“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay

of Pasig City.”

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Water is a basic need that must be provided to all the citizens. Many understood

rights cannot be realized without the qualification of water. According to the United

Nations General Assembly (2010) that water and sanitation should be a human right.

Water as a human right is as much about the quality, making sure that the water is clean

and you do not get sick from drinking it, as it is about access. Without water, no life can

be sustained.

Background of the Study

According to Water Org. (2019) out of 105 million Filipinos, nine million rely

on unimproved, unsafe and unsustainable water sources and 19 million lack access to

improved sanitation. Families without a safe water source in or near their home often

spend significant time and energy collecting water. Those without a sanitary toilet

facility at home face a number of unattractive choices, including venturing out at night

or suffering the embarrassment of asking to use the toilet of a neighbor. Thus,

Filipinos consider water and sanitation access a matter of safety, pride, progress, and

convenience, in addition to the health considerations. While about 75 percent of

surveyed Filipinos expressed an interest in a water and sanitation loan, previously few

banks or microfinance institutions offered loans specifically tailored to this purpose.

According to Water Credit to the Philippines with the support of the Caterpillar

Foundation and Swiss Re Foundation (2014) they are now work with 22 different

microfinance institutions, providing philanthropic and technical support to build their

1 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

capacity to provide a variety of water and sanitation solutions in urban and rural

communities. From 2015 to 2017, partners conducted research, trained staff, designed

their loan products and executed lending pilots. We are expanding our partnerships,

and by the end of 2019, we aim to reach more than three million people with safe

water and sanitation. In addition, we are developing innovative approaches to working

with municipal water utilities and developing new toilet models, so even more low-

income Filipinos can enjoy safe water and the dignity of a toilet.

Water related advocacy such as world water day celebrated Every march 22, is

very important in bringing global attention to the importance of water. According to

Dr Gundo Weiler (2016) "Water is an extremely important resource that we cannot

live without. But there are Filipino who are still being left behind in terms of access to

improved water sources, especially in rural communities". According to WHO (World

Health Organization) (2016), one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the

Philippines was terrible water diarrhea, causing over 139 000 lives. The situation

could worsen as the country is threaten by the El Nino phenomenon and climate

change that contribute to increase in temperature, drying up our water sources. The

recent water shortage in Metro Manila also highlights the uncertainty of water access

even in the nation's capital.

Water supply coverage has not kept pace with the growing population in the

last few decades. According to Lili Yang (2015), population growth, water pollution

and climate change had contributed to the increased water scarcity in many parts of

the world including 115 countries. In addition to this, the findings of their study

concluded that Philippines is one of the countries that is experiencing water scarcity.

2 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

Today people around Metro Manila are told their water will stop for several hours at

scheduled intervals, prompting families to stock up in advance or buy water outside.

The global problem of water shortages needs to be highlighted and re-emphasized

over and over again until such time that everyone is fully aware of this and does their

part to responsibly save water, even in areas where it is perceived that there are

already sufficient supplies of water.

On March 6, 2019, about ten thousand households across Metro Manila

began to lose water supplies. On March 11, the water level in La Mesa Dam reached

68.93 masl, below its critical level of 69 masl. Manila Water COO Geodino Carpio

cited the delay of water infrastructure projects, such as the constructions of a

wastewater treatment plant in Cardona, Rizal and the Kaliwa Dam in Tanay, Rizal, for

the issue. Manila Water also noted the critically low levels of the reservoir held by La

Mesa Dam, its lowest level in 12 years, which the company relies on as their

emergency supply of water source. The affected residents have to wait in queue and

for the arrival of the fire truck to obtain water for basic needs. On March 20, President

Rodrigo Duterte threatens to terminate the contract with Manila Water and Maynilad

amidst the water crisis. On March 22, 2019, it was reported that the Manila "was

finally able to improve water availability to 96 percent.

3 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to understand the current household water use behaviour and water use

pattern, to know the best practices in the water usage for the water shortage in selected barangay

in Pasig City, to improve the efficiency of household water use, and to encourage sustainable use

and conservation of water resources.

It seeks to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the current practice of some households regarding water usage with

respect to:

a. kitchen usage

b. laundry usage

c. body & bath usage

d. vehicles

2. Are there any challenges encountered in water usage?

3. What can be suggested for an efficient practice of water use

Hypotheses

The study will test the following hypothesis:

1. All of the respondents in household wash the dishes before and after using it.

2. The respondents wash their hand by under running water.

3. Most of the respondents brush their teeth using a glass of water.

4. All of the respondents are satisfied with the quality of drinking water.

4 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

5. 5 to 10 respondents let the water run while taking shower.

Definition of Terms

Throughout the study, readers will encounter the following terms:

1. Practices - According to the Dictionary the meaning of practices is customary,

habitual, or expected procedure or way of doing something. Based on this study

the word “practice” means to know the current method on how they use water

usage on their households.

2. effective - According to the Google Dictionary, Effective is successful in

producing a desired or intended result. In this Study the meaning of Effective is

positive or better practice in water usage.

3. No life - In Urban dictionary the meaning of this word is somebody with no life is

one that doesn't value their own time, and so will spend it in ways that even they

feel or know are a waste of their time. In Study this word means without water

there is no life on this planet.

4. Re-emphasize- It stated in vocabulary that re-emphasize is when you make a clear

point again. In this study this word means pointing of idea correctly.

5. Behaviour - the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward

others (Google dictionary) However, the researcher used it as the action on how

they use their water usage.

6. Thematically - in a way that relates to the subjects or themes of something

(Google dictionary). this study the researcher used this to organized the literature.

5 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

7. Ethical - relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with

these (Google Dictionary). The researcher used this it as belief of action.

8. Strategies- In Urban Dictionary, the meaning of this word is a plan of action or

policy designed to achieve a major or overall aim. The researcher used this as

method or ways.

9. Conservation- a careful preservation and protection of something (Merriam

Webster). In this study the researcher used it as prevent of wasteful use.

10. Venturing - an undertaking involving uncertainty as to the outcome, especially a

risky or dangerous one (Google dictionary). The researcher used it as dare to do

something.

11. Behaviour- the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward

others (Google dictionary) However, the researcher used it as the action on how

they use their water usage.

Significance of the Study

The study aims to benefit the following:

1. Residence of the barangay- It will help the barangay official to know how to

maintain their water supply in the area in the barangay

2. Community- it will help them know to save water to prevent water deficiency. This

may ensure water sustainability for the fore reducing the challenges as brought about

by reduced water supply.

6 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

3. Local government- it would act as an eye opener forth both municipal council and

other environmental management of the natural resources especially water since it is a

basic need.

4. Water provider or concessionaire - it will help them improve their quality of

services such as National Water and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA) and Maynilad

5. Agricultural management- it will help them to make their work easier and more

convenient. Also, it will improve their profits.

6. Future researcher- especially those who will conduct a study on the same or

similar background will gain insights from the material of this research.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses on the selected barangay of Pasig City. These barangays are

barangay Buting that have a population of 9,073, Kalawaan that have a population of

23,442 and Pinagbuhatan who has the largest population of 105,435. In over all the

total population of the three barangays are 137950. Through the data gathered by the

researchers, this study will focus to know the best practices in the water usage for the water

shortage.

7 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-

depth studies done by the researcher. The researcher organizes thematically the literature

and studies which focuses to know the best practices in the water usage for the water shortage

in selected barangay in Pasig City and to understand current household water use behaviour and

water use pattern, , to improve the efficiency of household water use, to encourage sustainable

use and conservation of water resources.

Foreign Literature and Studies

As Yizing Shan (2015) in their study revealed that male adults and children took

shorter showers than the female adults, and children took fewer showers per week than

adults. Most household members take a shower during the evening and most have-not

tried to take shorter showers. The number of gardening during summer time was quite

differ and the irrigation systems for gardening were exclusively hand watering with only

a small action of respondents collecting rain water for gardening. Respondents gave low

estimates of their personal water usage. Three major motivations for the efficient use of

water at home are, to save water, to help the environment, and to save money.

8 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

As mentioned by Jeffrey and Gearey (2006) in their study that it is normal for

households with more residents use more water. It also mentioned that in terms of

education and income, it has shown that household with the higher-education levels often

have stronger intentions to conserve water and higher‐income households have also

indicate stronger intentions to install water efficient appliances. In terms of actual

household water use, while, households with lower education use in more water

conservation behaviors and use less water than higher‐education households and

households with higher incomes use more water than lower‐income households

As Gronhoj (2006) in her study found that family communication affected water

using behavior and, also, that conservation behavior had often been started by one family

member and eventually adopted by others. She suggests that the relationships and

interactions between household residents can provide a plan of regulated influence, that

is, householder members communicate to each other what water conservation behaviors

are expected.

As studied by White (1999) that bathing and showering are second to toilets as

large consumers of water. It says that it takes approximately 25 gallons of water for an

average tub bath. You can conserve water by bathing in a partially- filled tub or by taking

shorter shower or ones using less water in a basin.

As studied by Bouwer (2002) that they use water casually to wash dishes. Close

tap when washing dishes to avoid water wastage and may rinse in a basin rather. And use

of bucket or basin during cleaning instead of using running water, using sponge mops

instead of rag mop because they require less water for mopping and they clean quickly.

Bouwer (2002) mentioned that the efficient practice usage in toilet are don’t use the toilet

9 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

as an ashtray or wastebasket. Every time you flush a cigarette, facial tissue or other small

bit of trash, then you’re wasting gallons of water. Next is install composting toilets this

are the most effective way to cut water waste from your bathroom since they require no

water at all. Next is install low or dual flush models’ federal regulations state that new

toilets must use no more than 1.6 gallons per flush. Replacing an old toilet with an ultra-

low volume. More water can be used when it’s needed, but for most flushes you’ll be

using 70% less, adding up to some significant water savings. And for the efficient

practice usage to an efficient washing machine is when your existing machine breaks, for

an efficient machine to replace it. An efficient washing machine can save as much as

7,000 gallons per household per year. Next is run full loads rather than running many

small loads of laundry, save them to run larger, fuller loads instead. Every time the

machine is used, you’re consuming water, so consolidating washes will be more efficient.

And for the efficient practice usage in shower are install water-saving shower heads low

cost water-saving low-flow showerheads or restrictors are easy for the homeowner to

install. Long showers can use five to ten gallons every unneeded minute. Next is take

shorter showers, one way to cut down on water use is to turn off the shower after soaping

up, then turn it back on to rinse. A four-minute shower uses approximately 20 to 40

gallons of water. And the efficient practice usage in faucets and sinks are fit household

faucets with aerators-this easy and effective home water conservation method is also the

cheapest! a simple low-flow aerator saves water in the bathroom, while a swiveling

aerator can serve multiple purposes in the kitchen. Next is turn off the water after you wet

your toothbrush, there is no need to keep the water running while brushing your teeth.

Just wet your brush and fill a glass for mouth rinsing. Next is when washing dishes by

10 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

hand, don’t leave the water running for rinsing, if your have a double-basin, fill one with

soapy water and one with rinse water. If you have a single-basin sink, gather washed

dishes in a dish rack and rinse. Last is water your plants with greywater, a greywater

system can help you save drinking water by watering your garden with water from the

bath, shower or washing machine.

Herrero et al., (2010) indicated that after heavy rain, most household do not water

grasses until it needs to be. Interruption of automatic sprinkler systems, after raining if

necessary checking outside taps daily to see that they are turned off when not in use to

avoid water wastage checking shut-off pipes for leaks often to reduced having leakage

and making sure all faucets are turned off completely each time they are used replacing

washers on dripping faucets and showers to reduce the amount of water to be used

replacing damaged or leaking sprinkler heads on underground sprinkling system to avoid

water loss. Water is sometimes turned on only a couple of times a day for about half an

hour each time. People without storage tanks collect water in bottles, jars, and buckets

and often have to take bucket baths when the water is not turned on. Erratic water

adaptation strategies also involve the use of storage containers to store water to ensure

availability when needed for use.

According to Zhang (2007), he said that climate change is the cause of change in

the distribution of world’s water. This conclusion boils down to the fact that water

availability is also dependent on climatic conditions. Scarcity of water for domestic use

may further be linked to low flow periods during summer. High temperatures during

these period call for more water for agricultural purposes from this article, it is salient

11 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

that scarcity of water may also be linked to the rising heat or hot temperatures. Water

shortage for household use will obviously lack unless there are other interventions.\

Local Literature and Studies

As indicated by WHO (World Health Organization) in 2016, one of the top 10

leading causes of death in the Philippines was acute watery diarrhea, claiming over 139

000 lives. The situation could worsen as the country is beset by the El Niño phenomenon

and climate change that contribute to increase in temperature, drying up our water

sources. The recent water shortage in Metro Manila also highlights the uncertainty of

water access even in the nation’s capital. Inadequate and intermittent water supply in

Metro Manila and in other parts of the country can have serious health consequences.

When water is scarce, people are often forced to rely on drinking water sources that may

not be safe. They may also lack sufficient water for basic hygiene to wash themselves and

their clothes, and to prevent infection and diseases.

As studied by Amponin, et al (2007) that domestic water users in Tuguegarao

City have a positive willingness to pay to ensure a reliable water supply. This may

possibly be used as potential revenue for watershed protection. Debriefing responses

revealed that domestic water users do not directly relate the reliable water supply

condition to watershed protection. It also been tackled about the most of the households

could not associate that water problems may exist due to deforestation and insufficiency

12 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

of raw water during the dry sea-son. Only a small number are even aware on where their

water is sourced and what could possibly affect their water supply. Even though, the

study could not directly say that the respondents are willing to pay for drainage protection

services but rather for reliable water supply.

As mentioned by Alvin Elchico (2014) that Metro Manila may also face a water

shortage in the summer of 2015. This if the water levels at the Angat Dam do not go up

by year-end. Water level at the Angat Dam, which supplies Maynilad and Manila Water,

remained at 178.46 meters as of Monday. In the same period last year, the level was at

192.98 meters. Angat's water level must reach at least 210 meters to prevent supply

problems in the summer of 2015.

Maynilad Water Services,(2014) analyzed that is considering water rationing

early next year should a moderate El Niño weather phenomenon hit the country in the

fourth quarter of 2014.Newspaper reports quoted Maynilad chief financial officer

Randolph Estrellado as saying: "The worst case is that we will have El Niño, and we end

the year below the 200 meters above sea level."Estrellado said some Maynilad customers

may not get 24 hours of service, while others may experience a decline in water pressure.

Water rationing could last until summer, although this would depend on the effects of El

Niño, is also preparing to do measures to lessen the impact on consumers. Among its

efforts are renewed information campaign to save on water use.

Water for the People Network (WPN) (2011) mentioned that the water shortage in

Metro Manila has been easily blamed by the private water concessionaires and authorities

on everything else but themselves. They blamed it on El Nino for drying up the Angat

Dam. They blamed it on Basyang for not pouring enough rains on Noragaray, Bulacan to

13 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

refill the dam water. Among the many promises made by the private water

concessionaires and secure by the then Ramos administration was upgrading the decrepit

water system infrastructure. Such upgrade intends to substantially reduce non-revenue

water (NRW, or water lost due to leaks and pilferage) and help achieve universal and

24/7 water supply for an increasing number of households. In their original concession

agreement with MWSS, the private water firms promised to provide universal access by

2001.

According to Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage (2014) System that less

than 60 percent of 790,000 households in Maynilad’s service area have 24-hour water

service while only 74 percent receive water at 7-pound per square inch (PSI) or stronger

pressure. More than half (53 percent) of water allocated to Maynilad continues to get

wasted because of leaks and pilferage. Meanwhile, Manila Water, claims 99 percent

water supply coverage in its service area but will not say how big the portion is with

individual and direct household connection and those serviced by private water suppliers.

Synthesis

From the literature and studies, the researchers concluded that there are many

ways to save water but there is no knowledge and no law enforcing or encouraging

Filipinos to do so, that why the Filipinos are still experiencing water shortage. The

researcher also realized that if the government have a focus or attention on this problem

so that we can’t experience having a water scarcity in our country. The Philippines is

14 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

known for having a rich biodiversity, it has many beaches, mountain, forest, islands and

other natural resources.

This study different from the others because there is no study about this in Metro Manila

so this will be a eyed opened for all the residences of Metro Manila. Based on Wikipedia

Metro Manila is the second largest city so the researcher only focuses on Pasig City. The

difference of our study to others is that have a new and detailed description of the common

everyday practices which use water and covered all aspects of domestic water use, from

personal care and clothes washing to gardening and kitchen practices. And to explain the

understanding of how water is used in the home that the approach can provide. The researcher

discovered that many households didn`t have a water clean water on their houses especially the

poor family. Nearly seven million people in the Philippines that suffer for having an unsafe water

sources without any improvement. Understanding the nature of current household water use is

important for expect future demand and for designing an efficient practice of water use

Theoretical Framework

Based on the theory of Corral-Verdugo et al., 2003) they determining motives for

saving water are key when designing educational urban water saving strategies; so, at the

beginning, an understanding of consumption and attitudes towards water is vital. Hassell

and Cary, 2007 supports the theory it stated that it has been previously established that

the attitudes and beliefs of consumers directly impact on water use behaviours which are

closely linked to water demand. To understand the realization of people’s attitudes and

behaviour, and their association with water consumption, And other theory is by Ajzen

and Fishbein’s (1980), the theory conceptualises the linkages between beliefs, attitudes,

15 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

perceived social norms and behaviours by building on the assumption value theory

through the incorporation of normative social influence on behavioural intention.

Conceptual Framework

16 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

Figure no.1

In this framework, the figure 1 shows that the researchers discuss the ideal practices

and best practices of the study. In the ideal practice’s researcher includes method that fit for

the household use for the water practices. The best practices consist of practices that most

useful in water shortage outbreak in country because its content of reuse practices in water

consumption in our household.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the research design, where the study will

take place, qualifications of the participants, the instrument, how the data will be

collected, what statistical treatment will be applied, how the data will be analyzing to

come up with the interpretation, and what are ethical considerations the researcher will

follow.

Research Design

17 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

The researcher will use quantitative method to meet the expectation of this topic

based on the water usage and effective water shortage solution. It also uses to measure

the efficient practices to water shortage in selected Barangay in Pasig City. The

researcher uses quantitative method because the researcher will use numerical data for

number of respondents that will be conducted in our survey questionnaire in the different

barangays.

The researcher used descriptive as research design to describe the efficient of

water usage also it describes how the practice will work in the selected barangay in Pasig

City. According to Scribbr descriptive research is research used to “describe” a situation,

subject, behavior, or phenomenon. It is used to answer questions of who, what, when,

where, and how associated with a particular research question or problem. Descriptive

studies are often described as studies that are concerned with finding out “what is”.   It

attempts to gather quantifiable information that can be used to statistically analyze a

target audience or a particular subject. Description research is used to observe and

describe a research subject or problem without influencing or manipulating the variables

in any way 

The researcher used applied research because having not enough water supply was

a big problem in the Philippines also to solve the shortage that even how still happening

in our country, it helps the community to practice and find the solution of water shortage.

In this study, the researcher decides to select respondents in selected barangay in

Pasig City. This barangay are Buting, Kalawaan and Pinagbuhatan. In each barangay the

researcher will know what are the current practice of the water usage and the measure

that they consume.

18 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

Research Locale

The study area for this research was the 3 barangays in Pasig City which is

barangay Buting, Kalawaan and Pinagbuhatan, for those households with residential

category connection since the research has focused on a household water usage and

current practices was used to determine the answer for the problem statement.

Participants of the Study

The participants of this study are 300 respondents, in each barangay the

researcher will pick 100 respondents per barangay. Each individual chose whether they

participate or not. Since the instrument is not confidential, there was no determination

whether entire family participated.

Research Instrument/s

The research instrument will be a survey to help this study. The questionnaire will

be based on the research problem, the current practice of water usage in Buting,

Kalawaan and Pinagbuhatan. A questionnaire was chosen instrument. A questionnaire is

a printed self-report form designed to elicit information that can be obtained through the

written responses of the subjects. The information obtained through a questionnaire is

similar to that obtained by an interview, but the questions tend to have less depth (Burns

& Grove 1993:368). Most of the items in the questionnaires were closed, which made it

19 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

easier to compare the responses to each item. The questionnaires consisted mostly of

closed-ended questions and a few open-ended questions, as these provide more diverse

detail. In the open-ended questions, the subjects were required to respond in writing,

whereas closed-ended questions had options which were determined by the researcher

(Burns & Grove 1993:370). Open-ended questions were included because they allow

subjects to respond to questions in their own words and provide more detail. Closed-

ended questions were included because they are easier to administer and to analyzed.

They are also more efficient in the sense that a respondent is able to complete more

closed-ended items than open-ended items in a given period of time (Polit & Hungler

1993:203)

Data Collection

The researcher going to use stratified sampling technique. Because it provides

greater precision, a stratified sample often requires a smaller sample, which saves money.

It can ensure that we obtain sufficient sample points to support a separate analysis of any

subgroup. Stratified random sampling provides better coverage of the population since

the researchers have control over subgroups to ensure all of them are represented in the

sampling. Stratified random sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight a

specific subgroup within the population. First, the researcher will be going to ask

permission on the barangay captain on what is the research that they are going to conduct

in the barangay. And the second step when the barangay captain gave his approval, a

survey can be done to the residents of the barangay. And the third step the researcher will

go to the different households to ask the respondents and third the researcher will provide

20 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

the survey questionnaire to the respondents and explain our study about them so that they

clearly understand. The Fourth step is the participants have to answer some questions

about the issue that they are currently dealing with. The fifth step is the researcher will

continue to conduct a survey until the three barangays are done to conduct. After the

survey was done researcher will now tally all of the answers of the respondents. And the

sixth step is through this survey, we can get enough data that can be helpful in the

research.

Statistical Treatment

Statistical treatment of data is essential to make use of the date in the right form. Raw

data collection is only one aspect of any experiment. The organization of data is equally

important so that appropriate conclusions can be drawn. (Siddhartha, Kalla, 2009)

1. Frequency and percentage Distribution

A frequency and percentage distribution are a display of data that specifies the percentage

of observations that exist for each data point or groupings of data points.

The process of creating frequency and percentage distribution involves identifying the

total number of observations to be presented and counting the total number of

observations within each data point or groupings of data points.

f
Formula: %= N x 100

Where:
P = Percentage

21 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

F= Frequency
N= number of respondents

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The researcher will use the following formulas for computation of data to be

analyze and interpret.

Ethical Consideration

To keep the quality and integrity of this paper, the researcher includes these

procedures during the completion of this paper.

1. In avoidance of plagiarism, the researcher used American Psychological

Association (APA) format for the citation and reference style. Plagiarism is a

multifaceted, contextually specific and highly complex issue that is further

complicated by divergent and emotive views that surround our understanding of

what it is, why it occurs and how to prevent it. The literature provides evidence of

the many differences that currently exist between researchers, educators and

students about what constitutes ‘plagiarism’ and how it is viewed by Western

cultures (Devlin & Gray, 2007; Larkham & Manns, 2002).

2. According to Nijhawan et al, (2013) It is important to assure the potential

participant that participation in the research is voluntary and that he or she will be

free to discontinue participation at any time. The information should indicate that

refusal to participate or decision to withdraw will not result in any penalty or loss

of benefits to which the participant is otherwise entitled. However, it should be

22 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

made clear how important the participant is and how much it means that he or she

complete the study. If many of the participants do not follow procedures and the

study is compromised, then opportunity, time, and money have been lost.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA

23 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

This chapter presents the elements and concepts of presenting, analyzing and

interpreting data to answer the specific problem posited in chapter one of the study.

Graphs were used for data presentation to give the overall view of the findings and to

establish relationships between parts of the findings. The type of non-textual presentation

is pie charts.

Out of 300 respondents, 34% or 102 were from 20 years and below age bracket,23

% or 68 were from 21-30 years old age bracket, 16% or 49 were from 31-40 years old

age bracket, 14% or 41 were from 41-50 years old age bracket, 8% or 25 were from 51-

60 old age bracket,5% or 15 were from 61- above years old age bracket .Most of our

respondents are from

young ages.

24 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

Based on the graph, females got the highest frequency of 152 with a percentage of

52 % while, male got the frequency of 148 with a percentage of 49 %. Especially on

working days most men are normally at work while their wives are taking care of their

homes or doing the household chores. According to Forste (2012) it stated that in the

Filipino culture women mostly do all the household related chores. Heavy work that

requires more strength is done by the husband. In general, Filipino women find pride in

their work. They do not find themselves separate from their chores because they work

with, around, and for their families. According to the study of Martínez and Paterna

(2009) it stated that some cultural interpretation argue that women are more involved in

house chores. According to the article of the Filipino Family Hierarchy (2017) it stated

that mothers are also given almost equal importance and respect in Filipino families.

They are the foundation of the household and are care providers to the children and

elders. They may be working but are also responsible for cooking and taking care of

household chores. The housewives are more given towards day to day duties but are

dependent upon their husbands to provide for the money. Mothers are respected and are

the first teachers for their children.

25 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

As shown in the graph, that 8 % says that there monthly bill is below ₱199.00,

while the other 25 % says that there monthly bill is ₱ 200.00- ₱499.00, 32% says that

there monthly bill is ₱ 500.00- ₱ 799.00, 19 % says that there monthly bill is ₱ 800.00-

₱999.00, and the other 16 % say that there monthly is ₱1000.00 and above. In this graph

shows that almost all of the respondents have a monthly bill that costs ₱ 500.00- ₱ 799.00

every month also most of our respondent have two families in one house that make their

monthly bill cost much.

26 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

Out of 300 respondents from the three barangay, 28 % of the household are

composed of 1 family, while 42 % are composed of 2 families, 17 % are composed of 3

families and 13 % are composed of more than 4 families it means that most of the family

in household that have 2 family and there's less 4 families in one households. It showed

that Filipino has really have a tied relationship with the other members that they choose

to live in one house. According to the article of the Filipino Family Hierarchy (2017) it

stated that the concept of joint families or big families living together in the same house

isn’t uncommon. Grandparents are taken care of by their children and are responsible for

caring for the grandchildren if both the parents are working. Extended family is one of

the common things that you will notice if you’re going inside the house of a Filipino

family. You will notice that almost all family remember living together in one roof. In the

Philippines, extended families could only show how close and very strong their family is.

Filipino families are very close, especially those who have grandparents in their house.

27 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

Out of 300 respondents from the three barangays, 21% of the household is

composed of less than 4 persons, while 16% has a size of 4 persons, 23% has a size of 5

persons and 40% has a size of more than 5 persons. The number of households increased

to 107,835 as compared to 104,242 households in 1995. According to Philippine

Statistics Authority (PSA) the average household size recorded in Census 2000 was 4.67

persons, higher than the 1995 figure of 4.51 persons. And it state in this article that the

household population of the Philippines reached 100.57 million persons in 2015. This is

8.48 million higher than the 92.10 million household population reported in 2010, and

24.24 million more than the 76.33 million household population.

28 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this graph it shows that 77% or 230 of the respondents have their own water

meter while, 23 % or 70 doesn’t have a water meter. Most of our respondents have their

own water meter. But few of them said that they are just connected to their neighbor.

Based on the articles of Yourmoney.com (2013) it stated that if there are less people in

your house than bedrooms example is if two people living in a four-bedroom family

home, then you could save money by switching to a water meter. For larger families,

being on a water meter may not be cost effective as your water consumption may be high.

Your water company can tell you have much you could be saving if you moved onto a

meter. Tejvan Pettinger (2009) stated that the consumers will benefit greatly from water

meters in that they are able to monitor their water consumption and therefore they get to

pay for only the amount they have consumed.

29 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In

this graph it shows that 77 % say that they are practicing proper recycling of water while

23 % say that they do not practice proper recycling of water. Most of our respondents are

doing or practicing proper recycling of water. According to Marie Luise Blue (2018) it

states that recycling water also prevents pollution by decreasing the amount of waste

water and also it can reduce and prevent pollution and can save energy. As Bob Gorman

stated that the biggest benefit comes from preventing water shortages. That offers

protection to the world's water resources, which would get drained to ensure that humans

can continue to prosper while we run out of water. Recycling also ensures that we have

enough water to grow crops, maintain our hygiene, and simply stay hydrated. Aside from

being the most important element here on Earth, the United States Environmental

Protection Agency notes that water recycling is important because it allows us to reuse it

for other beneficial purposes. This includes agricultural and landscape irrigation, toilet

flushing, and of course, drinking.

30 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

This graph

shows that the

majority of the participants have experienced water shortage while the minority

participants have not experienced water shortage. According to Manila Water, which

serves the East Zone of Metro Manila, around 52,000 households relying on their supply

currently do not have water. This number does not include those experiencing low water

pressure. On March 6, 2019, about ten thousand households across Metro Manila began

to lose water supplies. It is very evident that not only in the other part of the NCR but

also here in Pasig there is no exemption for water shortage. In 2010 when the country

was also hit by El Nino, Manila residents similarly suffered from a water supply crunch

lasting several hours a day. The government then had regular cloud seeding operations

and tankers went around cities to distribute water to households. Maynilad Water

Services Inc., which serves the other half of the capital, said it had built more reservoirs

and treatment plants after the 2010 shortage. According to Asian Water Development

Outlook (2007) that the rapid urbanization of the Philippines, with more than 2 million

being added to the urban population annually, is having a major impact on water

resources.

31 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

As shown in the graph that 43 % out of 300 respondents said that they use

most water in laundry while, 14% said that they use most water in washing dishes, 16%

said that they use most of water in body and bath and 27 % said that they use most of

water in laundry, washing the dishes and body and bath. According to the Poland water

bureau, about 22 percent of the water used in a typical residential home is for washing

clothes. Estimates say that a four-person household with a standard washing machine will

generate more than 300 loads of laundry per year, consuming 12,000 gallons of water.

According to Stamminger (2009) stated that washing laundry is one of the most wide-

spread housework in the world. Today, washing machines do this work in many private

households, using water, electricity, chemical substances, and process time.

32 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

As shown in this graph 62 % of the respondent’s state that they wash dishes 3 or

more times a day, 29 % state that they wash dishes 2 times a day and 9 % state that they

wash dishes once a day. It shown that most of the respondents that they do 3 times a day

in washing dishes. Most of the other respondents said that they wash dishes in the

morning, afternoon and evening.

33 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

As shown in this graph 37 % of the respondent’s state that they only used

clothes washing machine once a week or less, while 48 % state that they used clothes

washing machine 2-3 times a week,10% state that they used it 4-5 times a week and 5%

state that they use it everyday. Most of the respondents tells that they use their washing

machine 2-3 twices a week. Laundry is probably a big part of every house routine. In

facts according to Nielsen, globally 67 percent of people said they do laundry at least

twice per week, and another 31 percent said they do laundry every day. But despite

similarities in how often people around the world clean their clothes, there are some

differences in how they do their laundry.

34 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this graph, 61% of the respondents use to wash their hand by using running

water, while 29% use hand soap before they wash their hand and 10 % by using hand

soap. Proper hygiene like hand washing and boosting your immune system are your best

defense against the novel CoronaVirus (nCoV) infection. The U.S. Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends you wash your hands much more frequently

than you probably do

35 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this chart it shown that 63 % out of 300 respondents said that while brushing

teeth they use a glass of water, while 19 % said that they let the water run and 18 % said

that they turn the tap off while brushing teeth. You can help preserve that precious

amount by contributing to water conservation in simple ways while brushing your teeth.

According to Knight it stated that don't use your hands as a cup to drink from the faucet

as you rinse your mouth instead use a glass of water. Not only do your hands have germs

on them, but this allows some of the water to run down the drain and go to waste. Knight

also mentioned that you should turn the water off while you brush your teeth. If you leave

the water running, you can end up using as much as four gallons each time you clean

your teeth.

36 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this chart, it shows that 61% of the respondents turn off the shower when they

shampooing/soaping, while 19% said that it depends 18% said that they let the water run

all the time and 2% said they don’t have shower. Most of the respondents said that while

they taking shower they turn it off when they are shampooing or soaping. According to

the article rainbow international company it mentioned that turning off the water while

washing your hair will save up to 150 gallons per month.

37 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this pie chart, it shows that 54% of the respondents in the 3 barangays don't

have any garden, while the 22% use buckets to water the plants 19% use hose and 5% use

greywater. Most of the respondents said that they don’t have any garden in their house,

and the 22% are using bucket to water the plants. According to Micro Gardener the

research found that plants watered after 12.00 pm and during the afternoon, “significantly

outperformed plants grown with early morning irrigation.” So, watering container plants

in the afternoon may lead to healthier, stronger growing plants compared to container

plants watered early in the morning. In that cases you can save more water.

38 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

The pie chart shows that 45% of the respondents don't have any vehicles to

wash, while 27% use hose 23% use bucket and 5% use greywater to wash their vehicles.

Most of the respondents don’t have a vehicles.

39 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this pie chart, it shows that 91% of the respondents in 3 barangays are aware of

the water scarcity that is happening in our country while the 9% is not aware. Most of the

respondents are aware of the water scarcity or water shortage that is happening in our

country. According to the UK Meteorological Office, climate change is expected to

account for about 20 percent of the global increase in water scarcity. Countries that

already suffer from water shortages will be hit hardest. Significantly, there will be major

increases in water scarcity even if the water impacts of climate change prove to be neutral

or even enhancing of the world’s hydrological budget. With neither being reasonably

expected to happen, the impact of changing climate will affect not only bulk water

availability but also worsen the extremes of drought and floods.

40 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this pie chart it shows that 68% of the respondents still experience water

shortage rarely, while 18% said they still experience water shortage almost every year

and 14% never experience water shortage. According to World life Org. Billions of states

that people are lack of access to water and 2.7 billion experiences water scarcity at least

once a month a year, and it also states that by 2050 two third of the world’s population

may be facing water shortages. Most of the respondents are still experiencing water

shortage rarely.

41 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this chart, it shows that 46% of the respondents encounter the low water run

in their kitchen, while 40% encounter that water is only run in specific time and 15% is

none.

42 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

This chart shows that 44% of the respondents encounter low water run in their

bathroom, while 42% of respondents encounter that the water only runs in specific time

and 14% never counter challenges in the bathroom.

43 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this chart, it shows that 54% of the respondents did not encounter any challenges

in the garden, while 24% said that it is hard to bring a bucket in the garden 18% takes

time to water the plants 2% don't have any garden.

44 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

This chart shows that 44% of the respondents encounter the time consuming

of storing some water in a basin, while 21% find it hard to convert water and 26% didn't

encounter any challenges in laundry.

45 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this Chart, it shows that 34% of the respondents don't have any vehicles to

encounter challenges, while 25% of respondents said it consume water by using hose

21% did not encounter challenges in cleaning vehicles and 20% of respondents said that

it needs more water to clean all the parts.

46 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

In this Chart, it shows that 43% of the respondents in 3 barangays did not collect

rain water, while 30% said that sometimes they collect and 27% of respondents they

collect often. According to Gonzun she said that people forgot the old ways of storing

rainwater for other use, like using it for watering plants in the household. The new system

has changed the Filipinos, she said that they forgot how to store and manage rainwater

and save it for dry days. Instead of experiencing floods, you can have rainwater storage.

47 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D
“Efficient Practice of Water Usage for an Effective Water Shortage Solution in Selected Barangay
of Pasig City.”

This chart show that 35% of the respondents in 3 barangays think that the main

cause of the water shortage is insufficient raw water of dry season, while 5 % cause of

deforestation, while 21% cause of water management 16% cause of many water user also

16% think that all of the choices is the main causes and 7% think that cause of the water

problem is busted pipes. Most of the respondents think that the main cause of water

supply problems is insufficient raw water during the dry season and some of the

respondents choose all of the above.

48 | K.C Descalzo, F. Castro, J.C Flores, M.E Villasor, N.C Montano, E. Gabat | 12-ICT D