Computer network
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A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication
protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided
by the network nodes. The interconnections between nodes are formed from a broad spectrum
of telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-
frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies.
The nodes of a computer network may be classified by many means as personal
computers, servers, networking hardware, or general purpose hosts. They are identified
by hostnames and network addresses. Hostnames serve as memorable labels for the nodes, rarely
changed after initial assignment. Network addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by
communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol.
Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, for example, the transmission medium used
to carry signals, bandwidth, communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network size,
the topology, traffic control mechanism, and organizational intent. The best-known computer network
is the Internet.
Computer networks support many applications and services, such as access to the World Wide
Web, digital video, digital audio, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and fax
machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications.
Contents
1History
2Use
3Network packet
4Network topology
o 4.1Overlay network
5Network links
o 5.1Wired technologies
o 5.2Wireless technologies
o 5.3Exotic technologies
6Network nodes
o 6.1Network interfaces
o 6.2Repeaters and hubs
o 6.3Bridges
o 6.4Switches
o 6.5Routers
o 6.6Modems
o 6.7Firewalls
7Communication protocols
o 7.1IEEE 802
7.1.1Ethernet
7.1.2Wireless LAN
o 7.2Internet Protocol Suite
o 7.3SONET/SDH
o 7.4Asynchronous Transfer Mode
o 7.5Cellular standards
8Geographic scale
9Organizational scope
o 9.1Intranet
o 9.2Extranet
o 9.3Internetwork
o 9.4Internet
o 9.5Darknet
10Routing
11Network service
12Network performance
o 12.1Bandwidth
o 12.2Network delay
o 12.3Quality of service
o 12.4Network congestion
o 12.5Network resilience
13Security
o 13.1Network security
o 13.2Network surveillance
o 13.3End to end encryption
o 13.4SSL/TLS
14Views of networks
15Journals and newsletters
16See also
17References
18Further reading
19External links
