POSTCOLONIAL READING OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S

THE TEMPEST

- Mrs. Noeline Shirome –

Colonization is an imperial power structure which privileges the ‘Western’ values,

tradition and culture.Postcolonial criticism relates the study of the colonizer and the
colonized in various perspectives. It studies how European nations subjugated and
controlled the native culture of the colonized and how these natives have responded to it
and withstood those encroachments.The postcolonial theorists are interested in what
happen to people during and after colonialism. They use postcolonial theory or
postcolonial criticism as a specific critical lens to read a text and this specific way of
reading a text explains the effects of colonization and imperialism.In1611 when William
Shakespeare wrote the play The Tempest,colonization was a recent concept in Britain.

Ben Jonson, a playwright, poet and a literary critic in the introductory poem to
the First Folioof Shakespeare’s play states“he was not of an age, but for all ages” and
was also the “soul of the age” . Even though colonization was a budding concept
during the time of Shakespeare, critical interpretation of his play reveals a more
complex discourse of colonialism which seems to be prophetic of the post-colonial era.
This states the unique writing style of Shakespeare.

By its very nature, drama mirrors its time. This is more true in the case of
Shakespeare. His Plays reflect the times in which he existed. The Tempest is considered to
be the last play of William Shakespeare which is written in 1610 -11. It is in this paly that
Shakespeare has followed the unity of time, place and action.The play is also an allegory of
artistic creation of Shakespeare which is said to be his farewell to the stage. The play can
also be interpreted in postcolonial perspectives. The plot is based in an island and the
description of it seems more significant of colonies, which were being colonized during the
time the play was written. Thus, Shakespeare’s The Tempestcan also be reread as a play
about the beginning of colonization during the Elizabethan era.

Shakespeare has taken this concept into consideration and has given an account
of the empirical nature of colonialism in his play. The play allegorically reveals how
the colonizers captured the land of the natives, how they controlled the native people,
their tradition and culture.

The protagonist of the play Prospero is the Duke ofMilan. He was exiled to an
unknown island along with his daughter Miranda twelve years before the play begins.
Being isolated in the middle of the sea he reaches an unknown island which happens to be
the property of the native called Caliban. On reaching the island Prospero befriends
Caliban. Prospero uses all types of crafty process to know about the details of the
island.After knowing all the information of the island Prospero uses his knowledge and
powerto capture the island and then enslaves Caliban. This act of Prospero is similar to
the situation of colonial history.ThusThe Tempest,can be classified as the most notable
earlier works illustrating the fundamental aspects of colonialism.

86
 Prospero isone of the most powerful protagonists in Shakespeare’s plays. Prospero's
character, actions, reasoning, and the way he deals with the inhabitants reflect the attitude of
the colonizer.According to critics, Prospero reflects the character of a colonizer. He has
captured the island of the native called Caliban and soon enslaves him in his own land. He
takesthe power of the inhabitant, establishes new order in the island and makes himself the
ruler of it.On the other handCalibanis the inhabitant of the island before the arrival of
Prospero. When seen through the lens of postcolonialism, Caliban represents the colonized
native who is betrayed by the colonial ruler. Thus he is identified as being the representative of
the colonized "other," who is subjected to the imposed rule of his subjugators.

Shakespeare’s The Tempest, reflects the concept of colonialism and sheds its
light significantly through the relationship between the colonizer and the native. The
re-contextualization of the play within postcolonial contexts has drawn attention to the
character of Caliban inspite of his minor role in the play.

Caliban is the son of Sycorax, and the inhabitant of the island before
Prospero’s arrival. Caliban, seen through the lens of colonialism depicts the natives
and Prospero the colonizer who has enforced colonial domination over Caliban. The
following speech of Caliban explains the way in which Prospero has captured the
island. This island’s mine, by Sycorax my mother,
Which thou tak’st from me. When thou cam’st first
Thou strok’st me, and made much of me; would’st give me
Water with berries in’t; and teach me how
To name the bigger light, and how the less,
That burn by day and night: and then I lov’d thee
And show’d thee all the qualities o’ th’isle,
The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and feretile:
Curs’d be I that that did so! All the charms
Of Sycorax, toads, beetles, bats, light on you!
For I am all the subjects that you have,
Which first was mine own King: and here you sty
me In this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me
The rest o’th’island (I.II.)

The above speech by Calibanstaes how Prospero has settled in his island by
befriending him first and enslaving him last. Prospero after entering the unknown island
finds Caliban as the inhabitant of the land. Prospero befriends Caliban, teacheshim his
language and provides him with food and shelter. Seeing the kind nature of Prospero,
Calibanstarts to like and trust him andreveals all the qualities of the island. He shows the
barren places and the fertile places of the island. After knowing the secrets of the island
Prospero enslaves Caliban and never lets him free. The attitude of Prospero is similar to
the attitude of the colonizer.Thus Caliban accuses Prospero by using the language he has
taught him. This scene in the play gains the interest of the critics as it interprets the exact
way in which colonizers treated the native people. Prospero gives freedom to Arial for the
service it had rendered to him, but not to Caliban because of his rebelling nature.

“then to the elements

Be free, and fare thou well” (V.i. 60)

87
 He treats Calibanas a slave and forces him to do whatever he commands.
Whenever Caliban fails to obey his words he ispunished physically by the spirits. Thus
Caliban is forced to obey Prospero for the fear of punishment.

Hag-seed, hence!
Fetch us in fuel; and be quick, thou’rt best,
To answer other business.Shrug’st thou, malice?
Of thou neglect’st or dost unwillingly
What I command, I’ll rack thee with old cramps,
Fill all thy bones with aches, make thee roar
That beasts shall tremble at thy din. (I.ii. 16)

The following passage states Prospero’s addressto Caliban which resembles the
colonizers attitude of civilizing the natives.

…I pitied thee,
Took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour
One thing or other: when thou didst not, savage,
Know thine own meaning, but wouldst gabble like
A thing most brutish, I endow'd thy purposes
With words that made them known. (1.ii.17)

The typical attitude of the colonizers is to civilize the natives. Similarly

Prospero displays how his presence on the island is valuable for Caliban which
indicates the attitude and supremacy of the colonist over the natives. The colonizer
considers the native as uncivilized savagesand slaves. Prospero views Caliban as lesser
being than himself. He firmly believes that Caliban’s existence is boundto serve his
order and not to retaliate. He expects Caliban to be grateful to him for educating him
and making him learn the superior language.

Along with his daughter Miranda, Prosperotries to educate and civilize Caliban
but both of them find Caliban’s inability to be civilized and learn what they teach
because of his tough nature. Instead of showing gratitude to Prospero Caliban goes to
the extent of violating the honor of Prospero’s daughter.

Prospero: Thou most lying slave,

Whose stripes may move, not kindness! I have used thee,
Filth as thou art, with humane care, and lodged thee
The mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate
The honor of my child.

Miranda: Abhorred slave,

which any print of goodness wilt not take,
Being capable of all ill! I pitied thee,
Took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour
One thing or other: when thou didst not, savage,
Know thine own meaning, but wouldst gabble like
A thing most brutish, I endow’d thy purposes
With words that made them known. But thy vile race, Though
thou didst learn, had that in’t which good natures

88
 Could not abide to be with; therefore wast thou
Deservedly confined into this rock,
Who hadst deserved more than a prison. (I.ii. 15-16)

The above lines also state how the natives are considered as savages and their
reluctance to be civilized by the colonizers. Caliban’s behavior towardsMiranda leads
Prospero to imprison and punish him physically. This makes Caliban feel oppressed
and exploited in his own land. Thus he tries to get some kind of opportunity to regain
his island but unfortunately he couldn’t able to be successful to escape the supreme
control of Prospero’s knowledge and magical power. Thus Caliban remains scolding
himself for trusting Prospero and letting him know all the secrets of the land. He
grumbles all time for being the slave in his own land.

The play ends with Prospero deciding to return to his country along with his
daughter. He leaves the island, frees his slaves and enables Caniban to be the inhabitant of
the island. At last,Caliban gets the freedom and the right to claim his island. He gets the
freedom to be himself in his native place.This incident reflects the period when the
colonizers returned to their country after Britain gave freedom to its colonies. Yet the
impact of the colonizers and colonialism remains in the lives of natives.

The Tempest is the play which dramatizes the process of colonization and deals with
the relationship of the settler and the native. Thus the characters of Prospero and Caliban
are constantly reread in the colonial contexts which emphasize the greatness of
Shakespeare’s capacity of understanding the aspects and the nature of human being as a
whole. The tempest denotes the idea of colonialism as it was as the turning point during the
period of British Empire. Throughout the text, Shakespeare states the colonial perspective
and the perspective of the colonized as represented by Prospero and Caliban.

References
1. Ania L (1998). Colonialism-Postcolonialism. London: Routledge, Print.
2. Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, H. (1998). Key Concepts in Post-colonial Studies
(Illustrated, eprinted.). Psychology Press.
3. Bloom, Harold. Ed. (1998). The Tempest, in Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, New
York: Riverhead Books. 662- 684.
4. Brown, Paul. (1985). “‘This Thing of Darkness I AcknowledgeMine’: The Tempestand the
Discourse of Colonialism,” inPolitical Shakespeare: New Essays in Cultural
Materialism,Jonathan Dollimore et al., Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 48-71.
5. Pogue, K. (2006). Shakespeare's Friends. Greenwood Publishing Group.
6. W. Shakespeare. The Tempest. 1611.

89