CHAPTER 1

WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electricity is most needed for our day to day life. There are two ways of electricity

generation either by conventional energy resources or by non-conventional energy

resources. Electrical energy demand increases in word so to fulfill demand we have to

generate electrical energy. Now a day’s electrical energy is generated by the conventional

energy resources like coal, diesel, and nuclear etc. The main drawback of these sources

is that it produces waste like ash in coal power plant, nuclear waste in nuclear power

plant and taking care of this wastage is very costly. And it also damages the nature.

The nuclear waste is very harmful to human being also. The conventional energy

resources are depleting day by day. Soon it completely vanishes from the earth so we

have to find another way to generate electricity. The new source should be reliable,

pollution free and economical. The non-conventional energy resources should be good

alternative energy resources for the conventional energy resources. There are many non-

conventional energy resources like geothermal, tidal, wind; solar etc. The tidal energy has

drawbacks like it can be implemented only on sea shores.

While geothermal energy needs very lager step to extract heat from earth. Solar and wind

are easily available in all condition. The non-conventional energy resources like solar,

wind can be good alternative source. Solar energy has drawback that it could not produce
electrical energy in rainy and cloudy season so we need to overcome this drawback we

can use these two energy resources so that any one of source fails other source will

keep generating the electricity

PROBLEM STATEMENT

1. As we can see, there are many problems that occur in the previous type of solar

tracking system. The problem that we can see here is the solar panel that is used is

only in one-way direction. Because of this problem, the power that can be generated is

low.

2. The second problem is the price for the solar tracking system is very expensive for

the family that use more power than usual because they need to install more than one

solar panel to produce enough power. So, this project is to fix the problem that occurs

here. This solar tracking system can detect a 180 degree of rotation. So, the solar panel

that can be generating here is very high compare to when the solar panel can only stay

in one direction. So, the families don’t have to install more than one solar panel to

generate enough power. One solar panel is enough to produce a lot of power.

OBJECTIVES

 In Remote areas implementing power systems units at each apartment.

 Multistoried buildings, Homes, schools.
 Street lightings covering a large area.
 Off grid applications, solar water heaters.
 Electric kettles solar vehicles, Traffic signaling
1.2. WIND ENERGY

Wind energy is the energy which is extracted from wind. For extraction we use wind

mill. It is renewable energy sources. The wind energy is cost less for generation of

electricity. Maintenance cost is also less for wind energy system. Wind energy is present

almost 24 hours of the day. It has less emission. Initial cost is also less of the system.

Generation of electricity from wind is depend upon the speed of wind flowing.

The growth of renewable Energy in India is enormous and wind energy

proves to be the most effective solution to the problem of depleting fossil fuels,

importing of coal, greenhouse gas emission, environmental pollution etc. Wind energy as

a renewable, non-polluting and affordable source directly avoids dependency of fuel and

transport, can lead to green and clean electricity.

1.2.1. WIND ENERGY IN INDIA
Demand for energy in India has grown considerably after 1991 due to the speeding up

of economic development. This demand will continue to grow as the speedy development

of economy gets coupled with the growth in population. According to International

Energy Agency (IEA), by 2020 India needs 327 GW of power generation capacity, which

means additional capacity of 13 GW should be created every year.

Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are having a large

potential of wind energy. These states are having areas with good and consistent wind,

suitable for commercial use of wind energy. Hence, India’s wind energy capacity of

21,264 MW, mainly executed in Tamil Nadu (7276 MW), Maharashtra (4098 MW), Gujarat

(3414 MW), Rajasthan (2820 MW) and Karnataka (2409 MW)

Hence, wind energy can assist in solving longstanding unemployment problem, in an

environment friendly way. Along with reducing hazardous effects of greenhouse gases, it

will generate additional revenue by selling carbon credits through clean development

mechanism (CDM). Global wind energy council estimated that by 2030 wind energy can

supply up to 24% of India’s power needs, while bringing additional investment of

$10637.12 million investment every year. [1]

1.2.2. ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

The advantages of wind energy are most apparent than the disadvantages. The main

advantages include an unlimited, free, renewable resource (the wind itself), economic

value, maintenance cost, and placement of wind harvesting facilities. First and foremost,

wind is an unlimited, free, renewable resource. Wind is a natural occurrence and

harvesting the kinetic energy of wind doesn't affect currents or wind cycles in any way.

Next, harvesting wind power is a clean, non-polluting way to generate electricity. Unlike

other types of power plants, it emits no air pollutants or greenhouse gases.

1.2.3. DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

The two major disadvantages of wind power include initial cost and technology

immaturity. Firstly, constructing turbines and wind facilities is extremely expensive. The

second disadvantage is technology immaturity. High cost of energy can, in part, be

addressed directly with technology innovations that increase reliability and energy output

and lower system capital expenses. Offshore wind energy produces more energy than

onshore wind energy, but costs much more to establish. The primary costs of wind

turbines include construction and maintenance.

1.3. SOLAR ENERGY

The energy obtained from sun's radiation is called solar energy. This radiation is

widely used in technologies such as solar water heating, electricity generation, solar

cooker, artificial photosynthesis etc. It is a significant wellspring of sustainable power

source and its advances are comprehensively portrayed as either inactive sun powered

(passive solar) or dynamic sun oriented (active solar) relying upon how they catch and

disseminate sun energy or convert it into solar power. Dynamic sunlight based strategies

incorporate the utilization of photovoltaic frameworks, concentrated sun oriented force and

sun powered water warming to outfit the energy. Inactive sun based strategies incorporate
arranging a to the Sun, choosing materials with ideal warm mass or light-scattering

properties, and planning spaces that normally circle air.

1.3.1. SOLAR POWER IN INDIA

Solar power in India is a quick creating industry. The nation's solar installed

capacity reached around 34.404 GW as of 29th February 2020. India has the most minimal

capital expense per MW all around to introduce solar based power plants.

The Indian government had an underlying objective of 20 GW limit with respect to

2022, which was accomplished four years in front of schedule. In 2015 the objective

was raised to 100 GW of solar capacity (counting 40 GW from roof top sun powered) by

2022, focusing on a venture of US $100 billion. India has built up about 42 sun based

parks to make land accessible to the advertisers of sunlight based plants.

India extended its solar generation capacity multiple times from 2,650 MW on 26 May

2014 to more than 20 GW as on 31 January 2018. The nation included 3 GW of solar

capacity in 2015–2016, 5 GW in 2016–2017 and more than 10 GW in 2017–2018, with

the normal flow cost of sun electricity dropping to 18% beneath the normal cost of its

coal-terminated counterpart. Before the finish of September 2019, India has introduced in

excess of 82,580 MW of sustainable power source limit with around 31,150 MW of limit

under different phases of installation.

The daily average solar power plant generation capacity in India is 0.20 kWh per m2 of

utilized land region, equal to 1400–1800 peak (rated) capacity working hours in a year

with accessible, economically demonstrated innovation.[2]

1.3.2. ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
1. 100% clean, Renewable energy source

2. Reduction of fossil fuels

3. Non-polluting

4. No emission of greenhouse gases thus avoids global warming

5. Contributes sustainable development

6. Can be applied to large scale as well as small scale electricity generation.

1.3.3. ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF SOLAR ENERGY:

1.SOLAR REDUCES THE UTILITY BILLS.

At the point when a home is installed with solar PV system along with battery

source, the average reduction in the electricity cost can be achieved better. Household

with the highest electricity rates from their nearby utilities are the ones who remain to

spare the most when they convert to power from the sun.

2. BID FAREWELL TO ADDITIONAL TIME-OF-USE RATES

For states with TOU rates, going solar based with a home battery permits the

apparatus to run only when it is needed in use. Since TOU rates are charged during

peak hours, after work and during supper, they can prompt a higher power bill. That is

utility surge pricing.

With solar and a home battery, the system is in control. Overabundance of energy

is stored in home battery and the energy can be utilized when it is needed.
3. NET ENERGY METERING (NEM) CAN WORK FOR CLIENTS.

Net Energy Metering permits clients who create their own electricity from solar

panels to sell the abundance electricity produced back to the grid. Be that as it may, not

all states have NEM strategies, and these policies vary by state. A reputable solar

organization can clarify the NEM in the client's area.

4. FEDERAL AND STATE INCENTIVES ARE ACCESSIBLE FOR SOLAR.

Right now 30% of the cost of the purchased solar system for home is reduced from

federal income taxes. Various state and local governments offers property and sales tax

exemptions also. Cash rebates also helps in the reduction of cost by about 10% to 20%.

5. SUSTAINABLE POWER SOURCE HELPS OTHERS IN THE MIDST HARDSHIP.

We need energy to live our day by day lives, yet we additionally need energy to

help those less fortunate. People everywhere throughout the world are utilizing solar

energy to push through outages brought about by storms and other catastrophic events

that can lead to death toll and loss of property.

Events like floods, forest fires, tropical storms, rising ocean levels and appetite identified

with natural harm have caused devastation around the globe. The expenses related with

environmental change are developing and incorporate rising social insurance costs,

destruction of property, increasing nourishment costs and more. Wide scale appropriation

of solar and other sustainable power source must proceed so that the negative cultural

and economic impact of fossil fuels can be addressed.

6. SOLAR POWER IMPLIES MORE BENEFICIAL AIR.

As a whole there is a need of clean air for endurance. In any case, ground-level

ozone and other contaminations from cars, power plants, industrial boilers, processing

plants and chemical plants can kill. The harm stretches out to harvests, trees and other

vegetation and the cost for human life is critical. Contamination is so terrible in certain

pieces of the world that individuals are told to remain inside. The Environmental Defense

Fund expresses that contamination is responsible for the death of 6.4 million individuals

for each year. Interestingly, solar energy support a planet that is clean and green. By

dispensing harmful toxic contents from petroleum products, solar power lets us inhale

simpler and give healthy air to future generations.

7. THE FUEL COST IS ZERO.

The sun is an inexhaustible source. In contrast to petroleum products, sunlight never

exhaust. Coal and natural gas are not free, and they are costly and dirty. Their cost is

unpredictable as well as has expanded systematically over the previous decade. However,

there is no fuel cost for sunlight.

8. SOLAR DECREASES RISKY OZONE DEPLEATING SUBSTANCE FROM CARS.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revealed that new engine vehicles

contribute essentially to ozone harming substances, which endanger our general wellbeing

and welfare. Fortunately an electric vehicle can be fueled by residential solar system.

The clean energy can be utilized from the sun to fuel the vehicle, and run electrical
appliances at home. The change from petroleum derivatives to solar energy adds to

healthy community and planet.

9. SOLAR SUPPORTS FAMILIES AND ALSO CREATE JOB OPPURTUNITY.

The U.S solar based workforce expanded 168% in the last seven years. In 2010, the

industry employed 93,000 individuals. In 2018, the quantity of solar based employments

expanded to more than 242,000, and further development is expected. These solar

oriented occupations can't be outsourced so they play a vital role in the contribution of

country's economy.

1.3.4. FUTURE OF SOLAR ENERGY:

The Sun transmits enough force onto Earth each second to fulfill the whole human

energy interest for more than two hours. Given that it is promptly accessible and

inexhaustible, solar power is an alluring wellspring of energy. Be that as it may, starting

at 2018, under two percent of the world's energy originated from solar. Verifiably, solar

energy collecting has been costly and generally wasteful. Indeed, even this small sun

powered use, however, is an improvement over the past two decades, as the measure of

intensity gathered from solar energy overall expanded more than 300-crease from 2000

to 2019. New mechanical advances in the course of the most recent twenty years have

driven this expanded dependence on solar power by diminishing expenses, and new

innovative improvements guarantee to enlarge this sunlight based use by further

diminishing expenses and expanding solar panel effectiveness.

India's expanding endeavors for extending the portion of sustainable power source has

prompted a generous increment in solar power generation in the past few years. The

solar industry in India has colossal possibilities to develop as the creation of solar

energy in the nation is at a high rate because of various components and topographical

area in the tropics being one of them. Ongoing reports uncovered that India gets yearly

radiation of in excess of 5000 trillion kWh, which if potentially grasped by the solar

energy organizations in India, will create a liberal measure of energy.

Hardly any Facts to take a gander at: [3]

1. In 2017, the solar industry in India created 1000 MW of energy.

2. It is relied upon to create 80,000 MW of energy by 2020

3. Also, 100,000 MW by 2022.

Moreover, it is foreseen that the solar power industry in India is the third biggest on the

world. India is as of now in the condition of recurrent power lack and has an demand

supply gap of 12%. This is an immense gap and can be topped off just with the

utilization of sustainable resources like solar power or solar energy in India. The solar

based industry in India is developing step by step because of the administrative

incentives and initiatives to the makers of top solar energy organizations, sustainable

power source organizations, low working expenses of the top solar organizations in India,

and solar panels in India.

 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are

continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water and

various forms of biomass. This energy cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed.

Such as solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, bio energy and geothermal energy

Fig. 2.1 Different source of renewable energy

2.2. DIFFERENT SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

The sun is probably the most important source of renewable energy available today.

Traditionally, the sun has provided energy for practically all living creatures on earth,

through the process of photosynthesis, in which plants absorb solar radiation and convert

it into stored energy for growth and development. Scientists and engineers today seek to

utilize solar radiation directly by converting it into useful heat or electricity.

Two main types of solar energy systems are in use today:

 Solar photovoltaic
 Solar thermal

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Photovoltaic systems convert solar radiation to electricity via a variety of methods. The

most common approach is to use silicon panels, which generate an electrical current

when light shines upon it. Solar photovoltaic are especially valuable for remote rural

applications where it would be prohibitively expensive to supply electricity from a utility

line.

Fig. 2.2 a sample of Photovoltaic cells

SOLAR THERMAL

Solar Thermal Systems seek to store heat from the sun that can be used for a

variety of purposes. Many different approaches can be employed here, including

active systems, such as solar hot water heaters, and passive systems, in which

careful engineering design results in a building that automatically stores and

utilizes solar energy. Greenhouses are a prime candidate for passive solar design, in
 which they collect solar energy on sunny days in winter and utilize it to keep the

house warm at night. The main advantages of solar energy are that it is clean,

able to operate independently or in conjunction with traditional energy sources, and

is remarkably renewable. The main disadvantages are that it is currently more

expensive than traditional energy, and the availability of solar radiation varies from

day to day, and from season to season. There is still opportunity for using solar

energy effectively.

TYPES OF SOLAR THERMAL

(CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER C.S.P)

 Parabolic through.

 Central receiver (solar tower).

 Parabolic dish.

 Linear Fresnel reflector.

Fig. 2.3 Different types of solar thermal power technology

2.3. WIND TURBINES

The energy of wind converted into useful form is called wind energy. The first use of

wind power was to sail ships in the Nile some 5000 yr. ago. Many civilizations used

wind power for transportation and other purposes: The Europeans used it to grind grains

and pump water in the 1700s and 1800s. The first windmill to generate electricity in

the rural U.S. was installed in 1890. An experimental grid- connected turbine with as

large a capacity as 2 MW was installed in 1979 on Howard Knob [4]. Today, even

larger wind turbines are routinely installed, commercially competing with electric utilities

in supplying economical, clean power in many parts of the world.

Two main types of wind turbines are:

 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)

 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)

2.3.1. HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES (HAWT)

Horizontal axis wind turbines, also shortened to HAWT, are the common style that most

of us think of when we think of a wind turbine. A HAWT has a similar design to a

wind mill, it has blades that look like a propeller that spin on the horizontal axis.

Horizontal axis wind turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the

top of a tower, and they must be pointed into the wind.

Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane placed square with the rotor (blades),

while large turbines generally use a wind sensor couple with a servo motor to turn the

turbine into the wind. Most large wind turbines have a gearbox, which turns the slow

rotation of the rotor into a faster rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical

generator.
Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually pointed upwind of the

tower. Wind turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into

the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable distance in

front of the tower and are sometimes tilted up a small amount. Downwind machines

have been built, despite the problem of turbulence, because they don't need an additional

mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind. Additionally, in high winds the

blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind

resistance. Since turbulence leads to fatigue failures, and reliability is so important, most

HAWTs are upwind machines.

Fig.2.4 HAWT wind Turbine

2.3.2 VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES (VAWT)

Vertical axis wind turbines, as shortened to VAWTs, have the main rotor shaft arranged

vertically. The main advantage of this arrangement is that the wind turbine does not

need to be pointed into the wind. This is an advantage on sites where the wind

direction is highly variable or has turbulent winds.

With a vertical axis, the generator and other primary components can be placed near the

ground, so the tower does not need to support it, also makes maintenance easier. The

main drawback of a VAWT generally creates drag when rotating into the wind. It is

difficult to mount vertical axis turbines on towers, meaning they are often installed

nearer to the base on which they rest, such as the ground or a building rooftop. The

wind speed is slower at a lower altitude, so less wind energy is available for a given

size turbine. Air flow near the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which

can introduce issues of vibration, including noise and bearing wear which may increase

the maintenance or shorten its service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a

rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the roof and these can double the

wind speed at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is

approximately 50% of the building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind

energy and minimum wind turbulence.

 Fig.2.5.VAWT wind Turbine

2.4. HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

Hybrid energy system is the combination of two energy sources for giving power to the

load. In other word it can defined as Energy system which is fabricated or designed to

extract power by using two energy sources is called as the hybrid energy system. Hybrid

energy system has good reliability, efficiency, less emission, and lower cost. In this

proposed system solar and wind power is used for generating power. Solar and wind has

good advantages than other than any other non-conventional energy sources. Both the

energy sources have greater availability in all areas. It needs lower cost. There is no

need to find special location to install this system. There is a growing need for energy

throughout the world. This insatiable demand is being driven from an ever expanding

growth from the middle class of people in emerging economies looking to avail

themselves of conveniences and tools that are normally taken for granted. Additionally,

the worldwide explosion of technologies of all types, including personal electronics,

mobile devices, and (quality of life) conveniences, place a greater demand or strain on

traditional grid or utility supplied energy sources.

Hybrid systems that use renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind resource, may

be feasible and an alternative to supply electricity to remote or isolated areas from the

national grid and help in reducing the use of fossil fuels, dependence on costly fuel, and

reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. There are problems in utilizing the solar as well

as wind energy efficiently. In order to overcome these problems, concept of (hybrid power

plant) is introduced. In this both solar and wind power plants are used so that their

disadvantages are reduced to a considerable amount.

As we know that sun is available in the day only, energy is not available during night

from sun whereas wind energy is available throughout the day and its capacity increases

in the nights. Here when sun is not available wind energy comes to play and vice-versa.

Thus hybrid power plants are more useful than individual ones and therefore they are

extensively used nowadays.

2.5. HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM COMPONENT

2.5.1. PV SYSTEM

Fig 2.8 PV solar system

2.5.2. WIND POWER GENERATION

Fig.3.10Hybrid system component

2.5.3. HYBRID SYSTEM

Fig.3.10Hybrid system component

2.1.3.1.3 HYBRID SYSTEM

Fig.3.10Hybrid system component