit, or a Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC,
mouthpiece respirator with nose clamp. 20210 (202–219–4667).

Self-contained breathing apparatus (1) In any workplace where respirators

(SCBA) means an atmosphere-supplying are necessary to protect the health of the
respirator for which the breathing air source employee or whenever respirators are
is designed to be carried by the user. required by the employer, the employer
shall establish and implement a written
Service life means the period of time respiratory protection program with
that a respirator, filter or sorbent, or other worksite-specific procedures. The program
respiratory equipment provides adequate shall be updated as necessary to reflect
protection to the wearer. those changes in workplace conditions that
affect respirator use. The employer shall
Supplied-air respirator (SAR) or airline include in the program the following
respirator means an atmosphere-supplying provisions of this section, as applicable:
respirator for which the source of breathing (i) Procedures for selecting respirators
air is not designed to be carried by the user. for use in the workplace;
(ii) Medical evaluations of employees
This section means this respiratory required to use respirators;
protection standard. (iii) Fit testing procedures for tight-fitting
respirators;
Tight-fitting facepiece means a (iv) Procedures for proper use of
respiratory inlet covering that forms a respirators in routine and reasonably
complete seal with the face. foreseeable emergency situations;
(v) Procedures and schedules for
User seal check means an action cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting,
conducted by the respirator user to repairing, discarding, and otherwise
determine if the respirator is properly seated maintaining respirators;
to the face. (vi) Procedures to ensure adequate air
quality, quantity, and flow of breathing air for
(c) Respiratory protection program. atmosphere-supplying respirators;
(vii) Training of employees in the
This paragraph requires the employer to respiratory hazards to which they are
develop and implement a written respiratory potentially exposed during routine and
protection program with required worksite- emergency situations;
specific procedures and elements for (viii) Training of employees in the
required respirator use. The program must proper use of respirators, including putting
be administered by a suitably trained on and removing them, any limitations on
program administrator. In addition, certain their use, and their maintenance; and
program elements may be required for (ix) Procedures for regularly evaluating
voluntary use to prevent potential hazards the effectiveness of the program.
associated with the use of the respirator. (2) Where respirator use is not required:
The Small Entity Compliance Guide (i) An employer may provide respirators
contains criteria for the selection of a at the request of employees or permit
program administrator and a sample employees to use their own respirators, if
program that meets the requirements of this the employer determines that such
paragraph. Copies of the Small Entity respirator use will not in itself create a
Compliance Guide will be available on or hazard. If the employer determines that any

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voluntary respirator use is permissible, the (d) Selection of respirators.
employer shall provide the respirator users
with the information contained in Appendix This paragraph requires the employer to
D to this section (‘‘Information for evaluate respiratory hazard(s) in the
Employees Using Respirators When Not workplace, identify relevant workplace and
Required Under the Standard’’); and user factors, and base respirator selection
(ii) In addition, the employer must on these factors. The paragraph also
establish and implement those elements of specifies appropriately protective respirators
a written respiratory protection program for use in IDLH atmospheres, and limits the
necessary to ensure that any employee selection and use of air-purifying
using a respirator voluntarily is medically respirators.
able to use that respirator, and that the (1) General requirements. (i) The
respirator is cleaned, stored, and employer shall select and provide an
maintained so that its use does not present appropriate respirator based on the
a health hazard to the user. Exception: respiratory hazard(s) to which the worker is
Employers are not required to include in a exposed and workplace and user factors
written respiratory protection program those that affect respirator performance and
employees whose only use of respirators reliability.
involves the voluntary use of filtering (ii) The employer shall select a NIOSH-
facepieces (dust masks). certified respirator. The respirator shall be
(3) The employer shall designate a used in compliance with the conditions of its
program administrator who is qualified by certification.
appropriate training or experience that is (iii) The employer shall identify and
commensurate with the complexity of the evaluate the respiratory hazard(s) in the
program to administer or oversee the workplace; this evaluation shall include a
respiratory protection program and conduct reasonable estimate of employee exposures
the required evaluations of program to respiratory hazard(s) and an identification
effectiveness. of the contaminant’s chemical state and
(4) The employer shall provide physical form. Where the employer cannot
respirators, training, and medical identify or reasonably estimate the
evaluations at no cost to the employee. employee exposure, the employer shall
consider the atmosphere to be IDLH.
(iv) The employer shall select
respirators from a sufficient number of
respirator models and sizes so that the
respirator is acceptable to, and correctly fits,
the user.
(2) Respirators for IDLH atmospheres.
(i) The employer shall provide the
following respirators for employee use in
IDLH atmospheres:
(A) A full facepiece pressure demand
SCBA certified by NIOSH for a minimum
service life of thirty minutes, or
(B) A combination full facepiece
pressure demand supplied-air respirator
(SAR) with auxiliary self-contained air
supply.
(ii) Respirators provided only for escape
from IDLH atmospheres shall be NIOSH-

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certified for escape from the atmosphere in (B) An air-purifying respirator equipped
which they will be used. with a filter certified by NIOSH under 30
(iii) All oxygen-deficient atmospheres CFR part 11 as a high efficiency particulate
shall be considered IDLH. Exception: If the air (HEPA) filter, or an air-purifying
employer demonstrates that, under all respirator equipped with a filter certified for
foreseeable conditions, the oxygen particulates by NIOSH under 42 CFR part
concentration can be maintained within the 84; or
ranges specified in Table II of this section (C) For contaminants consisting
(i.e., for the altitudes set out in the table), primarily of particles with mass median
then any atmosphere-supplying respirator aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of at least
may be used. 2 micrometers, an air-purifying respirator
(3) Respirators for atmospheres that equipped with any filter certified for
are not IDLH. (i) The employer shall particulates by NIOSH.
provide a respirator that is adequate to
protect the health of the employee and TABLE I.-Assigned Protection Factors
ensure compliance with all other OSHA [Reserved]
statutory and regulatory requirements,
under routine and reasonably foreseeable TABLE II
emergency situations.
Altitude (ft.) Oxygen deficient Atmospheres (% 02)
(A) Assigned Protection Factors (APFs)
for which the employer may rely on
[Reserved] atmosphere-supplying respirators
(B) Maximum Use Concentration (MUC) Less than 16.0–19.5
[Reserved] 3001
(ii) The respirator selected shall be 3,001–4,000 16.4–19.5
appropriate for the chemical state and 4,001–5,000 17.1–19.5
physical form of the contaminant. 5,001–6,000 17.8–19.5
(iii) For protection against gases and 6,001–7,000 18.5–19.5
vapors, the employer shall provide: 7,001–8,0001. 19.3–19.5
(A) An atmosphere-supplying respirator,
1
or Above 8,000 feet the exception does not apply.
(B) An air-purifying respirator, provided Oxygen-enriched breathing air must be supplied
that: above 14,000 feet.
(1) The respirator is equipped with an
end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) certified (e) Medical evaluation.
by NIOSH for the contaminant; or
(2) If there is no ESLI appropriate for Using a respirator may place a physiological
conditions in the employer’s workplace, the burden on employees that varies with the
employer implements a change schedule for type of respirator worn, the job and
canisters and cartridges that is based on workplace conditions in which the respirator
objective information or data that will ensure is used, and the medical status of the
that canisters and cartridges are changed employee. Accordingly, this paragraph
before the end of their service life. The specifies the minimum requirements for
employer shall describe in the respirator medical evaluation that employers must
program the information and data relied implement to determine the employee’s
upon and the basis for the canister and ability to use a respirator.
cartridge change schedule and the basis for
reliance on the data. (1) General. The employer shall provide
(iv) For protection against particulates, a medical evaluation to determine the
the employer shall provide: employee’s ability to use a respirator, before
the employee is fit tested or required to use
(A) An atmosphere-supplying respirator;
the respirator in the workplace. The
or

5
employer may discontinue an employee’s (B) The duration and frequency of
medical evaluations when the employee is respirator use (including use for rescue and
no longer required to use a respirator. escape);
(2) Medical evaluation procedures. (i) (C) The expected physical work effort;
The employer shall identify a physician or (D) Additional protective clothing and
other licensed health care professional equipment to be worn; and
(PLHCP) to perform medical evaluations (E) Temperature and humidity extremes
using a medical questionnaire or an initial that may be encountered.
medical examination that obtains the same (ii) Any supplemental information
information as the medical questionnaire. provided previously to the PLHCP regarding
(ii) The medical evaluation shall obtain an employee need not be provided for a
the information requested by the subsequent medical evaluation if the
questionnaire in Sections 1 and 2, Part A of information and the PLHCP remain the
Appendix C of this section. same.
(3) Follow-up medical examination. (iii) The employer shall provide the
(i) The employer shall ensure that a PLHCP with a copy of the written respiratory
follow-up medical examination is provided protection program and a copy of this
for an employee who gives a positive section.
response to any question among questions
1 through 8 in Section 2, Part A of Appendix Note to Paragraph (e)(5)(iii): When the
C or whose initial medical examination employer replaces a PLHCP, the employer
demonstrates the need for a follow-up must ensure that the new PLHCP obtains
medical examination. this information, either by providing the
(ii) The follow-up medical examination documents directly to the PLHCP or having
shall include any medical tests, the documents transferred from the former
consultations, or diagnostic procedures that PLHCP to the new PLHCP. However,
the PLHCP deems necessary to make a OSHA does not expect employers to have
final determination. employees medically reevaluated solely
(4) Administration of the medical because a new PLHCP has been selected.
questionnaire and examinations. (i) The
medical questionnaire and examinations (6) Medical determination. In
shall be administered confidentially during determining the employee’s ability to use a
the employee’s normal working hours or at respirator, the employer shall:
a time and place convenient to the (i) Obtain a written recommendation
employee. The medical questionnaire shall regarding the employee’s ability to use the
be administered in a manner that ensures respirator from the PLHCP. The
that the employee understands its content. recommendation shall provide only the
(ii) The employer shall provide the following information:
employee with an opportunity to discuss the (A) Any limitations on respirator use
questionnaire and examination results with related to the medical condition of the
the PLHCP. employee, or relating to the workplace
(5) Supplemental information for the conditions in which the respirator will be
PLHCP. (i) The following information must used, including whether or not the employee
be provided to the PLHCP before the is medically able to use the respirator;
PLHCP makes a recommendation (B) The need, if any, for follow-up
concerning an employee’s ability to use a medical evaluations; and
respirator: (C) A statement that the PLHCP has
(A) The type and weight of the respirator provided the employee with a copy of the
to be used by the employee; PLHCP’s written recommendation. (ii) If the
respirator is a negative pressure respirator
and the PLHCP finds a medical condition

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that may place the employee’s health at (2) The employer shall ensure that an
increased risk if the respirator is used, the employee using a tight-fitting facepiece
employer shall provide a PAPR if the respirator is fit tested prior to initial use of
PLHCP’s medical evaluation finds that the the respirator, whenever a different
employee can use such a respirator; if a respirator facepiece (size, style, model or
subsequent medical evaluation finds that make) is used, and at least annually
the employee is medically able to use a thereafter.
negative pressure respirator, then the (3) The employer shall conduct an
employer is no longer required to provide a additional fit test whenever the employee
PAPR. reports, or the employer, PLHCP,
(7) Additional medical evaluations. supervisor, or program administrator makes
At a minimum, the employer shall provide visual observations of, changes in the
additional medical evaluations that comply employee’s physical condition that could
with the requirements of this section if: affect respirator fit. Such conditions
(i) An employee reports medical signs or include, but are not limited to, facial
symptoms that are related to ability to use a scarring, dental changes, cosmetic surgery,
respirator; or an obvious change in body weight.
(ii) A PLHCP, supervisor, or the (4) If after passing a QLFT or QNFT, the
respirator program administrator informs the employee subsequently notifies the
employer that an employee needs to be employer, program administrator,
reevaluated; supervisor, or PLHCP that the fit of the
(iii) Information from the respiratory respirator is unacceptable, the employee
protection program, including observations shall be given a reasonable opportunity to
made during fit testing and program select a different respirator facepiece and to
evaluation, indicates a need for employee be retested.
reevaluation; or (5) The fit test shall be administered
(iv) A change occurs in workplace using an OSHA-accepted QLFT or QNFT
conditions (e.g., physical work effort, protocol. The OSHA-accepted QLFT and
protective clothing, temperature) that may QNFT protocols and procedures are
result in a substantial increase in the contained in Appendix A of this section.
physiological burden placed on an (6) QLFT may only be used to fit test
employee. negative pressure air-purifying respirators
that must achieve a fit factor of 100 or less.
(f) Fit testing. (7) If the fit factor, as determined
through an OSHA-accepted QNFT protocol,
This paragraph requires that, before an is equal to or greater than 100 for tight-
employee may be required to use any fitting half facepieces, or equal to or greater
respirator with a negative or positive than 500 for tight-fitting full facepieces, the
pressure tight-fitting facepiece, the QNFT has been passed with that respirator.
employee must be fit tested with the same (8) Fit testing of tight-fitting atmosphere-
make, model, style, and size of respirator supplying respirators and tight-fitting
that will be used. This paragraph specifies powered air-purifying respirators shall be
the kinds of fit tests allowed, the procedures accomplished by performing quantitative or
for conducting them, and how the results of qualitative fit testing in the negative
the fit tests must be used. pressure mode, regardless of the mode of
operation (negative or positive pressure)
(1) The employer shall ensure that that is used for respiratory protection.
employees using a tight-fitting facepiece (i) Qualitative fit testing of these
respirator pass an appropriate qualitative fit respirators shall be accomplished by
test (QLFT) or quantitative fit test (QNFT) as temporarily converting the respirator user’s
stated in this paragraph. actual facepiece into a negative pressure

7
respirator with appropriate filters, or by manner that does not interfere with the seal
using an identical negative pressure air- of the facepiece to the face of the user.
purifying respirator facepiece with the same (iii) For all tight-fitting respirators, the
sealing surfaces as a surrogate for the employer shall ensure that employees
atmosphere-supplying or powered air- perform a user seal check each time they
purifying respirator facepiece. put on the respirator using the procedures
(ii) Quantitative fit testing of these in Appendix B–1 or procedures
respirators shall be accomplished by recommended by the respirator
modifying the facepiece to allow sampling manufacturer that the employer
inside the facepiece in the breathing zone of demonstrates are as effective as those in
the user, midway between the nose and Appendix B–1 of this section.
mouth. This requirement shall be (2) Continuing respirator effectiveness.
accomplished by installing a permanent (i) Appropriate surveillance shall be
sampling probe onto a surrogate facepiece, maintained of work area conditions and
or by using a sampling adapter designed to degree of employee exposure or stress.
temporarily provide a means of sampling air When there is a change in work area
from inside the facepiece. conditions or degree of employee exposure
(iii) Any modifications to the respirator or stress that may affect respirator
facepiece for fit testing shall be completely effectiveness, the employer shall reevaluate
removed, and the facepiece restored to the continued effectiveness of the
NIOSH-approved configuration, before that respirator.
facepiece can be used in the workplace. (ii) The employer shall ensure that
employees leave the respirator use area:
(g) Use of respirators. (A) To wash their faces and respirator
facepieces as necessary to prevent eye or
This paragraph requires employers to skin irritation associated with respirator use;
establish and implement procedures for the or
proper use of respirators. These (B) If they detect vapor or gas
requirements include prohibiting conditions breakthrough, changes in breathing
that may result in facepiece seal leakage, resistance, or leakage of the facepiece; or
preventing employees from removing (C) To replace the respirator or the filter,
respirators in hazardous environments, cartridge, or canister elements.
taking actions to ensure continued effective (iii) If the employee detects vapor or gas
respirator operation throughout the work breakthrough, changes in breathing
shift, and establishing procedures for the resistance, or leakage of the facepiece, the
use of respirators in IDLH atmospheres or in employer must replace or repair the
interior structural firefighting situations. respirator before allowing the employee to
return to the work area.
(1) Facepiece seal protection. (i) The (3) Procedures for IDLH atmospheres.
employer shall not permit respirators with For all IDLH atmospheres, the employer
tight-fitting facepieces to be worn by shall ensure that: (i) One employee or,
employees who have: when needed, more than one employee is
(A) Facial hair that comes between the located outside the IDLH atmosphere;
sealing surface of the facepiece and the (ii) Visual, voice, or signal line
face or that interferes with valve function; or communication is maintained between the
(B) Any condition that interferes with the employee(s) in the IDLH atmosphere and
face-to-facepiece seal or valve function. the employee(s) located outside the IDLH
(ii) If an employee wears corrective atmosphere;
glasses or goggles or other personal (iii) The employee(s) located outside the
protective equipment, the employer shall IDLH atmosphere are trained and equipped
ensure that such equipment is worn in a to provide effective emergency rescue;

8
 (iv) The employer or designee is notified
before the employee(s) located outside the (h) Maintenance and care of respirators.
IDLH atmosphere enter the IDLH
atmosphere to provide emergency rescue; This paragraph requires the employer to
(v) The employer or designee provide for the cleaning and disinfecting,
authorized to do so by the employer, once storage, inspection, and repair of respirators
notified, provides necessary assistance used by employees.
appropriate to the situation;
(vi) Employee(s) located outside the IDLH (1) Cleaning and disinfecting. The
atmospheres are equipped with: employer shall provide each respirator user
(A) Pressure demand or other positive with a respirator that is clean, sanitary, and
pressure SCBAs, or a pressure demand or in good working order. The employer shall
other positive pressure supplied-air ensure that respirators are cleaned and
respirator with auxiliary SCBA; and either disinfected using the procedures in
(B) Appropriate retrieval equipment for Appendix B–2 of this section, or procedures
removing the employee(s) who enter(s) recommended by the respirator
these hazardous atmospheres where manufacturer, provided that such
retrieval equipment would contribute to the procedures are of equivalent effectiveness.
rescue of the employee(s) and would not The respirators shall be cleaned and
increase the overall risk resulting from entry; disinfected at the following intervals:
or (i) Respirators issued for the exclusive
(C) Equivalent means for rescue where use of an employee shall be cleaned and
retrieval equipment is not required under disinfected as often as necessary to be
paragraph (g)(3)(vi)(B). maintained in a sanitary condition;
(4) Procedures for interior structural (ii) Respirators issued to more than one
firefighting. In addition to the requirements employee shall be cleaned and disinfected
set forth under paragraph (g)(3), in interior before being worn by different individuals;
structural fires, the employer shall ensure (iii) Respirators maintained for
that: emergency use shall be cleaned and
(i) At least two employees enter the disinfected after each use; and
IDLH atmosphere and remain in visual or (iv) Respirators used in fit testing and
voice contact with one another at all times; training shall be cleaned and disinfected
(ii) At least two employees are located after each use.
outside the IDLH atmosphere; and (2) Storage. The employer shall ensure
(iii) All employees engaged in interior that respirators are stored as follows:
structural firefighting use SCBAs. (i) All respirators shall be stored to
protect them from damage, contamination,
Note 1 to paragraph (g): One of the two dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures,
individuals located outside the IDLH excessive moisture, and damaging
atmosphere may be assigned to an chemicals, and they shall be packed or
additional role, such as incident commander stored to prevent deformation of the
in charge of the emergency or safety officer, facepiece and exhalation valve.
so long as this individual is able to perform (ii) In addition to the requirements of
assistance or rescue activities without paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this section,
jeopardizing the safety or health of any emergency respirators shall be:
firefighter working at the incident. (A) Kept accessible to the work area;
Note 2 to paragraph (g): Nothing in this (B) Stored in compartments or in covers
section is meant to preclude firefighters that are clearly marked as containing
from performing emergency rescue emergency respirators; and
activities before an entire team has (C) Stored in accordance with any
assembled. applicable manufacturer instructions.

9
 (3) Inspection. (i) The employer shall replaced following a subsequent
ensure that respirators are inspected as certification.
follows: (4) Repairs. The employer shall ensure
(A) All respirators used in routine that respirators that fail an inspection or are
situations shall be inspected before each otherwise found to be defective are
use and during cleaning; removed from service, and are discarded or
(B) All respirators maintained for use in repaired or adjusted in accordance with the
emergency situations shall be inspected at following procedures:
least monthly and in accordance with the (i) Repairs or adjustments to respirators
manufacturer’s recommendations, and shall are to be made only by persons
be checked for proper function before and appropriately trained to perform such
after each use; and operations and shall use only the respirator
(C) Emergency escape-only respirators manufacturer’s NIOSH-approved parts
shall be inspected before being carried into designed for the respirator;
the workplace for use. (ii) Repairs shall be made according to
(ii) The employer shall ensure that the manufacturer’s recommendations and
respirator inspections include the following: specifications for the type and extent of
(A) A check of respirator function, repairs to be performed; and
tightness of connections, and the condition (iii) Reducing and admission valves,
of the various parts including, but not limited regulators, and alarms shall be adjusted or
to, the facepiece, head straps, valves, repaired only by the manufacturer or a
connecting tube, and cartridges, canisters technician trained by the manufacturer.
or filters; and
(B) A check of elastomeric parts for (i) Breathing air quality and use.
pliability and signs of deterioration.
(iii) In addition to the requirements of This paragraph requires the employer to
paragraphs (h)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section, provide employees using atmosphere-
self-contained breathing apparatus shall be supplying respirators (supplied-air and
inspected monthly. Air and oxygen SCBA) with breathing gases of high purity.
cylinders shall be maintained in a fully (1) The employer shall ensure that
charged state and shall be recharged when compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid
the pressure falls to 90% of the air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration
manufacturer’s recommended pressure accords with the following specifications:
level. The employer shall determine that the (i) Compressed and liquid oxygen shall
regulator and warning devices function meet the United States Pharmacopoeia
properly. requirements for medical or breathing
(iv) For respirators maintained for oxygen; and
emergency use, the employer shall: (ii) Compressed breathing air shall meet
(A) Certify the respirator by at least the requirements for Grade D
documenting the date the inspection was breathing air described in
performed, the name (or signature) of the ANSI/Compressed Gas Association
person who made the inspection, the Commodity Specification for Air, G–7.1–
findings, required remedial action, and a 1989, to include:
serial number or other means of identifying (A) Oxygen content (v/v) of 19.5-23.5%;
the inspected respirator; and (B) Hydrocarbon (condensed) content of
(B) Provide this information on a tag or 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air or less;
label that is attached to the storage (C) Carbon monoxide (CO) content of
compartment for the respirator, is kept with 10 ppm or less;
the respirator, or is included in inspection (D) Carbon dioxide content of 1,000
reports stored as paper or electronic files. ppm or less; and
This information shall be maintained until (E) Lack of noticeable odor.

10
 (2) The employer shall ensure that carbon monoxide alarm, or both, to monitor
compressed oxygen is not used in carbon monoxide levels. If only high-
atmosphere-supplying respirators that have temperature alarms are used, the air supply
previously used compressed air. shall be monitored at intervals sufficient to
(3) The employer shall ensure that prevent carbon monoxide in the breathing
oxygen concentrations greater than 23.5% air from exceeding 10 ppm.
are used only in equipment designed for (8) The employer shall ensure that
oxygen service or distribution. breathing air couplings are incompatible
(4) The employer shall ensure that with outlets for nonrespirable worksite air or
cylinders used to supply breathing air to other gas systems. No asphyxiating
respirators meet the following requirements: substance shall be introduced into breathing
(i) Cylinders are tested and maintained air lines.
as prescribed in the Shipping Container (9) The employer shall use breathing
Specification Regulations of the Department gas containers marked in accordance with
of Transportation (49 CFR part 173 and part the NIOSH respirator certification standard,
178); 42 CFR part 84.
(ii) Cylinders of purchased breathing air
have a certificate of analysis from the (j) Identification of filters, cartridges,
supplier that the breathing air meets the and canisters.
requirements for Type 1-Grade D breathing
air; and The employer shall ensure that all filters,
(iii) The moisture content in the cylinder cartridges and canisters used in the
does not exceed a dew point of - 50 °F workplace are labeled and color coded with
(-45.6 °C) at 1 atmosphere pressure. the NIOSH approval label and that the label
(5) The employer shall ensure that is not removed and remains legible.
compressors used to supply breathing air to
respirators are constructed and situated so (k) Training and information.
as to:
(i) Prevent entry of contaminated air into This paragraph requires the employer to
the air-supply system; provide effective training to employees who
(ii) Minimize moisture content so that are required to use respirators. The training
the dew point at 1 atmosphere pressure is must be comprehensive, understandable,
10 degrees F (5.56 °C) below the ambient and recur annually, and more often if
temperature; necessary. This paragraph also requires the
(iii) Have suitable in-line air-purifying employer to provide the basic information
sorbent beds and filters to further ensure on respirators in Appendix D of this section
breathing air quality. Sorbent beds and to employees who wear respirators when
filters shall be maintained and replaced or not required by this section or by the
refurbished periodically following the employer to do so.
manufacturer’s instructions.
(iv) Have a tag containing the most recent (1) The employer shall ensure that each
change date and the signature of the employee can demonstrate knowledge of at
person authorized by the employer to least the following:
perform the change. The tag shall be (i) Why the respirator is necessary and
maintained at the compressor. how improper fit, usage, or maintenance
(6) For compressors that are not oil- can compromise the protective effect of the
lubricated, the employer shall ensure that respirator;
carbon monoxide levels in the breathing air (ii) What the limitations and capabilities
do not exceed 10 ppm. of the respirator are;
(7) For oil-lubricated compressors, the
employer shall use a high-temperature or

11
 (iii) How to use the respirator effectively (l) Program evaluation.
in emergency situations, including situations
in which the respirator malfunctions; This section requires the employer to
(iv) How to inspect, put on and remove, conduct evaluations of the workplace to
use, and check the seals of the respirator; ensure that the written respiratory protection
(v) What the procedures are for program is being properly implemented, and
maintenance and storage of the respirator; to consult employees to ensure that they
(vi) How to recognize medical signs and are using the respirators properly.
symptoms that may limit or prevent the
effective use of respirators; and (1) The employer shall conduct
(vii) The general requirements of this evaluations of the workplace as necessary
section. to ensure that the provisions of the current
(2) The training shall be conducted in a written program are being effectively
manner that is understandable to the implemented and that it continues to be
employee. effective.
(3) The employer shall provide the (2) The employer shall regularly consult
training prior to requiring the employee to employees required to use respirators to
use a respirator in the workplace. assess the employees’ views on program
(4) An employer who is able to effectiveness and to identify any problems.
demonstrate that a new employee has Any problems that are identified during this
received training within the last 12 months assessment shall be corrected. Factors to
that addresses the elements specified in be assessed include, but are not limited to:
paragraph (k)(1)(i) through (vii) is not (i) Respirator fit (including the ability to
required to repeat such training provided use the respirator without interfering with
that, as required by paragraph (k)(1), the effective workplace performance);
employee can demonstrate knowledge of (ii) Appropriate respirator selection for
those element(s). Previous training not the hazards to which the employee is
repeated initially by the employer must be exposed;
provided no later than 12 months from the (iii) Proper respirator use under the
date of the previous training. workplace conditions the employee
(5) Retraining shall be administered encounters; and
annually, and when the following situations (iv) Proper respirator maintenance.
occur:
(i) Changes in the workplace or the type (m) Recordkeeping.
of respirator render previous training
obsolete; This section requires the employer to
(ii) Inadequacies in the employee’s establish and retain written information
knowledge or use of the respirator indicate regarding medical evaluations, fit testing,
that the employee has not retained the and the respirator program. This information
requisite understanding or skill; or will facilitate employee involvement in the
(iii) Any other situation arises in which respirator program, assist the employer in
retraining appears necessary to ensure safe auditing the adequacy of the program, and
respirator use. provide a record for compliance
(6) The basic advisory information on determinations by OSHA.
respirators, as presented in Appendix D of
this section, shall be provided by the (1) Medical evaluation. Records of
employer in any written or oral format, to medical evaluations required by this section
employees who wear respirators when such must be retained and made available in
use is not required by this section or by the accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
employer. (2) Fit testing. (i) The employer shall
establish a record of the qualitative and

12
quantitative fit tests administered to an (4) Existing Respiratory Protection
employee including: Programs. If, in the 12 month period
(A) The name or identification of the preceding April 8, 1998, the employer has
employee tested; conducted annual respirator training, fit
(B) Type of fit test performed; testing, respirator program evaluation, or
(C) Specific make, model, style, and medical evaluations, the employer may use
size of respirator tested; the results of those activities to comply with
(D) Date of test; and the corresponding provisions of this section,
(E) The pass/fail results for QLFTs or providing that these activities were
the fit factor and strip chart recording or conducted in a manner that meets the
other recording of the test results for requirements of this section.
QNFTs.
(ii) Fit test records shall be retained for
respirator users until the next fit test is
administered.
(3) A written copy of the current
respirator program shall be retained by the
employer.
(4) Written materials required to be
retained under this paragraph shall be made
available upon request to affected
employees and to the Assistant Secretary or
designee for examination and copying.

(n) Dates.

(1) Effective date. This section is

effective April 8, 1998. The obligations
imposed by this section commence on the
effective date unless otherwise noted in this
paragraph. Compliance with obligations
that do not commence on the effective date
shall occur no later than the applicable
start-up date.
(2) Compliance dates. All obligations of
this section commence on the effective date
except as follows:
(i) The determination that respirator use
is required (paragraph (a)) shall be
completed no later than September 8, 1998.
(ii) Compliance with provisions of this
section for all other provisions shall be
completed no later than October 5, 1998.
(3) The provisions of 29 CFR 1910.134
and 29 CFR 1926.103, contained in the 29
CFR parts 1900 to 1910.99 and the 29 CFR
part 1926 editions, revised as of July 1,
1997, are in effect and enforceable until
October 5, 1998, or during any
administrative or judicial stay of the
provisions of this section.

13
(o) Appendices.

(1) Compliance with Appendix A,

Appendix B-1, Appendix B-2, and Appendix
C of this section is mandatory.
(2) Appendix D of this section is non-
mandatory and is not intended to create any
additional obligations not otherwise
imposed or to detract from any existing
obligations.

(Editor’s note: Appendix D is mandatory per

April 23, 1998 Federal Register notice.
OSHA neglected to change paragraph (o).
The change was made in the appendix
itself, as noted on page 37).

14
Appendix A to § 1910.134: Fit Testing subject and allowing the test subject
Procedures (Mandatory) adequate time to determine the comfort of
the respirator:
Part I. OSHA-Accepted Fit Test Protocols (a) Position of the mask on the nose
(b) Room for eye protection
A. Fit Testing Procedures-General (c) Room to talk
Requirements (d) Position of mask on face and cheeks
7. The following criteria shall be used to
The employer shall conduct fit testing using help determine the adequacy of the
the following procedures. The requirements respirator fit:
in this appendix apply to all OSHA-accepted (a) Chin properly placed;
fit test methods, both QLFT and QNFT. (b) Adequate strap tension, not overly
1. The test subject shall be allowed to tightened;
pick the most acceptable respirator from a (c) Fit across nose bridge;
sufficient number of respirator models and (d) Respirator of proper size to span
sizes so that the respirator is acceptable to, distance from nose to chin;
and correctly fits, the user. (e) Tendency of respirator to slip;
2. Prior to the selection process, the test (f) Self-observation in mirror to evaluate
subject shall be shown how to put on a fit and respirator position.
respirator, how it should be positioned on 8. The test subject shall conduct a user
the face, how to set strap tension and how seal check, either the negative and positive
to determine an acceptable fit. A mirror shall pressure seal checks described in Appendix
be available to assist the subject in B-1 of this section or those recommended
evaluating the fit and positioning of the by the respirator manufacturer which
respirator. This instruction may not provide equivalent protection to the
constitute the subject’s formal training on procedures in Appendix B-1. Before
respirator use, because it is only a review. conducting the negative and positive
3. The test subject shall be informed that pressure checks, the subject shall be told to
he/she is being asked to select the seat the mask on the face by moving the
respirator that provides the most acceptable head from side-to-side and up and down
fit. Each respirator represents a different slowly while taking in a few slow deep
size and shape, and if fitted and used breaths. Another facepiece shall be
properly, will provide adequate protection. selected and retested if the test subject fails
4. The test subject shall be instructed to the user seal check tests.
hold each chosen facepiece up to the face 9. The test shall not be conducted if
and eliminate those that obviously do not there is any hair growth between the skin
give an acceptable fit. and the facepiece sealing surface, such as
5. The more acceptable facepieces are stubble beard growth, beard, mustache or
noted in case the one selected proves sideburns which cross the respirator sealing
unacceptable; the most comfortable mask is surface. Any type of apparel which
donned and worn at least five minutes to interferes with a satisfactory fit shall be
assess comfort. Assistance in assessing altered or removed.
comfort can be given by discussing the 10. If a test subject exhibits difficulty in
points in the following item A.6. If the test breathing during the tests, she or he shall
subject is not familiar with using a particular be referred to a physician or other licensed
respirator, the test subject shall be directed health care professional, as appropriate, to
to don the mask several times and to adjust determine whether the test subject can wear
the straps each time to become adept at a respirator while performing her or his
setting proper tension on the straps. duties.
6. Assessment of comfort shall include a 11. If the employee finds the fit of the
review of the following points with the test respirator unacceptable, the test subject

15
shall be given the opportunity to select a from 100, or recite a memorized poem or
different respirator and to be retested. song.
12. Exercise regimen. Prior to the
commencement of the fit test, the test Rainbow Passage
subject shall be given a description of the fit When the sunlight strikes raindrops in
test and the test subject’s responsibilities the air, they act like a prism and form a
during the test procedure. The description rainbow. The rainbow is a division of white
of the process shall include a description of light into many beautiful colors. These take
the test exercises that the subject will be the shape of a long round arch, with its path
performing. The respirator to be tested high above, and its two ends apparently
shall be worn for at least 5 minutes before beyond the horizon. There is, according to
the start of the fit test. legend, a boiling pot of gold at one end.
13. The fit test shall be performed while People look, but no one ever finds it. When
the test subject is wearing any applicable a man looks for something beyond reach,
safety equipment that may be worn during his friends say he is looking for the pot of
actual respirator use which could interfere gold at the end of the rainbow.
with respirator fit.
14. Test Exercises. (a) The following (6) Grimace. The test subject shall
test exercises are to be performed for all fit grimace by smiling or frowning. (This
testing methods prescribed in this appendix, applies only to QNFT testing; it is not
except for the CNP method. A separate fit performed for QLFT)
testing exercise regimen is contained in the (7) Bending over. The test subject shall
CNP protocol. The test subject shall perform bend at the waist as if he/she were to touch
exercises, in the test environment, in the his/her toes. Jogging in place shall be
following manner: substituted for this exercise in those test
(1) Normal breathing. In a normal environments such as shroud type QNFT or
standing position, without talking, the QLFT units that do not permit bending over
subject shall breathe normally. at the waist.
(2) Deep breathing. In a normal (8) Normal breathing. Same as
standing position, the subject shall breathe exercise (1).
slowly and deeply, taking caution so as not (b) Each test exercise shall be
to hyperventilate. performed for one minute except for the
(3) Turning head side to side. grimace exercise which shall be performed
Standing in place, the subject shall slowly for 15 seconds. The test subject shall be
turn his/her head from side to side between questioned by the test conductor regarding
the extreme positions on each side. The the comfort of the respirator upon
head shall be held at each extreme completion of the protocol. If it has become
momentarily so the subject can inhale at unacceptable, another model of respirator
each side. shall be tried. The respirator shall not be
(4) Moving head up and down. adjusted once the fit test exercises begin.
Standing in place, the subject shall slowly Any adjustment voids the test, and the fit
move his/her head up and down. The test must be repeated.
subject shall be instructed to inhale in the
up position (i.e., when looking toward the
ceiling). B. Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT) Protocols
(5) Talking. The subject shall talk out
loud slowly and loud enough so as to be 1. General
heard clearly by the test conductor. The (a) The employer shall ensure that
subject can read from a prepared text such persons administering QLFT are able to
as the Rainbow Passage, count backward prepare test solutions, calibrate equipment
and perform tests properly, recognize

16
invalid tests, and ensure that test equipment identification. Labels shall be placed on the
is in proper working order. lids so that they can be peeled off
(b) The employer shall ensure that periodically and switched to maintain the
QLFT equipment is kept clean and well integrity of the test.
maintained so as to operate within the (8) The following instruction shall be
parameters for which it was designed. typed on a card and placed on the table in
front of the two test jars (i.e., 1 and 2): ‘‘The
2. Isoamyl Acetate Protocol purpose of this test is to determine if you
can smell banana oil at a low concentration.
Note: This protocol is not appropriate to The two bottles in front of you contain water.
use for the fit testing of particulate One of these bottles also contains a small
respirators. If used to fit test particulate amount of banana oil. Be sure the covers
respirators, the respirator must be equipped are on tight, then shake each bottle for two
with an organic vapor filter. seconds. Unscrew the lid of each bottle,
one at a time, and sniff at the mouth of the
(a) Odor Threshold Screening bottle. Indicate to the test conductor which
bottle contains banana oil.’’
Odor threshold screening, performed (9) The mixtures used in the IAA odor
without wearing a respirator, is intended to detection test shall be prepared in an area
determine if the individual tested can detect separate from where the test is performed,
the odor of isoamyl acetate at low levels. in order to prevent olfactory fatigue in the
(1) Three 1 liter glass jars with metal lids subject.
are required. (10) If the test subject is unable to
(2) Odor-free water (e.g., distilled or correctly identify the jar containing the odor
spring water) at approximately 25° C (77° F) test solution, the IAA qualitative fit test shall
shall be used for the solutions. not be performed.
(3) The isoamyl acetate (IAA) (also (11) If the test subject correctly identifies
known at isopentyl acetate) stock solution is the jar containing the odor test solution, the
prepared by adding 1 ml of pure IAA to 800 test subject may proceed to respirator
ml of odor-free water in a 1 liter jar, closing selection and fit testing.
the lid and shaking for 30 seconds. A new
solution shall be prepared at least weekly. (b) Isoamyl Acetate Fit Test
(4) The screening test shall be
conducted in a room separate from the (1) The fit test chamber shall be a clear
room used for actual fit testing. The two 55-gallon drum liner suspended inverted
rooms shall be well-ventilated to prevent the over a 2-foot diameter frame so that the top
odor of IAA from becoming evident in the of the chamber is about 6 inches above the
general room air where testing takes place. test subject’s head. If no drum liner is
(5) The odor test solution is prepared in available, a similar chamber shall be
a second jar by placing 0.4 ml of the stock constructed using plastic sheeting. The
solution into 500 ml of odor-free water using inside top center of the chamber shall have
a clean dropper or pipette. The solution a small hook attached.
shall be shaken for 30 seconds and allowed (2) Each respirator used for the fitting
to stand for two to three minutes so that the and fit testing shall be equipped with
IAA concentration above the liquid may organic vapor cartridges or offer protection
reach equilibrium. This solution shall be against organic vapors.
used for only one day. (3) After selecting, donning, and
(6) A test blank shall be prepared in a properly adjusting a respirator, the test
third jar by adding 500 cc of odor-free water. subject shall wear it to the fit testing room.
(7) The odor test and test blank jar lids This room shall be separate from the room
shall be labeled (e.g., 1 and 2) for jar used for odor threshold screening and

17
respirator selection, and shall be well- (10) When the test subject leaves the
ventilated, as by an exhaust fan or lab hood, chamber, the subject shall remove the
to prevent general room contamination. saturated towel and return it to the person
(4) A copy of the test exercises and any conducting the test, so that there is no
prepared text from which the subject is to significant IAA concentration buildup in the
read shall be taped to the inside of the test chamber during subsequent tests. The used
chamber. towels shall be kept in a self-sealing plastic
(5) Upon entering the test chamber, the bag to keep the test area from being
test subject shall be given a 6-inch by 5- contaminated.
inch piece of paper towel, or other porous,
absorbent, single-ply material, folded in half 3. Saccharin Solution Aerosol Protocol
and wetted with 0.75 ml of pure IAA. The
test subject shall hang the wet towel on the The entire screening and testing procedure
hook at the top of the chamber. An IAA test shall be explained to the test subject prior to
swab or ampule may be substituted for the the conduct of the screening test.
IAA wetted paper towel provided it has been
demonstrated that the alternative IAA (a) Taste threshold screening.
source will generate an IAA test atmosphere
with a concentration equivalent to that The saccharin taste threshold screening,
generated by the paper towel method. performed without wearing a respirator, is
(6) Allow two minutes for the IAA test intended to determine whether the individual
concentration to stabilize before starting the being tested can detect the taste of
fit test exercises. This would be an saccharin.
appropriate time to talk with the test subject;
to explain the fit test, the importance of his/ (1) During threshold screening as well
her cooperation, and the purpose for the as during fit testing, subjects shall wear an
test exercises; or to demonstrate some of enclosure about the head and shoulders
the exercises. that is approximately 12 inches in diameter
(7) If at any time during the test, the by 14 inches tall with at least the front
subject detects the banana-like odor of IAA, portion clear and that allows free
the test is failed. The subject shall quickly movements of the head when a respirator is
exit from the test chamber and leave the worn. An enclosure substantially similar to
test area to avoid olfactory fatigue. the 3M hood assembly, parts # FT 14 and
(8) If the test is failed, the subject shall # FT 15 combined, is adequate.
return to the selection room and remove the (2) The test enclosure shall have a 3/4 -
respirator. The test subject shall repeat the inch (1.9 cm) hole in front of the test
odor sensitivity test, select and put on subject’s nose and mouth area to
another respirator, return to the test area accommodate the nebulizer nozzle.
and again begin the fit test procedure (3) The test subject shall don the test
described in (b) (1) through (7) above. The enclosure. Throughout the threshold
process continues until a respirator that fits screening test, the test subject shall breathe
well has been found. Should the odor through his/her slightly open mouth with
sensitivity test be failed, the subject shall tongue extended. The subject is instructed
wait at least 5 minutes before retesting. to report when he/she detects a sweet taste.
Odor sensitivity will usually have returned (4) Using a DeVilbiss Model 40
by this time. Inhalation Medication Nebulizer or
(9) If the subject passes the test, the equivalent, the test conductor shall spray
efficiency of the test procedure shall be the threshold check solution into the
demonstrated by having the subject break enclosure. The nozzle is directed away from
the respirator face seal and take a breath the nose and mouth of the person. This
before exiting the chamber. nebulizer shall be clearly marked to

18
distinguish it from the fit test solution (12) If a taste response is elicited, the
nebulizer. test subject shall be asked to take note of
(5) The threshold check solution is the taste for reference in the fit test.
prepared by dissolving 0.83 gram of sodium (13) Correct use of the nebulizer means
saccharin USP in 100 ml of warm water. It that approximately 1 ml of liquid is used at a
can be prepared by putting 1 ml of the fit time in the nebulizer body.
test solution (see (b)(5) below) in 100 ml of (14) The nebulizer shall be thoroughly
distilled water. rinsed in water, shaken dry, and refilled at
(6) To produce the aerosol, the least each morning and afternoon or at least
nebulizer bulb is firmly squeezed so that it every four hours.
collapses completely, then released and
allowed to fully expand. (b) Saccharin solution aerosol fit test
(7) Ten squeezes are repeated rapidly procedure.
and then the test subject is asked whether
the saccharin can be tasted. If the test (1) The test subject may not eat, drink
subject reports tasting the sweet taste (except plain water), smoke, or chew gum
during the ten squeezes, the screening test for 15 minutes before the test.
is completed. The taste threshold is noted (2) The fit test uses the same enclosure
as ten regardless of the number of described in 3. (a) above.
squeezes actually completed. (3) The test subject shall don the
(8) If the first response is negative, ten enclosure while wearing the respirator
more squeezes are repeated rapidly and the selected in section I. A. of this appendix.
test subject is again asked whether the The respirator shall be properly adjusted
saccharin is tasted. If the test subject and equipped with a particulate filter(s).
reports tasting the sweet taste during the (4) A second DeVilbiss Model 40
second ten squeezes, the screening test is Inhalation Medication Nebulizer or
completed. The taste threshold is noted as equivalent is used to spray the fit test
twenty regardless of the number of solution into the enclosure. This nebulizer
squeezes actually completed. shall be clearly marked to distinguish it from
(9) If the second response is negative, the screening test solution nebulizer.
ten more squeezes are repeated rapidly and (5) The fit test solution is prepared by
the test subject is again asked whether the adding 83 grams of sodium saccharin to
saccharin is tasted. If the test subject 100 ml of warm water.
reports tasting the sweet taste during the (6) As before, the test subject shall
third set of ten squeezes, the screening test breathe through the slightly open mouth
is completed. The taste threshold is noted with tongue extended, and report if he/she
as thirty regardless of the number of tastes the sweet taste of saccharin.
squeezes actually completed. (7) The nebulizer is inserted into the
(10) The test conductor will take note of hole in the front of the enclosure and an
the number of squeezes required to solicit a initial concentration of saccharin fit test
taste response. solution is sprayed into the enclosure using
(11) If the saccharin is not tasted after the same number of squeezes (either 10, 20
30 squeezes (step 10), the test subject is or 30 squeezes) based on the number of
unable to taste saccharin and may not squeezes required to elicit a taste response
perform the saccharin fit test. as noted during the screening test. A
minimum of 10 squeezes is required.
Note to paragraph 3. (a): If the test (8) After generating the aerosol, the test
subject eats or drinks something sweet subject shall be instructed to perform the
before the screening test, he/she may be exercises in section I. A. 14. of this
unable to taste the weak saccharin solution. appendix.

19
 (9) Every 30 seconds the aerosol from the respirator and allow free movement
concentration shall be replenished using of the head when a respirator is worn. An
one half the original number of squeezes enclosure substantially similar to the 3M
used initially (e.g., 5, 10 or 15). hood assembly, parts # FT 14 and # FT 15
(10) The test subject shall indicate to the combined, is adequate.
test conductor if at any time during the fit (2) The test enclosure shall have a 3 ¤4
test the taste of saccharin is detected. If the inch (1.9 cm) hole in front of the test
test subject does not report tasting the subject’s nose and mouth area to
saccharin, the test is passed. accommodate the nebulizer nozzle.
(11) If the taste of saccharin is detected, (3) The test subject shall don the test
the fit is deemed unsatisfactory and the test enclosure. Throughout the threshold
is failed. A different respirator shall be tried screening test, the test subject shall breathe
and the entire test procedure is repeated through his or her slightly open mouth with
(taste threshold screening and fit testing). tongue extended. The subject is instructed
(12) Since the nebulizer has a tendency to report when he/she detects a bitter taste.
to clog during use, the test operator must (4) Using a DeVilbiss Model 40
make periodic checks of the nebulizer to Inhalation Medication Nebulizer or
ensure that it is not clogged. If clogging is equivalent, the test conductor shall spray
found at the end of the test session, the test the Threshold Check Solution into the
is invalid. enclosure. This Nebulizer shall be clearly
marked to distinguish it from the fit test
4. Bitrex TM (Denatonium Benzoate) solution nebulizer.
Solution Aerosol Qualitative Fit Test (5) The Threshold Check Solution is
Protocol prepared by adding 13.5 milligrams of Bitrex
to 100 ml of 5% salt (NaCl) solution in
The Bitrex TM (Denatonium benzoate) distilled water.
solution aerosol QLFT protocol uses the (6) To produce the aerosol, the
published saccharin test protocol because nebulizer bulb is firmly squeezed so that the
that protocol is widely accepted. Bitrex is bulb collapses completely, and is then
routinely used as a taste aversion agent in released and allowed to fully expand.
household liquids which children should not (7) An initial ten squeezes are repeated
be drinking and is endorsed by the rapidly and then the test subject is asked
American Medical Association, the National whether the Bitrex can be tasted. If the test
Safety Council, and the American subject reports tasting the bitter taste during
Association of Poison Control Centers. The the ten squeezes, the screening test is
entire screening and testing procedure shall completed. The taste threshold is noted as
be explained to the test subject prior to the ten regardless of the number of squeezes
conduct of the screening test. actually completed.
(8) If the first response is negative, ten
(a) Taste Threshold Screening. more squeezes are repeated rapidly and the
test subject is again asked whether the
The Bitrex taste threshold screening, Bitrex is tasted. If the test subject reports
performed without wearing a respirator, is tasting the bitter taste during the second ten
intended to determine whether the individual squeezes, the screening test is completed.
being tested can detect the taste of Bitrex. The taste threshold is noted as twenty
(1) During threshold screening as well regardless of the number of squeezes
as during fit testing, subjects shall wear an actually completed.
enclosure about the head and shoulders (9) If the second response is negative,
that is approximately 12 inches (30.5 cm) in ten more squeezes are repeated rapidly and
diameter by 14 inches (35.6 cm) tall. The the test subject is again asked whether the
front portion of the enclosure shall be clear Bitrex is tasted. If the test subject reports

20
tasting the bitter taste during the third set of (7) The nebulizer is inserted into the
ten squeezes, the screening test is hole in the front of the enclosure and an
completed. The taste threshold is noted as initial concentration of the fit test solution is
thirty regardless of the number of squeezes sprayed into the enclosure using the same
actually completed. number of squeezes (either 10, 20 or 30
(10) The test conductor will take note of squeezes) based on the number of
the number of squeezes required to solicit a squeezes required to elicit a taste response
taste response. as noted during the screening test.
(11) If the Bitrex is not tasted after 30 (8) After generating the aerosol, the test
squeezes (step 10), the test subject is subject shall be instructed to perform the
unable to taste Bitrex and may not perform exercises in section I. A. 14. of this
the Bitrex fit test. appendix.
(12) If a taste response is elicited, the (9) Every 30 seconds the aerosol
test subject shall be asked to take note of concentration shall be replenished using
the taste for reference in the fit test. one half the number of squeezes used
(13) Correct use of the nebulizer means initially (e.g., 5, 10 or 15).
that approximately 1 ml of liquid is used at a (10) The test subject shall indicate to the
time in the nebulizer body. test conductor if at any time during the fit
(14) The nebulizer shall be thoroughly test the taste of Bitrex is detected. If the test
rinsed in water, shaken to dry, and refilled at subject does not report tasting the Bitrex,
least each morning and afternoon or at least the test is passed.
every four hours. (11) If the taste of Bitrex is detected, the
fit is deemed unsatisfactory and the test is
(b) Bitrex Solution Aerosol Fit Test failed. A different respirator shall be tried
Procedure. and the entire test procedure is repeated
(taste threshold screening and fit testing).
(1) The test subject may not eat, drink
(except plain water), smoke, or chew gum 5. Irritant Smoke (Stannic Chloride)
for 15 minutes before the test. Protocol
(2) The fit test uses the same enclosure
as that described in 4. (a) above. This qualitative fit test uses a person’s
(3) The test subject shall don the response to the irritating chemicals released
enclosure while wearing the respirator in the ‘‘smoke’’ produced by a stannic
selected according to section I. A. of this chloride ventilation smoke tube to detect
appendix. The respirator shall be properly leakage into the respirator.
adjusted and equipped with any type
particulate filter(s). (a) General Requirements and
(4) A second DeVilbiss Model 40 Precautions
Inhalation Medication Nebulizer or
equivalent is used to spray the fit test (1) The respirator to be tested shall be
solution into the enclosure. This nebulizer equipped with high efficiency particulate air
shall be clearly marked to distinguish it from (HEPA) or P100 series filter(s).
the screening test solution nebulizer. (2) Only stannic chloride smoke tubes
(5) The fit test solution is prepared by shall be used for this protocol.
adding 337.5 mg of Bitrex to 200 ml of a 5% (3) No form of test enclosure or hood for
salt (NaCl) solution in warm water. the test subject shall be used.
(6) As before, the test subject shall (4) The smoke can be irritating to the
breathe through his or her slightly open eyes, lungs, and nasal passages. The test
mouth with tongue extended, and be conductor shall take precautions to
instructed to report if he/she tastes the bitter minimize the test subject’s exposure to
taste of Bitrex. irritant smoke. Sensitivity varies, and

21
certain individuals may respond to a greater (2) The test subject shall be instructed to
degree to irritant smoke. Care shall be keep his/her eyes closed.
taken when performing the sensitivity (3) The test operator shall direct the
screening checks that determine whether stream of irritant smoke from the smoke
the test subject can detect irritant smoke to tube toward the faceseal area of the test
use only the minimum amount of smoke subject, using the low flow pump or the
necessary to elicit a response from the test squeeze bulb. The test operator shall begin
subject. at least 12 inches from the facepiece and
(5) The fit test shall be performed in an move the smoke stream around the whole
area with adequate ventilation to prevent perimeter of the mask. The operator shall
exposure of the person conducting the fit gradually make two more passes around
test or the build-up of irritant smoke in the the perimeter of the mask, moving to within
general atmosphere. six inches of the respirator.
(4) If the person being tested has not
(b) Sensitivity Screening Check had an involuntary response and/or
detected the irritant smoke, proceed with
The person to be tested must demonstrate the test exercises.
his or her ability to detect a weak (5) The exercises identified in section
concentration of the irritant smoke. I.A. 14. of this appendix shall be performed
by the test subject while the respirator seal
(1) The test operator shall break both is being continually challenged by the
ends of a ventilation smoke tube containing smoke, directed around the perimeter of the
stannic chloride, and attach one end of the respirator at a distance of six inches.
smoke tube to a low flow air pump set to (6) If the person being fit tested reports
deliver 200 milliliters per minute, or an detecting the irritant smoke at any time, the
aspirator squeeze bulb. The test operator test is failed. The person being retested
shall cover the other end of the smoke tube must repeat the entire sensitivity check and
with a short piece of tubing to prevent fit test procedure.
potential injury from the jagged end of the (7) Each test subject passing the irritant
smoke tube. smoke test without evidence of a response
(2) The test operator shall advise the (involuntary cough, irritation) shall be given
test subject that the smoke can be irritating a second sensitivity screening check, with
to the eyes, lungs, and nasal passages and the smoke from the same smoke tube used
instruct the subject to keep his/her eyes during the fit test, once the respirator has
closed while the test is performed. been removed, to determine whether he/she
(3) The test subject shall be allowed to still reacts to the smoke. Failure to evoke a
smell a weak concentration of the irritant response shall void the fit test.
smoke before the respirator is donned to (8) If a response is produced during this
become familiar with its irritating properties second sensitivity check, then the fit test is
and to determine if he/she can detect the passed.
irritating properties of the smoke. The test
operator shall carefully direct a small C. Quantitative Fit Test (QNFT) Protocols
amount of the irritant smoke in the test
subject’s direction to determine that he/she The following quantitative fit testing
can detect it procedures have been demonstrated to be
acceptable: Quantitative fit testing using a
(c) Irritant Smoke Fit Test Procedure non-hazardous test aerosol (such as corn
oil, polyethylene glycol 400 [PEG 400], di-2-
(1) The person being fit tested shall don ethyl hexyl sebacate [DEHS], or sodium
the respirator without assistance, and chloride) generated in a test chamber, and
perform the required user seal check(s). employing instrumentation to quantify the fit

22
of the respirator; Quantitative fit testing (4) The sampling instrument shall be
using ambient aerosol as the test agent and selected so that a computer record or strip
appropriate instrumentation (condensation chart record may be made of the test
nuclei counter) to quantify the respirator fit; showing the rise and fall of the test agent
Quantitative fit testing using controlled concentration with each inspiration and
negative pressure and appropriate expiration at fit factors of at least 2,000.
instrumentation to measure the volumetric Integrators or computers that integrate the
leak rate of a facepiece to quantify the amount of test agent penetration leakage
respirator fit. into the respirator for each exercise may be
used provided a record of the readings is
1. General made.
(5) The combination of substitute air-
(a) The employer shall ensure that purifying elements, test agent and test
persons administering QNFT are able to agent concentration shall be such that the
calibrate equipment and perform tests test subject is not exposed in excess of an
properly, recognize invalid tests, calculate fit established exposure limit for the test agent
factors properly and ensure that test at any time during the testing process,
equipment is in proper working order. based upon the length of the exposure and
(b) The employer shall ensure that the exposure limit duration.
QNFT equipment is kept clean, and is (6) The sampling port on the test
maintained and calibrated according to the specimen respirator shall be placed and
manufacturer’s instructions so as to operate constructed so that no leakage occurs
at the parameters for which it was designed. around the port (e.g., where the respirator is
probed), a free air flow is allowed into the
2. Generated Aerosol Quantitative Fit sampling line at all times, and there is no
Testing Protocol interference with the fit or performance of
the respirator. The in-mask sampling device
(a) Apparatus. (probe) shall be designed and used so that
the air sample is drawn from the breathing
(1) Instrumentation. Aerosol generation, zone of the test subject, midway between
dilution, and measurement systems using the nose and mouth
particulates (corn oil, polyethylene glycol and with the probe extending into the
400 [PEG 400], di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate facepiece cavity at least 1/4 inch.
[DEHS] or sodium chloride) as test aerosols (7) The test setup shall permit the
shall be used for quantitative fit testing. person administering the test to observe the
(2) Test chamber. The test chamber test subject inside the chamber during the
shall be large enough to permit all test test.
subjects to perform freely all required (8) The equipment generating the test
exercises without disturbing the test agent atmosphere shall maintain the concentration
concentration or the measurement of test agent constant to within a 10 percent
apparatus. The test chamber shall be variation for the duration of the test.
equipped and constructed so that the test (9) The time lag (interval between an
agent is effectively isolated from the event and the recording of the event on the
ambient air, yet uniform in concentration strip chart or computer or integrator) shall
throughout the chamber. be kept to a minimum. There shall be a
(3) When testing air-purifying clear association between the occurrence of
respirators, the normal filter or cartridge an event and its being recorded.
element shall be replaced with a high (10) The sampling line tubing for the test
efficiency particulate air (HEPA) or P100 chamber atmosphere and for the respirator
series filter supplied by the same sampling port shall be of equal diameter
manufacturer.

23
and of the same material. The length of the (5) A stable test agent concentration
two lines shall be equal. shall be obtained prior to the actual start of
(11) The exhaust flow from the test testing.
chamber shall pass through an appropriate (6) Respirator restraining straps shall
filter (i.e., high efficiency particulate filter) not be over-tightened for testing. The straps
before release. shall be adjusted by the wearer without
(12) When sodium chloride aerosol is used, assistance from other persons to give a
the relative humidity inside the test chamber reasonably comfortable fit typical of normal
shall not exceed 50 percent. use. The respirator shall not be adjusted
(13) The limitations of instrument detection once the fit test exercises begin.
shall be taken into account when (7) The test shall be terminated
determining the fit factor. whenever any single peak penetration
(14) Test respirators shall be maintained in exceeds 5 percent for half masks and 1
proper working order and be inspected percent for full facepiece respirators. The
regularly for deficiencies such as cracks or test subject shall be refitted and retested.
missing valves and gaskets. (8) Calculation of fit factors.
(i) The fit factor shall be determined for
(b) Procedural Requirements. the quantitative fit test by taking the ratio of
the average chamber concentration to the
(1) When performing the initial user seal concentration measured inside the
check using a positive or negative pressure respirator for each test exercise except the
check, the sampling line shall be crimped grimace exercise.
closed in order to avoid air pressure (ii) The average test chamber
leakage during either of these pressure concentration shall be calculated as the
checks. arithmetic average of the concentration
(2) The use of an abbreviated screening measured before and after each test (i.e., 7
QLFT test is optional. Such a test may be exercises) or the arithmetic average of the
utilized in order to quickly identify poor concentration measured before and after
fitting respirators that passed the positive each exercise or the true average measured
and/or negative pressure test and reduce continuously during the respirator sample.
the amount of QNFT time. The use of the (iii) The concentration of the challenge
CNC QNFT instrument in the count mode is agent inside the respirator shall be
another optional method to obtain a quick determined by one of the following methods:
estimate of fit and eliminate poor fitting (A) Average peak penetration method
respirators before going on to perform a full means the method of determining test agent
QNFT. penetration into the respirator utilizing a
(3) A reasonably stable test agent strip chart recorder, integrator, or computer.
concentration shall be measured in the test The agent penetration is determined by an
chamber prior to testing. For canopy or average of the peak heights on the graph or
shower curtain types of test units, the by computer integration, for each exercise
determination of the test agent’s stability except the grimace exercise. Integrators or
may be established after the test subject computers that calculate the actual test
has entered the test environment. agent penetration into the respirator for
(4) Immediately after the subject enters each exercise will also be considered to
the test chamber, the test agent meet the requirements of the average peak
concentration inside the respirator shall be penetration method.
measured to ensure that the peak (B) Maximum peak penetration method
penetration does not exceed 5 percent for a means the method of determining test agent
half mask or 1 percent for a full facepiece penetration in the respirator as determined
respirator. by strip chart recordings of the test. The
highest peak penetration for a given

24
exercise is taken to be representative of instrument manufacturer, TSI Inc., also
average penetration into the respirator for provides probe attachments (TSI sampling
that exercise. adapters) that permit fit testing in an
(C) Integration by calculation of the area employee’s own respirator. A minimum fit
under the individual peak for each exercise factor pass level of at least 100 is
except the grimace exercise. This includes necessary for a half-mask respirator and a
computerized integration. minimum fit factor pass level of at least 500
(D) The calculation of the overall fit is required for a full facepiece negative
factor using individual exercise fit factors pressure respirator. The entire screening
involves first converting the exercise fit and testing procedure shall be explained to
factors to penetration values, determining the test subject prior to the conduct of the
the average, and then converting that result screening test.
back to a fit factor. This procedure is
described in the following equation: (a) Portacount Fit Test Requirements.

Overall Fit Factor =

Number of exercises (1) Check the respirator to make sure
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 the sampling probe and line are properly
+ + + + + +
FF1 FF2 FF3 FF4 FF5 FF7 FF8 attached to the facepiece and that the
respirator is fitted with a particulate filter
Where ff1, ff2, ff3, etc. are the fit factors for capable of preventing significant penetration
exercises 1, 2, 3, etc. by the ambient particles used for the fit test
(e.g., NIOSH 42 CFR 84 series 100, series
(9) The test subject shall not be 99, or series 95 particulate filter per
permitted to wear a half mask or quarter manufacturer’s instruction.
facepiece respirator unless a minimum fit (2) Instruct the person to be tested to
factor of 100 is obtained, or a full facepiece don the respirator for five minutes before
respirator unless a minimum fit factor of 500 the fit test starts. This purges the ambient
is obtained. particles trapped inside the respirator and
(10) Filters used for quantitative fit permits the wearer to make certain the
testing shall be replaced whenever respirator is comfortable. This individual
increased breathing resistance is shall already have been trained on how to
encountered, or when the test agent has wear the respirator properly.
altered the integrity of the filter media. (3) Check the following conditions for
the adequacy of the respirator fit: Chin
3. Ambient aerosol condensation nuclei properly placed; Adequate strap tension, not
counter (CNC) quantitative fit testing overly tightened; Fit across nose bridge;
protocol. Respirator of proper size to span distance
from nose to chin; Tendency of the
The ambient aerosol condensation nuclei respirator to slip; Self-observation in a
counter (CNC) quantitative fit testing mirror to evaluate fit and respirator position.
(Portacount TM ) protocol quantitatively fit (4) Have the person wearing the
tests respirators with the use of a probe. respirator do a user seal check. If leakage is
The probed respirator is only used for detected, determine the cause. If leakage is
quantitative fit tests. A probed respirator has from a poorly fitting facepiece, try another
a special sampling device, installed on the size of the same model respirator, or
respirator, that allows the probe to sample another model of respirator.
the air from inside the mask. A probed (5) Follow the manufacturer’s
respirator is required for each make, style, instructions for operating the Portacount
model, and size that the employer uses and and proceed with the test.
can be obtained from the respirator
manufacturer or distributor. The CNC

25
 (6) The test subject shall be instructed to constant yields a direct measure of leakage
perform the exercises in section I. A. 14. Of air flow into the respirator. The CNP fit test
this appendix. method measures leak rates through the
(7) After the test exercises, the test facepiece as a method for determining the
subject shall be questioned by the test facepiece fit for negative pressure
conductor regarding the comfort of the respirators. The CNP instrument
respirator upon completion of the protocol. If manufacturer Dynatech Nevada also
it has become unacceptable, another model provides attachments (sampling manifolds)
of respirator shall be tried. that replace the filter cartridges to permit fit
testing in an employee’s own respirator. To
(b) Portacount Test Instrument. perform the test, the test subject closes his
or her mouth and holds his/her breath, after
(1) The Portacount will automatically which an air pump removes air from the
stop and calculate the overall fit factor for respirator facepiece at a pre-selected
the entire set of exercises. The overall fit constant pressure. The facepiece fit is
factor is what counts. The Pass or Fail expressed as the leak rate through the
message will indicate whether or not the facepiece, expressed as milliliters per
test was successful. If the test was a Pass, minute. The quality and validity of the CNP
the fit test is over. fit tests are determined by the degree to
(2) Since the pass or fail criterion of the which the in-mask pressure tracks the test
Portacount is user programmable, the test pressure during the system measurement
operator shall ensure that the pass or fail time of approximately five seconds.
criterion meet the requirements for minimum Instantaneous feedback in the form of a
respirator performance in this Appendix. real-time pressure trace of the in-mask
(3) A record of the test needs to be kept pressure is provided and used to determine
on file, assuming the fit test was successful. test validity and quality. A minimum fit factor
The record must contain the test subject’s pass level of 100 is necessary for a half-
name; overall fit factor; make, model, style, mask respirator and a minimum fit factor of
and size of respirator used; and date tested. at least 500 is required for a full facepiece
respirator. The entire screening and testing
4. Controlled negative pressure (CNP) procedure shall be explained to the test
quantitative fit testing protocol. subject prior to the conduct of the screening
test.
The CNP protocol provides an alternative to
aerosol fit test methods. The CNP fit test (a) CNP Fit Test Requirements.
method technology is based on exhausting
air from a temporarily sealed respirator (1) The instrument shall have a non-
facepiece to generate and then maintain a adjustable test pressure of 15.0 mm water
constant negative pressure inside the pressure.
facepiece. The rate of air exhaust is (2) The CNP system defaults selected
controlled so that a constant negative for test pressure shall be set at -15 mm of
pressure is maintained in the respirator water (-0.58 inches of water) and the
during the fit test. The level of pressure is modeled inspiratory flow rate shall be 53.8
selected to replicate the mean inspiratory liters per minute for performing fit tests.
pressure that causes leakage into the (Note: CNP systems have built-in capability
respirator under normal use conditions. With to conduct fit testing that is specific to
pressure held constant, air flow out of the unique work rate, mask, and gender
respirator is equal to air flow into the situations that might apply in a specific
respirator. Therefore, measurement of the workplace. Use of system default values,
exhaust stream that is required to hold the which were selected to represent respirator
pressure in the temporarily sealed respirator wear with medium cartridge resistance at a

26
low-moderate work rate, will allow inter-test (4) Moving head up and down. Standing
comparison of the respirator fit.) in place, the subject shall slowly move his or
(3) The individual who conducts the her head up and down for 1 minute. The
CNP fit testing shall be thoroughly trained to subject shall be instructed to inhale in the
perform the test. up position (i.e., when looking toward the
(4) The respirator filter or cartridge ceiling). After the moving head up and down
needs to be replaced with the CNP test exercise, the subject shall hold his or her
manifold. The inhalation valve downstream head full up and hold his or her breath for
from the manifold either needs to be 10 seconds during test measurement. Next,
temporarily removed or propped open. the subject shall hold his or her head full
(5) The test subject shall be trained to down and hold his or her breath for 10
hold his or her breath for at least 20 seconds during test measurement.
seconds. (5) Talking. The subject shall talk out
(6) The test subject shall don the test loud slowly and loud enough so as to be
respirator without any assistance from the heard clearly by the test conductor. The
individual who conducts the CNP fit test. subject can read from a prepared text such
(7) The QNFT protocol shall be followed as the Rainbow Passage, count backward
according to section I. C. 1. of this appendix from 100, or recite a memorized poem or
with an exception for the CNP test song for 1 minute. After the talking exercise,
exercises. the subject shall hold his or her head
straight ahead and hold his or her breath for
(b) CNP Test Exercises. 10 seconds during the test measurement.
(6) Grimace. The test subject shall
(1) Normal breathing. In a normal grimace by smiling or frowning for 15
standing position, without talking, the seconds.
subject shall breathe normally for 1 minute. (7) Bending Over. The test subject shall
After the normal breathing exercise, the bend at the waist as if he or she were to
subject needs to hold head straight ahead touch his or her toes for 1 minute. Jogging
and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds in place shall be substituted for this exercise
during the test measurement. in those test environments such as shroud-
(2) Deep breathing. In a normal standing type QNFT units that prohibit bending at the
position, the subject shall breathe slowly waist. After the bending over exercise, the
and deeply for 1 minute, being careful not to subject shall hold his or her head straight
hyperventilate. After the deep breathing ahead and hold his or her breath for 10
exercise, the subject shall hold his or her seconds during the test measurement.
head straight ahead and hold his or her (8) Normal Breathing. The test subject
breath for 10 seconds during test shall remove and re-don the respirator
measurement. within a one-minute period. Then, in a
(3) Turning head side to side. Standing normal standing position, without talking,
in place, the subject shall slowly turn his or the subject shall breathe normally for 1
her head from side to side between the minute. After the normal breathing
extreme positions on each side for 1 minute. exercise, the subject shall hold his or her
The head shall be held at each extreme head straight ahead and hold his or her
momentarily so the subject can inhale at breath for 10 seconds during the test
each side. After the turning head side to measurement. After the test exercises, the
side exercise, the subject needs to hold test subject shall be questioned by the test
head full left and hold his or her breath for conductor regarding the comfort of the
10 seconds during test measurement. Next, respirator upon completion of the protocol. If
the subject needs to hold head full right and it has become unacceptable, another model
hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during of a respirator shall be tried.
test measurement.

27
(c) CNP Test Instrument. received and evaluated the supplemental
information.
(1) The test instrument shall have an
effective audio warning device when the test
subject fails to hold his or her breath during
the test. The test shall be terminated
whenever the test subject failed to hold his
or her breath. The test subject may be
refitted and retested.
(2) A record of the test shall be kept on
file, assuming the fit test was successful.
The record must contain the test subject’s
name; overall fit factor; make, model, style
and size of respirator used; and date tested.

Part II. New Fit Test Protocols

A. Any person may submit to OSHA an

application for approval of a new fit test
protocol. If the application meets the
following criteria, OSHA will initiate a
rulemaking proceeding under section
6(b)(7) of the OSH Act to determine whether
to list the new protocol as an approved
protocol in this Appendix A.
B. The application must include a
detailed description of the proposed new fit
test protocol. This application must be
supported by either:
1. A test report prepared by an
independent government research
laboratory (e.g., Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, the National Institute for
Standards and Technology) stating that the
laboratory has tested the protocol and had
found it to be accurate and reliable; or
2. An article that has been published in
a peer-reviewed industrial hygiene journal
describing the protocol and explaining how
test data support the protocol’s accuracy
and reliability.
C. If OSHA determines that additional
information is required before the Agency
commences a rulemaking proceeding under
this section, OSHA will so notify the
applicant and afford the applicant the
opportunity to submit the supplemental
information. Initiation of a rulemaking
proceeding will be deferred until OSHA has

28
29
Appendix B-1 to § 1910.134: User Seal procedures provided that the employer
Check Procedures (Mandatory) demonstrates that the manufacturer’s
procedures are equally effective.
The individual who uses a tight-fitting
respirator is to perform a user seal check to Appendix B-2 to § 1910.134: Respirator
ensure that an adequate seal is achieved Cleaning Procedures (Mandatory)
each time the respirator is put on. Either the
positive and negative pressure checks listed These procedures are provided for
in this appendix, or the respirator employer use when cleaning respirators.
manufacturer’s recommended user seal They are general in nature, and the
check method shall be used. User seal employer as an alternative may use the
checks are not substitutes for qualitative or cleaning recommendations provided by the
quantitative fit tests. manufacturer of the respirators used by
their employees, provided such procedures
I. Facepiece Positive and/or Negative are as effective as those listed here in
Pressure Checks Appendix B-2. Equivalent effectiveness
simply means that the procedures used
A. Positive pressure check. Close off the must accomplish the objectives set forth in
exhalation valve and exhale gently into the Appendix B-2, i.e., must ensure that the
facepiece. The face fit is considered respirator is properly cleaned and
satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can disinfected in a manner that prevents
be built up inside the facepiece without any damage to the respirator and does not
evidence of outward leakage of air at the cause harm to the user.
seal. For most respirators this method of
leak testing requires the wearer to first I. Procedures for Cleaning Respirators
remove the exhalation valve cover before
closing off the exhalation valve and then A. Remove filters, cartridges, or
carefully replacing it after the test. canisters. Disassemble facepieces by
B. Negative pressure check. Close off removing speaking diaphragms, demand
the inlet opening of the canister or and pressure-demand valve assemblies,
cartridge(s) by covering with the palm of the hoses, or any components recommended
hand(s) or by replacing the filter seal(s), by the manufacturer. Discard or repair any
inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses defective parts.
slightly, and hold the breath for ten B. Wash components in warm (43° C
seconds. The design of the inlet opening of [110° F] maximum) water with a mild
some cartridges cannot be effectively detergent or with a cleaner recommended
covered with the palm of the hand. The test by the manufacturer. A stiff bristle (not wire)
can be performed by covering the inlet brush may be used to facilitate the removal
opening of the cartridge with a thin latex or of dirt.
nitrile glove. If the facepiece remains in its C. Rinse components thoroughly in
slightly collapsed condition and no inward clean, warm (43° C [110° F] maximum),
leakage of air is detected, the tightness of preferably running water. Drain.
the respirator is considered satisfactory. D. When the cleaner used does not
contain a disinfecting agent, respirator
II. Manufacturer’s Recommended User components should be immersed for two
Seal Check Procedures minutes in one of the following:
1. Hypochlorite solution (50 ppm of
The respirator manufacturer’s chlorine) made by adding approximately
recommended procedures for performing a one milliliter of laundry bleach to one liter of
user seal check may be used instead of the water at 43° C (110° F); or,
positive and/or negative pressure check

30
 2. Aqueous solution of iodine (50 ppm
iodine) made by adding approximately 0.8
milliliters of tincture of iodine (6–8 grams
ammonium and/or potassium iodide/100 cc
of 45% alcohol) to one liter of water at 43° C
(110° F); or,
3. Other commercially available
cleansers of equivalent disinfectant quality
when used as directed, if their use is
recommended or approved by the respirator
manufacturer.
E. Rinse components thoroughly in
clean, warm (43° C [110° F] maximum),
preferably running water. Drain. The
importance of thorough rinsing cannot be
overemphasized. Detergents or
disinfectants that dry on facepieces may
result in dermatitis. In addition, some
disinfectants may cause deterioration of
rubber or corrosion of metal parts if not
completely removed.
F. Components should be hand-dried
with a clean lint-free cloth or air-dried.
G. Reassemble facepiece, replacing
filters, cartridges, and canisters where
necessary.
H. Test the respirator to ensure that all
components work properly.

31
Appendix C to § 1910.134: OSHA If ‘‘yes,’’ what type(s):
Respirator Medical Evaluation __________________________________
Questionnaire (Mandatory)
Part A. Section 2. (Mandatory) Questions 1
To the employer: Answers to questions in through 9 below must be answered by every
Section 1, and to question 9 in Section 2 of employee who has been selected to use any
Part A, do not require a medical examination. type of respirator (please circle ‘‘yes’’ or
‘‘no’’).
To the employee: 1. Do you currently smoke tobacco, or have
Can you read (circle one): Yes/No you smoked tobacco in the last month:
Your employer must allow you to answer this Yes/No
questionnaire during normal working hours, 2. Have you ever had any of the following
or at a time and place that is convenient to conditions?
you. To maintain your confidentiality, your a. Seizures (fits): Yes/No
employer or supervisor must not look at or b. Diabetes (sugar disease): Yes/No
review your answers, and your employer c. Allergic reactions that interfere with your
must tell you how to deliver or send this breathing: Yes/No
questionnaire to the health care professional d. Claustrophobia (fear of closed-in
who will review it. places): Yes/No
e. Trouble smelling odors: Yes/No
Part A. Section 1. (Mandatory) The 3. Have you ever had any of the following
following information must be provided by pulmonary or lung problems?
every employee who has been selected to a. Asbestosis: Yes/No
use any type of respirator (please print). b. Asthma: Yes/No
1. Today’s date: _____________________ c. Chronic bronchitis: Yes/No
2. Your name: ______________________ d. Emphysema: Yes/No
3. Your age (to nearest year): __________ e. Pneumonia: Yes/No
4. Sex (circle one): Male/Female f. Tuberculosis: Yes/No
5. Your height: ____ft. ____in. g. Silicosis: Yes/No
6. Your weight: ____ lbs. h. Pneumothorax (collapsed lung): Yes/No
7. Your job title:_____________________ i. Lung cancer: Yes/No
8. A phone number where you can be j. Broken ribs: Yes/No
reached by the health care professional who k. Any chest injuries or surgeries: Yes/No
reviews this questionnaire (include the Area l. Any other lung problem that you’ve been
Code): ___________________________ told about: Yes/No
9. The best time to phone you at this 4. Do you currently have any of the following
number: ____________ symptoms of pulmonary or lung illness?
10. Has your employer told you how to a. Shortness of breath: Yes/No
contact the health care professional who will b. Shortness of breath when walking fast
review this questionnaire (circle one): on level ground or walking up a slight hill
Yes/No or incline: Yes/No
11. Check the type of respirator you will use c. Shortness of breath when walking with
(you can check more than one category): other people at an ordinary pace on level
a. ____ N, R, or P disposable respirator ground: Yes/No
(filter-mask, non-cartridge type only). d. Have to stop for breath when walking at
b. ____ Other type (for example, half- or full- your own pace on level ground: Yes/No
facepiece type, powered-air purifying, e. Shortness of breath when washing or
supplied-air, self-contained breathing dressing yourself: Yes/No
apparatus). f. Shortness of breath that interferes with
12. Have you worn a respirator (circle one): your job: Yes/No
Yes/No g. Coughing that produces phlegm (thick
sputum): Yes/No

32
 h. Coughing that wakes you early in the a. Eye irritation: Yes/No
morning: Yes/No b. Skin allergies or rashes: Yes/No
i. Coughing that occurs mostly when you c. Anxiety: Yes/No
are lying down: Yes/No d. General weakness or fatigue: Yes/No
j. Coughing up blood in the last month: e. Any other problem that interferes with
Yes/No your use of a respirator: Yes/No
k. Wheezing: Yes/No 9. Would you like to talk to the health care
l. Wheezing that interferes with your job: professional who will review this
Yes/No questionnaire about your answers to this
m. Chest pain when you breathe deeply: questionnaire: Yes/No
Yes/No Questions 10 to 15 below must be answered
n. Any other symptoms that you think may by every employee who has been
be related to lung problems: Yes/No selected to use either a full-facepiece
5. Have you ever had any of the following respirator or a self-contained breathing
cardiovascular or heart problems? apparatus (SCBA). For employees who
a. Heart attack: Yes/No have been selected to use other types of
b. Stroke: Yes/No respirators, answering these questions is
c. Angina: Yes/No voluntary.
d. Heart failure: Yes/No 10. Have you ever lost vision in either eye
e. Swelling in your legs or feet (not caused (temporarily or permanently): Yes/No
by walking): Yes/No 11. Do you currently have any of the
f. Heart arrhythmia (heart beating following vision problems?
irregularly): Yes/No a. Wear contact lenses: Yes/No
g. High blood pressure: Yes/No b. Wear glasses: Yes/No
h. Any other heart problem that you’ve c. Color blind: Yes/No
been told about: Yes/No d. Any other eye or vision problem:
6. Have you ever had any of the following Yes/No
cardiovascular or heart symptoms? 12. Have you ever had an injury to your ears,
a. Frequent pain or tightness in your chest: including a broken ear drum: Yes/No
Yes/No 13. Do you currently have any of the
b. Pain or tightness in your chest during following hearing problems?
physical activity: Yes/No a. Difficulty hearing: Yes/No
c. Pain or tightness in your chest that b. Wear a hearing aid: Yes/No
interferes with your job: Yes/No c. Any other hearing or ear problem:
d. In the past two years, have you noticed Yes/No
your heart skipping or missing a beat: 14. Have you ever had a back injury:
Yes/No Yes/No
e. Heartburn or indigestion that is not 15. Do you currently have any of the
related to eating: Yes/No following musculoskeletal problems?
f. Any other symptoms that you think may a. Weakness in any of your arms, hands,
be related to heart or circulation legs, or feet: Yes/No
problems: Yes/No b. Back pain: Yes/No
7. Do you currently take medication for any c. Difficulty fully moving your arms and
of the following problems? legs: Yes/No
a. Breathing or lung problems: Yes/No d. Pain or stiffness when you lean forward
b. Heart trouble: Yes/No or backward at the waist: Yes/No
c. Blood pressure: Yes/No e. Difficulty fully moving your head up or
d. Seizures (fits): Yes/No down: Yes/No
8. If you’ve used a respirator, have you ever f. Difficulty fully moving your head side to
had any of the following problems? (If side: Yes/No
you’ve never used a respirator, check the g. Difficulty bending at your knees: Yes/No
following space and go to question 9:)

33
 h. Difficulty squatting to the ground: ________________________________
Yes/No _____________________________
i. Climbing a flight of stairs or a ladder 5. List your previous occupations:
carrying more than 25 lbs: Yes/No ________________________________
j. Any other muscle or skeletal problem that _____________________________
interferes with using a respirator: 6. List your current and previous hobbies:
Yes/No ______________________________
7. Have you been in the military services?
Part B Any of the following questions, and Yes/No
other questions not listed, may be added If ‘‘yes,’’ were you exposed to biological or
to the questionnaire at the discretion of chemical agents (either in training or
the health care professional who will combat): Yes/No
review the questionnaire. 8. Have you ever worked on a HAZMAT
1. In your present job, are you working at team? Yes/No
high altitudes (over 5,000 feet) or in a 9. Other than medications for breathing and
place that has lower than normal lung problems, heart trouble, blood
amounts of oxygen: Yes/No pressure, and seizures mentioned earlier
If ‘‘yes,’’ do you have feelings of dizziness, in this questionnaire, are you taking any
shortness of breath, pounding in your other medications for any reason
chest, or other symptoms when you’re (including over-the-counter medications):
working under these conditions: Yes/No Yes/No
2. At work or at home, have you ever been If ‘‘yes,’’ name the medications if you know
exposed to hazardous solvents, them:___________________________
hazardous airborne chemicals (e.g., 10. Will you be using any of the following
gases, fumes, or dust), or have you items with your respirator(s)?
come into skin contact with hazardous a. HEPA Filters: Yes/No
chemicals: Yes/No b. Canisters (for example, gas masks):
If ‘‘yes,’’ name the chemicals if you know Yes/No
them: c. Cartridges: Yes/No
________________________________ 11. How often are you expected to use the
________________________________ respirator(s) (circle ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no’’ for all
_____________________________ answers that apply to you)?:
3. Have you ever worked with any of the a. Escape only (no rescue): Yes/No
materials, or under any of the conditions, b. Emergency rescue only: Yes/No
listed below: c. Less than 5 hours per week: Yes/No
a. Asbestos: Yes/No d. Less than 2 hours per day: Yes/No
b. Silica (e.g., in sandblasting): Yes/No e. 2 to 4 hours per day: Yes/No
c. Tungsten/cobalt (e.g., grinding or f. Over 4 hours per day: Yes/No
welding this material): Yes/No 12. During the period you are using the
d. Beryllium: Yes/No respirator(s), is your work effort:
e. Aluminum: Yes/No a. Light (less than 200 kcal per hour):
f. Coal (for example, mining): Yes/No Yes/No
g. Iron: Yes/No If ‘‘yes,’’ how long does this period last during
h. Tin: Yes/No the average shift: ____ hrs. ____ mins.
i. Dusty environments: Yes/No Examples of a light work effort are sitting
j. Any other hazardous exposures: Yes/No while writing, typing, drafting, or
If ‘‘yes,’’ describe these exposures: performing light assembly work; or
________________________________ standing while operating a drill press (1–
______________________________ 3 lbs.) or controlling machines.
4. List any second jobs or side businesses b. Moderate (200 to 350 kcal per hour):
you have: Yes/No

34
If ‘‘yes,’’ how long does this period last during Name of the first toxic substance:
the average shift: _____ hrs. _____l _______________________________l
mins. Estimated maximum exposure level per shift:
Examples of moderate work effort are sitting _______________________________
while nailing or filing; driving a truck or Duration of exposure per shift ___________
bus in urban traffic; standing while Name of the second toxic substance:
drilling, nailing, performing assembly _______________________________
work, or transferring a moderate load Estimated maximum exposure level per shift:
(about 35 lbs.) at trunk level; walking on ___________________________
a level surface about 2 mph or down a 5- Duration of exposure per shift: __________
degree grade about 3 mph; or pushing a Name of the third toxic substance:
wheelbarrow with a heavy load (about _______________________________
100 lbs.) on a level surface. Estimated maximum exposure level per shift:
c. Heavy (above 350 kcal per hour): ___________________________
Yes/No Duration of exposure per shift: __________
If ‘‘yes,’’ how long does this period last during The name of any other toxic substances that
the average shift: ____ hrs. ____ mins. you’ll be exposed to while using your
Examples of heavy work are lifting a heavy respirator: ______________________
load (about 50 lbs.) from the floor to your 19. Describe any special responsibilities
waist or shoulder; working on a loading you’ll have while using your respirator(s)
dock; shoveling; standing while that may affect the safety and well-being
bricklaying or chipping castings; walking of others (for example, rescue, security):
up an 8-degree grade about 2 mph; _______________________________
climbing stairs with a heavy load (about
50 lbs.).
13. Will you be wearing protective clothing
and/or equipment (other than the
respirator) when you’re using your
respirator: Yes/No
If ‘‘yes,’’ describe this protective clothing
and/or equipment:
________________________________
______________________________
14. Will you be working under hot conditions
(temperature exceeding 77° F): Yes/No
15. Will you be working under humid
conditions: Yes/No
16. Describe the work you’ll be doing while
you’re using your respirator(s):
_____________________________l
17. Describe any special or hazardous
conditions you might encounter when
you’re using your respirator(s) (for
example, confined spaces, life-
threatening
gases):___________________________
_____________________________
18. Provide the following information, if you
know it, for each toxic substance that
you’ll be exposed to when you’re using
your respirator(s):

35
Appendix D to § 1910.134 (Mandatory) cleaning and care, and warnings
Information for Employees Using regarding the respirators limitations.
Respirators When Not Required Under the 2. Choose respirators certified for use
Standard to protect against the contaminant of
concern. NIOSH, the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health of the
Respirators are an effective method of U.S. Department of Health and Human
protection against designated hazards when Services, certifies respirators. A label or
properly selected and worn. Respirator use is statement of certification should appear
encouraged, even when exposures are below on the respirator or respirator packaging.
the exposure limit, to provide an additional It will tell you what the respirator is
level of comfort and protection for workers. designed for and how much it will protect
However, if a respirator is used improperly or you.
not kept clean, the respirator itself can 3. Do not wear your respirator into
become a hazard to the worker. Sometimes, atmospheres containing contaminants for
workers may wear respirators to avoid which your respirator is not designed to
exposures to hazards, even if the amount of protect against. For example, a respirator
hazardous substance does not exceed the designed to filter dust particles will not
limits set by OSHA standards. If your protect you against gases, vapors, or very
employer provides respirators for your small solid particles of fumes or smoke.
voluntary use, of if you provide your own 4. Keep track of your respirator so that
respirator, you need to take certain you do not mistakenly use someone
precautions to be sure that the respirator itself else’s respirator.
does not present a hazard.
You should do the following:
1. Read and heed all instructions provided
by the manufacturer on use, maintenance,

36
37
Summary of Respiratory Protection Requirements in OSHA's
Substance Specific Health Standards

Applicability of These Regulations

Most of the substance specific standards from General Industry, 29 CFR Part 1910,
apply to Shipyard Employment and Construction. For shipyards, the standards are
identified by substituting Part 1915 for Part 1910 and leaving the section number
unchanged. For example, the Benzene standard, identified as 1910.1028 in the
General Industry regulations, is designated 1915.1028 for Shipyard Employment.

Construction regulations are found in 29 CFR Part 1926. Most of the substance specific
standards in Construction have section numbers beginning with 1100 rather than 1000.
For instance, the Formaldehyde standard, identified as 1910.1048 in General Industry,
is designated 1926.1148 in Construction.

The Construction regulations for several substances, including asbestos, lead and
cadmium, have different requirements than the General Industry standards for the same
substances. The requirements of the Asbestos standard for Shipyards are different
from the General Industry and Construction Asbestos standards. Separate summaries
are provided for each version of the standard in these cases.

The cadmium standard is also applicable to Agricultural Industries. It is identified as

1928.1027.

Assigned Protection Factors

Assigned protection factors (APFs) are estimates of a respirator's ability to reduce the
wearer's inhalation exposure to an air contaminant. A respirator with a higher APF is
expected to provide greater reduction in exposure (more protection) than a respirator
with a lower APF. OSHA expresses APFs as multiples of the PEL in the substance
specific standards. In other words, a respirator permissible for use up to 10 times the
PEL has an APF of 10.

Some of the substance specific standards use APFs than are different than those
recommended by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Z88.2-1992
for some respirators. Most of the APFs in the OSHA standards are based on relatively
old laboratory test data. ANSI used more recent laboratory and workplace performance
data to set several of its APFs. Where workplace data was not available for a particular
respirator type, analogy to other respirators for which workplace data was available was
used to establish the APF. Therefore, the APFs in the ANSI Standard represent the
best estimates of respirator performance available today. The APF listed by OSHA
must be used when it is less than the ANSI value. However, 3M recommends that the
ANSI assigned protection factor be used in place of the APF permitted by OSHA when
the ANSI value is lower. This is generally true for the following respirators:

38
 • Powered air purifying respirator with a half mask or loose-fitting facepiece
• Continuous flow or pressure demand supplied air respirator with a half mask
• Continuous flow supplied air respirator with a loose-fitting facepiece
• Pressure demand supplied air respirator with a full facepiece

It should be noted that the OSHA regulations do not separate loose-fitting facepieces
from true hoods and helmets. The difference in workplace performance of these two
types of device is reflected in the ANSI assigned protection factor table that follows.

Finally, it is anticipated that OSHA will revise the APF tables in these regulations as a
part of its APF rulemaking for 1910.134.

39
 ANSI Assigned Protection Factors

Respiratory Inlet Covering

Type of Respirator Half Mask1) Full Facepiece

Air purifying 10 100

Atmosphere supplying
SCBA (demand)2 10 100
Airline (demand) 10 100

Respiratory Inlet Covering

Half Full Helmet/ Loose-fitting
Type of Respirator Mask Facepiece Hood Facepiece

Powered air purifying 50 10003) 10003) 25

Atmosphere Supplying
Airline
Pressure demand 50 1000 ---- ---

Continuous flow 50 1000 1000 25

Self-contained
breathing apparatus
Pressure demand --- 4) --- ---
open/closed circuit
__________________________________________________________________________

1) Includes quarter mask, disposable half masks, and half masks with elastomeric facepieces.

2) Demand SCBA shall not be used for emergency situations such as fire fighting.

3) Protection Factors listed are for high-efficiency filters and sorbents (cartridges and canisters). With dust filters, an assigned
protection factor of 100 is to be used due to the limitations of the filter.

4) Although positive-pressure respirators are currently regarded as providing the highest level of respiratory protection, a limited
number of recent simulated workplace studies concluded that all users may not achieve protection factors of 10 000. Based
on this limited data, a definitive assigned protection factor could not be listed for positive-pressure SCBAs. For emergency
planning purposes where hazardous concentrations can be estimated, an assigned protection factor of no higher than 10 000
should be used.

NOTE - Assigned protection factors are not applicable for escape respirators. For combination respirators, e.g., airline
respirators equipped with an air-purifying filter, the mode of operation in use will dictate the assigned protection factor to be
applied.

Source: ANSI Z88.2-1992

40
 Key to Abbreviations

Abbreviations used in the standard summaries are as follows:

APF Assigned Protection Factor

ESLI End of Service Life Indicator
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air
PAPR Powered Air Purifying Respirator
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
PLHCP Physician or Other Licensed Health Care
Professional
QLFT Qualitative Fit Testing
QNFT Quantitative Fit Testing
SCBA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
STEL Short Term Exposure Limit
TWA Time Weighted Average

41
 Paragraph Asbestos 1910.1001

Permissible (c)(1) 0.1 fiber/cc, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 1 fiber/cc, 30 minute excursion

Exposure Monitoring (d)(3) At least once every 6 months if concentration > TWA and/or excursion limit.

Regulated Areas (e)(4) Persons entering to be provided with and use an appropriate respirator.

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) During operations such as maintenance and repair, for which controls are not feasible.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure
below PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (g)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

(g)(2)(ii) Tight - fitting PAPR must be provided in lieu of a negative pressure respirator if requested
and would provide adequate protection.

(g)(2)(iii) Any employee who cannot wear a respirator must be given option of transferring to a
position not requiring respirator use with no loss of compensation if such a position is
available.

Selection (g)(3) Employer must select and provide appropriate respirator.

< 10 x PEL: Half mask air purifying respirator with HEPA filters, no disposables
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece air purifying respirator with HEPA filters
< 100 x PEL: PAPR with HEPA filters; continuous flow supplied air respirator
< 1000 x PEL: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator
> 1000x PEL or unknown: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator with
auxiliary SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

Signs (j)(3)(ii) Signs posted at regulated area must include line "Respirators and Protective Clothing Are
Required in this Area".

Training (j)(7)(iii) Training must include purpose, proper use and limitations of respirators and protective
clothing.

Medical Surveillance (l)(2)(ii) Pre-placement examination must include chest x-ray and pulmonary function tests

(l)(3)(ii) Annual examination must include pulmonary function tests; chest x-ray every 1, 2, or 5
years depending on age and years since first exposure.

(l)(6)(iv) Provide physician information on protective and respiratory equipment used.

(l)(7)(i) Employer must obtain physician’s written opinion which includes any recommended
limitations on use of protective equipment such as clothing or respirators.

Recordkeeping (m)(1)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(m)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

42
 Paragraph 1910.1003 13 Carcinogens
4-Nitrobiphenyl, CAS No. 92933
alpha-Naphthylamine, CAS No. 134327
Methyl chloromethyl ether, CAS No. 107302
3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine and its salts, CAS No. 91941
bis-Chloromethyl ether, CAS No. 542881
beta-Naphthylamine, CAS No. 91598
Benzidine, CAS No. 92875
4-Aminodiphenyl, CAS No. 92671
Ethyleneimine, CAS No. 151564
beta-Propiolactone, CAS No. 57578
2-Acetylaminofluorene, CAS No. 53963
4-Dimethylaminoazo-benzene, CAS No. 60117
N-Nitrosodimethylamine, CAS No. 62759

Permissible No limits given. Engineering controls, administrative controls and protective equipment must
Exposure Limits be designed to reduce exposures to lowest possible level.

Respiratory Protection
Selection (c)(4)(iv) Handling operations: Half mask with dust, fume, and mist filters fumes, or air-purifying
canisters or cartridges minimum permitted.

Maintenance and decontamination activities. In cleanup of leaks or spills, maintenance or

repair operations on contaminated systems or equipment, or any operation involving direct
(c)(5)(i) contact with one of the above listed substances, a supplied air respirator with a hood must
be provided to employee entering that area.

Program (d)(1) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b), (c), (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii) and (iv) and (d)(3)], and (e) through (m).

Signs, Information (e)(1)(ii) Signs at entrance to areas with maintenance and decontamination activities must include the
and Training line “Impervious Suit Including Gloves, Boots And Air-Supplied Hood Required At All Times”.

43
 Paragraph Vinyl Chloride 1910.1017

Action Level (b)(1) 0.5 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1) 1 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 5 ppm for any 15 minute period

Exposure Monitoring (d)(2)(i) At least monthly if concentration > PEL.

(d)(2)(ii) At least quarterly if concentration > action level.

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet requirements of this paragraph.

Program (g)(2) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d) [except
(d)(1)(iii) and (d)(3)(iii)(B)(1) and (2)], and (f) through (m).

Selection (g)(3)(i) < 10 ppm: Half mask supplied air respirator with or without auxiliary SCBA; any chemical cartridge
respirator with organic vapor cartridges with a service life of at least 1 hour at 10 ppm.
< 25 ppm: PAPR with helmet, hood, full facepiece or half mask with a canister that has a service
life of at least 4 hours at 25 ppm; gas mask with front or back mounted canister with 4
hour service life at 25 ppm.
<100 ppm: Full facepiece supplied air respirator, demand mode, with or without auxiliary SCBA;
full facepiece SCBA, demand mode
< 1000 ppm: Continuous flow supplied air respirator with full or half facepiece, helmet, or hood
≤ 3600 ppm: Combination pressure demand supplied air respirator, full or half facepiece, with
auxiliary SCBA
Unknown or > 3600 ppm: Pressure demand SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(g)(3)(ii) Air purifying canisters or cartridges must be replaced before end of their service life or at the end
of the shift, whichever occurs first.

Continuous monitoring and alarm required if vinyl chloride concentration could exceed the
allowable concentrations for the respirators in use.

(g)(3)(iii) Respirators specified for higher concentrations may be used for lower concentrations

Hazardous Operations (h)(1)(i) Employees engaged in hazardous operations, including entry of vessels to clean polyvinyl chloride
residues from vessel walls must be provided and wear appropriate respiratory protection.

Emergency Situations (i) Employer must develop a written plan dealing with emergency situations where vinyl chloride as a
liquid or gas is stored or handled, including provisions for the use of appropriate respirators.

Training (j)(1)(iii) Training must include purpose, proper use and limitations of respirators.

Medical Surveillance (k)(4) Employer must obtain physician’s written statement of employee’s capability to wear protective
equipment and respirator.

44
 Inorganic Arsenic 1910.1018

Action Level (b) 5 µg/m3, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c) 10 µg/m3, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limit

Exposure Monitoring (e)(3)(ii) At least once every 3 months if concentration > PEL.

(e)(3)(iii) At least once every 6 months if concentration > action limit, < PEL.

Regulated Areas (f)(4) Respirators required to be worn to enter a regulated area (Area > PEL).

Respiratory Protection
General (h)(1) Employer must provide respirators that comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) During operations such as maintenance and repair, where employer establishes engineering
and work practice controls are not feasible.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure below
PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (h)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d) [except
(d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

(h)(2)(ii) If employee has trouble breathing during fit test or use of respirator, physician trained in
pulmonary medicine to determine if employee can wear a respirator.

Selection (h)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with HEPA filters; any half mask supplied air respirator
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with HEPA filters; any supplied air respirator or SCBA with full
facepiece
< 1000 x PEL: Any PAPR with HEPA filters; half mask supplied air respirator, continuous flow or
pressure demand mode
< 2000 x PEL: Any supplied air respirator with full facepiece, helmet, hood or suit operated in
continuous flow or pressure demand mode
Unknown, firefighting or > 2000 x PEL: Pressure demand SCBA

Refer to the standard to select respirators for compounds with significant vapor pressure.

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(h)(3)(ii) If gases present greater than their PEL, use appropriate chemical cartridge with HEPA filters.

(h)(3)(iii) Employees required to wear a negative pressure respirator entitled to wear a PAPR if it will
provide adequate protection.

Medical Surveillance (n)(2)(ii) Initial medical examination must include chest x-ray.

(n)(3)(ii) Annual chest x-ray required.

(n)(5)(iv) Employer must provide the physician information on protective equipment worn.

(n)(6)(i) Employer must obtain and provide the employee with physician’s written opinion which includes
any recommended limitations on use of protective clothing or equipment such as respirators.

Training (o)(1)(ii) Training must include purpose, proper use and limitations of respirators.

Signs (p)(2)(i) Signs posted at regulated areas must include line "Respirator Required".

Recordkeeping (q)(1)(ii) Exposure monitoring record include type of respirator worn.

(q)(2)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions.

45
 Paragraph Lead 1910. 1025

Action Level (b) 30 µg/m3, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1) 50 µg/m3, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) For exposures greater than 8 hours a day, PEL = 400 ÷ hours worked in the day.
(c)(3) When respirators are used to supplement engineering controls, assigned protection factor of
respirator can be used to calculate exposure during periods the respirator is worn.

Exposure Monitoring (d)(6)(ii) At least once every 6 months if concentration > action level.

(d)(6)(iii) At least once every 3 months if concentration > PEL.

Methods of Compliance (e)(1)(ii) Where an employee is exposed above the PEL for 30 or less days per year, engineering
controls must reduce exposures to < 200 µg/m3. Work practices (including administrative
controls) and respirators may be used to reduce exposures to or below 50 µg/m3.

Respiratory Protection
General (f)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph. Respirators
must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure
below PELs.
(iii) Whenever an employee requests a respirator.

Program (f)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

(f)(2)(ii) If an employee exhibits difficulty breathing during fit test or respirator use, employer must
provide a medical examination.

Selection (f)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with HEPA filters*

< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with HEPA filters
< 1000 x PEL: Any PAPR with HEPA filters; supplied air respirator with half mask operated in
continuous flow or pressure demand mode.
< 2000 x PEL: Any full facepiece, helmet, hood or suit supplied air respirator operated in
continuous flow or pressure demand mode.
>2000 x PEL: Pressure demand SCBA

Note: The requirement for a HEPA filter for lead up to 10X PEL is currently under
administrative stay by OSHA.

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(f)(3)(ii) Employer must supply a PAPR if an employee requests one and the respirator will provide
adequate protection.

Medical Surveillance (j)(3)(v) The employer to obtain and give employee physician written opinion on any recommended
limitations on use of respirators including determination of whether an employee can wear a
PAPR if a physician determines the employee cannot wear a negative pressure respirator.

Training (l)(1)(v) Training must include purpose, proper selection, use and limitations of respirators.

Recordkeeping (n)(1)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(n)(2)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions.

46
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47
 Paragraph Cadmium 1910.1027

Action Level (b) 2.5 µg/m3, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c) 5 µg/m3, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limit

Exposure Monitoring (d)(3)(i) If concentration > action level, to represent exposures. If > PEL, to assure adequacy of
respiratory protection. Frequency at least once every 6 months.

Regulated Area (e)(4) Employees entering a regulated area must be supplied with and wear the appropriate respirator.

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph. Respirators
must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During time period to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) In maintenance and repair activities and during brief or intermittent operations where
engineering and work practice controls are not feasible or are not required.
(iii) In regulated areas.
(iv) Where the employer has implemented all feasible engineering and work practice controls
and such controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure below PELs.
(v) Whenever an employee exposed above the action level requests a respirator.
(vi) When an employee is exposed above the PEL in an industry with a separate engineering
control air limit (SECAL).
(vii) Emergencies

Program (g)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

(g)(2)(ii) Employee must not be assigned to a task requiring a respirator if physician determines
employee cannot wear the respirator. Provisions for medical removal are in section (l)(11) and
(12).

(g)(2)(iii) If employee has difficulty breathing during a fit test or respirator use, employer must provide a
medical examination.

Selection (g)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with HEPA filter

< 25 x PEL: Hood or helmet PAPR with HEPA filter; continuous flow supplied air respirator
with hood or helmet
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with HEPA filter; half mask PAPR with HEPA filter; half mask
continuous flow supplied air respirator
< 250 x PEL: Full facepiece PAPR with HEPA filter; full facepiece continuous flow supplied air
respirator
< 1000 x PEL: Half or full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator
> 1000 x or unknown: Pressure demand SCBA; full facepiece pressure demand supplied air
respirator with auxiliary SCBA
Fire fighting: Pressure demand SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(g)(3)(ii) An employee entitled to wear a respirator may request a PAPR if it will provide adequate
protection.

(Summary continued on next page)

48
 Paragraph Cadmium 1910.1027 (Continued)

Emergency Situations (h) Employer must develop a written plan dealing with substantial releases of cadmium,
include provisions for the use of appropriate respirators and personal protective
equipment.

Medical Surveillance (l)(1)(ii) To determine fitness to use a respirator, employer must provide the limited medical
examination described in (l)(6).

(l)(3)(ii) Actions triggered by initial biological monitoring above limits specified include a
reevaluation of respirator use and the respirator program.

(l)(4)(ii) Periodic medical examination must include chest x-ray and pulmonary function tests.
After initial x-ray, frequency is determined by physician.

(l)(5)(i) Actions triggered by medical evaluation results consistent with cadmium toxicity include a
reevaluation of respirator use and the respirator program.

(l)(6)(i) Specific medical examination must be provided to determine fitness to use a respirator.

(l)(6)(iii) If an employee has had difficulty breathing during a fit test or during respirator use,
employer must provide a medical examination.

(l)(6)(iv) Where results are abnormal, physician must consider if medical limitation on respirator
use is necessary. If employee is allowed to use a respirator, periodic reviews are
required.

(l)(9)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn
including when and for how long a respirator has been used.

(l)(10)(i) Employer must obtain physicians written opinion with any limitations on respirator use.

(l)(11)(ii) Employee found unfit to wear a respirator must be removed from any work above the
PEL.

Communication of (m)(2)(ii) Signs at entrances to regulated areas must include line “Respirators Required In This
Hazards Area”.

(m)(4)(iii) Training must include purpose, proper selection, fitting, proper use and limitations of
respirators.

Recordkeeping (n)(1)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(n)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

49
 Paragraph Benzene 1910.1028

Action Level (b) 0.5 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1) 1 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 5 ppm, 15 minute STEL

Exposure Monitoring (e)(3)(i) At least annually if concentration > action level.

(e)(3)(ii) Each 6 months if > PEL.

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph. Respirators
must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) During operations such as maintenance and repair, for which controls are not feasible or
operations which are intermittent and limited in duration.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure below
PELs or where benzene is used less than 30 days per year.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (g)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii) and (d)(3)(iii)(B)(1) and (2)], and (f) through (m).

(g)(2)(ii) Replace cartridges or canisters at end of their service life or at the beginning of shift in which
they will be used, whichever comes first.

(g)(2)(iii) If air purifying elements with ESLI for benzene become available, they can be used until the
indicator shows no further service life.

Selection (g)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with organic vapor cartridges
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with organic vapor cartridge or chin style canister
< 100 x PEL: Full facepiece PAPR with organic vapor canister
< 1000 x PEL: Full facepiece supplied air respirator, continuous flow or pressure demand
> 1000x PEL: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator with auxiliary SCBA;
pressure demand SCBA
Escape: Any organic vapor gas mask; any SCBA with full facepiece
Firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA

Note: Canisters must have minimum service life of 4 hours when tested at 150 ppm, benzene,
flow rate of 64 lpm, 25° C and 85% RH. For PAPR flow rate is 115 and 170 lpm for tight
fitting and loose fitting respectively.

(g)(3)(ii) An employee who cannot wear a negative pressure respirator entitled to wear a respirator
with less breathing resistance such as a PAPR or supplied air respirator.

Medical Surveillance (i)(2)(i) Initial examination for employees required to wear a respirator at least 30 days a year must
include pulmonary function test

(i)(3)(iii) Periodic examination for employees required to wear a respirator at least 30 days a year must
include pulmonary function test every three years.

(i)(6)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn.

(i)(7)(i) Employer must obtain and provide the employee with physician’s written opinion that includes
any recommended limitations on use of protective equipment.

Communication of (j)(1)(i) Signs at entrances to regulated areas include line “Respirator Required”.
Hazards
Recordkeeping (k)(1)(i) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(k)(2)(i) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

50
 Paragraph Coke Oven Emissions 1910.1029

Permissible (c) PEL: 150 µg/ m3, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limit

Exposure Monitoring (e)(1)(iv) At least every 3 months for certain jobs.

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph. Respirators
must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) In work operations where engineering and work practice controls are not feasible.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure below
PEL.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (g)(2) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

Selection (g)(3) < 10 x PEL: Any dust/ mist respirator except single use*; any particulate filter or combination
chemical cartridge and particulate filter for coke oven emissions
> 10 x PEL: Pressure demand or continuous flow supplied air respirator; PAPR with dust mist
filter; or PAPR with any particulate filter or combination chemical cartridge and
particulate filter for coke oven emissions

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

Medical Surveillance (j)(2)(ii) Initial examination must include chest x-ray.

(j)(2)(iii) Initial examination must include pulmonary function tests.

(j)(3)(i) Annual examinations must include chest x-ray and pulmonary function tests.

(j)(3)(ii) Semi-annual examinations for workers at least 45 with 5 years of exposure must include
pulmonary function tests.

(j)(3)(iii) Semi-annual examinations for workers at least 45 with 5 years of exposure who transfer out
of regulated area must include chest x-ray and pulmonary function tests.

(j)(4)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn.

(j)(5)(i) Employer must obtain physicians written opinion with any limitations on the use of protective
clothing or equipment such as respirators.

Training (k)(1)(iv) Training must include purpose, proper use and limitations of respirators.

Signs (l)(2)(ii) Signs at entrances to regulated areas must include the line “Respirator Required”.

Recordkeeping (m)(1)(i) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(m)(2)(i) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions.

* Refers to single use dust respirator approval, which was limited to pneumoconiosis and fibrous producing dusts and mists. This approval no
longer exists. Any single use (“disposable”) respirator with an N, R, or P approval is acceptable.

51
 Paragraph Cotton Dust 1910.1043

Permissible (c)(1) 8 hour TWA: Yarn mfg. and cotton washing: 200 µg/ m3; textile mill waste house
Exposure Limits operations or yarn manufacturing. with lower grade washed cotton: 500 µg/ m3;
slashing and weaving operations: 750 µg/ m3

Action Levels (c)(2) Action levels are one half of above limits.

Exposure Monitoring (d)(3)(i) At least once each year if concentration < PEL.

(d)(3)(ii) At least once every 6 months if concentration > PEL.

Respiratory Protection
General (f)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii)During maintenance and repair operations for which controls are not feasible.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce
exposure below PELs.
(iv) For specific operations listed in (g)(1).
(v) If an employee requests a respirator.

Program (f)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through
(d) [except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

(f)(2)(ii) If physician determines employee cannot wear a respirator, including a PAPR,

employee must be given option of transferring to a position not requiring respirator use
with no loss of compensation if such a position is available.

Selection (f)(3)(i) < 5 X PEL: Disposable particulate respirator

< 10X PEL: Quarter or half mask, other than disposable, with particulate filters
< 100 X PEL: Full facepiece with HEPA filters
> 100 X PEL: PAPR with HEPA filters

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(f)(3)(ii) If concentration < 100 times PEL, employee may request a PAPR with HEPA filter.

Work Practices (g)(1) Employees performing the “blowdown” or “blowoff” must wear suitable respirators.

Medical Surveillance (h)(2)(iii) Initial examination must include pulmonary function tests.

(h)(3)(i) Periodic examinations must include pulmonary function tests.

(h)(4)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn.

(h)(5)(i) Employer must obtain and furnish employee with physician’s written opinion on
recommended limitations on respirator use. Opinion must include a determination
whether an employee can wear a negative pressure respirator, and where the
employee cannot, a determination whether the employee can use a PAPR.

Training (i)(1)(i) Training must include purpose, proper use and limitations of respirators.

Signs (j) Signs at entrances to areas above PEL must include the line “Respirator Required In
This Area”.

Recordkeeping (k)(1)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of protective devices used.

(k)(2)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

52
 Paragraph 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) 1910.1044

Permissible (c)(1) 1 ppb, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limit

Exposure Monitoring (f)(3)(i) If concentration < PEL, monitor quarterly.

(f)(3)(ii) Each month if > PEL.

Respiratory Protection
General (h)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) During maintenance and repair operations for which controls are not feasible.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce
exposure below PEL.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (h)(2) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through
(d) [except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

Selection (h)(3) < 10 x PEL: Any supplied air respirator or SCBA

< 50 x PEL: Any supplied air respirator with full facepiece, helmet or hood; any SCBA
with full facepiece
< 1000 x PEL: Any pressure demand or continuous flow supplied air respirator
< 2000 x PEL: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator; continuous flow
supplied air respirator with full facepiece, helmet or hood
> 2000 x PEL and entry or escape from unknown concentrations: Full facepiece
pressure demand supplied air respirator with auxiliary SCBA; pressure
demand SCBA
Firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

Emergency Situations (i)(2) Employees engaged in correcting emergency conditions must be equipped with
appropriate respirator and protective clothing.

Medical Surveillance (m)(4)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn.

(m)(5)(i) Employer must obtain and provide the employee with physician’s written opinion which
includes any recommended limitations on use of protective clothing and equipment
such as respirators.

Training (n)(1)(ii) Training must include the purpose, proper use and limitation of respirators.

Signs (o)(2)(i) Signs at entrances to regulated areas must include the line “Respirator Required”.

Recordkeeping (p)(1)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(p)(2)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the
information provided to the physician.

53
 Paragraph Acrylonitrile 1910.1045

Action Level (b) 1 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1)(i) 2 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(1)(ii) 10 ppm, 15 minute ceiling limit

Exposure Monitoring (e)(3)(ii) At least quarterly if concentration > action level, <PEL.

(e)(3)(iii) At least monthly if concentration > PEL.

Respiratory Protection
General (h)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) During operations such as maintenance and repair, where employer establishes
engineering and work practice controls are not feasible.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure
below PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (h)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii) and (d)(3)(iii)(B)(1) and (2)], and (f) through (m).

(h)(2)(ii) Air purifying canisters or cartridges replaced before end of service life or at end of shift,
whichever occurs first.

A label must be placed on cartridge/canister to indicate time and date first installed.

Selection (h)(3) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with organic vapor cartridges; half mask supplied air respirator
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with organic vapor cartridges or canister; full facepiece
supplied air respirator or SCBA
< 2000 x PEL: Supplied air respirator with full facepiece, helmet, suit or hood, continuous
flow or pressure demand mode
>2000 x PEL or unknown: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator with
auxiliary SCBA; pressure demand SCBA
Firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA
Escape: Any organic vapor gas mask; any SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

Emergency Situations (i)(1)(ii) Emergency plan shall specify that employees engaged in correcting emergency situations
are equipped with appropriate respirators until emergency is abated.

Medical Surveillance (n)(2)(iii) Initial examination must include chest x-ray.

(n)(3)(i) Annual examinations must include chest x-ray.

(n)(5)(v) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn.

(n)(6)(i) Employer must obtain physician’s written opinion which includes any recommended
limitations on use of protective clothing and equipment such as respirators.

Training (o)(1)(ii) Training must include purpose, proper use and limitations of respirators.

Signs (p)(2)(i) Signs posted at areas above PEL include line “Respirators May Be Required”.

Recordkeeping (q)(2)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(q)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

54
 Paragraph Ethylene Oxide 1910.1047

Action Level (b) 0.5 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1) 1 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 5 ppm, 15 minute excursion limit

Exposure Monitoring (d)(3)(i) At least each 6 months if concentration > action level, < PEL (TWA.).

(d)(3)(ii) At least each 3 months if concentration > PEL (TWA.).

(d)(3)(iv) At least each 3 months if concentration > PEL (15 minute excursion limit).

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) During operations such as maintenance and repair, for which controls are not feasible.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure
below PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (g)(2) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

Selection (g)(3) < 50 x PEL: Full facepiece respirator with ETO approved canister,
< 2000 x PEL: Pressure demand or continuous flow supplied air respirator with full
facepiece, helmet, hood or suit
> 2000 x PEL or unknown concentration: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air
respirator with auxiliary SCBA; pressure demand SCBA
Firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA
Escape: Any respirator described above

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

Emergency Situations (h)(1)(ii) Emergency plan shall specify that employees engaged in correcting emergency situations
are equipped with appropriate respirators until emergency is abated.

Medical Surveillance (i)(3)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective and respiratory equipment
worn.

(i)(4)(i) Employer must obtain physician’s written opinion which includes any recommended
limitations on use of protective equipment such as clothing or respirators.

Signs (j)(1)(i) Signs posted at regulated areas must include the line “Respirator and Protective Clothing
May Be Required To Be Worn in This Area”.

Training (j)(3)(iii) Training must include how to use protective equipment.

Recordkeeping (k)(2)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of protective devices used.

(k)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

55
 Paragraph Formaldehyde 1910.1048

Action Level (b) 0.5 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1) 0.75 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 2 ppm, 15 minute STEL

Exposure Monitoring (d)(3)(ii) At least each 6 months if exposed > action level.

(d)(3)(iii) At least annually for employees exposed > the STEL.

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) During operations such as maintenance and repair, for which controls are not feasible.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure
below PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (g)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii) and (d)(3)(iii)(B)(1) and (2)], and (f) through (m).

(g)(2)(ii) Cartridges must be replaced after 3 hours or end of shift, whichever is sooner, unless
NIOSH approved ESLI is used.

Canisters used in concentrations up 7.5 ppm must be replaced after 4 hours, industrial
size canister up to 75 ppm must be replaced after 2 hours, or end of shift, whichever is
sooner, unless NIOSH approved ESLI is used.

Selection (g)(3)(i) < 10 X PEL: Full facepiece with cartridges or canisters approved for formaldehyde (a half
mask can be used if gas-proof goggles are used)
< 100 X PEL: Full facepiece with chin style or industrial size canister specifically approved
for formaldehyde; pressure demand or continuous flow supplied air respirator
with full facepiece, hood or helmet.
> 100 X PEL: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator with auxiliary SCBA;
pressure demand SCBA
Firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA
Escape: SCBA in demand or pressure demand mode; full facepiece respirator with chin
style or industrial size canister specifically approved for formaldehyde

Note: No APF is given for PAPRs. Use 25 for a loose fitting facepiece or 100 for a
full facepiece, helmet or hood type.

(g)(3)(ii) Employee who experiences difficulty wearing a negative pressure respirator must be
provided a PAPR adequate to protect against formaldehyde exposure.

(Summary continued on next page)

56
 Paragraph Formaldehyde 1910.1048 (Continued)

Medical Surveillance (l)(4) Examinations required annually for employees required to wear a respirator or based on
questionnaire may be at increased risk from exposure.

(l)(4)(ii) Respirator wearers must have a baseline and annual pulmonary function test.

(l)(6)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment and respiratory
protection worn.

(l)(7)(i) Employer must obtain physician’s written opinion which includes any recommended
limitations on use of protective equipment, including respirators.

Training (n)(3)(iv) Training must include purpose, proper use and limitations of protective clothing and
equipment.

Recordkeeping (o)(1)(v) Exposure monitoring records must include type of protective devices used.

(o)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions.

(o)(4)(i) The employer must maintain records for employees subject to negative pressure
respirator fit testing required by this standard.

(o)(3)(ii) Respirator fit testing records must include a copy of the fit testing protocol, the results of
any fit testing performed, the size and manufacturer of respirators available for selection,
the date of the most recent fit testing, the name and social security number of each tested
employee, and the respirator type and facepiece selected.

(o)(5)(iii) Fit testing records must be kept until replaced by a more recent record.

57
 Paragraph 4,4’ - Methylenedianiline (MDA) 1910.1050

Action Level (b) 5 ppb, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c) 10 ppb, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
100 ppb, 15 minute STEL

Emergency Situations (d)(1)(ii) The emergency plan must specify that employees engaged in correcting the condition
wear the appropriate protective equipment and clothing.

Exposure Monitoring (e)(3)( i) At least once every 6 months if concentration > action limit < PEL.

(e)(3)(ii) A t least once every 3 months if concentration > PEL.

Regulated Area (f)(4) Employees entering a regulated area must be given and wear the appropriate
protective clothing and equipment.

Respiratory Protection
General (h)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During time period to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice
controls.
(ii) In work operations the employer establishes that engineering and work practice
controls are not feasible.
(iii) In work situations where feasible engineering and work practice controls and such
controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure below PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (h)(2) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through
(d) [except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

Selection (h)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with HEPA filters*

< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with HEPA filters*
< 1000 x PEL: Full facepiece PAPR with HEPA filters*
>1000 x PEL or unknown concentration: Pressure demand SCBA; full facepiece
pressure demand supplied air respirator with auxiliary SCBA
Escape: Full facepiece with HEPA filters*; any pressure demand or continuous flow
SCBA with full facepiece or hood.
Firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA

*HEPA/organic vapor combination cartridges required whenever MDA is in liquid form

or process involves heat.

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(h)(3)(ii) Employee who cannot wear a negative pressure respirator must be given option of
wearing a positive pressure (i.e. a PAPR) or a continuous flow or pressure demand
supplied air respirator.

Communication of (k)(1)(i) Signs at entrances to regulated areas include line “Respirators And Protective Clothing
Hazards May Be Required To Be Worn In This Area”.

Medical Surveillance (m)(7)(i) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn.

(m)(8)(i) Employer must obtain and provide the employee with physician’s written opinion which
includes any recommended limitations on use of protective equipment and respirators.

Recordkeeping (n)(3)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(n)(4)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions.

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59
 Paragraph 1,3-Butadiene 1910.1051

Action Level (b) 0.5 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1) 1 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 5 ppm, 15 minute STEL

Exposure Monitoring (d)(3)(i) At least each 12 months if exposed > action level, < TWA and STEL.

(d)(3)(ii) and At least each 3 months if exposed > TWA or STEL. After 8 samples within 2 years,
(iii) reduce to at least each 6 months.

Respiratory Protection
General (h)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During installation or implementation of engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) During non-routine operations which are performed infrequently and in which
exposures are limited in duration.
(iii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure
below PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (h)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii) and (d)(3)(iii)(B)(1) and (2)], and (f) through (m).

(h)(2)(ii) Air purifying canisters or cartridges replaced according to replacement schedule in

(h)(3)(i) selection table, and at the beginning of each work shift.

(h)(2)(iii) Instead of (h)(3)(i) replacement schedule, cartridges may be changed at 90% of service
life. Employer must have breakthrough data based on tests conducted under worst case
conditions of temperature, humidity, and air flow. Test data must be described in
employer's respirator program.

(h)(2)(iv) A label must be placed on cartridge/canister to indicate time and date first installed.

(h)(2)(v) If air purifying elements with ESLI for butadiene become available, they may be used until
no further service life or until replaced at the beginning of the next shift.

(h)(2)(vi) If employee detects odor of butadiene, must replace air purifying element immediately.

(Summary continued on next page)

60
 Paragraph 1,3-Butadiene 1910.1051 (Continued)

Selection (h)(3)(i) < 5 X PEL: Half mask or full facepiece with butadiene or organic vapor cartridges
or canisters (cartridges or canisters must be replaced every 4 hours)
< 10 X PEL: Half mask or full facepiece with butadiene or organic vapor cartridges
or canisters (cartridges or canisters must be replaced every 3 hours)
< 25 X PEL: Full facepiece with butadiene or organic vapor cartridges or
canisters. (cartridges or canisters must be replaced every 2 hours);
any PAPR with butadiene or organic vapor cartridges (cartridges must
be replaced every 2 hours); continuous flow supplied air respirator
with hood or helmet
< 50 X PEL: Full facepiece with butadiene or organic vapor cartridges or canisters
(cartridges or canisters must be replaced every 1 hour); half mask or
full facepiece PAPR with butadiene or organic vapor cartridges
(cartridges must be replaced every 1 hour)
< 1000 X PEL: Pressure demand or continuous flow supplied air respirator with half
mask or full facepiece
> 1000 X PEL, unknown concentration, or firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA; full
facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator with auxiliary SCBA
Escape from IDLH: Pressure demand or continuous flow SCBA with appropriate
service life; full facepiece with front or back mounted butadiene or
organic vapor canister

(h)(3)(ii) All air purifying respirators must be approved for organic vapor or butadiene.

(h)(3)(iii) If a job requires a respirator and the employee is unable to wear a negative pressure
respirator, a respirator with less breathing resistance, such as a PAPR or supplied air
respirator must be provided if it will provide adequate protection.

Medical Screening and (k)(3)(iii) Physical ability to perform the work and use the respirator must be determined for
Surveillance employees who must wear respirators, as required by 1910.134.

(k)(6)(iv) Provide physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP) description of
personal protective equipment used.

Communication of (l)(2)(iv) Training must include personal protective equipment.

Hazards

Recordkeeping (m)(2)(i) Exposure monitoring records must include type of protective devices used.

(m)(3)(i) Fit testing records must include employee name; type, size, and brand of respirator; date
of fit test. QNFT requires fit factor, strip chart, or other recording of results.

(m)(3)(ii) Fit testing records must be maintained until next test.

(m)(4)(ii) Medical record must include a copy of information provided to the PLHCP.

61
 Paragraph Methylene Chloride 1910.1052

Action Level (b) 12.5 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1) 25 ppm, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 125 ppm, 15 minute STEL

Exposure Monitoring (d)(3) Exposures < action level, > STEL: Monitor STEL every 3 months.
Exposures > action level, < TWA , < STEL: Monitor TWA every 6 months.
Exposures > action level, < TWA , > STEL: Monitor TWA every 6 months.
Monitor STEL every 3 months.
Exposures > TWA, < STEL: Monitor TWA every 3 months.
Exposures > TWA and > STEL: Monitor TWA and STEL every 3 months.

Regulated Area (e)(3) Employees entering a regulated area must be given and wear the appropriate respirator.

(e)(5) Employees in regulated area must not engage in activities (e.g., taking medication, chewing
gum or tobacco) which interfere with respirator seal or performance.

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) Whenever employee's exposure exceeds or can reasonably be expected to exceed
TWA or STEL (e.g., when using methylene chloride in a regulated area).
(ii) During time period necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work
practice controls.
(iii) In a few operations, such as some maintenance and repair activities, for which
employer demonstrates engineering and work practice controls are infeasible.
(iv) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure
below PELs.
(v) Emergencies.

Program (g)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (m)
[except (d)(1)(iii) and (d)(3)(iii)(B)(1) and (2)].

(g)(2)(ii) Organic vapor gas mask canisters provided for escape must be replaced after one use.

Selection (g)(3) < 25 X PEL: Continuous flow supplied air respirator with hood or helmet
< 50 X PEL: Full facepiece supplied air respirator, demand mode; full facepiece SCBA,
demand mode
< 200 X PEL: Full facepiece pressure demand or continuous flow supplied air respirator;
pressure demand SCBA
> 200 X PEL or unknown: Pressure demand SCBA; full facepiece pressure demand
supplied air respirator with auxiliary SCBA
Fire fighting: Pressure demand SCBA
Emergency escape: Continuous flow or pressure demand SCBA; gas mask with organic
vapor canister

Medical Evaluation (g)(4)(i) If demand supplied air respirators or gas masks for escape are to be used, a physician or
other licensed health care professional (PLHCP) must determine the employee's ability to
use such respirators.

(g)(4)(ii) PLHCP written opinion must be provided to employee and employer.

Medical Surveillance (j)(8)(iv) Employer must provide PLHCP with information on protective equipment such as
respirators worn.

(j)(9)(i) Employer must obtain PLHCP written opinion including any limitations on the use of
protective clothing and equipment or respirators.

Recordkeeping (m)(2)(ii) Where employer has 20 or more employees, exposure monitoring records must include
type of personal protective equipment, such as respirator used.

(m)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions.

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63
 Paragraph Asbestos 1915.1001 (Shipyards)

Permissible (c)(1) 0.1 fiber/cc, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 1 fiber/cc, 30 minute excursion limit

Regulated Areas (e)(4) Respirators required to enter regulated area (Area where Class I, II, or III work is performed
or Class IV work where exposure exceeds PEL).

Exposure Monitoring (f)(2)(i) At the start of each asbestos job unless a negative exposure assessment is made.

(f)(3)(i) Class I and II Operations: Daily unless a negative exposure assessment is made or a positive
(f)(3)(iii) pressure supplied air respirator is used.

(f)(3)(ii) Class III and IV Operations: At intervals sufficient to document validity of the exposure
prediction.

Methods of Compliance (g)(9)(v) Class III work: Employees must wear respirators selected, fitted and used in accordance with
(h) if thermal system insulation (TSI) or surfacing asbestos containing material (ACM) is
disturbed; or if negative exposure assessment has not been made; or if PEL is exceeded.

(g)(10)(i) Class IV work: Employees must wear respirators selected, fitted and used in accordance with
(h) when cleaning up debris and waste in a regulated area where respirators are required.

Respiratory Protection
General (h)(1) Employer must provide and ensure respirators are used where required. Respirators must be
used in the following circumstances:
(i) During all Class I asbestos jobs.
(ii) During all Class II work where the ACM is not removed in a substantially
intact state.
(iii) During all Class II and III work which is not performed using wet methods.
(iv) During all Class II and III asbestos jobs where the employer does not produce
a negative exposure assessment.
(v) During all Class III jobs where TSI or surfacing ACM or presumed asbestos
containing material (PACM) is being disturbed.
(vi) During all Class IV work performed within regulated areas where employees
performing other work are required to wear respirators.
(vii) During all work covered by this section where employees are exposed above
the TWA or excursion limit.
(viii) In emergencies.

Selection (h)(2)(i) Employer must select, provide at no cost to employee and ensure use of appropriate
respirator.
< 10 x PEL: Half mask air purifying respirator with HEPA filters, no disposables
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece air purifying respirator with HEPA filters
< 100 x PEL: PAPR with HEPA filters; continuous flow supplied air respirator
< 1000 x PEL: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator
> 1000 x PEL or unknown concentration: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air
respirator with auxiliary SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(h)(2)(ii) Respirators must be approved by NIOSH and MSHA.**

(h)(2)(iii) A tight - fitting PAPR must be provided in lieu of a negative pressure respirator if employee
requests and it would provide adequate protection. Employer must inform employees of their
right to request a PAPR.

(h)(2)(iv) Half mask air purifying respirators with HEPA filters (no disposables) are required for: Class II
and III asbestos jobs unless a negative exposure assessment has been made; Class III jobs
where TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM is being disturbed.

(Summary continued on next page)

64
 Paragraph Asbestos 1915.1001 (Shipyards) Continued

(h)(2)(v) Tight - fitting PAPR or full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirators with HEPA
egress cartridges are required for Class I work if exposure assessment indicates exposures
< 1 f/cc as 8 hour TWA and negative exposure assessment has not been made. If >1 f/cc,
full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirators with auxiliary SCBA are required.

Program (h)(3)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b), (d), (e) &
(f).**
(h)(3)(ii)
Employees must be allowed to change filters when breathing resistance is detected.
(h)(3)(iii)
Employees must be allowed to leave area to wash face and facepiece to prevent skin
irritation.
(h)(3)(iv)
Any employee who cannot wear a respirator must be given the option of transferring to a
position not requiring respirator use with no loss of compensation if such a position is
available.

Fit Testing (h)(4)(i) Employer must ensure respirator exhibits least possible facepiece leakage.

(h)(4)(ii) Fit testing is required for all negative pressure respirators. QLFT for half mask respirators or
full facepieces used where half masks are permitted. Must be performed each 6 months
according to specific protocols in Appendix C.**

Appendix C Protocols for QLFT and QNFT. Selection of at least 5 sizes of half mask respirators from
two manufacturers for QLFT. Pass QLFT with two facepieces and use for a week to decide
which to use. Seven exercises for QLFT include jogging in place. Nine exercises for QNFT
include jogging in place, grimace and bend over and touch toes. Requires three QNFT
tests, lowest fit factor >100 for half mask, > 1000 for full facepiece. Fit factor cards issued
for QNFT. Fit test to be repeated if subject has changes to face that affect fit. Fit test
records maintained 3 years.

Hygiene Facilities (j)(1)(ii) Employee must put on protective clothing and respirator before exiting clean room.
(Class I Jobs)
(j)(1)(iii) Employee must not remove respirator in equipment room.

Signs (k)(7)(ii) Signs posted at regulated area must include line "Respirators and Protective Clothing Are
Required in this Area".

Training (k)(9)(viii) Training must include purpose, proper use, fitting instructions and limitations of respirators.

Medical Surveillance (m)(1)(i) Must be provided for employees who are engaged in Class I, II or III work or exposed at or
above the PEL for 30 or more days per year and for employees who wear negative pressure
respirators.

(m)(2)(i) Examination to be given within ten working days of thirtieth day of exposure or prior to
assignment to an area where negative pressure respirators are worn.

(m)(2)(ii) Initial and annual examinations must include pulmonary function testing and chest x-ray (at
the discretion of the physician).

(m)(3)(iv) Provide physician information on protective and respiratory equipment used.

(m)(4)(i) Employer must obtain physician’s written opinion which includes any recommended
limitations on use of protective equipment such as respirators.

Recordkeeping (n)(2)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of protective devices used.

(n)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

Qualified Person (o)(3)(i) Qualified person must ensure that employees working in enclosures and/or using glove bags
wear respirators and protective clothing as required.

**OSHA did not change the respiratory protection requirements of this standard when 1910.134 was revised on January 8, 1998.
These respiratory protection program requirements refer to the original version of 1910.134, which no longer exists.

65
 Paragraph 4,4’ - Methylenedianiline (MDA) 1926.60 (Construction)

Action Level (b) 5 ppb, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c) 10 ppb, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
100 ppb, 15 STEL

Emergency Situations (e)(1)(ii) The emergency plan must specify that employees engaged in correcting the condition
wear the appropriate protective equipment and clothing.

Exposure Monitoring (f)(3)(i) At least once every 6 months if concentration > action limit < PEL.

(f)(3)(ii) At least once every 3 months if concentration > PEL.

(f)(3)(iii) If employees are wearing supplied air respirators in a regulated area, no monitoring is
required.

Regulated Area (g)(4) Individuals entering a regulated area must be given and wear the appropriate protective
clothing and equipment.

Respiratory Protection
General (i)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During time period to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice
controls.
(ii) In work operations the employer establishes that engineering and work practice
controls are not feasible.
(iii) In work situations where feasible engineering and work practice controls and such
controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure below PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.

Program (i)(2) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

Selection (i)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with HEPA filters*

< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with HEPA filters*
< 1000 x PEL: Full facepiece PAPR with HEPA filters*
>1000 x PEL or unknown concentration: Pressure demand SCBA; full facepiece pressure
demand supplied air respirator with auxiliary SCBA
Escape: Full facepiece with HEPA filters*; any pressure demand or continuous flow SCBA
with full facepiece or hood.
Firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA

*HEPA/organic vapor combination cartridges required whenever MDA is in liquid form or

process involves heat.

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(i)(3)(ii) An employee who cannot wear a negative pressure respirator must be given the option of
wearing a positive pressure (i.e. a PAPR) or a continuous flow or pressure demand
supplied air respirator.

Communication of Hazards (l)(1)(i) Signs at entrances to regulated areas include line “Respirators And Protective Clothing
May Be Required To Be Worn In This Area”.

Medical Surveillance (n)(7)(i) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn.

(n)(8)(i) Employer must obtain and provide the employee with physician’s written opinion which
includes any recommended limitations on use of protective equipment or respirators.

Recordkeeping (o)(4)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of protective devices used.

(o)(5)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions.

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67
 Paragraph Lead in Construction 1926.62 Interim Final Rule

Action Level (b) 30 µg/m3, 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c)(1) 50 µg/m3, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) For exposures greater than 8 hours a day, PEL = 400 ÷ hours worked in the day.
(c)(3) When respirators are used to supplement engineering controls, assigned protection factor
of respirator can be used to calculate exposure during periods the respirator is worn.

Exposure Assessment (d)(2) Until monitoring is completed, assumed levels of exposure based on specific tasks are
used to select respirators (see Table A, next page).

(d)(6)(ii) At least once every 6 months if concentration > action limit and < PEL.

(d)(6)(iii) At least once every 3 months if concentration > PEL.

Respiratory Protection
General (f)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) Whenever an employee’s exposure exceeds the PEL.
(ii) Where engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure
below PELs.
(iii) Whenever an employee requests a respirator.
(iv) Interim protection for employees performing tasks specified in paragraph (d)(2)

Program (f)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

(f)(2)(ii) If an employee exhibits difficulty breathing during fit test or respirator use, employer must
provide a medical examination to determine if the employee can use a respirator.

Selection (f)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with HEPA filters; half mask supplied air respirator, demand mode
< 25 x PEL: Hood or helmet PAPR with HEPA filters; hood or helmet supplied air respirator,
continuous flow mode (e.g. type CE abrasive blasting)
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with HEPA filters; tight fitting PAPR with HEPA filters; full
facepiece supplied air respirator, demand mode; half or full facepiece supplied
air respirator continuous flow mode; full facepiece SCBA, demand mode.
< 1000 x PEL: Half mask pressure demand supplied air respirator; [specifically tested type
CE abrasive blasting hood or helmet supplied air respirator, continuous flow
mode permitted by OSHA memoranda].
< 2000 x PEL: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator
> 2000 x PEL, unknown concentration or firefighting: Pressure demand SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(f)(3)(ii) Employer must supply a PAPR if an employee requests one and the respirator will provide
adequate protection.

Medical Surveillance (j)(3)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment to be worn.

(j)(3)(v) Employer must obtain and give employee copy of physician written opinion on limitations
regarding respirator use. If physician determines employee cannot wear a negative
pressure respirator, must include determination whether an employee can wear a PAPR.

Training (l)(2)(iii) Training must include purpose, proper use and limitations of respirators.

Recordkeeping (n)(1)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(n)(2)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinion.

68
 Table A: Activities That Are Presumed To Have Significant Lead Exposures

Minimum Required Respiratory

Activity Presumed Exposure Protection
A: Where lead containing coatings are present:
• Manual demolition of structures (e.g. drywall)
• Scraping, manual sanding, heat gun use 500 µg/m3 Half mask respirator with HEPA
• Power tool cleaning with dust collection systems filters
B: Spray painting with lead paint
C: Any task an employer has reason to believe an employee may
be exposed above the PEL
A. Using lead containing mortar
B. Lead burning
C. Where lead containing paints are present: Greater than 500 µg/m3 but Loose fitting hood or helmet
• Rivet busting PAPR with HEPA filters; hood or
less than 2500 µg/m3
• Power tool cleaning without dust collection helmet supplied air respirator
• Cleanup of dry expendable abrasives continuous flow
• Abrasive blasting containment movement or removal
Where lead containing paints are present:
• Abrasive blasting Greater than 2500 µg/m3 Half mask or full facepiece
• Welding supplied air respirator operated in
• Cutting pressure demand mode
• Torch burning

69
 Paragraph Asbestos 1926.1101 (Construction)

Permissible (c)(1) 0.1 fiber/cc, 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limits
(c)(2) 1 fiber/cc, 30 minute excursion

Regulated Areas (e)(4) Respirators required to enter regulated area (Area where Class I, II, or III work is performed
or Class IV work where exposure exceeds PEL).

Exposure Monitoring (f)(2)(i) At the start of each asbestos job unless a negative exposure assessment is made.

(f)(3)(i) Class I and II Operations: Daily unless a negative exposure assessment is made or a
(f)(3)(iii) positive pressure supplied air respirator is used.

(f)(3)(ii) Class III and IV Operations: At intervals sufficient to document validity of the exposure
prediction.

Methods of Compliance (g)(9)(v) Class III work: Employees must wear respirators selected, fitted and used in accordance with
(h) if thermal system insulation (TSI) or surfacing asbestos containing material (ACM) is
disturbed; or if negative exposure assessment has not been made; or if PEL is exceeded.

(g)(10)(i) Class IV work: Employees must wear respirators selected, fitted and used in accordance with
(h) when cleaning up debris and waste in a regulated area where respirators are required.

Respiratory Protection
General (h)(1) Employer must provide respirators that comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During all Class I asbestos jobs.
(ii) During all Class II work where the ACM is not removed in a substantially
intact state.
(iii) During all Class II and III work which is not performed using wet methods.
(iv) During all Class II and III asbestos jobs where the employer does not produce
a negative exposure assessment.
(v) During all Class III jobs where TSI or surfacing ACM or presumed asbestos
containing material (PACM) is being disturbed.
(vi) During all Class IV work performed within regulated areas where employees
performing other work are required to wear respirators.
(vii) During all work covered by this section where employees are exposed above
the TWA or excursion limit.
(viii) In emergencies.

Program (h)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

(h)(2)(ii) Any employee who cannot wear a respirator must be given the option of transferring to a
position not requiring respirator use with no loss of compensation if such a position is
available.

Selection (h)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask air purifying respirator with HEPA filters, no disposables
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece air purifying respirator with HEPA filters
< 100 x PEL: PAPR with HEPA filters; continuous flow supplied air respirator
< 1000 x PEL: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator
> 1000 x PEL or unknown concentration: Full facepiece pressure demand supplied air
respirator with auxiliary SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(h)(3(ii) A tight - fitting PAPR must be provided in lieu of a negative pressure respirator if requested
and it would provide adequate protection.

(Summary continued on next page)

70
 Paragraph Asbestos 1926.1101 (Construction) Continued
(h)(3)(iii) Half mask air purifying respirators with HEPA filters (no disposables) are required for: Class
II and III asbestos jobs unless a negative exposure assessment has been made; Class III
jobs where TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM is being disturbed.

(h)(3)(iv) Tight - fitting PAPR or full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirators with HEPA
egress cartridges required for Class I work if exposure assessment indicates exposures < 1
f/cc as 8 hour TWA and negative exposure assessment has not been made. If >1 f/cc, full
facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirators with auxiliary SCBA are required.

Hygiene Facilities (j)(1)(ii) Employee must put on protective clothing and respirator before exiting clean room.
(Class I Jobs)
(j)(1)(iii) Employee must not remove respirator in equipment room.

Signs (k)(7)(ii) Signs posted at regulated area must include line "Respirators and Protective Clothing Are
Required in This Area".

Training (k)(9)(viii) Training must include purpose, proper use, fitting instructions and limitations of respirators.

Medical Surveillance (m)(1)(i) Provided for all employees engaged in Class I, II or III work or exposed at or above the PEL
for 30 or more days per year and for employees who wear negative pressure respirators.

(m)(2)(i) Examination to be given within ten working days following the thirtieth day of exposure or
prior to assignment to an area where negative pressure respirators are worn.

(m)(2)(ii) Initial and annual examinations must include pulmonary function testing and chest x-ray (at
the discretion of the physician).

(m)(3)(iv) Employer must provide physician with information on protective and respiratory equipment
used.

(m)(4)(i) Employer must obtain physician’s written opinion which includes any recommended
limitations on use of protective equipment such as respirators.

Recordkeeping (n)(2)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of protective devices used.

(n)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

Competent Person (o)(3)(i) Competent person must ensure that employees working in enclosures and/or using glove
bags wear protective clothing and respirators as required.

71
 Paragraph Cadmium 1926.1127 (Construction)
Action Level (b) 2.5 µg/m3 , 8 hour TWA

Permissible (c) 5 µg/m3 , 8 hour TWA

Exposure Limit

Exposure Monitoring (d)(1)(i) Competent person must determine need to monitor.

(d)(3)(i) If monitoring shows concentrations > action level, monitor to represent exposures and to
assure adequacy of respiratory protection.

Regulated Area (e)(4) Employees entering a regulated area must be given and wear the appropriate respirator.

Methods of Compliance (f)(3)(ii) Materials containing cadmium must not be applied by spraying if exposures are above PEL
unless employees are protected with positive pressure supplied air respirators with full
facepiece, hood, helmet, or suit and measures are used to limit overspray.

Respiratory Protection
General (g)(1) Employer must provide respirators that meet the requirements of this paragraph.
Respirators must be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During time period to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) In maintenance and repair activities and during brief or intermittent operations where
engineering and work practice controls are not feasible or are not required.
(iii) In regulated areas.
(iv) Where the employer has implemented all feasible engineering and work practice
controls and such controls are not sufficient to reduce exposure below PELs.
(v) Emergencies.
(vi) Whenever an employee exposed above the action level requests a respirator.
(vii) When an employee is exposed above the PEL and engineering controls are not
required; e.g. employee exposed intermittently and not more than 30 days/year.

Program (g)(2)(i) Employer must institute a respirator program in accordance with 1910.134 (b) through (d)
[except (d)(1)(iii)], and (f) through (m).

(g)(2)(ii) If employee has difficulty breathing during a fit test or respirator use, employer must
provide a medical examination.

(g)(2)(iii) Employee must not be assigned to a task requiring a respirator if physician determines
employee cannot wear the respirator. Provisions for medical removal are in section (l)(11)
and (12).

Selection (g)(3)(i) < 10 x PEL: Half mask with HEPA filter

< 25 x PEL: Hood or helmet PAPR with HEPA filter; continuous flow supplied air respirator
with hood or helmet
< 50 x PEL: Full facepiece with HEPA filter; half mask PAPR with HEPA filter; half mask
continuous flow supplied air respirator
< 250 x PEL: Full facepiece PAPR with HEPA filter; full facepiece continuous flow supplied
air respirator
< 1000 x PEL: Half or full facepiece pressure demand supplied air respirator
> 1000 x or unknown: Pressure demand SCBA; full facepiece pressure demand supplied
air respirator with auxiliary SCBA
Fire fighting: Pressure demand SCBA

Note: See recommendations regarding APFs in the introduction.

(g)(3)(ii) An employee entitled to wear a respirator may request a PAPR if it will provide adequate
protection.

(Summary continued on next page)

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 Paragraph Cadmium 1926.1127 (Construction) Continued

Emergency Situations (h) Employer must develop a written plan dealing with substantial releases of cadmium,
include provisions for the use of appropriate respirators and personal protective
equipment.

Medical Surveillance (l)(1)(ii) To determine fitness to use a respirator, employer must provide the limited medical
examination described in (l)(6).

(l)(3)(ii) Actions triggered by initial biological monitoring above limits specified include a
reevaluation of respirator use and the respirator program.

(l)(4)(ii) Periodic medical examination must include chest x-ray and pulmonary function tests. After
initial x-ray, frequency is determined by physician.

(l)(5)(i) Actions triggered by periodic medical examination results consistent with cadmium toxicity
include a reevaluation of respirator use and the respirator program.

(l)(6)(i) Specific medical examination must be provided to determine fitness to use a respirator.

(l)(6)(iii) If an employee has difficulty breathing during a fit test or during respirator use, employer
must provide a medical examination.

(l)(6)(iv) Where results are abnormal, physician must consider if medical limitation on respirator
use is necessary. If employee is allowed to use a respirator, periodic reviews are
required.
(l)(9)(iv)
Employer must provide physician with information on protective equipment worn including
when and for how long a respirator has been used.
(l)(10)(i)
Employer must obtain physicians written opinion with any limitations on use of personal
protective equipment such as respirators.
(l)(11)(ii)
Employee found unfit to wear a respirator must be removed from any work above the PEL.

Communication of (m)(2)(ii) Signs at entrances to regulated areas must include the line “Respirators Required In This
Hazards Area”.

(m)(4)(iii) Employee training must include purpose, proper selection, fitting, proper use and limitations
of respirators and protective clothing..

Recordkeeping (n)(1)(ii) Exposure monitoring records must include type of respirator used.

(n)(3)(ii) Medical record must include physician’s written opinions and a copy of the information
provided to the physician.

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 Other OSHA Regulations Affecting Respirator Use

While most of OSHA's respiratory protection requirements are found 1910.134 and the
substance specific health standards, several additional regulations also affect respirator use.
The following pages summarize the more significant of those regulations.

29 CFR 1910.94 and 1926.57 Ventilation

Abrasive Blasting

1. Scope

This paragraph (a) applies to all operations where an abrasive is forcibly applied to a surface by
pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or by centrifugal force. It does not apply to steam blasting, or
steam cleaning, or hydraulic cleaning methods where work is done without the aid of abrasives.

2. Definitions

Abrasive: A solid substance used in an abrasive blasting operation.

Abrasive blasting respirator: A respirator constructed so that it covers the wearer's

head, neck, and shoulders to protect the wearer from rebounding abrasive.

Blast cleaning room: A complete enclosure in which blasting operations are performed
and where the operator works inside of the room to operate the blasting nozzle and
direct the flow of the abrasive material.

Particulate filter respirator: An air purifying respirator, commonly referred to as a dust or

a fume respirator, which removes most of the dust or fume from the air passing through
the device.

Abrasive blasting: The forcible application of an abrasive to a surface by pneumatic

pressure, hydraulic pressure, or centrifugal force.

3. Personal Protective Equipment

Only respiratory protective equipment approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health may be used to protect employees from dusts produced during abrasive blasting
operations.

Abrasive blasting respirators must be worn by all abrasive blasting operators:

A. When working inside of blast-cleaning rooms,

B. When using silica sand in manual blasting operations where the nozzle and blast are not
physically separated from the operator in an exhaust ventilated enclosure,
C. Where concentrations of toxic dusts dispersed by the abrasive blasting may exceed the
limits set in 1910.1000 and the nozzle and blast are not physically separated from the
operator in an exhaust-ventilated enclosure.

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Properly fitted particulate filter respirators, commonly referred to as dust-filter respirators, may
be used for short, intermittent, or occasional dust exposures such as cleanup, dumping of dust
collectors, or unloading shipments of sand at a receiving point, when it is not feasible to control
the dust by enclosure, exhaust ventilation, or other means. Respirators used must be approved
by NIOSH for protection against the specific type of dust encountered.

Dust-filter respirators may be used to protect the operator of outside abrasive-blasting

operations where nonsilica abrasives are used on materials having low toxicity.
Dust-filter respirators must not be used for continuous protection where silica sand is used as
the blasting abrasive, or toxic materials are blasted.

A respiratory protection program as defined and described in 1910.134 must be established

wherever it is necessary to use respiratory protective equipment.

4. Air Supply and Air Compressors

The air for abrasive-blasting respirators must be free of harmful quantities of dusts, mists, or
noxious gases, and must meet the requirements for supplied air quality and use set forth in 29
CFR 1910.134 (i).

29 CFR 1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations And Emergency Response

1. Scope

This standard covers the following operations:

A. Clean-up operations required by a governmental body involving hazardous substances
that are conducted at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites;
B. Corrective actions involving clean-up operations at sites covered by the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) as amended;
C. Voluntary clean-up operations at sites recognized by governmental bodies as
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites;
D. Operations involving hazardous wastes that are conducted at treatment, storage, and
disposal (TSD) facilities regulated by 40 CFR Parts 264 and 265 pursuant to RCRA; or
by agencies under agreement with U.S.E.P.A. to implement RCRA;
E. Emergency response operations for releases of, or substantial threats of releases of,
hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard.

2. Definitions

"IDLH" or "Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health" means an atmospheric concentration of

any toxic, corrosive, or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would
cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual's ability
to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.

"Oxygen Deficiency" means that concentration of oxygen by volume below which atmosphere
supplying respiratory protection must be provided. It exists in atmospheres where the
percentage of oxygen by volume is less than 19.5 percent oxygen.

"Permissible Exposure Limit" means the exposure, inhalation or dermal permissible exposure
limit specified in 29 CFR Part 1910, Subparts G and Z.

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"Published Exposure Limit" means the exposure limits published in "NIOSH Recommendations
for Occupational Health Standards" dated 1986 incorporated by reference, or if none is
specified, the exposure limits published in the standards specified by the American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in their publication "Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices for 1987-88" dated 1987 incorporated by reference.

3. Safety and Health Program

The site safety and health program must address personal protective equipment to be used by
employees for each of the site tasks and operations being conducted as required by the
personal protective equipment program of this standard.

4. Site Characterization and Analysis

Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be provided and used during initial site entry in
accordance with the following requirements:
A. Based upon the results of preliminary site evaluation, an ensemble of PPE must be
selected and used during initial site entry which will provide protection to a level of
exposure below the permissible exposure limits and published exposure levels for
known or suspected hazardous substances and health hazards, and which will provide
protection against other known and suspected hazards identified during the preliminary
site evaluation. If there is no permissible exposure limit or published exposure level, the
employer may use other published studies and information as a guide to appropriate
personal protective equipment.

B. If positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus is not used as part of the entry

ensemble, and if respiratory protection is not warranted by the potential hazards
identified during the preliminary site evaluation, an escape self-contained breathing
apparatus of at least 5 minutes duration must be carried by employees during initial site
entry.

C. If the preliminary site evaluation does not provide sufficient information to identify the
hazards or suspected hazards of the site, an ensemble providing protection equivalent
to Level B PPE must be provided as minimum protection, and direct reading instruments
must be used as appropriate for identifying IDLH conditions.

D. Once the hazards of the site have been identified, the appropriate PPE must be selected
and used in accordance with this standard.

5. Training

The training must thoroughly cover the use of personal protective equipment.

6. Medical Surveillance

The medical surveillance program instituted by the employer for all employees who wear a
respirator for 30 days or more a year or as required by 1910.134. The medical examinations
and consultations must be made available (1) prior to assignment, (2) at least once every 12
months for each employee unless the attending physician believes a longer interval (not greater
than biennially) is appropriate, (3) at termination of employment or reassignment to an area
where the employee would not be covered if the employee has not had an examination within

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the last six months, (4) as soon as possible upon notification by an employee that the employee
has developed signs or symptoms indicating possible overexposure to hazardous substances or
health hazards, or that the employee has been injured or exposed above the permissible
exposure limits or published exposure levels in an emergency situation, (5) and at more
frequent times, if the examining physician determines that an increased frequency of
examination is medically necessary.

Medical examinations required by this standard must include a medical and work history with
special emphasis on symptoms related to the handling of hazardous substances and health
hazards, and to fitness for duty including the ability to wear any required PPE under conditions
that may be expected at the work site.

A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used must be provided to the
physician. The employer must obtain and furnish the employee with a copy of a written opinion
from the attending physician containing the physician's recommended limitations upon the
employee's assigned work.

7. PPE for Substances Regulated in Subparts G and Z

Whenever engineering controls and work practices are not feasible or not required, any
reasonable combination of engineering controls, work practices and PPE must be used to
reduce and maintain employee exposures to or below the permissible exposure limits or dose
limits for substances regulated by 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart Z.

8. PPE for Substances not Regulated in Subparts G and Z.

An appropriate combination of engineering controls, work practices, and personal protective

equipment must be used to reduce and maintain employee exposure to below published
exposure levels for hazardous substances and health hazards not regulated under 29 CFR
1910, Subparts G and Z. The employer may use the published literature and MSDS as a guide
in making the employer's determination as to what level or protection the employer believes is
appropriate for hazardous substances and health hazards for which there is no permissible
exposure limit or published exposure limit.

9. Personal Protective Equipment Selection

PPE must be selected and used which will protect employees from the hazards and potential
hazards they are likely to encounter as identified during the site characterization and analysis.
PPE selection must be based on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the PPE
relative to the requirements and limitations of the site, task-specific conditions and duration, and
the hazards and potential hazards at the site.

Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, or positive pressure air-line respirators

equipped with an escape air supply, must be used when chemical exposure levels present will
create a substantial possibility of immediate death, immediate serious illness or injury, or impair
the ability to escape.

Totally-encapsulated chemical protective suits must be used in conditions where skin

absorption of a hazardous substance may result in a substantial possibility of immediate death,
immediate serious illness or injury, or impair the ability to escape.

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10. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Program

A written personal protective equipment program, which is part of the employer's safety and
health program and which also a part of the site-specific safety and health plan must be
established. The PPE program must address the following elements:

A. Selection of PPE, based upon site hazards,

B. Use and limitations of the equipment,
C. Work mission duration,
D. maintenance and storage of PPE,
E. Decontamination and disposal,
F. Training and proper fitting,
G. Donning and doffing procedures,
H. Inspection procedures prior to, during, and after use,
I. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the PPE program, and
J. Limitations during temperature extremes, heat stress, and other appropriate conditions.

11. Opening Drums and Containers

Where an airline respirator system is used in areas where drums or containers are being
opened, connections to the source of air supply must be protected from physical damage.

12. Decontamination

Protective clothing and equipment must be decontaminated, cleaned, laundered, maintained or

replaced as needed to maintain their effectiveness.

13. Certain Operations Conducted Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
of 1976 (RCRA)

Employers conducting operations at treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities must
implement programs specified below that relate to respiratory protection.

A. Safety and Health Program

B. Medical Surveillance Program
C. Training Program
D. Emergency Response Program which includes PPE and emergency equipment.

14. Emergency Response to Hazardous Substance Releases

This section covers employers whose employees are engaged in emergency response no
matter where it occurs except that it does not cover employees engaged in operations
discussed previously.

The emergency response plan must address PPE and emergency equipment.

Procedures for handling emergency response:

A. Based on the hazardous substances and/or conditions present, the individual in charge
of the Incident Command System (ICS) must implement appropriate emergency
operations, and assure that the personal protective equipment worn is appropriate for
the hazards to be encountered. However, personal protective equipment must meet, at

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 a minimum, the criteria contained in 29 CFR 1910.156 (e) when worn while performing
fire fighting operations beyond the incipient stage for any incident.

B. Employees engaged in emergency response and exposed to hazardous substances

presenting an inhalation hazard or potential inhalation hazard must wear positive
pressure self-contained breathing apparatus while engaged in emergency response,
until such time that the individual in charge of ICS determines through the use of air
monitoring that a decreased level of respiratory protection will not result in hazardous
exposures to employees.

C. When deemed necessary for meeting the tasks at hand, approved self-contained
compressed air breathing apparatus may be used with approved cylinders from other
approved self-contained compressed air breathing apparatus provided that such
cylinders are of the same capacity and pressure rating. All compressed air cylinders
used with self-contained breathing apparatus must meet U.S. Department of
Transportation and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health criteria.

15. First Responders

First responders at the operation level must have received at least 8 hours of training or have
had sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in knowing how to select and
use proper personal protective equipment provided to the first responder and the employer must
certify so.

16. Hazardous Material Technician/Specialist

The hazardous material technician or specialist must know how to select and use proper
specialized chemical personal protective equipment provided to the hazardous materials
technician or specialist, respectively.

17. General Description of the Levels of Protection and Protective Gear

Personal protective equipment is divided into four categories based on the degree of protection
afforded; Level A, Level B, Level C, Level D.

Level A - To be selected when the greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is
required. The following constitutes Level A equipment:

1. Positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive

pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA, approved by NIOSH.
2. Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suit.
3. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant.
4. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant.
5. Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank.
6. Optional PPE as required.

Level B - The highest level of respiratory protection is necessary, but a lesser level of skin
protection is needed. The following constitutes Level B equipment:

1. Positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive

pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA, approved by NIOSH.

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 2. Hooded chemical-resistant clothing (overalls and long-sleeved jacket; coveralls; one or
two-piece chemical-splash suit; disposable chemical resistant overalls).
3. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant.
4. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant.
5. Boots, outer, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank.
6. Optional PPE as required.

Level C - The concentration(s) and type(s) of airborne substance(s) is known and the criteria for
using air purifying respirators are met. The following constitutes Level C equipment:

1. Full-face or half-mask, air purifying respirators (NIOSH approved).

2. Hooded chemical-resistant clothing (overalls; two-piece chemical-splash suit;
disposable chemical-resistant overalls).
3. Gloves, outer, chemical-resistant.
4. Gloves, inner, chemical-resistant.
5. Optional PPE as required.

Level D - A work uniform affording minimal protection, used for nuisance contamination only.
The following constitutes Level D equipment:

1. Coveralls.
2. Boots/shoes, chemical-resistant steel toe and shank.
3. Optional PPE as required.

29 CFR 1910.146 Permit-Required Confined Spaces

1. Permit-Required Confined Space Program

Under the permit-required confined space program required by this standard, the employer must
provide all equipment necessary to safely enter a permit space. The equipment includes
personal protective equipment insofar as feasible engineering and work practice controls do not
adequately protect employees. Respirators, if necessary, are selected in accordance with
1910.134.

2. Entry Permit

The entry permit authorizes and controls entry into a permit space and documents compliance
with 1910.146 requirements. It must include a listing of equipment, such as personal protective
equipment, necessary for safe entry.

3. Training

The employer must provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by this
standard acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance
of the duties assigned to them.

Training must be provided to each affected employee before: (1) the employee is first assigned
duties, (2) before there is a change in assigned duties, (3) whenever there is a change in
operations that presents a hazard that the employee has not previously been trained, (4) or
whenever the employer has reason to believe either that their are deviations from the entry

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procedures or that there are inadequacies in the employees knowledge or use of these
procedures.

4. Rescue and Emergency Services

An employer whose employees have been designated to provide permit space rescue and
emergency services must provide personal protective equipment necessary for making rescues
from permit spaces and train affected employees so they are proficient in its use.

29 CFR 1910.156 Fire Brigades

1. Respiratory Protection Devices

The employer must ensure that respirators which meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134
and this paragraph are provided to, and used by, fire brigade members.

Approved self-contained breathing apparatus with full-facepieces, or with approved helmet or

hood configuration, must be provided to and worn by fire brigade members while working inside
buildings or confined spaces where toxic products of combustion or an oxygen deficiency may
be present. Such apparatus must also be worn during emergency situations involving toxic
substances.

Approved self-contained breathing apparatus may be equipped with either a "buddy-breathing"

device or a quick disconnect valve, even if these are not certified by NIOSH. If these devices
are used, they must not cause damage to the apparatus, or restrict the air flow of the apparatus,
or obstruct the normal operation of the apparatus.

Approved self-contained compressed air breathing apparatus may be used with approved
cylinders from other approved self-contained compressed air breathing apparatus provided that
such cylinders are of the same capacity and pressure rating. All compressed air cylinders used
with self-contained breathing apparatus must meet DOT and NIOSH criteria.

Self-contained breathing apparatus must have a minimum service life of 30 minutes in

accordance with the methods and requirements of NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, except for
escape self-contained breathing apparatus (ESCBA) used only for emergency escape
purposes.

Self-contained breathing apparatus must be provided with an indicator which automatically

sounds an audible alarm when the remaining service life of the apparatus is reduced to within a
range of 20 to 25 percent of its rated service time.

2. Positive-Pressure Breathing Apparatus

The employer must assure that self-contained breathing apparatus ordered or purchased after
July 1, 1981, for use by fire brigade members performing interior structural fire fighting
operations, are of the pressure-demand or other positive pressure type. Effective July 1,1983,
only pressure-demand or other positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus may be
worn by fire brigade members performing interior structural fire fighting.

This standard does not prohibit the use of a self-contained breathing apparatus where the
apparatus can be switched from a demand to a positive-pressure mode. However, such

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apparatus must be in the positive-pressure mode when fire brigade members are performing
interior structural fire fighting operations.

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