Housing Microfinance in India:

Benchmarking the Status

Vibhu Arya
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 Table of Contents

FOREWORD 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

1. INDIA- KEY SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVERS FOR HOUSING 6

Rising Population 6
Urbanisation Trend 6
Rising Incomes 7
Declining Poverty 7

2. STATE OF HOUSING CONDITION IN INDIA 9

Defining Katcha-Pucca Structures: 9
Defining Affordable Housing 10
The Demand Supply Mismatch: 11
Urban Housing Shortage 12
Market Size of Affordable Housing Finance (Urban) 14
Rural Housing Shortage 14

3. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE(S) 16

4. STATE GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE(S) 28

5. SUPPLY OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE 20

Banks and HFC- Affordable Housing Finance 21
Specialized Housing Finance Companies 22
GRUH Housing Finance India 23
Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Ltd 24
India Shelter Finance Corporation Limited 24
Shubham Housing Development Finance Company Pvt Ltd 24
Swarna Pragati Housing Microfinance Pvt Ltd 25
Sewa Grih Rin 26
Equitas Housing Finance Pvt Ltd 27

6. MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS AND HOUSING FINANCE 29

Comparison of Housing Microfinance, Mortgage Financing and
Microenterprise Finance 31
Scaling Up Housing Microfinance: Issues 32
7. HOUSING MICROFINANCE CASE STUDIES 33
SKDRDP 33
GUARDIAN 33
GRAMEEN KOOTA 35
JANALAKSHMI 36
UJJIVAN 37
GROWING OPPORTUNITY 39

8. HOUSING MICROFINANCE ENABLERS 41

Debt Wholesaler: Micro Build India 41
Technical Assistance: HMFTAC 42

9. REGULATORY AND POLICY ENVIRONMENT 44

National Housing Bank 44
NHB Housing Micro Finance Programme 46
World Bank (IDA) – Nhb $ 100 Million Low Income Housing Finance Project 47
Credit Risk Guarantee Fund 47
Central Asset Transaction Registry 48
Income Tax Rebates For Housing 49
Priority Sector Lending For Affordable Housing Projects: 50
Interest Subsidy Scheme For Housing The Urban Poor 50
1% Interest Subvention Scheme: 51

10. THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED HOUSING ON HEALTH 52

Case Study: Piso Ferme 52

11. EPILOGUE 54

ABBREVIATIONS 56

ABOUT THE AUTHOR 59

 Foreword

T he report “Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status” is an important

endeavor to provide useful insight on the emerging practice of housing microfinance
in India through the lens of scale, sustainability, and specialization. The preference for
affordable housing is increasing among the poor and is widely recognized by policy
makers, housing finance companies, MFIs and donors as a medium for improving the
social standing of the poor, in supporting livelihoods and in its potential for bringing
positive changes in the lives of the poor through cascading effects in ensuring their safety,
health and well being.
Though these developments are a welcome sign for the sector, the challenge before us is
significant considering the difficulties in structuring the housing finance product suite,
mobilizing funding support, resolving land title issues, addressing procurement problems,
finding skilled construction workers, building awareness and creating ready access to
housing technologies. This is exacerbate by lack of regulatory and policy environment to
facilitate and fuel an accelerated growth of the sector.
The initiatives of the microfinance sector, especially the efforts of leading MFIs like
Guardian, Equitas, Ujjivan, Janalakshmi, ESAF, Grameen Koota and Growing Opportunity
in piloting housing improvement, water and sanitation loan products and services is a great
beginning. Habitat for Humanity’s USAID funded project HMFTAC and Micro Home
Solutions, both are providing excellent institutional and construction technical assistance
to MFIs and their clients, respectively. However unless a full regulatory regimen for micro-
housing finance is put in place, the supply will take a long time to match the demand.
The report is expected to help develop fresh perspective among policy makers, regulators,
investors, donors, social entrepreneurs, MFIs (both commercial and non-profit), funders,
networks, associations in building an inclusive micro-housing solutions for the poor and
low income households.
I would like to thank Vibhu Arya, for taking up this assignment of writing the report within
the tight timeline and in bringing useful information and in documenting the interventions
of different institutions, pilots, case studies, which will be very useful for stakeholders
who are keen to design a micro-mortgage/HMF product. Rakhi Sahay for helping with the
editing and finalising the report from her base in Jakarta.
I would also like to thank IFC for supporting this report, IFC team led by Dr. Jennifer Isern
as also Harish Khare, Shilpa Rao and Srijan Kaushik, who contributed hugely to the report
by providing timely, valuable suggestions and critical detailed feedback. This adds to the
already ongoing collaborations between IFC and ACCESS-ASSIST on several fronts.
I am optimistic that the report will provide new insight and help in developing fresh
perspectives in this growing field of micro-housing for the poor.

Radhika Agashe
Executive Director
ACCESS-ASSIST
New Delhi

1
 Acknowledgements

I want to thank Vipin Sharma, CEO, Access Development Services for entrusting me
with the responsibility of the report “Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking
the Status”. Radhika Agashe, Executive Director, ACCESS-ASSIST for her unflinching
support; Ashim Kumar Roy and Juhi Natu, ACCESS-ASSIST, and Lalitha Sridharan,
ACCESS Development Services.

We would like to thank the IFC Team - Harish Khare, Shilpa Rao and Srijan Kaushik for
their valuable comments and contribution towards this report. Rita Bhattacharya, AGM
and Magesh Kumar, Manager of the National Housing Bank, both of them provided
valuable inputs on the role of National Housing Bank.

Microfinance institutions, specialist housing finance companies and others i.e. Guardian,
Grameen Koota, Growing Opportunity, Equitas, Ujjivan, Janalakshmi, ESAF, Sewa
Grih Rin, Swarn Pragati, MicroBuild India, HMFTAC for sharing information of their
housing microfinance products and experiences.

I thank Milroy Paul for inputs and agreeing to run a join query on United Nations
Solutions Exchange to receive inputs on experiences, practitioner’s perspectives on
Housing Microfinance. Thanks to Navin Anand and Mohammad Anas, Resource Team
of the Microfinance Community at the Solution Exchange, UNDP, New Delhi for happily
extending cooperation. I thank Rakhi Sahay for helping with the editing of the report.

I thank Alok Prasad, CEO, MFIN for his support; Sugandh Saxena, Pallavi, Nikhil,
Rohini and Praveen Kumar of Microfinance Institutions Network for their support with
insights on the sector.

A special thanks to Madeleine Klinkhamer, CEO and Eileen Miamidian, COO, Ayani,
Inclusive Financial Sector Consultants BV for my baptism in Housing Microfinance;
Rajan Samuel, Habitat for Humanity, Henry Waller, Director and K Davidson, Manager
at HMFTAC for sharing their experiences.

Vibhu Arya

2 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 Executive Summary

T he right to adequate housing is founded and recognized under international law. 

In India, enunciated under article 25(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, “everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-
being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care
and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment,
sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances
beyond his control”

Former World Bank Housing Advisor, Bertrand Renaud best defined the housing finance
problem as “the need to reconcile three partially conflicting objectives: affordability for
the households, viability for the financial institutions, and resource mobilization for the
expansion of the sector and the national economy” (Renaud, Bertrand 19841).

Low segment housing sector in many developing countries is undeveloped and

constrained by several factors such as access to housing finance, fund mobilization,
stringent regulatory framework, land title, difficulties in procuring building materials,
finding skilled construction workers, awareness and access to housing technologies.
Some surveys on low-income households conducted in developing countries indicate
that priority for housing is higher than education and health (Ferguson, Bruce and
Haider, Elinor 20002). In developing countries, historic constraints in the supply of
traditional housing finance and recent demand opportunities revealed by the successes
of microfinance underlie the recent rise of housing microfinance.

‘Research has clearly demonstrated that in most regions housing has the potential
of becoming an engine of economic growth because of its high yield on invested
resources, a high multiplier effect, and a host of beneficial forward and backward
linkages in the economy’3 (UN, 2000). Housing can be a major instrument for economic
development in a developing nation like India.

As per Government of India estimates, the total housing shortage in the urban areas
is 26.53 million units and 42.69 million units in the rural areas. About 99 per cent of
the urban housing shortage pertains to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and
Low Income Group (LIG) categories and 90 per cent of the rural housing shortage is in
respect of Below the Poverty Line (BPL) categories.

Access to housing for the poor not only improves social standing and provides a sense
of dignity, but also helps the owner incrementally build an appreciating asset, a potential
place for work and for generating livelihoods. Further housing ensures safety and
positive health implications through reduction of incidences in diseases via access to
clean water and sanitation.
1 World Bank Staff Working Papers Number 658
2 Mainstreaming of Microfinance of Housing, Housing Finance International, 2000
3 United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), Rainer Norberg 2000, Volume 6, No 4

3
Low income households build their homes incrementally, one stage at a time. According
to Franck Daphnis of Development Innovations Group, Housing microfinance is defined
as the provision of unsecured microcredit to meet the demand of low-income households
to repair or improve their existing homes or build their own homes over time. These
loans are typically unsecured, and credit assessment is similar to the same cash flow
and character analysis process applicable to individual entrepreneurs for small business
loans but often includes some documentation to verify residence, a list of building
materials and an estimate for labor.4

MFIs have offered various products to suite the requirements of their clients such as
micro enterprise loans, emergency loans, small business loans and even education loans
in addition they provide insurance benefits, remittance services and investment advisory.
The next logical step for MFIs is to offer housing loans to fulfill a huge unmet demand
for housing. A well developed and managed housing microfinance product can ensure
happy clients.5

Housing Microfinance is an emerging practice in India with leading MFIs like Guardian,
Equitas, Ujjivan, Janalakshmi, ESAF, Grameen Koota and Growing Opportunity
piloting housing improvement, water and sanitation loan products and services. Habitat
for Humanity’s USAID funded project HMFTAC and Micro Home Solutions, both are
providing institutional and construction technical assistance to MFIs and their clients,
respectively. MicroBuild India is a HFC that provides wholesale debt financing to MFIs
willing to take up housing microfinance as a potential product offering.

I began writing the Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status with
a survey exercise to deduce the extent of housing microfinance in India. The survey
results showed that 75% of the MFI respondents concurred that ‘up to 25% clients use
the average MFI loan (both housing and non-housing loans) for home improvement
purposes’. About 33% of the  surveyed MFI respondents accepted offering loans for
Housing Improvement. 66% of the  surveyed MFI  respondents agreed that home
improvement loans are “productive6” in nature. 58% of the surveyed MFI respondents
believed that an enabling regulatory environment, for e.g. Priority Sector7 Qualification
Status to “Bank loans to MFI for extending HMF” will catalyze Housing Microfinance
in India.

The objective of the report is to look at the emerging practice of housing microfinance
through the lens of scale, sustainability and specialization. This report begins with a
context of India – rising incomes, declining poverty levels, urbanization trends and need
for housing. It then moves to the shortage for housing, in both rural and urban India.
The report then summarizes the extent of demand in urban and rural areas. The next

4 Bankable Frontier Associates: Capitalizing Housing for the Poor: Findings from Five Focus Countries
5 Henry Waller, HMFTAC
6 Wherein “productive” denoting Improvement in Health of Client Household

7 Priority sector refers to those sectors of the economy which may not get timely and adequate credit in the absence of this

special dispensation. Typically, these are small value loans to farmers for agriculture and allied activities, micro and small
enterprises, poor people for housing, students for education and other low income groups and weaker sections.

4 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

section identifies the role of the central and state governments in building access to
low cost housing in India, followed by a detailed discussion of different schemes. The
subsequent section introduces the concept of housing microfinance and further lists out
some of the successful housing microfinance programs run by MFIs in India. The next
section covers the regulatory aspects and the role of the National Housing Bank. The
penultimate section deals with the other benefits of improved access to housing such as
reduced incidences of diseases and improved health.

The report concludes that there are several housing microfinance pilots initiated by
MFIs across India which proves the significant demand for housing microfinance;
there is an urgent need for stakeholders like MFIs, Donors, Funds and Specialists to
come together and build a healthy eco-system for housing microfinance in India. The
government and Reserve Bank of India need to do their bit by building an enabling
regulatory environment for the housing microfinance sector. The evolving regulatory
and policy environment in India can create an opportunity for financial institutions to
play a more vibrant role.

5
 Chapter 1 India - Key Socio - Economic Drivers
For Housing

T he Indian economy is the world’s

tenth-largest by nominal GDP and
third-largest by purchasing power parity
expected to rise from 57.7% in 2001 to
64.2% in 2021.

(PPP). Following market-based economic The increasing population and specifically

reforms in 1991, India became one of the rise in the working age population augurs
fastest-growing economies. However, well for higher demand for housing
it continues to face the challenges of and housing finance. A reduction in
poverty, corruption, financial exclusion, dependency ratio also indicates for more
malnutrition and inadequate public and more people taking up individual
healthcare. There are various socio- houses. Rise in working age population is
economic factors that drive demand for also a reflection of the growth momentum
housing and housing finance in India, of the Indian economy going forward, as
discussed below: it will result in ample supply of labor for
productive purposes and in turn lead to
Rising Population rising income levels.9

India is projected to become the world’s Urbanisation Trend

most populous country much earlier
than previously estimated and equaling Out of India’s 1.21 billion populations,
China’s population by 2028.8The total 377 million people are urban dwellers.
population of India is expected to rise With rapid industrialization and
to 1.3 billion (according to Population development of Tier II and Tier III
projection for India and states 2001 – cities, urban population is set to outgrow
2026. The increase in life expectancy due overall population growth. India’s urban
to improved medical services and access population has grown at a CAGR of
to health care has directly impacted the 2.8 percent over 2001-2011, resulting
increase in population. in an increase in the urbanization rate
from 27.8 percent to 31.2 percent.10
Further, with declining fertility, the The Federation of Indian Chambers of
proportion of population aged less than 15 Commerce (FICCI) estimates that by
years is projected to decline from 35.4% 2050, the country’s cities would witness
in 2001 to 25.1% in 2021. The proportion a net increase of 900 million people.11
of the middle (15-59 years) and older Furthermore, over 2012-2050, the pace
age (60+) population, on the other hand, of urbanization is likely to increase at a
is expected to increase substantially by CAGR of 2.1 percent – double than that
2020. In fact, the proportion of population of China.8
in the working age group (15-59 years) is

8 World Population Prospects: the 2012 Revision

9 India’s Macro Economic Outlook 2020
10 Census of India 2011

11 Urban Infrastructure in India, FICCI, October 2011

6 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 Figure 1: Growing Urbanization in India
Urban
UrbanPopulation
PopopulationininMillion
Million of 50 million to 583 mil-
450 425 lion people.12 The swelling
388
400
351
middle class creates a large
350 314 population base that will
286
300
require basic necessities to
250
200
meet their living standards
150
and housing becomes one
100 such major aspect.
50
0
2001 2005 2010 2015 2020

Source: Census of India, population projection 2001-16

Figure 2: Rising Income Levels in India

The projected rise in
urban population will lead Share of population in each annual income bracket
to multifold increase in 100%
90% 22
demand for amenities like 80% 35
70% 54
low income housing, water 60% 80 36
93
and sewage treatment in 50%
43
40%
all types of cities. The 30%
41 32
20%
estimated increase in 10% 18 19 9
6 4
urbanization will therefore 0% 1 2 1 1 2
1985 1995 2005 2015F 2025F
create demand for housing
Globals ( > Rs 1 mn) Strivers (Rs 0.5-1 mn) Seekers (Rs 2-5 mn)
and housing finance. Aspirers (Rs 0.09-2 mn) Deprived (<Rs 0.09 mn

Rising Incomes Source: The bird of gold, the rise of Indian consumer market, 2007

Figure 2 illustrates the rising income lev- Declining Poverty

els and shrinking population of the de-
prived segment (annual income less than Poverty levels across India have decreased
Rs 0.09 million). As Indian incomes rise, by 15 percentage points, approximately
the shape of the country’s income pyra- 2 percentage year over year, between
mid will also change dramatically. Over 2004-05 and 2011-12, as per the National
291 million people will move from des- Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)
perate poverty to a more sustainable life, figures13. The percentage of the population
and India’s middle class will swell by living below the poverty line declined
more than ten times from its current size from 37 per cent in 2004-05 to 22 per cent

12 Mckinsey: The ‘bird of gold’: The rise of India’s consumer market, May 2007
13 The Planning Commission has periodically estimated poverty lines and poverty ratios for each of the years for which Large
Sample Surveys on Household Consumer Expenditure have been conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) of
the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. These surveys are normally conducted on quinquennial basis. The
last quinquennial survey in this series was conducted in 2009-10 (NSS 66th round). However, since 2009-10 was not a normal
year because of a severe drought, the NSSO repeated the large scale survey in 2011-12 (NSS 68th round). The summary
results of this survey were released on 20th June 2013.

7
in 2011-12. Rural poverty has declined Figure 3: National poverty estimates (%
faster than urban poverty during this below poverty line) (1993 – 2012)
period.
Year Rural Urban Total
In 2012, the total number of people 1993 – 94 50.1 31.8 45.3
below the poverty line in the country was 2004 – 05 41.8 25.7 37.2
Rs 26.89 Crore as against 40.73 Crore in 2009 – 10 33.8 20.9 29.8
2004-05. In rural areas, the number has 2011 – 12 25.7 13.7 21.9
reduced from 32.58 Crore to 21.72 Crore.
Source: National Sample Survey 68th Round, NSSO,
The declining poverty percentage point Ministry of statistics and programme implementation
and levels indicates larger mass coming
in the bracket that would have higher
purchasing power for amenities and
requirements.

8 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 Chapter 2 State of Housing Condition in India

T he housing condition of people is an important indicator of the socio-economic

development of a country. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
collects data on housing condition and basic amenities available to dwelling units.
Statistical data on housing condition in qualitative and quantitative terms are needed
periodically for assessment of housing stock and formulation of housing policies and
programs.

Figure 4: Indicators of housing condition at a glance 65th Round 2008-09

Rural+
Indicators Rural Urban
Urban
Percentage of households with ‘tap’ as major source of drinking 30 74 43
water
Percentage of households with ‘tube well/ hand pump’ as major 55 18 44
source of drinking water

Percentage of households who got sufficient drinking water from 86 91 88

first major source

Percentage of households who had access to drinking water within 41 75 51

premises
Percentage of households with no latrine facility 65 11 49
Percentage of households with electricity for domestic use 66 96 75
Percentage of households who were residing in own dwelling 95 62 85
Percentage of households who were residing in hired dwelling 3 30 11
Percentage of households who lived in pucca structures 55 92 66
Percentage of households who lived in semi-pucca structures 28 6 21
Percentage of households who lived in katcha structures 17 2 13
Per capita floor area (sq. mt.) 8.39 9.45 8.67
Percentage of households with availability of separate room to 75 76 75
each married couple

Average monthly rent (Rs.) payable for hired dwelling (excluding 560 1,149 1,045
employers’ quarter)

Percentage of households who undertook residential construction* 12 4 10

during last 365 days
Average number of residential constructions* undertaken per 1.02 1.01 1.02
reporting household during last 365 days

Average cost (Rs.) per residential construction* 32,000 69,000 37,000

*Includes preparation of site, new building, addition of floor space and alteration, improvement and major repair of existing
building
Source: 65th Round National Sample Survey, NSSO 2008-09

9
The NSSO surveys are conducted in the other metal sheets, timber, tiles, slate,
form of rounds extending normally over a corrugated iron, asbestos cement sheet,
period of one year though in certain cases veneer, plywood, artificial wood of
the survey period has been six months. synthetic material and poly vinyl chloride
The organization has already completed (PVC) material.
69th rounds and the 70th round survey is
in progress. There have been significant Katcha Structure: A structure which
changes in the scope and coverage of has walls and roof made of non-Pucca
the surveys over the years, attempting to materials is regarded as a Katcha structure.
capture the changing scenario with regard Non-Pucca materials include unburnt
to housing and access to amenities and bricks, bamboo, mud, grass, leaves,
assets. reeds, thatch, etc. Katcha structures can
be of the following two types:
The reports of the 65th round for the year
Unserviceable Katcha structure includes
2008-09 is comprehensively dedicated to
all structures with thatch walls and thatch
all India survey on housing conditions.
roof i.e. walls made of grass, leaves,
It covers aspects of basic housing
reeds, etc. and roof of a similar material
amenities available to households,
characteristics and structural conditions Serviceable Katcha structure includes
of the dwellings, micro-environmental all Katcha structures other than
elements surrounding the units and unserviceable Katcha structures.
cost of construction undertaken by the
households etc.14 Semi-Pucca Structure: A structure
which cannot be classified as a Pucca or
Defining Katcha-Pucca a Katcha structure as per definition is a
Structures: semi-Pucca structure. Such a structure
will have either the walls or the roof but
Pucca Structure: A Pucca structure is
not both, made of Pucca materials.
one whose walls and roofs are made of
pucca materials such as cement, concrete, As of March 30, 2009, only 55 per
oven burnt bricks, hollow cement / ash cent of rural Indian households stay in
bricks, stone, stone blocks, jack boards Pucca structures and 92 per cent of the
(cement plastered reeds), iron, zinc or urban Indian households lived in Pucca
structures.
Figure 5: Distribution of households with respect to Katcha (non-concrete) & Pucca
(concrete) categories
1991 2001 2009
Semi- Semi- Semi-
  Pucca Katcha Pucca Katcha Pucca Katcha
Pucca Pucca Pucca
Urban 85.7 10.6 3.7 88 9.1 2.9 91.7 6.2 2.1
Rural 48.8 28.7 22.5 49.8 21.4 18.8 55 28 17

14 The survey based estimates arrived at using the NSS data have certain limitations. The population figure and that of the num-
ber of households obtained from the NSS are usually found to be underestimates when placed against the Census numbers.
As a result, general practice is to pick up the rates and ratios derived from the NSS and apply these on the Census numbers,
to obtain the figures for disaggregated categories that are not available in the Census.

10 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

The National Urban Housing and Habitat a minimum 269 square feet (25 sq . m),an
Policy 2007 (NUHHP) has officially LIG category house would be limited to a
recognized ‘Affordable Housing for maximum of 516 square feet (48 sq. m)
All’ as its goal. In fact, NUHHP seeks and an MIG house would be limited to a
to promote, sustainable development of maximum of 860 square feet (80 sq.m).
habitat with a view to ensure equitable
supply of land, shelter and services Figure 6: Definition of Affordable
at affordable prices to all sections of Housing – MHUPA (2011)
the society. Affordable housing is a Cat- EMI/
Size
combination of the following three egory Rent
EWS Minimum 300 sq. ft. SBUA17 Not ex-
elements: Minimum 269 sq. ft. CA18 (25 ceeding
sq. m) 30-40%
1. Affordable land and infrastructure of gross
LIG Minimum 500 sq. ft. SBUA
monthly
Maximum 517 sq. ft. CA (48 sq. m)
2. Affordable building design, income
MIG 600 – 1200 sq. ft. SBUA of buyer
technology, material, labour, etc. Maximum 861sq. ft. CA (80 sq. m)

3. Affordable housing finance Source: Report of Task Force on Promoting Affordable

Housing, MHUPA, GOI, November 201219

Defining Affordable Housing

The Demand Supply Mismatch
Affordability in the context of urban
housing would mean provision of The level of urbanization in India has
“adequate shelter” on a sustained basis increased from 27.81% to 31.16% in the
ensuring security of tenure within the last decade with nearly 30 per cent of the
means of the common urban household. country’s population living in cities and
Affordable and low-cost housing are urban areas.20 Increasing urbanization has
often used interchangeably, though they led to tremendous pressure on land, civic
have a different target audience and price infrastructure, transport, open spaces etc.
points.15 especially on Housing for Poor/EWS/
LIG segments. Major policy concern is
MHUPA16 defines affordable housing in the widening gap between demand and
three categories, houses ranging from supply of affordable housing units and
about 300 square feet (super built up inadequate housing finance solutions.
area) for EWS, 500 square feet for LIG “Affordable Housing” has crucial
and 600 square feet to 1,200 square feet implications for the country as the market
for MIG, at costs that permit repayment needs balanced and sustainable funding
of home loans in monthly installments models, and pro-active participation of
not exceeding 30% to 40% of the monthly all stakeholders.
income of the buyer. In terms of carpet
area, an EWS category house would have A 2010 McKinsey report21, “India’s
urban awakening: Building inclusive
15 RICS Research: Making Affordable Housing Work
16 Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
17 Super Built Up Area

18 Carpet Area

19 http://mhupa.gov.in/W_new/AHTF%20REPORT%2008_07_2013.pdf

20 Rural Urban Distribution of Population: Census of India, 2011

21 India’s urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth

11
cities, sustaining economic growth” June 2008) with inputs like obsolescence
illustrates the glaring mismatch between factor, congestion factor & homeless
affordability, demand and supply. In households.
the deprived segment earning less than
Rs 90,000 per annum has affordability The Obsolescence Factor: All bad houses
of house worth Rs 90,00022 whereas excluding those that are less than 40 years
the available market price for a house of age (1.39 per cent NSS 65th Round
of 275 sq.ft is Rs 440,00023 i.e. an 80% results) and all houses aged 80 years or
affordability gap. more (1.43 per cent – NSS 65th Round
results) constitute the obsolescence factor
Urban Housing Shortage (2.27 Million). The estimated figure
Figure 7: Affordability of housing in India24
The total Urban Housing
shortage is estimated
at 18.78 million units
(MHUPA, Report of the
Technical Group, 12th Five
Year Plan) which can be
categorized as Households
in Homeless Condition, in
Non-serviceable Condition,
Obsolete Houses25, and
those living in Congested
Houses26. The estimate is
based on Census & NSS
65th Round results on
Housing conditions and
Urban Slums (July 2008 - Source: India’s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth,
McKinsey Global Institute Analysis, April 2010

22 To determine the maximum house price that is affordable, the analysis is based on a combination of serviceable loan and sav-
ing that a household can deploy. The maximum affordable outlay for lowest income household towards housing is assumed to
be 25 percent of household’s monthly income and an interest rate of 18-20 percent. An LTV factor is not considered for this
segment as financial saving are a constrain; instead, saving of Rs.10,000 per household are added to the loan value service-
able to arrive at the maximum house value affordable.
23 For the purpose of analysis, the report considers a basic housing unit to comprise 275 square feet in carpet area with attached

sanitation and piped water. The market price thus determined for Tier 3&4 is 370,000, Tier 2 is Rs,440,000, Tier 1 is Rs.
650,000
24 India urbanization affordable housing model; Mckinsey Global Institute Analysis, India’s urban awakening: Building inclu-

sive cities, sustaining economic growth (April 2010)

While estimating space demand, the reports have not factored in affordability as constraint. The report followed a top-down
approach to estimate residential demand for space and used regression equation derived from strong correlation between
space per capita and GDP per capita for more than 14 countries. This was used to estimate residential demand based on global
benchmarks. This equation was used for different income brackets to estimate space required by each income bracket, assum-
ing a minimum area of 5 square meters of space per capita, especially for lower income segment. Income distribution for the
residential demand estimate has been derived from the MGI’s India econometric model.
25 The 9th Plan Working Group (1998-2002) observed the congestion factor as the percentage of households in which each mar-

ried couple does not have a separate room to live. The Obsolescence factor has been defined by the 9th Plan Working Group
as the percentage of households living in the dwelling units aged 80 years or more. These units are deemed to be unfit for
habitation.
26 The 9th Plan Working Group and the 10th Plan Working Group observed the congestion factor as the percentage of house-

holds in which each married couple does not have a separate room to live. The Obsolescence factor has been defined by the
9th Plan Working Group as the percentage of households living in the dwelling units aged 80 years or more. These units are
deemed to be unfit for habitation.

12 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

regarding the same works out to be 3.26 The housing shortage in India can further
million as on March 01, 2012. be categorized by socio-economic seg-
ments i.e. EWA, LIG, MIG and HIG
The Congestion Factor: The ratio
of households that are residing in Figure 9: Housing shortage in India by
unacceptably ‘congested conditions’ categories
from physical and socio cultural view Shortage
Short-
point (viz. married couples sharing the Category (Millions
age (%)
of Units)
room with other adults etc.) was worked
out using NSS results – 65th round. The EWS (Economically 10.55 56%
Weaker)
number of households requiring a separate
LIG (Low Income) 7.41 39%
dwelling unit on account of congestion
comes out to 14,986,312 (18.42 per cent MIG (Middle In- 0.82 4%
come)
congestion rate from NSS was applied
HIG (High Income) 0% 0%
to the estimated population on March
Total 18.78 100%
01, 2012 based on Census 2011 & inter
Source: Report of The Technical Group On Urban Housing
census growth rate). Shortage (TG-12) on Urban Housing Shortage 2012-17,
MHUPA, September 2012
Homeless People: Census 2001 data of
The state-wise data shows a mixed
0.8 million homeless people has been picture where both developed as well as
assumed to remain constant during 2001- less developed states have families living
11. Considering that half of the homeless in poor housing conditions. Uttar Pradesh
are single migrants and the other half has a housing shortage of over three
have average household size of three, million homes followed by Maharashtra
Technical Group calculated total housing (1.97 mn), West Bengal (1.33 mn), Andhra
requirement of 0.53 million ( 0.4 Million Pradesh (1.27 mn) and Tamil Nadu (1.25
for single migrants and 0.13 for rest with mn). The top 10 states, in terms of urban
average household size of 3). housing shortage, contribute to 14.3
million or 76 percent of total housing
shortage.27
Figure 8: Urban Housing Shortage India
Urban Housing Shortage 2012 (Million Units)
16 14.99
14
12
10
8
6
4
2.27
2 0.53 0.99
0
Household in Household in Non- Households living in Households livings in
Homeless Condition Serviceable Condition obsolescent houses congested houses
(requiring new
houses)

Source: Report of the Technical Group on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) on Urban

Housing Shortage 2012-17, MHUPA, September 2012

27 Report of the Technical Urban Group (TG-12) on Urban Housing Shortage (2012-17, Ministry of Housing and Urban Pov-
erty Alleviation, September 2012)

13
 Figure 10: Statewide Housing Shortage (2012)

Statewise Urban Housing Shortage

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
West Bengal

Karnataka

Kerala
Maharashtra

Orissa
Gujarat

Mizoram
Tamil Nadu

Rajasthan

Haryana

Uttaranchal

Goa

Dadra
Chhatisgarh

Chandigarh

Tripura

Manipur

Daman
Andhra Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh
Delhi

Assam
Jharkhand

Pondicherry

Meghalaya

Lakshadweep
Uttar Pradesh

Punjab

Nagaland

Sikkim
Bihar

Jammu & Kashmir

Himachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

A&N Islands
Source: Report of the Technical Urban Group (TG-12) on Urban Housing Shortage (2012-17, Ministry of Housing and Urban
Poverty Alleviation, September 2012)

Market Size of Affordable Rural Housing Shortage

Housing Finance (Urban)
Despite increasing urbanization, rural
The market for affordable housing finance population constitutes over 68% of
in urban housing is estimated at Rs 7,043 India’s total population and has significant
billion. For EWS, as per the Task Force housing requirements. As per the working
on Affordable Housing, the average cost group on rural housing for the 12th Five
of an affordable house is calculated at Year Plan(FYP), total shortfall in rural
Rs 506,150.4, wherein the super built- India stands at 43.7mn units, out of which
up area is 361.54 sq ft and the cost of a 90% (39.30 million) is on account of
dwelling unit is Rs. 1,400 sq.ft. the Below the Poverty Line Population
(BPL families). One of the main reasons
Figure 11: Potential financing opportu- behind this shortfall (apart from high
nity in affordable housing pan-India poverty levels) is the lack of institutional
Housing finance opportunity calculation  financing mechanism and framework.
Housing shortfall (million units)28 18.78
Average cost of an affordable
0.50
house (Rs mn)29
Loan-to-value ratio30 75%
Average loan per house (Rs mn) 0.38
Total financing requirement (Rs bn) 7,043

28 Report of The Technical Group On Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) on Urban Housing Shortage 2012-17, MHUPA, Sep-
tember 2012
29 The average cost of an affordable house has been calculated as per the Task Force on Affordable housing calculations

wherein the Super built up area in sq ft for an EWS is 361.54 sq ft and the cost of a dwelling unit is Rs. 1400 sq.ft which
translates into Rs. 506150.4.
30 For analysis, assuming the average Loan to value (LTV) of 75 percent.

14 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 Figure 12: Rural housing shortage (2012 -2017)
Factors Shortage (million)
No. of households without houses - 2012 4.2
No. of temporary houses - 2012 20.2
Shortage due to congestion - 2012 11.3
Shortage due to obsolescence - 2012 7.5
Additional housing shortage arising between 2012-17 0.6
Total housing shortage - 2012 to 2017 43.7

Source: Working group on rural housing -12th five year plan, Planning Commission

One of the major reasons for continued shelterlessness in India is shortage of financial
resources. Accorrding to the NSSO, about 66% financing of new construction in rural
areas in the last one year was done by rural families with their own resources; about 27%
constructions had some amount financed from noninstitutional agencies such as money
lenders, family and friends while 9% of new constructions were financed by institutional
channels such as government schemes, banks etc The market for affordable housing
finance in rural housing is estimated at Rs 4,260 billion calculated as below. There is a
shortfall of 43.7 million units, if the cost of each unit is Rs 0.13 million and with a loan-
to-value ratio of 75%, the average loan per house is Rs 0.09 million.

Figure 13: Estimated Financing Requirement In Rural Housing

Total housing shortage (mn) 43.7

Average cost of rural house (Rs mn)32 0.13
Loan-to-value ratio33 75%
Average loan per house (Rs mn) 0.09
Total financing requirement (Rs Billion) 4,260

31 Working Group on Rural Housing for the XII Five Year Plan
32 As per NSSO 2004 report on Housing condition in India, on an average, a rural household spent about Rs 1.13 lakh for a
Pucca new building with an average floor area of 42 sq. m.
33 For analysis, the loan to value (LTV) considered for rural area is 75 percent

15
 Chapter 3 Central Government Initiative(s)

I n the past decade or so, the central

and state governments have taken a
plethora of initiatives to promote housing
targeted to be built during 2009-14. The
second phase is also progressing well with
9.5mn houses already built till Oct’12.
and housing finance in the country. Some
of the key schemes being implemented The National Urban Housing & Habitat
by the Government of India summarized Policy, 2007: This policy aims to achieve
from the 2011 Report of the Working affordable housing for all by promoting
Group on Rural Housing for the XII Five public-private partnerships.
Year Plan and various central and state
government websites are as follows: Affordable Housing Partnership: This
scheme introduced by the GoI, envisages
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY): This scheme construction of 1mn houses for the
is targeted at BPL families by providing economically weaker and low income
them cash subsidy to build low-cost households with total outlay of Rs5bn.
houses. Funding is jointly provided by
the central and state governments in the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
ratio of 75:25. Launched in 1998-99, the Renewal Mission (JNNURM):
scheme intends to build 2mn additional JNNURM was launched in December
houses subdivided into 1.3mn in rural 2005 with the aim of improving
areas and 0.7mn in urban areas. infrastructure facilities in urban areas
across the country. The programme
Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Finance has been launched in 63 cities and also
Scheme (GJRHFS): This scheme was includes construction of houses in rural
announced in 1997 to improve access to areas.
housing finance in rural areas. During
1997-2012, a total of 35mn housing Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY): This scheme
units were financed by HFCs, banks and has been introduced with the objective
cooperative sector institutions achieving of providing basic housing facilities to
94% of the targeted 37.3mn units. the urban poor and provides for funding
The scheme has been instrumental in assistance to states for implementing slum
providing increased access to institutional re-development and affordable housing
credit in rural areas at the pan-India level. projects. During the 12th Five-Year Plan
(FYP) period, the scheme is expected to
Bharat Nirman: This program was be rolled over 250 cities.
launched in 2005 with the vision of
accelerating infrastructure development
Case Study: Golden Jubilee
(including housing) in rural areas. The
Rural Housing Finance Scheme
scheme has been a success so far with The objective of the Scheme is to address
7.2mn houses constructed in the first the problem of rural housing through
phase (2005-09) against a target of 6mn improved access to housing credit which
units. The scheme has been extended would enable an individual to build
till 2014 with 12mn additional houses a modest new house or to improve or

16 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

add to his old dwelling in rural areas. The Primary Lending Institutions (PLIs)
“Rural Area” for the purpose of the were required to report the progress
Scheme is the area comprised in any on quarterly basis to the NHB in the
village including the area comprised prescribed format. Besides, the Reserve
in any town, the population of which Bank of India advised the Conveners
does not exceed 50,000 as per the 1991 of all State Level Bankers Committee
Census. The Scheme envisages at (SLBC) to closely monitor the progress
normal rates of interest, the provision of of the scheme in the SLBC meetings.
institutional credit to individuals desirous
of constructing/acquiring new dwelling Outreach: The annual targets under the
units and for improving or adding to Scheme (in terms of number of units
existing dwelling units in rural areas. financed) are set by the Government of
India and NHB sub-allocates the targets
There are two channels for implementing to implementing agencies and monitors
the scheme. The first channel comprises its implementation. For the FY 2012-1334,
exclusively the commercial banks and the 4,18,784 units against a target of 4,00,000
second channel will comprise institutions units have been financed. Cumulatively,
like the ARDBs, ACHFS, RRBs and HFCs. more than 2.2 million dwelling units have
At the time of formation of the Scheme, it been constructed.
was envisaged that the commercial banks
being the largest mobilisers of savings in FY 12-13
the economy and having a vast network Institution Target Achievement
of branches, including “rural” would No. of units No. of units
play an important and extensive role in HFC 1, 40,000 2,02,941
successful implementation of the Scheme. PSB’s & 2, 60,000 2,15,963
It was therefore, envisaged that they RRBs
may take a major share of the proposed TOTAL 4,00,000 4,18,784
disbursements under the Scheme.
Source: State Of The Housing And Housing Finance Sector
In 2012-13; NHB
The performance under the Scheme is
being closely monitored by the NHB.

34
State of the Housing and Housing Finance Sector in 2012-13, NHB

17
 Chapter 4 State Government Initiative(s)

S everal state governments have also

taken steps to make affordable housing
a reality especially for the weaker sections
had introduced nine housing schemes
complementing the IAY. In 2009, the
local government decided to bring all the
of the society. More than 15 states have different schemes under one fold with
separate rural housing schemes and during uniform financial assistance of Rs 55,000.
the 11th Five Year Plan period (2007-12),
3 million houses were built under various Madhya Pradesh: As per the Madhya
state governments’ schemes. Some of the Pradesh State Housing and Habitat Policy
initiatives taken by the states summarized 2007, 30% of the developed land is to be
from the Report Working Group on Rural reserved for EWS/LIG segments if the
Housing for the XII Five Year Plan and land has been provided by the government
various central and state government at concessional rates. Also, in case the
websites are as follows: land has been purchased by private/
cooperative sector developers, 15% of it
Uttar Pradesh: The UP Urban Housing is earmarked for EWS/LIG housing.
Policy aims at encouraging cost-effective
measures to make affordable housing a Maharashtra: Under the Maharashtra
reality for EWS/LIG families. Under the State Housing Policy 2007, the Mumbai
policy, every EWS/LIG plot would also Metropolitan Regional Development
include the provision to set up a shop or a Authority (MMRDA) promotes small
business unit. rental housing projects to be made
available at reasonable rent. Such projects
Andhra Pradesh: As per the Master Plan can be launched by a land owner, an
regulations relating to EWS/LIG housing, MMRDA-approved agency or MMRDA
at least 5% of the developable land is to be itself as per various models formulated by
reserved for EWS housing with maximum MMRDA.
plot size of 50sqm. Additionally, 5% of
the land has to be made available for Rajasthan: Under the Affordable
LIG housing with maximum plot size of Housing Policy 2009, the government
100sqm. With regard to group housing targets to build 125,000 houses for the
projects, at least 5% of the total units lower and middle income households
would be reserved for EWS and LIG over the next few years. Around 60% of
housing each with maximum plinth area the housing units would be constructed
of 25sqm and 40sqm, respectively. for the EWS/LIG section via PPP mode.
As a complementary scheme to IAY, in
Gujarat: The Gujarat Town Planning 2011 the “Mukhya Mantri Gramin BPL
& Urban Development Act (GTPUDA) Awaas Yojana” was launched with the
provides for development of housing objective of providing 1.0mn houses to
facilities on a public-private partnership rural BPL families over a course of four
basis. Re-development of slums is years. The state government has arranged
permitted for the rehabilitation of the a loan of Rs 34bn from HUDCO to
urban poor. The Gujarat government finance the scheme.

18 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

Kerala: The Kerala Housing and Habitat and lactating women and better health
Policy 2007, envisages eradicating facilities in all villages over a period of
homelessness and providing housing for three years in a saturation mode, aimed
1.0mn families. Under the EMS housing at improving the living standards of the
scheme, financial assistance of up to Rs people significantly.
125,000 is provided to poor families from
the backward communities. The unit cost under Indiramma housing
programme has been enhanced for open
Tamil Nadu: The Kaliagnar Housing category (upper castes) and Backward
Scheme (KVVT) introduced in 2010 Classes from Rs 45,000 to Rs 70,000
aims to replace all temporary houses in in rural areas and from Rs 55,000 to
rural areas by permanent construction. Rs 80,000 in urban areas, including
Nagara Panchayats.
Karnataka: The government runs two
different schemes (“Basava Vasathi Yo-
jane” and “Ambedkar Housing Scheme”) Bhavanashree, Kerala
targeted at special occupational groups
Bhavanashree is a micro housing loan
and economically weaker sections. Under
program initiated by Kudumbashree
both the schemes, the total financial as-
with the support of banking
sistance is capped at Rs 63,500.
institutions. The target group under
this scheme comprises people who
Indiramma35, Andhra Pradesh
are members of Kudumbashree
Indiramma or Integrated Novel Neighborhood Groups (NHG) across
Development In Rural Areas and Model the state. Loan amount is issued for
Municipal Areas (INDIRAMMA) is a construction of new house and repair
mass housing scheme introduced by and maintenance of existing house.
the Government of Andhra Pradesh in The loan amount varies in both cases.
the year 2006 with the aim to make the However the interest rate and maturity
state “Hut-free”. It covers people living remain the same. The identification of
in rural Andhra Pradesh. The program the beneficiaries is done through the
focuses in providing pucca houses, Community Development Societies /
drinking water supply, individual NGOs. Bhavanashree is administered
sanitary latrines, drainage and power as “Term Loan” or loan on bulk lending
supply to every village household. It norms. The banks lend to Community
also covers road facilities for transport, Development Society (CDS) who
pensions to eligible old age persons, can on-lend it to pre-determined
weavers, widows and the disabled, beneficiaries. The security for this loan
primary education to all, special is in the form of “mortgage” of land
nutrition to adolescent girls/pregnant and house of individual beneficiaries.

35
Integrated Novel Development in Rural Areas and Model Municipal Areas
36
http://housing.cgg.gov.in

19
 Chapter 5 Supply of Affordable Housing
Finance

T he solution to the ‘problem of

housing’ is not one that maximizes
the production of housing units, but
of Housing Finance in targeting clients.
The bottom row represents largely rural,
very poor households earning up to Rs 1
one that deals with the affordability lakh per annum who cannot afford credit
and appropriateness of the housing that (but could still benefit from subsidized
is produced. The element that binds construction technical assistance if
these forces together is responsiveness: it were available). The next layer
Responsiveness to family budget represents the MFI clientele earning up
constraints, to traditional life-styles, to to Rs 1-4lakhs per annum derived from
economic potentials, to creativity, to the informal employment sources and possess
multiplication of choice. H.T. Parekh, informally recognized documented rights
Founder, HDFC. to their land.
The below matrix illustrates the fitment The next market segment consists of
of banks, housing finance companies, borrowers earning Rs 4-6 lakhs per annum
affordable finance companies and the who derive their incomes primarily from
clients they serve. The Y Axis shows semi-formal employment and who also
the Annual Client Income whereas the reside on semi-formally titled land who
X Axis shows the availability of loan often have access to affordable housing
requisites – title documents, income proof finance companies. The next segment
etc. and the resultant blocks show the consists of borrowers who derive
space occupied by the various suppliers their incomes primarily from formal

Figure 14: The Housing Finance Matrix- Fitment of Bank, HFC and MFI

20 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

employment and also reside on Figure 15: Total Outstanding Housing Loans (Rs. Crore)
formally titled land with access
Type of Institution 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
to housing finance companies
and sometime banks. The top Public Sector Banks 202,356 239,079 273,012
segment comprises of high HFCs 153,188 186,348 194,360
income people earning greater Private Sector Banks 98,573 107,031 115,008
than Rs 10 lakhs per annum, with Total 454,117 532,458 582,380
formal employment and formal
Total Gross Bank 3,088,570 3,731,470 4,371,350
titles to their land with access to Credit
banks for housing loans.
Category Share      
The following summarizes Public Sector Banks 45% 45% 47%
the total banking sector credit HFCs 34% 35% 33%
in India and the credit to the Private Sector Banks 22% 20% 20%
housing sector.
Source: Housing Finance Companies: ICICI Research 2013

Banks and HFC - Affordable Housing Finance (Sub Rs. 5 Lakhs)

The following tables summarizes the trend in total housing loans disbursements and
loans outstanding by Public Sector Banks viz-a-viz, disbursement/outstanding of
housing loans in the loan slab up to Rs. 5 lakhs within the housing loan category.37

Figure 16: Trend of housing loans Less than 5 lakh (Disbursement and Outstanding)
Public Sector Banks 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Public Sector Banks Disbursed O/S as on Disbursed O/S as on Disbursed O/S as on
(No’s) 31.3.2010 (No’s) 31.3.2011 (No’s) 31.3.2012
Total Housing Loans 71875 202356 75171 239079 73831 273012
Housing Loans up to 15031 52946 17096 57749 10825 45277
Rs 5 Lakhs
as a % of total Hous- 20.90% 26.20% 22.70% 24.20% 14.70% 16.60%
ing Loans
HFCs 
Total Housing Loans 45569 130218 55200 147431 68228 194360
Housing Loans up to 4439 24085 4929 23903 2288 18067
Rs 5 Lakhs
as a % of total Hous- 9.70% 18.50% 8.90% 16.20% 3.40% 9.30%
ing Loans
Total of Public Sector Banks and HFCs
Total Housing Loans 117444 332574 130371 386510 142059 467372
Housing Loans up to 19470 77031 22025 81652 13113 63344
Rs 5 Lakhs
as a % of total Hous- 16.60% 23.20% 16.90% 21.10% 9.20% 13.60%
ing Loans
Source: Housing Finance Companies: Housing Finance Companies: ICICI Research 2013 and Report of Trend and Progress of
Banking in India, RBI, 2011-12

37
Housing Finance Companies: ICICI Research 2013

21
From the above table, it may be observed at the national level to show how much
that of the total housing loans disbursed of these small ticket loans actually went
by public sector banks in 2010-11, 22.7% to the EWS/LIG category. It may also be
were disbursed in the loan category of noted that the above information is on
housing loans up to Rs. 5 lakh which has an all India basis and includes housing
declined to 14.7% in the year 2011-12. loans in rural areas also, which is likely
Similarly, in case of HFCs, this percentage to consume smaller size loans. Therefore,
has also registered decline from 8.9% in EWS/ LIG housing in the urban sector
2010-11 to 3.4% in 2011-12. receives a much lesser share than the
calculations shown above.
In view of the above, outstanding housing
loans up to Rs 5 lakhs which constituted
Specialized Housing Finance
24.2% of the total outstanding housing
Companies
loans of public sector banks as on March
31, 2011 has declined to 16.6% as on The market for Housing Loans under
31st March 31, 2012. Similar trend was the affordable Housing segment for the
observed in case of HFCs during this self-employed client is very large. This
period registering decline from 16.2% as segment has not been very attractive to
on March 31, 2011 to 9.3% as on March Banks and other HFCs since it consists
31, 2012. It may, therefore, be reasonably of buyers who are not very organized
concluded that the share may even be and need a different approach both to
lower for foreign banks and private sector credit appraisal as well as collections.
banks. Traditional methods of appraisal based
on documents as evident with the salaried
Moreover, the above classification is
class would not work in this segment.
only based on the size of the loan; the
This calls for a field level assessment of
income levels of the borrowers are not
each and every client both in terms of
known. There is no formal data available
his/her income &cash flow and also of

Figure 17: Affordable Housing finance companies as on September, 2013

Size of Loan
Average Ticket
Book % Portfolio
Company/ Organization Size NPAs
<10 lakhs
(in Rs. Cr) ( in Rs. Lakh)

Micro Housing Finance 102 100% Rs. 4.2 0.4%

Corporation
Gruh Finance 5727 NA Rs 8.50 0.05%
Muthoot Housing Finance 200 80% Rs. 6.45 <0.1%
Shubham Housing Develop- 91.7 100% Rs. 5.5 0.037%
ment Finance Company
India Shelter Finance Corpo- 78 100% Rs 1.45 <0.1%
ration Limited(ISFC)
Source: Various ICRA debt Rating Report of Housing Finance Companies, September 2013

22 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

the security offered for the loan, which mitigate these risks, these HFCs have
calls for significant investment in human developed adequate credit appraisal
resources and training and is also a time norms (like restrictions on Loan-to-
consuming affair and hence unattractive Value (LTV) ratios based on registered
for most HFCs and Banks. values, focus on personal discussion at
borrower’s residence to ascertain the
According to research by the Monitor- income and expense levels to arrive at
Deloitte Group, It was estimated that a the disposable income etc.) and portfolio
housing finance company (HFC) serving tracking systems.39 However, gestation
low income markets could achieve a periods remain long and operating
Return on Equity (RoE) of 18-25%), expenses are high for most players.
which the researchers saw as encouraging Having said that, few of these businesses
that services will continue in these low have achieved some critical mass, making
income markets even when demand of them well placed for acceleration in
higher income groups increases.38 growth. Some of the players are described
below:
Rural/ suburban housing finance or
finance for self- employed or low income GRUH Housing Finance India is an
customers remains a highly under- established housing finance company
[HFC] with a loan portfolio of Rs. 5,727
penetrated market. There are a few
Crore and Profit after Tax of Rs. 145.88
players which have started to tap into
Crore as on June 30, 2013. Gruh has a
these opportunities and scaled up.
distribution network of 136 retail of-
The biggest draw of such niche market fices across seven states. GRUH primar-
positioning is the sheer size of the ily lends to salaried individuals, which
constituted 57% of the total portfolio as
growth opportunity. The borrower profile
on March 31, 2012, followed by self-
for these affordable housing finance
employed segment (39%), and builders
companies consists of relatively low
(4%). GRUH’s portfolio typically con-
income customers, who would normally
sists of ‘small ticket’ home loans spread
fall out of the ambit of traditional lending
across the rural and semi urban regions of
institutions due to a lack of formal income
western India, where the yields are rela-
proofs. While the credit assessment tively higher. GRUH’s average ticket size
of these borrowers requires special of loans was Rs. 8.50 lakh as on March
skill sets and may entail higher risk, 31, 2013. Despite the difficult operating
the credit profile of the borrowers could environment and given the segment in
be volatile to lack of stability in income which GRUH operates, it has been able
as well as due to their low disposable to control NPA% which stand at 0.05% as
incomes and limited cushion available on June 30, 2013.40
to meet the unforeseen expenses. To

38
Deb, A., Karamchandani, A. & Singh, R(2010), Building Houses, Financing Homes: India’s Rapidly Growing Housing and
Housing Finance Markets for the Low-Income Customer, Monitor Inclusive Markets
39
ICRA
40
ICRA Rating 2013

23
Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Shubham Housing Development
Ltd which has focused on housing Finance Company Private Limited
finance in tier-2 and tier-3 cities and (SHDFC) is a housing finance
metro peripheries on self- employed and company. The company is engaged in
non tax-paying customers has recently set providing retail home loans to low
up Aadhar Housing Finance for serving income borrowers for a period of
the most underserved segment through up to 15 years. These loans can be
six low income states in India viz; UP, used by borrowers for purchasing a
MP, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, ready property, home improvements,
and Orissa, by focusing on Low income home extension and for construction
segment of customers with a maximum of dwelling units on plots owned by
borrowers. The company is promoted
ticket size of loans capped at RS.0.6mn
by Mr. Sanjay Chaturvedi and Mr. Ajay
to maintain the focus on the low income
Oak. Four private equity funds namely -
segment.41
Helion Ventures Partner, Elever Equity,
India Shelter Finance Corporation Accion Frontier and Saama Capital
Limited is a Housing Finance Company, have invested about Rs. 52 Crore in the
company in the form of compulsorily
engaged in providing home loans and
convertible preference shares (CCPS).
Loans against property to low income
SHDFC is currently operating out of 40
borrowers for a period of up to 15
branches which are spread in the 9 states
years. These loans can be used by
/ Union Territories of Delhi, Gujarat,
borrowers for home improvements,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
home extension and for construction Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra,
of dwelling units on plots owned by Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand with the
borrowers. The company is promoted Head Office at Gurgaon. The company
by Mr. Anil Mehta and Mr. Srinath had a loan portfolio of Rs. 91.7 Crore
Mukherji. ISFC is operating out of 28 as on June 30, 2013. For the year ended
branches as on August 31, 2013 and the March 31, 2013, the company reported
head office being Gurgoan. The company a net profit after tax of Rs. 0.13 Crore
has branches in areas of Rajasthan, over an asset base of Rs. 78.39 Crore as
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Madhya compared with a net loss of 1.41 Crore
Pradesh. The company had a loan on an asset base of Rs 18.92 Crore for
portfolio of Rs 58.48 Crore as on March 2011-12. For the quarter ended June 30,
31, 2013. The company reported a profit 2013, the company reported a net profit
of Rs 0.32 Crore on an asset base of Rs after tax of 0.31Crore over an asset base
70.6 Crore vis-a-vis loss of Rs 4.3 Crore of Rs. 110.53 Crore. SHDFC reported a
on an asset base of Rs 30.9 Crore in 2011- capital adequacy of 81.7% (Tier I% of
12. 80.9%) and a gross NPA% of 0.37% as
on June 30, 2013.42

41
ICRA Rating 2013
42
ICRA Rating 2013

24 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

Swarna Pragati Housing Microfinance Swarna Pragati has innovated housing
Pvt Ltd is promoted by a team of senior finance and mortgage systems to
bankers. Swarna Pragati, operational in overcome the hindrances that impede
states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and the flow of credit to this segment. It is
Orissa, has a portfolio of Rs 18.5 Crore leveraging the grassroots community
and has built a customer base of over 3,000 institutions to evolve simple, flexible cost
borrowers since it became operational in effective and fault proof mechanisms for
2011. The company is targeting one lakh administration of housing finance to this
households by 2018 with a focus on rural segment. Swarna Pragati has integrated
dwellings. Swarna Pragati partners with the Panchyati Raj Act with help from
local microfinance institutions (MFIs) grassroots organizations like Gram Sabha
in various geographies to leverage their
(Village Assembly), Gram Vikas Samiti
relationships with borrowing groups.
(Village Development Council), etc.
The company gives loans averaging
which are also constitutionally mandated
Rs 40,000-Rs 80,000 with average terms
for community ownership/development.
of 36-48 months. It gives out loans in
tranches called incremental housing or The key features of the model are:
progressive build. The housing loans • Finance for incremental housing
are provided both for fresh construction and consequently short duration
and renovation/repairs/up-gradation of affordable installment loans
existing houses. They add water and
• Productive housing loans for
sanitation facilities to a basic house,
improve roofing and gradually add new increasing income generation to
rooms. This incremental build concept service the loan
forms the foundations of the concept • Pioneering the use of social
of housing microfinance products. collateral in housing loans
Loan amounts average Rs. 25,000 to through use of SHG/JLG
Rs. 1,00,000 with average loan terms platforms
of 36-42 months, slightly larger and • Pioneering the use of community
longer term than typical microenterprise institutions for creating non-
business loans, but far smaller and shorter formal titles and use of these for
term than traditional mortgages. collateralization

Swarna Pragati Business Portfolio as on September 2013

States No. of Village No. of SHG/JLG No. of Borrower Total Disbursed Amount
(Rs)
Karnataka 11 34 38 2,179,445
Maharashtra 36 735 3038 222,868,500
Orissa 52 288 363 32,690,000
 Total 99 1057 3439 257,737,945
Source: Swarna Pragati

43
Sewa Grih Rin offer housing loan termed as S1, S2, S3 and M1

25
 • Technical assistance along with 4. Loans are not heavily collateralized,
finance to ensure quality and cost if at all, and collateral substitutes are
efficiency often used
The Company does not require a title SEWA GRIH RIN is a housing finance
to guarantee the loan and is willing to company and was registered under the
accept less formal types of collateral, Company’s Act 1956 on July 18, 2011
making financing accessible to low- with its headquarters in Delhi. SEWA Grih
income borrowers. Borrowers complete Rin (SGR) with a new housing model is
the construction of their homes through dedicated exclusively to poor households
a series of loans. Swarna Pragati model in India. It plans to meet the vast and
also extends loans to clients where the largely unmet housing finance needs of
title of the land is in the name of the informally housed and employed women.
husband/or other family members or In pursuing these goals, SGR benefits from
there are joint rights to the land/house the successful experience of SEWA Bank
without specific title documents, on the and the Mahila Housing Trust (MHT)
basis of the Panchayat certificate and an in providing affordable housing finance
indemnity bond/undertaking executed by for members. SGR intends to scale-up
the husband/concerned family members. by expanding to other geographies and
increased product focus. Currently SGR
In Swarna Pragati model, security is is in the process of mobilizing the net
created through a set of components: owned funds required to obtain a Housing
1. A document that establishes the right Finance Company (HFC) license from
of ownership and explicit community NHB, and establishing an organizational
acceptance of that right infrastructure to begin lending activities.
2. Loans are for relatively small amounts SGR started its operations from Delhi
and a function of the purchasing & Rajasthan (Jaipur &Jodhpur) and
power of loans with short repayment expanded to Madhya Pradesh, Bihar,
periods that are at par with mid and and Jharkhand& also in those areas/
high-end microfinance individual districts of Gujarat where SEWA Bank
loans and relatively low monthly is not working. They plan to gradually
payments grow in other states as well and aim to
3. Loan pricing covers the real, long have a PAN India presence. It is expected
run costs-operational and financial-of that during a span of 7 years, SGR would
providing the service but are tailored have a potential customer base of around
to meet the needs of habitat in an 15,000 borrowers & thereby disbursing
incremental manner loan amount of 155 Crores (approx.).

26 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 Figure 18: Sewa Grih Rin Products
Product Name43 S1 S2 S3 M1
Loan sizes (Rs.) 10,000-30,000 30,001- 1,00,001- 3,00,001-5,00,000
1,00,000 3,00,000
Envisaged Purpose Basic infra- Home Home improve- New construction,
structure & improve- ments, land top-off loan to
services, small ments purchase, legal buy subsidized
house improve- formalization of new housing with
ments existing tenure legal title
Average amortization 2 3 5 7
period (years)
Maximum amortiza- 3 5 10 15
tion period (years)
Interest rate 18% 18% 18% 17%
Status of title Flexible Flexible Flexible Clear title required

Source: Sewa Grih Rin

SEWA members, above 18 years of age, Existing Equitas branches are engaged
who are involved in formal or informal to mobilize new members and forward
occupations are eligible to get loans from proposals to the credit team for approval.
SGR. There are informal checks to ensure The approval is based on valuation of the
the income of the target members like property, legal title clearance, income
Peer knowledge, track record review, levels and installment paying ability over
possession of existing original papers, a sustained period of time. In spite of
fixed deposit, life insurance policies, the informal and temporary income gaps
NSC, legal title documents etc. of clients, Equitas believes willingness
and desire to repay is highest amongst
Equitas Housing Finance Pvt Ltd its clients. This approach is helping
them create long lasting relationship
Equitas has taken the approach of setting with clients. Their loan product is fully
up a wholly-owned Housing Finance secured, yet the focus is on the quality
Company subsidiary for the purpose of loan origination and subsequent
of providing home loan to low income monitoring.
households across India. Equitas HFC’s
focus is on the self-employed and salaried The focus is primarily on financing
segment. The company also focuses clients to enable them build their homes
on its existing large MF client base for but extension and improvements to
housing loan products. The typical target existing dwelling are also encouraged.
household has a monthly income of Loan amount ranges from Rs 50,000 to
around Rs 10,000 to Rs 30,000. Rs 500,000 with a minimum tenure of

44
Wherein “productive” denoting “Improvement in Health of Client

27
3 years to a maximum of 7 years. All Equitas does not charge administration
borrowers are covered under a reducing fees / commission for insurance coverage.
cover Mortgage Insurance where clients
bear one time upfront premium cost. As of August 31, 2013, Equitas made
All properties financed are covered available this product to 603 clients with
under General Insurance product to safe a total loan disbursed Rs. 11.77 Crores
guard the property from fire and natural in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. The
disasters. The one time upfront premium average loan size is Rs. 2.7 lakhs.
for the cover is borne by the client.

28 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 Chapter 6 Microfinance Institutions and
Housing Finance

A survey for the State of the Sector

Housing Microfinance Report 2013
was conducted to deduce the extent of
homes, suggesting that the economically
active poor people can finance their
needs in a manner that is incremental
housing microfinance in India, which and affordable and under conditions that
reveals that 75% of the MFI respondents allow the MFI to cover all associated
concurred that ‘up to 25% client’s use costs, thus Microfinance has potential
the average MFI loan (which includes beyond income generating (enterprise)
housing and non-housing loans) for home uses and can apply to personal asset
improvement. 33% of the surveyed MFIs building (housing).46
accepted offering loans for Housing Definition: According to Franck Daphnis
Improvement. 66% of the  surveyed of Development Innovations Group
MFI  respondents agreed that home “Housing microfinance is defined as the
improvement loans are “productive44” provision of unsecured microcredit to meet
in nature. 58% of the  surveyed the demand of low-income households to
MFI  respondents believed that an repair or improve their existing homes
enabling regulatory environment, for e.g. or build their own homes over time.
Priority Sector45 Qualification Status to These loans are typically unsecured, and
“Bank loans to MFI for extending HMF” credit assessment is similar to the same
can catalyze Housing Microfinance in cash flow and character analysis process
India. applicable to individual entrepreneurs for
small business loans but often includes
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have some documentation to verify residence,
long observed that clients use loan a list of building materials and an estimate
proceeds to incrementally improve their for labor.”47

Figure 19: Key Features of Housing Micro Loans

Size Varies, but generally 2-4 times larger than average working capital loans
Term Usually 2-24 months for home improvements, and 2-5 years for land pur-
chase or construction
Interest Same as standard working capital loans or slightly lower
Delivery Method Almost always provided to individuals, rather than to groups
Collateral Mostly unsecured; co-signers often used; real guarantees may be used; formal
ownership of dwelling or land may be required; savings sometimes used as a
guarantee (may be compulsory)
Target Clientele Low-income salaried workers; micro entrepreneurs primarily in urban areas;
poor people
Other Services Sometimes accompanied by land acquisition, land registration, and construc-
tion (including self-help building techniques)
Source: CGAP Donor Brief 20, 2004, Housing Microfinance

Household
45
Priority sector refers to those sectors of the economy which may not get timely and adequate credit in the absence of this
special dispensation. Typically, these are small value loans to farmers for agriculture and allied activities, micro and small
enterprises, poor people for housing, students for education and other low income groups and weaker sections.
46
DIG, CGAP Working Group on HMF
47
Bankable Frontier Associates: Capitalizing Housing for the Poor: Findings from Five Focus Countries

29
Housing microfinance intersects both • Lack of income documentation
housing finance and microfinance. The • Instability and Informality of
emerging practice encompasses financial Income
services that allow poor and low-income
• Lack of housing collateral
earning people to finance their habitat
needs with methods adapted from the • Systemic risks associated with
microfinance experience. These loans are subsidized housing
mainly used for renovation or expansion Housing microfinance holds fundamental
of an existing home, construction of a importance from two perspectives50.
new home, land acquisition, and basic First, it can help meet the effective
infrastructure (e.g., water and sanitation). demand for shelter and settlement finance
Most of the successes in this new field of low income households in emerging
have been with home improvement countries. Second, HMF can contribute
loans.48 to the business development strategy
of financial institutions that have low/
The key features housing microfinance
moderate-income households as their
loans are49:
target clientele, particularly microfinance
institutions.
(1) Small loan amounts that are based
on clients’ capacity to repay and The demand for housing microfinance is
tend to finance habitat needs in an high. Indeed, microfinance institutions
incremental manner; say that clients already channel a good
(2) Short repayment periods (especially portion of microenterprise loans to home
in comparison to mortgage lending) improvement.
and are at par with mid- to high-end
The importance of housing microfinance
microfinance individual loans;
lies in51:
(3) Loan pricing is expected to cover the
• Shelter is a basic human need that helps
real, long run costs--operational and
ensure personal safety and health.
financial--of providing the service;
Housing microfinance offers small,
(4) Loans are not heavily collateralized, incremental loans that fit with the way
if at all, and collateral substitutes are poor people build: progressively and
often used; over time.
(6) If the provider is an MFI, credit • The home is a personal asset that
services for housing can be linked to usually appreciates in value over time.
prior participation in savings or more Thus, home improvement not only
traditional microenterprise loan enhances living conditions, it is an
services. investment.
Higher interest rate on account of non- • Micro entrepreneurs often use
collateralized lending is a big impediment their homes as productive assets in
to scaling beyond the traditional MF generating income. The home can
market. Further, pricing constraints for be a place to produce goods, store
MFIs are: inventory, and conduct business.
48
CGAP Donor Brief No. 20, 2004
49
CGAP Donor Brief No. 20, 2004
50
Bruce Ferguson: Scaling Up Housing Microfinance, “The Key Importance of Housing Microfinance”
51
Scaling up housing microfinance: A guide to practice By Bruce Ferguson, The World Bank

30 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

Comparison of Housing Microfinance, Mortgage Financing and
Microenterprise Finance52
Housing and micro enterprise loans may sometimes be indistinguishable: first, many
micro businesses are conducted in whole or in part from the home, and secondly, many
micro lenders have learned that some portion of their enterprise loans are being used for
housing.53
Figure 20: Comparison of Housing Microfinance, Mortgage Financing and
Microenterprise Finance
  Mortgage Financing Microenterprise Finance Housing Microfinance
Borrower Middle- and upper- in- Low- and moderate- Low- and moderate-income
come households income households households
Originator Savings and loan asso- Credit unions, NGOs, Credit unions, regulated
ciations and, sometimes, cooperatives, regulated and non-regulated micro
commercial banks and non- regulated financial institutions, micro
micro financial institu- banks, cooperatives, some
tions, micro banks savings and loan associa-
tions, land developers and
building suppliers
Use of loan Typically, purchase of Working capital, equip- The stages in the progressive
funds a new, commercially ment and stock for the construction of housing-
developed single- fam- microenterprise, and purchase of land, improve-
ily unit household economy, in ment, expansion, construc-
general tion of a bas0ic unit etc.
Saving require- Typically 10% to 30% of Often, savings are Often, savings are required
ments and im- unit’s value; sometimes, required in order to in order to qualify for the
portance contract savings qualify for the loan loan
Underwriting Evaluation of individual Evaluation of indi- Evaluation of individual’s
household income, and vidual creditworthiness, income and creditworthi-
of property title and val- family’s net worth, and ness. Payments must not
ue. Mortgage payments household income exceed 25% of household
must not exceed 25% of income
household income.
Amount One-time loan of A series of loans of $50 From one to three credits of
$10,000 and above. to $500 $250 to $7,000 (average of
$1,000 to $2,500)
Interest rate5 12-14% 28%  12%-28%
Term 15-30 years 1-2 years 1 - 8 years, average of 2 to
3 years
Collateral Mortgage Personal guaranties, Personal guaranties, goods,
goods, cosigners cosigners
Collection In charge of collection In charge of the credit In charge of the credit of-
department, based in the officer, that is compen- ficer, that is compensated
process of foreclosure of sated on the basis of its on the basis of its portfolio,
the mortgage portfolio, and that visits and that visits each of its
each of its 360 borrow- 360 borrowers (average)
ers (average) monthly monthly
Source: Scaling up housing microfinance: a guide to practice, Bruce Ferguson, The World Bank, 2004

52
Scaling up housing microfinance: A guide to practice By Bruce Ferguson, The World Bank
53
Microfinance for Housing: BK Sahu, BIRD (2007)

31
Scaling up Housing commercial lenders, but mid-size MFIs
Microfinance: Issues with good credit ratings will constitute a
sustainable market for investors.56
The Pre-requisites for large scale market
penetration of housing microfinance are55: Due to the large loan amounts and longer
repayment period makes it challenging
• Large and profitable microfinance
for MFIs to extend housing loans.
industry
Typically, housing microfinance loans
• Supportive regulatory framework would be in the range of Rs 75,000 to Rs
and enabling environment 1 lakh with a term of 3-4 years, whereas
• Access to dedicated debt funding MFI livelihood loans ranges between Rs
for HMF products 10,000 to  Rs 35,000 with a term of 1-2
years. Housing Loans are usually for
• Institutional champions such as longer period (typically between five to
MFIs, NBFIs and HFCs seven years minimum) as against usual
micro loans that are for one to two years.
In India, group lending remains the
dominant product, especially in rural The restrictive funding to MFIs for on-
areas. As long as group lending remains lending further acts as a deterrent. Bank
profitable, many MFIs in particular lending to MFIs is considered priority
may be reluctant to adopt the cash sector only if, “Not less than 85% of its
flow analysis techniques necessary for net assets are in the nature of “qualifying
successful HMF lending. Management assets”, which caps the maximum loan
information systems may also be weak in size to Rs 50,000 and without collateral.
adapting to new individual loan products.
Absorptive capacity is a concern among However, there is hope, as RBI’s Deputy
smaller MFIs as human capacity and Governor HR Khan summed up, “MFIs
equity are relatively scarce; these are considered to be the next best
institutions are especially dependent alternative for financing the EWS and
on government wholesalers and some LIG category.”57

54
The interest rate range have been modified as per the existing practices and applicable regulations in India
55
Maximizing Choice: Diverse Approaches to the Challenge of Housing Microfinance: USAID MiCroreport#97
56
Capitalizing Housing for the Poor: Findings from Five Focus Countries: Bankable Frontier Associates 
57
Enabling Affordable Housing for All – Issues & Challenges, HR Khan, April 2012
58
Shelter Finance for the Poor Series, CIVIS, April 2003

32 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 Chapter 7 Housing Microfinance Case Studies

Sri Kshetra Dharmasthala Rural A total of 92,000 members have been

Development Project financially assisted under for house
repair, new construction, extension and
Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural renovation, electrification of the houses
Development Project, popularly known etc. during the financial year 2013-13.
as SKDRDP, is a charitable trust that aims
to empower rural women by organizing As of August 2013, SKDRDP offers
them into Self-help Groups (SHGs).They long term (up to 10 years) housing loan
follow the Joint Liability Groups (JLBs) product of (up to Rs. 1 lakh) with weekly
methodology of Bangladesh and provide installments at 12 percent, which makes
infrastructure and finance through micro installments small and easily repayable.
credit to the rural people. One of the key factors for the success of
this product is ability to raise long term
SKDRDP is presently working with funds from banks at reasonable interest.
27,18,000 families and 2,37,003 SHGs
is operating throughout the state of SKDRP Loan Products Outreach
Karnataka. These members contribute
Since
loan margins, borrow money, share it Loan purpose FY 13
inception
among themselves and repay at weekly Agricultural Devel- 26,049 7,06,224
intervals. As on March 31, 2013 the micro opment Program
finance outstanding was Rs. 2,593.00 Irrigation Program 5,888 1,80,210
Crores. Housing and Sanita- 39,061 9,63,839
tion
Through mass awareness programs,
Self-Employment 16,838 5,55,022
SKDRDP enables its members to use
Other Programs 74,615 25,20,388
sanitation units all over its project area.
A total number of 70,000 sanitation units Total 1,62,451 49,25,683
(toilets) were constructed during the
financial year 2012-13 by SHG members. GAURDIAN
This achievement was possible because
of Government grants to the users Gramalaya Urban and Rural Development
coupled with motivation from SKDRDP Initiatives and Network (GUARDIAN)
and small grant from SKDRDP for all the is a micro finance institution (MFI),
units. SKDRDP also extended necessary registered under Sec. 25 of Companies
credit to unit households. Act 1956. Promoted by Gramalaya
NGO, GUARDIAN started operations

33
from November 06, 2007 with its out to 44,154 women clients with total
Administrative office in Raja colony, loan disbursement of Rs. 35.50 Crores for
Trichy. The organization is functional in household water and toilet facilities.
both rural and urban Trichy. Gramalaya
is a pioneer in the field of water and Guardian water and sanitation program
sanitation for more than two decades in Outreach
the Tiruchirapalli District.
Product Outreach
GUARDIAN is the first MFI in India to New toilets 27,746 house-
engage in micro lending for the creation holds
of individual toilet and water connection New water connections 11,797 house-
facilities. With support of nationalized holds
banks, communities, NGO and donor Renovations 2,756 households
agencies, GUARDIAN lends through Others (water purifiers, 1,855 households
women self-help groups (SHG) and RWH)
women joint liability groups (JLG).As of Total households 44,154
reached
September 2013, GUARDIAN reached

GAURDIAN Loan products:

Interest rate Loan process-

Urban Rural Insurance
Loan Products (APR) ing fees
for 2 year
Rs. Rs.    
 New Water 7000 5000 21% 1% 100
connection
 New Toilet 10000 10000 21% 1% 100
Construction
 Renovations 5000 5000 21% 1% 100
 (Water / Toilet)
 Rain water 5000 5000 21% 1% 100
harvesting
 Water purifier 3000 3000 21% 1% 100
Bio-Gas Plant 10,000.00 10,000.00 21% 1% 100

Water.org, USA has supported GUARDIAN with grant fund to meet its operational costs,
institutional development support and services. For on lending activities, GUARDIAN
has mobilized debt from Indian Overseas Bank, Acumen Fund, USA, Milaap, Bangalore,
FWWB and Maanveeya.GUARDIAN is expanding its operations beyond Trichirapalli
district to adjacent districts namely Namakkal, Perambalur and Pudukottai with NGOs
tie-ups and other agencies. GUARDIAN aims to provide water credit to 100,000
members aimed at individual water and sanitation access over a period of 4 years under
water credit initiatives.

34 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

Grameen Koota Koota has home improvement loans up
to Rs. 25,000 for the purposes of repair,
Grameen Koota’s (GK) mission is to renovation and minor extensions and
transform and uplift the lives of poor and house construction loans up to Rs. 2 lakh
low-income families with microfinance for the purpose of new construction and
and other developmental services. It aims home extension. Home loans higher than
to be a sustainable and trusted provider Rs. 25,000 have recently been extended
of affordable, need-based services. GK through partnership with Swarna Pragati
has been working for the last decade Housing Microfinance, HFC registered
and aims to help clients raise their social with National Housing Bank.
and economic status in Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. GK works closely with organizations–
Water.Org, FINISH, and FWWB to
Based on research findings on client promote good hygiene and sanitation
demands, interest levels and repaying habits amongst its clients and general
capacity, Grameen Koota designed public. Navya Disha – a Non-profit Trust
products and started supporting home supported by GK spreads awareness on
improvement activities with the launch of these issues among various stakeholders
water and sanitation loans in FY10. Based by conducting – street plays, taluk-
on pilot project, Grameen Koota extended level workshops, panchayat members,
water and sanitation facilities on larger Kendra-level workshops for the clients
scale. GK’s housing finance portfolio is and also conducts capacity building
supported by Water.org and IFC through workshops for masons. Technical
technical assistance and grant funding. assistance and financial assistance are
extended for toilet construction and
In the first half of 2013, Grameen
availing water connection. As of March
Financial Services Pvt Ltd (GFSPL),
31, 2013, Grameen Koota had disbursed
NBFC-MFI of Grameen Koota,
over 25,000 sanitation loans with a
conducted a survey for market demand
loan portfolio of over Rs. 16.8 Crore;
assessment and based on the results
1,700 Grameen Niwas loans with a loan
fostered partnerships and business models
portfolio of over Rs. 3.6 Crore.
to increase home loan portfolio. Grameen

Features of the GK
Sanitation loan Grameen Niwas Grameen Niwas Plus
Loan Products
Loan amount Upto Rs.10,000 Upto Rs.25,000 Upto Rs 200,000
Loan purpose Toilet construction For repairs and reno- For construction of new
vation and b) Minor house, extensions, repairs and
extensions/additions. renovation of existing house.
Interest rate 22 % pa. on reduc- 22 % pa. on reducing balance
ing balance
Processing fee and 1.1% of loan Processing fee of 1%+Service Tax on the loan
service tax amount amount
Repayment fre- Weekly/Bi-weekly /Four Weekly- at the choice of the member
quency
Repayment period 24 Months 48 Months 60 Months
Moratorium (repay- One installment- One installment-For 1 to 6 Months
ment holiday) For principal principal

35
Janalakshmi is for salaried people, small business
owners, self-employed and professionals
Janalakshmi Financial Services who have been in this occupation for at
(JFS) Private Ltd is a Micro-Finance least 3 years. The interest charged is 26
company (NBFC-MFI) providing per cent, with a non-refundable fee of
financial inclusion services to the Rs. 1,000 and an upfront processing fee
urban underserved customers in India. of 2%. Maximum loan size is capped at
Janalakshmi was registered as a Private Rs. 75, 000.
Limited Company in July 2006.
Janalakshmi has established an affordable
Janalakshmi’s market-based approach housing loan product which is focused
to financial inclusion is defined by three on providing loans to customers to
distinct characteristics: first, an exclusive purchase of flat constructed by builders.
focus on servicing the needs of the urban Janalakshmi focuses on project based
poor; second, a strong customer-value funding such as Janaadhar Constructions
driven approach in designing financial Pvt Ltd (JC Shubha) in Bangalore, M/s
products and services; third, the centrality Garg group under their Dinesh Nagar
of technology and processes as the Affordable Housing Project, Pilkhuwa,
foundation of a scalable enterprise. Ghaziabad, and DBS Affordable Home.
Home Improvement loan (Umang Narol Extension Project) in
Ahmedabad and Umang Sachin Project
The home improvement product is an in Surat.
initiative to provide financial support
to existing customers of Janalakshmi Based on segmentation studies,
for home improvement purposes. This Janalakshmi has divided its customers
product is offered to loyal customers into 4 segments and family income is one
of Janalakshmi who have been with the of the important criteria.
organization at least for 2 years and who The customers having average income of
have a proven track record along with Rs.15,000 to Rs. 45,000 per month are
appropriate repayment capacity. considered for housing loan product. It is
Home improvement loan is extended mandatory to have a woman as applicant
for external housing structures, interior or as co-applicant (family members like
changes and renovations. This short spouse, parents, major children, brother/
term loan for a period of 12-24 months sister of immediate blood relation).

Following are some of the product features of Housing loan:

Product features Janadhaaar Constructions Shubha Other builders

Loan Amount Up to 10lakhs UP to 10 lakhs
LTV 80 - 85% 75 - 80%
Rate of Interest For LTV = 80%, ROI is 12% For LTV = 75%, ROI is 13%
  For LTV = 85%, ROI is 12.5% For LTV = 80%, ROI is 13.5%
Term Up to 20 years Up to 20 years
Charges:    
a. Processing Fee 1.60% 1.60%

36 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

Total Portfolio as on August 31, 2013
  No. of Sanctioned Disbursed Amount Portfolio Outstanding
Loans Amount
Home Improvement 55 37,75,000 37,75,000 36,55,450
Housing Loan 144 8,01,31,500 7,79,35,041 7,33,08,880
Total 199 8,39,06,500 8,17,10,041 7,69,64330

Janalakshmi has partnered with Janaadhar housing as part of broader financial

(India) Pvt Ltd for housing finance for inclusion objective.
Jaanadhar’s affordable housing projects.
Janaadhar (India) Pvt. Ltd. is an affordable Ujjivan
housing development company that seeks
to blend market principles with a not- Ujjivan Financial Services Private
for-profit spirit. Janaadhar aims to build Limited was launched in 2005 with the
affordable, high-quality homes - to create objective to cater to urban and semi-
an inclusive society, and a better quality urban populations. With the head office
of life. Janaadhar has been floated by Jana in Bangalore, Ujjivan has regional offices
Urban Foundation (JUF) - a Section 25 located in New Delhi, Kolkata and Pune.
not-for-profit company - for implementing As on July 31, 2013, it had 324 local
the affordable housing projects. Janaadhar branches in 21 states, including 47 under-
brings the expertise of Jana Urban banked districts across India. Ujjivan
Foundation, Sterling Developers Private provides a range of financial products and
Limited and Venkataramanan Associates services to cover its customers’ needs.
- in this breakthrough venture. Their business model combines the
Grameen Bank methodology of selecting
Janalakshmi has received grant support and servicing customers in the field with
from International Finance Corporation modern retail banking technology and
(IFC) for developing internal systems, processes in the back office. As on July 31,
process and operations to manage and 2013, they had a total of 3,862 employees
scale up the affordable housing, provide and an overall customer outreach of over
responsible finance strategy including 1.1 million and cumulative disbursement
financial awareness / customer education has reached Rs. 52,903 million.
specifically targeted towards housing To meet customer requirements, Ujjivan
clients in low income segment. has designed and evolved its products and
services portfolio. Given below is a brief
Janalakshmi plans to scale up the product
snapshot of the portfolio mix as on March
to meet customer demand for affordable
31, 2013.

37
Loan Portfolio Composition of Ujjivan
Product Basket FY12-13
Business Loans 73.50%
Education Loan 0.30%
Family Loans (includes Emergency Loans) 22.10%
HUL Pure-it Loans 0.00%
Home Improvement Loans 0.80%
Individual Business Loans (include Bazaar loans & Short term business loans) 2.10%
Livestock Loans 1.20%
Total 100.00%

Ujjivan had introduced a Home improvement loan by Ujjivan are as

Improvement loan product in June 2007 follows:
and re-introduced it again in the first
• Gauge demand for housing finance
half of FY 2012-13 with operational
(for both residences and businesses)
and capacity building assistance from
International Finance Corporation • Determine current practices,
(IFC). They reviewed the past program constraints and common aspirations
and assessed its impact to design the among customers
new implementation strategy, appraisal • Define the attitudes of Ujjivan
methodology and plan. customers and the general public at
this socio-economic level toward
As of July 31, 2013, Ujjivan extended housing finance
home improvement loans in 75 branches
of 6 states (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, • Develop products and variants
Kerala, Delhi NCR, Rajasthan, and Uttar incorporating regional variations,
Pradesh servicing 2890 active women resource allocation and capacity
borrowers with an OSP of RS. 98.53 building of existing/new personnel
million with a nil PAR > 90 days. • Assess implementation, scalability
and potential for wider, pan-Ujjivan
Primary objectives as stated for housing programs

Key features of home improvement loan of Ujjivan

Particulars Description
Purpose Any repairs, improvements, extensions, part construction, business premises
renovation. May include repairs such as sheet roof repairs, installation of RCC
roofing, installation of a toilet, painting, reinforcement of walls or floors, addi-
tion of room/ floor, etc.
Ticket size Upto Rs. 1 lakh
Tenor Upto 24 months
Eligibility Existing Ujjivan clientele base
Security Nil
LTV Max. 90%

38 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

Key target clientele for home improvement loan product

Particulars Description
Target Clientele Ujjivan’ s existing urban & semi-urban women customer base
Age 20 to 57 years
Annual Household Income Min. Rs. 10,000
Occupation Varied Occupation base, ranging from self-employed (owning
small shops, tailoring businesses, etc.) to employed (as house-
maids, piece rate workers in garment factories, salaried, etc.)

Growing Opportunity

Growing Opportunity was one of the first MFIs to pilot test a housing microfinance
(HMF) product with technical assistance from Habitat for Humanity’s HMFTAC. This
helped Growing Opportunity to launch affordable HMF products and also assisted
homeowners to make decisions about improving their homes.  

As of May 31, 2013, Growing Opportunity had distributed 300 housing loans averaging
Rs 50,000. Additionally, 850 clients had received technical services. Sixty six percent
of these clients paid a fee for the housing support services.

Growing Opportunity Housing Microfinance Product

Loan Amount Rs 10,000 to Rs 50,000 Individual loan, graduated from group
Term 12-24 months
Repayment Monthly
Interest Rate 24% declining
Fee 1% of loan amount
Guarantee Cash flow based loan with guarantors and co-applicants. In the absence of
title, the following documents are accepted: Purchase Agreement, Property
Tax receipts, Government Allotment, EB / water bill copy; Identification;
One Guarantor. These documents only serve as surrogate documents for
proof of title.
Technical Ser- Rs 200 per engineer’s visit
vices Fees
Eligibility Excellent repayment record for 2-3 cycles in the group setting
Loan Purpose Minor and major repairs
Extensions/Additions
House completions and Improvements (including water and sanitation)
Incremental/progressive Build

Growing Opportunity has rolled out the product in nine branches across three districts
(Urban and Rural) in Tamil Nadu. Growing Opportunity has one housing loan manager
who liaises directly with the technical team. The Client Relationship Officers (CROs)
promote the housing loan product and source applications with support from Branch
Manager. The Housing Loan manager currently oversees 9 branches.

39
Technical assistance to clients is delivered revealed that 90 percent of clients were
at three points of contact: pre-application unable to determine the correct loan
orientation (90 minutes); technical amount on their own because they did not
assessment visit (45 minutes); and loan have the technical knowledge to estimate
utilization and outcome observation visit the costs.
(30 minutes). Each plays a specific role
in helping Growing Opportunity clients The technical visit helps clients through
to access housing while also reducing the personalized technical information by
lending risk. using a customized assessment sheet to
assess the existing housing condition,
Pre-Application Housing Support the proposed housing improvements
Services - This service helps clients in and estimated costs. The first visit
real estimation of loan amount as per their is a preliminary assessment where
requirement. The effort has had a positive this sheet is filled and later becomes
impact on prioritizing household’s needs part of the client’s loan application.
matched with affordability and reducing Recommendations regarding loan usage
undue loan burden. and amount are provided by a technical
team, and a second visit is arranged in
HMFTAC recommended a pre- high-complexity cases. The technical
application orientation to improve the visits are an opportunity for the technical
efficiency of the loan process and make team to raise any risk concerns such as
the home improvement loan procedures structural damage that may affect the
transparent to clients. The orientation loan. The value of the ‘door step’ service
session is marketed to successful group is that the client receives a preliminary
lending clients those have minimum assessment technical sheet, estimated
two to three successful loan periods. costs and materials as well as any
The session is facilitated by the Housing booklets or formal document on relevant
Loan Manager and a HMFTAC staff home improvement needs. Additionally, a
member. The pre-loan orientation covers helpline is available for clients to access
the following topics: Home Improvement advice any time after the loan has been
Loan Orientation; Basics of Financial disbursed.
Education; Introduction to Home
Improvement technical considerations; Loan utilization visit - The loan utilization
and Q & A. The Housing Loan Manager visit is made by a construction technical
assists applicants in completing the team member. This is an opportunity
housing loan application. to verify loan usage as well as to
review with the client any outstanding
Pre-Loan On-Site Technical Visits - construction activities and potential next
HMFTAC conducts on-site construction steps. The pilot revealed that 60 percent
technical visit to assess the construction of improvements fall between a low and
technical considerations for the home medium complexity level.
improvement needs of the client. Research

40 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 Chapter 8 Housing Microfinance Enablers

Debt Wholesaler: Micro Build the organization is Rs.100 million and the
India entity is expecting an additional infusion
of Rs.60 million by 2014.
Habitat for Humanity International, a
world-wide NGO which has helped build Over three years, MicroBuild India will
or repair more than 600,000 houses and step up its capital to reach Rs 25 Crores
served more than 3 million people around ($5.56 million). Majority ownership of
the world and ASK Group of Mumbai, MicroBuild India will be held by HFHI,
a financial service group predominantly with a controlling 51% stake of shares.
into Wealth and Investment Advisory
services have come together to start MicroBuild India will start with a
MicroBuild India. Habitat Micro Build small number of investees as it builds
India Housing Finance Company Private capacity and develops systems and
Limited (MBIND) was incorporated on procedures. It is expected that in the first
November 2010 with the objective to year, approximately 5- 6 deals will be
reduce poverty housing and improve completed. Over time, MicroBuild India
health and living environments for low- will borrow from socially responsible
income households across India. The investors to eventually achieve a leverage
company is registered as a Housing of over three times its equity through
Finance Company (HFC) with National borrowing at concessional rates that share
Housing Bank (NHB) and has received MicroBuild India’s objectives, including
the Certificate of Registration (COR) on the National Housing Bank.
June 2012.
MicroBuild India offers wholesale debt
MicroBuild India works closely with financing to MFIs which, in turn, offer
Indian financial intermediaries serving affordable HMF loans to low-income
low income populations and offers families and ensures that products and
wholesale debt financing to fill funding services meet housing quality standards.
gap and ensure housing products and
Attractive pricing creates an incentive
services meet quality standards. The
for borrowing institutions to engage in
vision of Microbuild India is to catalyze
the untested field of housing lending by
innovative, scalable financial solutions
reducing their cost of funds. MicroBuild
to poverty housing in India. It aims to
India ensures the quality of the product
achieve this by stimulating the retail
to the end-user (a house or housing
financial services market to develop and
improvement) by pairing borrowers
innovative housing finance solutions,
with Habitat India’s Housing Finance
through a combination of wholesale
Technical Assistance Center (TAC).
finance and technical assistance to
Where the borrower has construction
institutions wanting to offer retail housing
technical assistance expertise, either
loan products. The current capital base of
in-house or sub-contracted, the TAC

41
will serve as MicroBuild India’s quality Assistance (ITA) and Construction
control mechanism. Technical Assistance (CTA) to promote
and catalyze the housing micro finance
MicroBuild India financial services will sector, and thus disseminate these
enable MFIs/intermediaries to: learning to a wider, international global
partnership as well as with various Indian
1) Pursue housing loan opportunities MFIs, having plans to launch or expand
without diverting financing from their into HMF.
core products;
The evolution of HMFTAC was a result of
2) Limit risk in developing and testing a study conducted in 2007, by the ‘Center
housing loan products; for Micro finance (IFMR)’ on Low
Income housing in India revealed that
3) Increase client outreach and cross-
even though micro finance has expanded
selling by offering new housing
exponentially in India, there remains
products designed to address
limited access to housing microfinance
existing demand;
at the bottom of the pyramid (BOP),
4) Understand and respond to existing primarily due to two main factors viz.,
client demand through product design a) lack of dedicated capital for HMF and
and marketing strategies. b) MFIs lacking experience in designing,
managing/ delivery of HMF products
MicroBuild India has succeeded in and Construction Technical Assistance
building a pipeline of loans to 5 MFIs (CTA).
worth RS. 250-300 million, due to be
disbursed by 2014. The first loan of The HMFTAC conducted a market
RS. 12.5 Million has been disbursed to research with 425 families to understand
Grameen Financial Services Private Ltd. the needs and decision making of low
MBIND targets to reach out to 60,000 income housing and identify various
low income families accessing HMF over types of home improvements, repairs,
5 years. renovations and incremental additions
that could be fitted into a HMF loan
product, relevance and need for
Insitutional/Construction
construction technical assistance and
Technical Assitance: Housing
client’s willingness to pay fees for CTA.
Micro Finance Technical
Assistance Center (HMFTAC) HMFTAC worked closely with 3 MFIs
(Grameen Koota, Growing Opportunity
Habitat for Humanity India, with seed
and Capstone) to pilot test Housing
funding from USAID, established
Support Services. The following Housing
Housing Micro finance Technical
Support services are provided by TAC to
Assistance Center (HMFTAC) in 2009
the clients of an MFI:
aimed to provide Institutional Technical

42 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

• Financial Literacy and Technical HMFTAC has developed a complexity
Orientation matrix that classifies CTA services based
on the level of complexity of the work
• Doorstep technical support by
involved requiring different kinds of
TAC
intervention, for which the qualification
• Booklets to manage Home and experience of the CTA engineer /
Improvement work technician, the number of visits required,
• Advice on Estimation and time spent in the field and therefore the
material options during cost involved would differ substantially.
disbursement of Loan Low complexity CTA needs can be
met by trained loan officers, while high
• Helpline for technical issues, complexity CTA should be outsourced to
where needed. a specialist organization like HMFTAC.
• Loan Utilization Assessment.

43
 Chapter 9 Regulatory and Policy Environment

T he enabling environment for housing

microfinance can be grouped into the
following three broad categories:58
apex financial institution for housing.
It commenced its operations in July 09,
1988. NHB has been established with
an objective to operate as a principal
1. Housing and property issues: agency to promote housing finance
the set of laws, regulations, institutions both at local and regional
processes and institutions that levels and to provide financial and other
define whether and how poor support incidental to such institutions
households can acquire land and and for matters connected therewith
build a home upon it. NHB registers, regulates and supervises
Housing Finance Company (HFCs),
2. Household issues: the income keeps surveillance through On-site &
levels of poor household’s Off-site Mechanisms and co-ordinates
relative to the cost of housing and with other Regulators.
households’ ability to finance the
necessary steps in acquiring land The vision of National Housing Bank
and building a home. is “Promoting inclusive expansion with
stability in housing finance market”
3. Financial service provider issues: with three mutually synergic roles: (i)
the laws and regulations that Financing, (ii) Promotional, and (iii)
define the activities of financial Regulatory and Supervisory.
service providers, the number
of providers that serve the poor NHB is aimed at confidence-building
and the appropriateness of the among Savers, Borrowers, Lenders and
housing finance products relative Investors; Policy Makers & International
to the needs and means of the Stakeholders through a multi-pronged
poor. Simultaneous intervention on both the
demand (financial) and supply (real) side
This section discusses NHB refinance of the housing sector by financing HFIs
schemes and the various state and central and Construction Agencies
government initiatives for rural and
affordable housing finance that ensure that Recent Initiatives:
the sector remains a policy prerogative.
• NHB’s refinance policies are
oriented towards low and middle
National Housing Bank income segments. About 90% of
NHB’s refinance is deployed for
National Housing Bank (NHB), a
loans up to Rs. 10 lakhs.
wholly owned subsidiary of Reserve
Bank of India (RBI), was set up by an • NHB’s direct lending to Housing
Act of Parliament in 1987. NHB is an Projects is nearly 100% for EWS/
LIG Housing.
59
Housing, Health and Happiness, WPS4214, Impact Evaluation Series No 14

44 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 • NHB has funded PPP projects • NHB has decreased its PLR
focusing on Affordable Housing considering the reduced cost
for targeted segments. of funds so that the benefits of
interest reduction can be passed
• NHB has launched the Special
on the ultimate borrowers by the
Refinance Scheme for Urban Low
HFIs.
Income Housing. The Scheme
aims to provide refinance in • As per the latest RBI Guidelines
respect of loans up to Rs.5 lakhs NHB will be facilitating ECB
at concessional rates on interest borrowings for Affordable
to borrowers having monthly Housing Projects and Retail
income up to Rs.15,000.
NHB has the following refinance
schemes:
Figure 21: NHB Refinance Schemes
No Code Scheme Name
1 RH1 Liberalized Refinance Scheme (LRS)
2 RH2 Golden Jubilee Rural Housing Refinance Scheme (GJRHRS)
3 RH3 Rural Housing Fund (RHF)
4 RH4 Energy Efficient Housing Refinance Scheme (EEHRS)
5 RH5 Special Refinance for Urban Low Income Housing
6 RH6 Refinance Scheme for Installation of Solar Water Heating
7 RH7 Refinance Scheme for Women
8 RH8 RH8 Refinance Scheme for Construction Finance for Affordable Housing
Source: Report on Trend and Progress of Housing in India 2012, national housing bank, 2012

NHB’s Cumulative Refinance Disburse- NHB, as a Central Nodal Agency for

ments have crossed Rs. 1 lakh Crore. ISHUP, a scheme of MoHUPA, has
NHB Disbursed Rs. 15,750 Crore un- disbursed subsidy claims amounting
der its various refinance schemes in FY to Rs. 7.85 Crore covering 8885
2012-13, of which, rural areas accounted beneficiaries across 8 states In 2012-13,
for 43% and loans below Rs.15 lakh ac- NHB as a Nodal Agency for 1 % Interest
counted for 75.63%. A total of Rs. 4000 Subvention Scheme, has disbursed
Crore has been allotted under RHF in FY Rs.380 Crore up to March 31, 2013 to
2012-13 of which Rs. 3224.62 Crore have banks & HFCs
been disbursed up to March 31, 2013 cov-
ering more than 1 lakh housing units. NHB will be managing the Credit
Guarantee Fund Trust for Low Income
Under its Housing Micro Finance (HMF) Housing (CRGFTLIH) set up by
programme, 40210 housing units located MoHUPA, GOI and GRGFS as notified
both in urban and rural areas have been by GOI, 31 MLIs have signed MoU.
financed through MFIs.

45
For the benefit and use of all stake holders artisans, dairy workers and other low
of the housing industry, NHB has been income segments. More than 90% of the
releasing Residential Price Index known beneficiaries are women. Approximate
as NHB-Residex since 2007. The Index income level of the beneficiaries range
is released on quarterly basis and now between Rs. 3,000 to 7,000 per month.
covers 26 cities. The latest Index released
is for January-March 2013. End Loan Product: The housing loans are
provided by the MFIs to Self Help Group
(SHG) or Joint Liability Group (JLG)
NHB Housing Micro Finance
member attached to the MFIs either for
Programme
fresh construction or for renovation/
NHB believes, micro finance institutions repair of their existing houses. The
are slowly bringing the poor, especially loan amount ranges from Rs 10,000/-
poor women, into the formal financial to Rs 150,000/- per borrower with an
system and enabling them to access credit average tenure ranges from 3-7 years.
and fight poverty. NHB has focused on Work sheds form an integral part of all
Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) as a housing projects with necessary water
major target segment for reaching out to and sanitation facilities. The financial
the low income groups in both rural and assistance from NHB to various Micro
urban areas. MFIs can serve as a useful Finance agencies are provided subject
channel for extending housing loans to few criteria laid down by the Bank like,
the low income groups, as they establish due diligence, internal rating, experience
credit history of such groups by enabling in micro lending, etc.
them to complete 2-3 consumptive loan
Outreach: As on 30.06.2013, the Bank
cycles and inculcating in them the habit
has sanctioned HMF assistance to 31
of taking and repaying loans.
agencies amounting to Rs 97.42 Crores
NHB has been at the forefront of HMF and disbursed Rs. 45.29 Crores. The
(Housing Micro Finance) initiatives by loan portfolio outstanding is Rs 20.50
giving financial assistance to MFIs in Crores. The above projects will result
various parts of the country. As of now in construction/renovation of 30210
most of the MFIs/NGOs have not ventured dwelling units (housing & sanitation)
into housing as the amounts involved are of which 10,918 dwelling units will
large and the agencies are not equipped to be in urban areas and 19,292 dwelling
deal with long term debts. NHB has taken units will be in rural areas. The projects
a series of initiatives to engage the MFIs/ are scattered across various States like,
NGOs in housing by providing long term Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu,
financial support and technical assistance Maharashtra, Orissa, Gujarat, Kerala,
and training in housing finance. West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh and Assam.
Target Clientele: Under NHB’s HMF
programme, the beneficiaries include Through its HMF window, National
farmers, housemaids, petty traders, Housing Bank intends to cover all areas in

46 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

the country in the near future. But, as the institutions, refinance low income
program is routed through MFIs/NGOs housing loans made by Qualified
and the attached SHGs, an intensive SHG Primary Lending Institutions (QPLIs)
movement is a pre-requisite for the HMF to primary borrowers to purchase, build
programme of NHB. or upgrade their dwelling. Second is
capacity building of the NHB, Qualified
NHB believes there is a strong need Intermediary Institutions, and QPLIs, and
for scaling up the scope of HMF so as third, project implementation.
to cater to its increasing demand and
effectively address housing related issues Expected results to be achieved at the end
of the poor/weaker sections. Some of the of the project include an increase in the
possible measures to achieve scale are number of primary lenders active in the
discussed as under low-income segments, volume of loans to
lower income borrowers, and the number
• Need to establish linkages with
of borrowers in these segments.
formal sector institutions
• Need to incorporate HMF as an Financing for the project will create
integral product of MFIs incentives for lenders to focus on lower
income households through a net all-
• Need to overcome funding constraints
in reduction of the lenders’ cost of
• Legality of Titles funds of approximately 200-300 basis
• Construction Services and Technical points. (100 basis points = 1%). It is
Assistance a financial intermediary loan for an
implementation period of 5 years. NHB
• Awareness building measures
is the implementing agency.
• Bank-SHG linkage programme
• Information exchange mechanism Credit Risk Guarantee Fund

World Bank (IDA) – NHB $ 100 The Credit Risk Guarantee Fund was
Million Low Income Housing launched in May 2012 by the Ministry of
Finance Project Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
(MoHUPA) with the National Housing
The objective of the project is to provide Bank (NHB) as the manager and facilitator
access to sustainable housing finance for of the fund. The scheme is effective from
low income households, to purchase, June 21, 2012. The scheme offers multi-
build or upgrade their dwellings. fold benefits to both the lenders and
the borrowers. Transfer of credit risk
The project will have three components. to this fund leads to reduction in risk-
First is financial support for sustainable weighted assets for the lenders easing the
and affordable housing for National burden of managing the statutory capital
Housing Bank (NHB) to, directly or adequacy ratios. Borrowers from low-
indirectly through qualified intermediary income groups benefit by getting access

47
to organized means of financing (at lower • Eligible lending institutions
interest rates) which would normally not include commercial banks,
be available to them. regional rural banks, urban
cooperative banks, NBFC-MFIs,
Key highlights are as follows: HFCs and apex cooperative
• The Credit Risk Guarantee Fund housing finance societies
has been created with a corpus of
Rs 1,000 Crores. Central Asset Transaction
Registry
• This Fund itself is expected to
secure loans worth Rs 60,000 The Central Registry of Securitization
Crores, assuming non performing Asset Reconstruction and Security
loans at 5% and loan loss at Interest of India (CERSAI) has been
33.33%. Even with a conservative established by the Government of India
estimate of off-take from this for the registration of security interest
fund over the next five years, an over property, securitization and asset
annual incremental demand of reconstruction. This Central registry has
Rs 12,000 Crores from the EWS/ been set up under the SARFAESI Act,
LIG segment could be generated 2002. The government has also notified
and planned for. SARFAESI (Central Registry) Rules,
• Assuming an incremental 2011, which contains the operative
adjusted net bank credit of Rs guidelines, applicability of fee for
6,00,000 Crores per annum, registration, etc.
an allocation of 2% would be
CERSAI has been set up to prevent
required to meet the incremental
frauds involving multiple loans from
demand generated from the
different financial institutions against the
Credit Risk Guarantee Fund.
same property. This kind of malfeasance
• This fund will provide credit risk is generally facilitated by creating
guarantee to lending institutions multiple mortgages by deposit of title
for loans up to Rs 5 Lakhs deeds as well as sale of property without
disbursed to new borrowers in the disclosing the security interest over the
economically weaker and low- property. The registry is operational
income categories in urban areas since March 31, 2011 and all transactions
without any security of collateral which are entered into on or after this
or third party guarantee. date are required to be registered with it.
• Guarantee cover of 90% of the Also, all transactions prior to March 31,
amount in default for loans up to 2011 which are subsisting and related to
Rs 2 Lakhs mortgage by deposit of title deeds are
required to be registered.
• Guarantee cover of 85% of the
amount in default for loans above In the long run this reform may structurally
Rs 2 Lakhs and up to Rs 5 Lakhs improve credit penetration, reduce due

48 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

diligence costs and build a database for 20% of the profits of a housing finance
sector level analytics. company are tax exempt Section 36(1)
(viii) of the Income Tax Act 1961, allows
Income Tax Rebates For deduction in respect of special reserve
Housing created and maintained by a specified
entity, an amount not exceeding 20% of
Under the Income Tax Act 1961, buyers the profits derived from eligible business
can avail of the following tax benefits (housing finance in this case) computed
while purchasing a house through a under the head “Profits and Gains of
mortgage loan: Business and Profession” (before making
any deduction under this clause) carried
• U
nder Section 80C, repayment of
to such reserve account. Provided that
principal amount of home loan by an
where the balance lying in special reserve
Individual/Hindu Undivided Family
account on the 1st day of the previous
(HUF) is tax deductible up to Rs
year exceeds twice the paid-up capital and
100,000. However, this is inclusive
general reserve of the specified entity, no
of all other deductions allowed under
allowance under this clause shall be made
Section 80C (i.e. Public Provident
in respect of such excess. This means that
Fund, Long-term Fixed Deposits,
the allowable deduction would be the
ULIPs, etc.).
lower of the following:
• Under Section 24, tax deduction on
• Amount transferred to special reserve
payment of interest on a housing loan
account created under Section 36(1)
is allowable up to Rs150,000 per
(viii)
annum.
• 20% of profits accruing from the
• In order to boost affordable housing in eligible business
the country, the GoI introduced a new
• 200% of the paid-up capital and
section 80EE during the FY2013-14
general reserve as on the last day of
Union Budget. Under the scheme,
the previous year minus balance lying
first-time home buyers can available
in special reserve account on the first
addition tax deduction of Rs100,000
of previous year 
provided the loan is sanctioned during
FY14 (i.e. between April 01, 2013 to Priority Sector Lending for
March 31, 2014). Also, the amount of Affordable Housing Projects
housing loan should not be more than
2.5mn with the value of residential Priority sector lending has been an
property capped at Rs4.0mn. Further, institutional mechanism since late 1960s
the buyer should not be owning any for allocating credit to sectors that have
other house on the date of sanction of high potential for generating employment
loan. and improving livelihood. The outcome
has been quite encouraging so far.

49
The Reserve Bank of India has classified and semi-urban areas and up to Rs. 5 lakh
the following sectors as eligible for in urban and metropolitan areas.
consideration under priority sector:
(i) Agriculture; (ii) Micro and Small Bank loans to any governmental agency
Enterprises; (iii) Education; (iv) Housing; for construction of dwelling units or for
(v) Export Credit; (vi) Others-such as slum clearance and rehabilitation of slum
overdrafts against ‘no-frills’ accounts, dwellers subject to a ceiling of Rs 5 lakh
loans to distressed persons, etc. Banks per dwelling unit.
are directed by the Reserve Bank to target
The loans sanctioned by banks for
40% of their advances (Adjusted Net
housing projects exclusively for the
Bank Credit-ANBC) to these sectors as
purpose of construction of houses only
per norms issued by it from time to time.
to economically weaker sections and low
The Union Budget 1999-00 expressed the income groups, the total cost of which
intent to target 3% of incremental deposits do not exceed Rs 5 lakh per dwelling
of Banks as loans to the housing sector. unit. For the purpose of identifying the
Though this has not been formalized as economically weaker sections and low
a sub-target in priority sector lending, income groups, the family income limit
credit to housing in Gross Bank credit of Rs 1,20,000 per annum, irrespective of
has gone up from 3% (Rs 11,404 Crores) the location, is prescribed”.
in 1999 to 9.28% (Rs 3,46,110 Crores)
The fourth clause has been added to give
in March 2011 but witnessed decline to
an impetus for the EWS/LIG segment
8.88% (Rs.3,88,020 Crores) as on March
housing and was not in the earlier
31, 2012.
notification dated July 01, 2011 with
As per the RBI notification of July the number RBI/2011-12/107, RPCD.
20, 2012 numbered RBI/2012-13/138, CO.Plan.BC 10/04.09.01/2011-12.
RPCD.CO.Plan.BC 13/04.09.01/2012-
13, the eligibility of housing loans under Interest Subsidy Scheme for
priority sector lending has been laid out Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP)
to be as follows:
In 2008, The Government of India
(i) Loans to individuals up to Rs. 25 launched the Interest Subsidy Scheme
lakh in metropolitan centres with for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) as
population above ten lakh and Rs 15 a key policy instrument for channelizing
lakh in other centres for purchase/ the flow of credit to address the housing
construction of a dwelling unit per needs of the EWS/LIG segments in urban
family excluding loans sanctioned to areas. This scheme was a pioneering
bank’s own employees. attempt towards enabling the weaker
sections in the urban areas to gain access
Loans for repairs to the damaged dwelling to formal sector credit, at affordable
units of families up to Rs 2 lakh in rural cost through the use of the banking

50 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

industry in the country. The schemes is Minister announced extension of the
implemented through banks and selected Scheme till March 31, 2012. For Financial
HFCs, provides an interest rate subsidy of Year 2011-12 interest subvention of 1%
5% per annum for loans up to Rs. 0.1mn will be available for housing loans up to
during the entire duration of the loan (15- 15 lakh, provided the cost of house does
20 years). not exceed 25 lakh. In the Budget 2012-
13, the scheme was extended for another
1 percent Interest Subvention year with a budgetary provision of Rs 400
Scheme Crore.

In order to stimulate housing demand The scheme provides for 1% interest

in the country, especially in middle and subvention on individual housing loans up
lower income segments of population, to Rs. 15 lakh with cost of unit capped at
the Union Finance Minister, during Rs. 25 lakh. The scheme is implemented
discussion on Budget Proposals for through commercial banks and HFCs
2009-10, had announced a Scheme of and is applicable across the length and
1% Interest Subvention on Housing Loan breadth of the country. In FY 2012, 300
up to 10 lakh. In the Budget Speech for Crore was disbursed benefitting 155,482
the year 2011-12, the Hon’ble Finance home loan clients.

51
 Chapter 10 The Impact of Improved Housing
on Health

H ousing as a basic human right

demands that urban dwellers should
have access to decent housing, defined as
• The process of securing land tenure
helps to increase access to credit.
• Safe homes and neighborhoods help
one that provides a foundation for, rather
to build social stability and security.
than being a barrier to, good physical
and mental health, personal development Case Study: Piso Ferme
and the fulfillment of life objectives
(Seedhouse, 1986) Inexpensive flooring change
improves child health in urban
Research has shown that one’s health is slums60
directly linked to housing and housing
related basics such as water and sanitation. According to a study conducted for the
Researchers at the World Bank59 found University of California, Berkeley’s
that replacing dirt floors with concrete Center of Evaluation for Global Action
floors improved the health of children, (CEGA), replacing dirt floors with cement
including a 20 per cent reduction in in the homes of urban slums makes for
parasitic infections, a 13 per cent more comfortable living - but more
reduction in diarrhea and a 20 per cent importantly, it significantly improves
reduction in anemia. Housing provides: children’s health by interrupting the
transmission of intestinal parasites and
• Stability for families and children.
boosts youngsters’ cognitive abilities.
• Sense of dignity and pride.
The CEGA researchers note that
• Health, physical safety, and security. inadequate housing poses serious health
• Increase of educational and job risks around the globe for 600 million
prospects. urban residents, almost half of them living
in slums. These problems also contribute
• Clean, warm housing is essential
to the deaths of 3 million children
for prevention and care of diseases
every year from parasitic infections
of poverty like HIV/AIDS, malaria,
associated with diarrhea, malnutrition
tuberculosis & diarrhea.
Figure 22: Positive Impact of Housing Microfinance on Low Income Household

Safety, Security,
Dilapidated
Small Own House Improved House Increased Self
House
Esteem

Positive
Implication for
Income
Generation

Housing, Health, and Happiness(Matias D. Cattaneo, Sebastian Galiani, Paul J. Gertler, Sebastian Martinez, and Rocio
60

Titiunik, February 2009, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy)

52 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

and micronutrient deficiencies such as Key Takeaways
anemia, a widespread problem that slows • Homeowners in Torreón reported a
cognitive development. nearly 20 percent reduction in the
They tracked a Mexican government presence of parasites, and when
program, “Piso Firme” or “firm floor,” compared to their neighbors, their
that sought to improve living standards children under the age of 6 showed the
and health in high-density, low-income following improvements:
communities by offering homeowners • Almost 13 percent fewer episodes of
with dirt floors up to 538 square feet of diarrhea
concrete flooring. The program cost the
government about $150 per home. The • A 20 percent reduction in incidences
owners prepared and laid the new flooring of anemia
themselves, or with volunteer help. • Higher scores of 30 percent on
language and communication skills
Mexico launched Piso Firme in the for toddlers ages 12 to 30 months
northern state of Coahuila in 2000. By
2005, the program had covered more than • Scores 9 percent higher on vocabulary
34,000 homes in 650 neighborhoods and tests for youths ages 36 to 71 months
200 suburban communities. It expanded • Replacing dirt floors with cement
into other Mexican states starting in late appears to be at least as effective for
2003 and installed cement floors in about health as nutritional supplements
300,000 of the 3 million homes identified and as helpful for brain development
in the country’s 2000 census as having as early childhood development
dirt floors. programs.
Researchers collected information about • Not only are young children better
children’s incidences of diarrhea, results off when their homes have concrete
of fecal samples, blood tests for anemia, rather than dirt floors, but the study
and height and weight data to reveal also found that their mothers are less
stunting of growth, and also assessed the depressed, less stressed and happier.
youngsters’ communication and language
These results also indicate that housing
abilities. They compared the statistics
has a significant effect on welfare, which
for youths under the age of 6 both in the
would not be captured by standard
Coahuilan city of Torreón, where Piso
monetary indicators such as income,
Firme was enacted, and in the cities of
consumption or assets, or by the types of
Gómez Palacios and Lerdo in the same
health outcomes used in this study
urban area but located on Coahuila’s
border with state of Durango, where Piso The findings offer an important direction
Firme was still not fully under way in for the cost-effective allocation of public
2005.
resources by countries seeking to upgrade
Additional data came from a cross- slums and improve housing for the poor.
sectional household survey conducted
with the Mexican National Institute of The study cautions that the dirt-to-cement
Public Health in spring 2005, the 2000 strategy probably would not have the
Mexican census, vital statistics mortality same results in areas without access to
files and national household surveys safe water supplies.
taken from 1994 to 2000.

53
 Chapter 11 Epilogue

I ndia remains primarily rural, with

68.4% of the population in rural areas61,
where housing is often a challenge. One
of exposure to formal institutions.

4. Vulnerability to fluctuations in
out of every five rural households is living income often resulting in the inability
in poorly constructed buildings made of to hold on the home, due to the
mud, thatch, grass or other non-lasting informal nature of their employment.
natural materials. Urbanization, however,
is on the rise, bringing with it new issues Housing Microfinance has emerged as one
in terms of poverty and housing. Urban of the sources for housing credit for low-
poor often live in slum areas, where no income groups. Housing Microfinance
adequate housing is available. With an represents reliable housing finance from
increasing and urbanizing population, this formal sources to those who do not
shortage can be expected to grow62. In qualify for a mortgage, but are solvent
India there is inadequate housing finance enough to borrow in order to improve the
at lower segment resulted in huge gap quality of their existing dwelling. Access
in demand and supply of housing credit. to housing microfinance is an important
Economically weaker and low income input to the self-build incremental
families who are interested in home construction process, and is a driver of
ownership face the following problems, the improvement of housing conditions
such as:63 for the informal sector poor in India.

1. Entry barriers for securing home loans The important issues and challenges for
(lack of identity proof, address proof, the housing microfinance market are
income proof, etc.), due to them being complexity of the low segment housing
employed in the informal sector and market, conservative (risk averse)
living in informal settlements. approach of credit institutions, prominence
of progressive housing among low
2. Entry barriers in terms of the income groups, stark differences between
disinclination of financing agencies/ housing microfinance and microcredit
banks to provide home loans to loan, organizational and operational
EWS/ LIG families, due to the higher structure for launch of HMF, and scale
perceived risk of lending to a segment of HMF products and competition from
that has fluctuations in their income non-housing credit lending institutions.64
and the higher costs of servicing
the smaller loans affordable by this Although the Indian microfinance sector
segment. is one of the most vibrant in the world,
covering nearly 65 million low income
3. Lack of financial literacy, particularly
borrowers, financial intermediaries
in the matter of taking and repaying
are reluctant to offer housing finance
loans from formal establishments
to low income communities. Housing
such as housing finance companies,
improvement credit remains run as “pilot
due to the limited education and lack
61
UNDP, Human Development Report 2013, p196
62
Habitat, India Country Profile: http://www.habitat.org/where-we-build/india
63
Task force on Promoting Affordable Housing, MHUPA
64
Dr. Basanta K. Sahu, CMF, BIRD

54 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

programmes” despite the presence of be required to implement a new product
significant demand. Availability of these such as housing, institutions must be
products is limited primarily by funding committed and have the necessary
possibilities (Home Improvement Loans institutional capacity to launch the
are not priority sector) and a lack of product. Given the huge amount of
knowledge of housing microloan product the housing shortage in India and also
development. budgetary constraints of the Government,
public sector efforts alone are not
Despite this apparent potential of Indian adequate to face the above challenge.
Microfinance Sector, all components of Rather, a ‘multi-stake holders’ approach
a potentially enabling environment— involving the stakeholders like Social
priority sector status, refinance etc. that Investors, Donors, Private Sector,
encourages, both the potential demand Banks, Entrepreneurs is essential .
and the potential supply of housing Recommendations of a report “Access to
microfinance are absent. For all the reasons Housing at the Base of the Pyramid report
outlined above, housing microfinance has (Ashoka, 2011)” for various stakeholders
limited outreach in India until now. along the affordable housing value chain66
are tabulated below:
Institutional capacity and commitment
can be a major determinant of the success Provided cooperation amongst various
of a HMF product65. Given the extensive stakeholders and supplemented with an
costs and organizational changes that can enabling regulatory environment, the
Financial Insititutions Others Investors and Funders
Public Sector
Manufacture

Developmen
Multilaterla
Real Estate
Developers

t Agencies

Recommendation of Access to Housing at the Base

Materials

Investors

Investors
Building

Donors

Private
Actors
Banks

Social
MFIs

CSO
HFC

of the Pyramid report (Ashoka, 2011)

Design/create a specific product/service for the low-

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
income market
Create/establish a dedicated/specialized unit to service
Yes Yes Yes
for the affordable housing market
Offer/encourage technical assistance service to your
Yes Yes Yes Yes
affordable housing customers as a value added service
Develop a comprehensive offering for low-income
Yes Yes
clients
Work with CSOs and communities to gain a deeper
understanding and penetration of the affordable Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
housing market
Focus efforts in market enabling ways Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Create or work with governments to create a favorable

policy enironment and/ or to interest in common Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
goods, or advance infrastructure
Consider making equity investments in promising
Yes Yes Yes Yes
affordable housing enterprises and intermediaries

microfinance sector in India can work towards increasing the percentage of microfinance
portfolio in housing microfinance from the current estimated 1%, far lower than countries
in Latin America.
Housing microfinance can result in several million households gaining access to
improved shelter in India.

65
Maximizing Choice: Diverse Approaches to the Challenge of Housing Microfinance, Usaid Microreport #97
66
Access to Housing at the Base of the Pyramid: Ashoka: Innovators for the Public 2011

55
 Abbreviations

AUDA Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority

BPL Before Poverty Line
DHFL Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited
GOI Government of India
HMF Housing Microfinance
HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corporation (public housing)
IASC Indian Association of Savings and Credit
IGP Income Generating loan product
MCHF Micro-Credit to Housing Finance (approach to housing microfinance)
MFI Microfinance Institutions
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Development
NBFC Non Banking Finance Company
NGO Non-governmental organization
NHB National Housing Board (public housing)
NURM National Urban Renewal Mission
SEWA Self Employed Woman’s Association
SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
AHDP Affordable Housing Development Plan
AHP Affordable Housing in Partnership
AHTF Affordable Housing Task Force
ASI Archaeological Survey of India
AVL AvasVikas Limited
BSUP Basic Services for Urban Poor
CREDAI Confederation of Real Estate Developers’ Associations of India
CTA Construction Technical Assistance
DU Dwelling Unit
ECS Electronic Clearing Services
EDC External Development Charges
EMI Equated Monthly Installment
EWS Economically Weaker Section
FAR Floor Area Ratio
FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FSI Floor Space Index

56 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

GoI Government of India
HDFC Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited
HIG Higher Income Group
HMDA Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
HUDCO Housing & Urban Development Corporation Limited
ITA Institutional Technical Assistance
IHSDP Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme
ISHUP Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor
IT Information Technology
JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru. National Urban Renewal Mission
LAA Land Acquisition Act
LIG Low Income Group
MGI McKinsey Global Institute
MHFC Micro Housing Finance Corporation Ltd.
MIG Middle Income Group
MMR Mumbai Metropolitan Region
MOHUPA Ministry of Housing and Poverty Alleviation
NAREDCO National Real Estate Development Council
NBC National Building Code
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs
PPP Public Private Partnership
PPSU Policy and Programme Support Unit
RAY Rajiv AwasYojana
SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shahari RojgarYojana
SNPUPR Support to National Policies for Urban Poverty Reduction
SRA Slum Rehabilitation Authority
Task Force on Promoting Affordable Housing
TDR Transfer of Development Rights
ULB Urban Local Body
VGF Viability Gap Fund

57
Other Definitions:

Household: A group of person’s normally living together and taking food from a com-
mon kitchen constituted a household. The members of a household might or might not
be related by blood to one another.
Dwelling Unit: A accommodation availed of by a household for its residential pur-
poses. It might be entire structure or a part thereof or consist of more than one structure.
Pucca: A structure whose walls and roof were made of pucca material such as
cement, concrete, oven burnt bricks, hollow cement/ash bricks, stone, stone blocks,
metals, asbestos cement, wood, plywood etc.
Katha structure: The structure whose wall and roof, both, are made of non pucca mate-
rial.
Unserviceable Katcha: Unserviceable Katcha structure is the structure with thatched
walls and thatched roof.
Serviceable Katcha: A Katcha structure other than the unserviceable Katcha is service-
able Katcha.
Semi-pucca: A structure which could not be classified as a pucca or a Katcha structure
as per definition is semi-pucca. Such structure had either the wall or the roof, but not
both, made of pucca material.
Living Room: A room with floor area of at least 4 square metre, a height of at least 2 me-
tres from the floor to the highest point in the ceiling and used for the living purpose.
A bedroom, sitting room, prayer room, dining room, servant room meeting the
size criterion, are considered at living room. A room used in common for living
purpose and as kitchen or store was also considered as living room.
Obsolescence factor: Percentage of households living in the dwelling units having
age 40-80 years and are in bad condition and percentage of households living
in all structures aged 80 plus years, irrespective of condition of structure, taken
together is taken as obsolescence factor for the purpose of the report. The Ninth
Plan Working Group on Urban Housing had adopted the obsolescence factor as
“percentage of households living in 80 plus years old dwelling units”
Congestion factor: Percentage of households in which at least one couple is not having
a separate room to live in. This includes the households in which couples are sharing the
room with 10 plus age member of the household. The Ninth Plan Working Group on
Urban Housing had adopted the factor as “percentage of married couples require
separate room/house”.

58 Housing Microfinance in India: Benchmarking the Status

 About the Author

Vibhu Arya is the founder of ‘The Flat Pyramid’, an inclusion and ‘markets for poor’
consulting practice. The Flat Pyramid is aimed at architecting ‘inclusive’ public-policy
and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and
institutions.  His work spans across Microfinance, Housing Microfinance, Branchless
Banking, and Impact Investing. He has completed assignments for Ayani, The
Microfinance Institutions Network (MFIN), GIZ, ShoreBank International, Access
Development Services and Habitat for Humanity. Vibhu has previously worked for a
decade with Baxter, BHP Billiton, General Electric and Citibank, where he managed the
microfinance institutions lending business for North, East and West India.

59
Housing Microfinance is an emerging practice in India with leading Microfinance
Institutions (MFIs) piloting housing improvement, water and sanitation loan
products and services. Institutional stakeholders are providing technical
assistance to MFIs and their clients, respectively. Specialized Housing Finance
Companies (HFCs) are providing wholesale debt financing to MFIs willing to take
up housing microfinance.

This report aims to inform various financial inclusion and development sector
stakeholders' i.e. investors, donors, social entrepreneurs, MFIs (both commercial
and non-profit), funders, networks, associations, policy makers and government
about the need, demand, supply and potential of affordable housing finance for
low income communities.

The study presents various pilots in housing microfinance; it further highlights the
need for multiple stakeholder cooperation to scale-up housing microfinance in
India.

Dissemination Partner

microfinanceIndia
SUMMIT

ACCESS-ASSIST
28, Hauz Khas Village, New Delhi 110016
www.accessassist.org | www.microfinanceindia.org