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Borders: The University of Duhok College of Engineering Engineering Surveying Department

The document discusses different types of borders including international borders, city borders, and property borders. It notes that international borders separate countries and are political boundaries that control migration and travel between countries. City borders are also politically determined and can expand with increasing populations. Property borders define the boundaries of private land and are important for construction planning, land usage, and resolving disputes over land ownership. The objective of clearly defining borders is to determine property rights, promote social stability and economic development, and avoid errors and disputes.

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Wassan Idrees
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46 views2 pages

Borders: The University of Duhok College of Engineering Engineering Surveying Department

The document discusses different types of borders including international borders, city borders, and property borders. It notes that international borders separate countries and are political boundaries that control migration and travel between countries. City borders are also politically determined and can expand with increasing populations. Property borders define the boundaries of private land and are important for construction planning, land usage, and resolving disputes over land ownership. The objective of clearly defining borders is to determine property rights, promote social stability and economic development, and avoid errors and disputes.

Uploaded by

Wassan Idrees
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The University of Duhok

College of Engineering
Engineering Surveying Department

Borders
By: Wassan Idrees & Maria Abdi & Niwar Mahmood

Lecturer in charge

Dr. Eng. Shireen Y. Ismael


Borders
The border which called boundary or limits, is a real, natural or artificial lines that separates geographic areas
such as countries, cities, states, mountains, farmlands...etc. They are political boundaries and have their laws.
The borders can be formed on maps and aerial photographs.
The international borders are political borders that select the particular country lands or its area and separate
it from their neighbor countries. Their population can live in stability, speak their language, live on their
culture, and develop their economy inside their borders, briefly the population can be more freely inside their
country borders.
The borders (especially international borders) effect on migration and travel, because people can't cross the
borders and get inside another country, it is not that easily. In the countries that have bad economy and bad
life because of not having enough land for use or because of increasing its population or increasing crimes, or
any other reason that forces the population to abandon their country, so people migrate to have a better life.
Also some people travel from one country to another country for a journey or for education, but legally to
cross the international borders people must have their passport and visa.
Sometimes, borders between some countries fall on the rivers or mountains. The (Pyrenees) is a range of
mountains that extends from east to west that separate France from Spain.
Usually the international borders selected through international agreements.
Borders are changed over the time, especially international borders. Usually this changes happening because
of war and independence actions. The World War One caused to divide Kurdistan to four parts, so the borders
of neighbor countries became greater. The Ireland independence from Britain government caused change in
Britain map and its borders. Because of war, there is a military protection on the borders of war places.
The city borders or city limits are politically selected between cities of the country through government
agreement. These borders of cities are becoming greater sometimes because of increasing the number of
population. After 1990s, population of Duhok city has rapidly increased, so it caused that Duhok borders
become greater.
The land borders for construction which a cadastral surveyor determines with area and divides it to smaller
parts for example for the houses buildings, if the area of land is 400 m2 for a building he can't use all the area
for that building, because of the street and walking road.
Also if we have a piece of land for building, its borders are its outlines that separate it from neighboring pieces
of land, the blocks must put inside these outlines.
The objective of borders installation process:
1- Adjust the property.
2- Protection of the right to property.
3- Contribute to social stability and economy state.
Cause of errors in installing borders:
1- The bound installer does not do the job by itself.
2- Not taking into account scientific and technical assets.
3- Border instability.
If there was an error actuals and consequent damage possible resorting to claim compensation.
There are two type of compensation:
1- Compensation kind: It is a correction or removal map hosted by a bad faith owner.
2- Compensation paid: Are restoring to this type of compensation when you could not be the refer
compensation kind impossibility. Or you can not to force the debtor on it, it may be an offset critically
estimated amount of money, or the compensation may be decisive control by the court according to the
circumstances of the case.

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