Table of Contents

1.INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................2
a. Market Demand...................................................................................................................................5
b. Availability in Pakistan........................................................................................................................6
c. Available Technology..........................................................................................................................7
2. Capital cost for Project............................................................................................................................9
3. Operating or recurring Cost...................................................................................................................12
4. Pay Back Period of Project....................................................................................................................13
5. Benefits for Pakistan..............................................................................................................................14
6. Summary...............................................................................................................................................16
7. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................17
References.................................................................................................................................................17

1 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project

List of Figures

Figure 1 Granite Processing.........................................................................................................2

Figure 2 Granite Processing Technology.....................................................................................5
Figure 3 Market demand of Granite in several Applications....................................................6
Figure 4 Location for Granite Quarrying Project......................................................................9
 TITLE: FEASIBILITY REPORT OF
INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
GRANITE QUARRY PROJECT
1. Introduction
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular in texture. Granite is igneous
rock of visible crystalline formation and texture. It is composed of feldspar (usually potash feldspar and
oligoclase) and quartz, with a small amount of mica (biotite or muscovite) and minor accessory minerals,
such as zircon, apatite, magnetite and ilmenite. Granite is usually whitish or gray with a speckled
appearance caused by the darker crystals. Granite is one of the emerging industries of Pakistan.
According to estimates Pakistan has over 297 billion tons of granite reserves and more than 100 types of
colors and verities of granite are available in Pakistan.

Granite is an emerging and promising sector of Pakistan which has huge potential of investment, export
and livelihood. However it needs to transform into dimension stone industry through adopting
mechanized quarrying techniques and values. Pakistan is home to some of the finest and purest grades of
granite and slate found in the world. Much of the grade A Granite that is exported to European countries
have their origins in Pakistan. The Government has taken steps to invest in this crucial sector with the
2 recent establishment of a Marble CityExtraction Project:
in Baluchistan. Feasibility
Khyber Report ofProvince
Pakhtunkhwa Granite accounts
QuarryingforProject
at least
78% of the marble/granite production in Pakistan. The granite sector has considerable potential for
growth as huge reserves of highly valued white marble in Ziarat, Mohmand Agency, Gray in Bajaur and
other attractive colors in Mohmand, Khyber, Bajaur, Orakzai, Kurram and Waziristan have been
identified. In FATA, the granite quarrying/mining industry has provided jobs to an estimated 2000
persons

Figure 1 Granite Processing

 Objectives
 This OF
INSTITUTE feasibility study aims at both financial and socio economic viability with in-depth financial
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
analysis and sustainable socio economic benefits.
 This study has been prepared to determine the financial feasibility of building and operating a
granite quarrying plant comprising of multiple facilities.

Extraction Process
Granite is formed underground by the cooling of magma. Deep within the earth, beyond the mantle layer,
lies a deep layer of molten rock. As the rock gets closer to the surface, it also cools, creating internal
igneous rocks. One of these such rocks is granite. Granite can be a mixture of mainly quartz and feldspar
but also may contain mica.

Extraction: There are three main ways to extract the stone:

• The most common method is the production by the blast. A deep hole is bored by drilling method in a
rock, where the charge is laid with following blasting. Among the breakaway pieces of rock the largest
boulders are selected, which are then sawn into slabs.

• The second method of granite extraction is the method of breaking off with the air bag. It is similar to
3 the first method so that the rock is also drilledProject:
Extraction with insertion of reservoir
Feasibility Report ofbeing inflated
Granite with air
Quarrying under
Project
high pressure

• Third, the most expensive method of granite extraction – is the method of stone-cutters - now the most
popular in the West. Quarrying by this method provides the possibility to completely avoid micro cracks
and gives the most rational way to mine the deposit.

Processing
Once blocks of stone reach the processing facility, they are cut down into smaller more manageable
pieces. For tile, this means cutting the stone into billets before polishing. For slab materials, gang saw is
used for further processing. A gang saw works has many adjustable blades that allow for the thickness of
the slabs to be adjusted. The gang saw can cut the entire block of stone into slabs at one time. More
delicate materials may require the use of a diamond wire saw to gently cut one slab at a time with less
trauma to the stone. The most recent technology involves multi-wire gang saws which have the potential
speed production on exotic materials exponentially. After slabs are cut on the gang saw, they are moved
one at a time to the polishing line, where they are laid horizontally on a large conveyer type line called a
polishing line. There, they pass under polishing heads which begin with very coarse diamond abrasives,
and then move to finer and finer grit abrasives, just like sanding wood. Travertine slabs and some
marbles, will receive a cementicous or epoxy compound to fill the natural voids of the stone. Part of the
way through this line, slabs of granite, marble, and onyx will receive a coating of a resin treatment which
will fill in any pits or micro fissures which are inherent to the stone in order to make the final surface
easier to clean.
 Most of the excess resin is removed by further polishing, with only 1% remaining on the finished surface.
For materials where the final surface is to be honed, the process will stop with a lower grit abrasive than
materials with a polished surface. Slabs are bundled together and braced with a wooden framework,
custom built to ensure the slabs stay upright during the shipping process. All materials are loaded into
standard 20 foot
INSTITUTE shipping
OF SPACE containers and braced to prevent any shifting or movement which could cause
TECHNOLOGY
damage to the material. Due to the immense weight of stone, many containers are not fully packed, but
are loaded to maximum weight limit of 42,000 pounds, or 20 tons.

Possible Product categories after Processing

• Slabs: are large semi processed sheets of marble stone with varied sizes and thickness of 2 inches. They
are further processed in the local industry or exported to the international markets. Slabs are cut on by
gang saws from large blocks of marble. This product is used for tabletops, kitchen tops, wall facing,
flooring and other allied purposes. Price of slab varies with the quality of material and the size of the
sheet.

• Unpolished tiles: These are processed and sold by units normally lacking machinery to finish and
section the material and are available in different sizes, colors and shades. These tiles are polished
normally after application at the desired surface. Main attraction for the consumer for this product is its
low price. Unpolished tiles are sold comparatively at low prices than the polished tiles to individuals and
other small processing units.

• Polished Tiles: These are the fully processed tiles sold in the market at competitively higher prices,
4 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project
which depend on size, color & shades.

• Decorative items including, pillars, fire places, railings, sculpture, flower vase, ashtrays, tabletops,
office table sets and many other similar items are produced in many countries of the world. In the
countries where labor cost is high, carving is done with CNC machines. In Pakistan these items are
produced all over the country without the advanced machinery. Major cluster of these items is in Karachi,
where more than 400 units are involved in this activity followed by a few units at Lahore and Rawalpindi.
Prices of these items vary from product to product, the quality of craftsmanship, and stone used.

• Marble Chips are tiny pieces normally of crushed marble used in flooring and facing in the
construction industry. These are processed on completely different machinery set up that includes stone
crushers of various grades. They vary in size from large grains of 1 inch to 0.5 centimeter, depending on
the choice of the consumer.
 INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Figure 2 Granite Processing Technology

Delivery to market

5 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project

a. Market Demand

Granite is a product for decorating walls or interior space of buildings. It is now one of the most essential
building materials for the decoration, durability and protection of the buildings. The international granite
trade was valued at $2.5 billion in 2005, with production of about 19.6 million tons. Pakistan’s production
is 1.3 m tons annually, with less than 10% exported (0.03% of world trade in 2002). China, which is
physically near the major mining sites in Pakistan, is the biggest importer of Raw & Finished marble
slabs and tiles (nearly double that of USA) in the world. Granite has very high marketing potential now
days because Granite has greater strength than sandstone, limestone or Marble. It is more durable as
compared to Marble and is economical in maintenance. The granular formation and compactness of
 Granite makes it non-porous and non-absorbent hence more hygienic for the use in laboratories, kitchen,
washrooms and other water exposed areas. Uniformity in texture gives better look to Granite and is thus
convenient in its application at the desired place. Majority of the cities located closer to the sea, provide
greater markets for Granite as it can withstand the weather effects (moisturizing) better than Marble.
Usage of Granite
INSTITUTE in special
OF SPACE work, mainly involved in the making and fabrication of sculptures, decoration
TECHNOLOGY
items etc. is lower as compared to Marble. This is simply because Granite is a harder material to work on
due to its compaction and silica contents.

6 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project

Figure 3 Market demand of Granite in several Applications

b. Availability in Pakistan
Pakistan is bestowed with enormous mineral resources including Marble and Granite. Currently in
Pakistan, resources of granite are present in Baluchistan, NWFP, Sindh, Punjab, and FATA & Northern
Areas. Details of some potential areas bearing huge reserves of marble & granite are as under:
 INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

7 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project

Sindh Reserves of Granite

Sindh has good colours of granite widely spread in the area of Tharparker. There are 10 mines in
operation; while reserves are not known as any efforts in this direction has not been made so far. The
mines are producing blocks in squared shape and are supplied to feed the local industry. Sindh granite can
compete in the international markets with India, as the colours found in Sindh are better than the colours
found in India. There is a big cluster of processing units in Sindh at Karachi with over 180 medium size
units. In addition there are more than 600 units of small and micro sizes with 1-3 cutters in each unit.

c. Available Technology
Machinery required for granite quarrying is available in Pakistan. Main machinery requirement is Stitch
drills with one Jack hammer designed for 20 feet drilling equipped with 3 meter long guide bar (with
operational & maintenance manuals and part books) and Manual Jack Hammers . Spare set of springs,
Pauls, air piston, riffle bar & oiler (according to jack hammer specification) is also required. All of above
are currently available technology in Pakistan. A balanced mix of imported & local machinery has been
selected to maintain optimum level of productivity and efficiency. The machinery selected is well proven
in the field and extensively used in the granite sector.
 INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Machiner
1. Squaring of Large Stones Squaring Machines

Processes 2. Slab Cutting

Gang Saw, Vertical or Horizontal
Cutters

3. Sizing and Cutting into Slab/Tiles y

Single Cutter ranging from 12 to 36
Inches

4. Profiling, edging, chamfering and

Autoline
caliberating

5. Polishing Manual/Auto Polisher

Prime location for Granite Quarrying

The Nagarparkar igneous complex is exposed in the southern extremity of the Tharparkar desert near the
8 Runn of Kutch, covering an area of Extraction
approximately 1000Feasibility
Project: sq. km. ItReport
is surrounded by Quarrying
of Granite Indian Territory
Projecton
three sides, thus forming an enclave of Pakistan within India. The road from Hyderabad to Nagarparkar is
metalled, which is near about 475 kms, e.g. Hyderabad - Badin - Mithi - Islamkot - Nagarparkar.
Likewise Nagarparkar can also be reached via Karachi, Karachi - Thatta - Sujawal - Badin - Mithi -
Islamkot - Nagarparkar. Nagarparkar is also at the other extremity on the Coastal Highway, the new road
under construction. Its earth work is completed. It connects Karachi with Nagarparkar via Keti Bundar -
Badin - Nagarparkar.

Nagarparkar area comprises of main Karunjhar hill and isolated hillocks of limited aerial extent,
surrounded by sand covered plains. The hillocks predominantly consist of 8 to 10 varieties of pink and
grey coloured granites. The hillocks include Voravoh, Churio, Berano, Parodharo, Dhedhvero, Dhingano,
Chanida, Densi, Wadhrai, Ranpur and Kharsar, amongst others.

Geologically there is a variety of Quaternary deposits, subordinate and scattered Juro – Tertiary
sandstones and clays, overlying a basement that is termed as the Nagar Igneous Complex. It is divided
into Dhedvero basic intrusion, Nagar pink granite and Karunjhar grey granite.
 INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Figure 4 Location for Granite Quarrying Project

9 2. Capital cost for Project

Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project
Capital cost required for the project has been estimated as follows:

Amount In Rupees (PKR)

Plant, Machinery and equipment 63,000,000/-
Mine Development Expenses 2,000,000/-
Building and Civil Works 3,000,000/-
Furniture and Fixtures 1,000,000/-
Vehicles 3,500,000/-
TOTAL 72,500,000/-
Net Initial Working Capital 9,200,000/-
Project Cost 81,700,600/-

Building & Infrastructure

Following is the detail of building and civil works

Details of Building and Civil Works:

Description Covered Area Rate Cost

in Square Feet
 Offices/ Prefabricated Containers 800 1000 800,000/-
Residential Setup/ Prefabricated 2000 1000 2,000,000/-

Containers
Bathrooms 200 1000 200,000/-
INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY3000
Total 3,000,000/-

Machinery Cost

10 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project

 INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

11 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project

Working Capital
Working capital required is 9,200,600 it includes:

Operating Expenses First Six months operating expenses excluding depreciation have been taken in
working capital computation.

Administration Marketing and Other Expenses First three months administration, marketing and other
expenses excluding depreciation and technical institute expenses, have been taken.

Accrued Expenses Normally it takes 30 days to deposit the utilities bills. One month utilities, wages,
salaries and benefits have been taken as accrued expenses in the working capital computation.

Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable are estimated at 60 days of net sales.

References: All costs have been taken from surveys and feasibility reports compiled by SINDH
BOARD OF INVESTMENT Government of Sindh.
 3. Operating or recurring Cost
Operating cost first of all include salaries of workers

INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

12 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project

Then it includes prices of fuel and electricity required to do the operations:

Other operating expenses include:

 Stores spares and loose tools: The Plant will be maintained and spares and stores are consumed
for this 1.8% of plant and machinery with 5% increase in coming years
 Carriage outwards: Carriage outwards is taken as Rs. 1,200 per ton.
  Repair and maintenance: Cost of repair and maintenance is assumed @ 5% of fixed assets
excluding land and plant and machinery with 5% increase in coming years
 Water charges: Water charges are assumed at a lump sum amount of 10,000 per annum with 5%
increase in coming years.
 Insurance:
INSTITUTE OF SPACEInsurance will be necessary to cover in case of accidents etc. 0.75% of plant and
TECHNOLOGY
machinery and 2% of vehicles value will be charged with 5% increase in coming years.
 Excise duty and Royalty: Excise duty is taken @ Rs. 5/- per ton and royalty charges are taken as
@ Rs. 30 per ton
 Contingencies: Contingencies are assumed to be 5% of fuel, power and lubricant cost and stores
consumed.
 Electricity: Electricity needs will be catered from Generator cost already accounted for in
Operating Expenses.
 Communication; Communication includes telephone, telex and fax charges of office and
managers. These are taken @ 2500 per month with 5% increase in coming years.
 Printing & Stationary: Printing and stationery includes leaflets, cards, and stationery required
by administration staff. These are taken @ Rs. 3,000 per month with 5% increase in coming
years. Vehicle up – keep Fuel, repair and maintenance of vehicles @ 8,000/- per month
 Legal and Professional: Charges These include audit, tax and consultancy charges and are taken
@ Rs. 200,000/- per annum with 5% increase in coming years.

4. Pay Back Period of Project

13 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project
 According to this net profit per year is average 15,000,000 our capital cost is around 81,000,000 so this
project will break even and start making profit in less than 6 years.

5.INSTITUTE
BenefitsOFfor Pakistan
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Pakistan, the sixth, largest country in the world in terms of the resident population and a land of rich
natural resources is a growing country showing great potential and promise in its dimension stone sector,
especially in marble, granite and onyx. Pakistan has major deposits of high quality marble and granite in a
wide range of colors, shades and patterns. The importance of Pakistan’s marble and granite industry came
into focus after UNO acknowledged marble and granite as suitable for starting up development programs
in Pakistan.

Deposits/Reserves
Almost all provinces in Pakistan have ornamental stone deposits in wide range of colors, shades and
patterns. Initial estimates indicate 166 billion tons of marble reserves across Pakistan. In North West
Frontier Province(NWFP) the Malakand, Mardan, Hazar, Peshawer and Kohat divisions are high potential
areas where quarrying is already taking place. Mohmand Khyber, Bajaur, Orakzai, Kurrani agencies in
FATA have considerable quantity of marble. Balochistan has rich confirmed deposits of both marble and
granite in Khuzdar and Mianwali. Sindh boasts of gold (Black Gold) coloured stone which is highly
priced in the global market. Large deposits of Onyx are found in Pakistan. According to Geological
survey of Pakistan, reserves of green onyx in Chaghai district, and of other shades in Peshawer region,
14 total about 34 million cubic metres. Extraction
Huge deposits of Pakistan’s
Project: Feasibilityworld
Reportfamous marble
of Granite varieties,Project
Quarrying golden
marble and coral marble are available in province of Sindh in Pakistan. Mines of golden marble are
located in Sonda in district Thatta, situated 125 km from Karachi. The estimated deposits of golden
marble amount to over 50 million tones. Mines of coral marble are located in Thano Bulla Khan in district
Dadu, situated 200 km from Karachi. The mines contain over 75 million tons of coral marble. Most of the
production of dimension stone in Pakistanis consumed in the domestic market, leaving a small percentage
for export. The export during the last four years has significantly increased in marble and granite sector,
which is estimated at US $ 35,814,000.

PASDEC’s Contribution
Pakistan Stone Development Company (PASDEC), a public limited company and subsidiary of Pakistan
Industrial Development Corporation, has initiated many projects to uplift the existing set-up of marble
and granite sector. These projects are set-up according to the best international practices, employment of
the latest technology and technical studies. These projects will transform Pakistan’s dimension sector to a
great extent. Model quarries are also under plan so that other quarry owners may get motivated.

Development & Promotional Strategy

PASDEC, aiming to make Pakistan dimension stone industry globally competitive and social responsible,
has embarked to implement its marble and granite strategy modeled on the concept of public-private
partnership in which the private sector has been given a lead role in running the affairs of Government
funded company. Under its development plans PASDEC is establishing 4 marble cities besides setting up
 of 10 model quarries in various parts of the country such as in FATA, Lora Lai, Risalpur and Chitral,
which is supposed to generate revenue of over Rs. 1 billion every month. The Economic Coordination
Committee (ECC) has already given approval for acquisition of loan of Rs. 400 million to be utilised for
the projects. The Pakistan Government also has plans to extend marble city projects to three more cities
which include
INSTITUTE OFKarachi, Islamabad and Guddani. Under its quarry development program. PASDEC is
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
developing mechanized model marble quarries at different potential areas. The program has already
received overwhelming and tremendous support from the private sector. Once quarries start operating
fully, each quarry is supposed to yield around 5,000 tons of the material per month. Model Quarry
development work has already begun at Chitral, while first model quarry at Khuzdar became operational
in May 2008. Upgradation of quarries at Mustang, Thatta, FAT, Buner and Lora Lai is in progress. These
quarries are already operational.

Marble Mosaic Training in Islamabad

Pakistan Stone Development Company in collaboration with UNIDO launched a series of marble mosaic
and inlay training sessions to promote skill development and entrepreneurship culture amongst women.
The program generates opportunities of livelihood in remote and rural areas at economical cost of
production.

Mr. Ihsan Ullah Khan (CEO)

“Ever since its establishment, the task of PASDEC has been very daunting. It has many dimensions;
technology upgradations, skill development, social and economic uplift. Each facet had its own
15 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project
derivatives, revealing vast opportunities and linkages in many socio-economic areas. Provincial
governments, aid agencies, both local and foreign and other government institutes and business concerns
joined hands with PASDEC to reach out other areas of development through this generous and rich sector
of Marble and Granite. They have been a constant source of reassurance for PASDEC. It indeed holds a
lot of promise and sustainability for growth that lay in waiting for thousands of years to be exploited and
bear fruit for just as much time in future. PASDEC has fully taken the task of shouldering this
responsibility and would not let any area of this sector go untapped. It will be utilized to its full potential
to benefit not only the present but all future generations. It is a huge challenge which PASDEC cannot
take up alone. If the stakeholders play their part, hand in hand with each other the time is not far when the
Granite sector shall be the driving force of Pakistan”

SWOT Analysis of Granite Quarrying Project in Pakistan

4. SWOT Analysis
STRENGTHS

 Large deposits of superior quality Granite in the country.

 Best Quality Granite is available in Nagar Parkar (Sindh) & Manshera.
 Large variety of types and colors.
 Accessibility to major Granite deposits.
 Significant number of mines.
  Availability of hard working & low-cost granite processing labour.
 Availability of improved technology.
 Good entrepreneurial and mechanical skills available within the country
 Availability of required infrastructure facilities
INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
WEAKNESSES

 Untimely and inappropriate arrangement of finance.

 Constraint of research and development and production capabilities due to absence of economies
of large scale and research and development.
 Use of Primitive method of quarrying
 Lack of quality production
 Incapability of meeting consistent supply
 Low production because of non - scientific quarrying
 Incapability of product grading
 Poor infrastructure due to which trucks may not carry heavy loads in the hilly areas.

OPPORTUNITIES

 Rehabilitation in Afghanistan.
 Higher Value of Pakistani Granite internationally
 Large and established world markets.
16  Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project
Ample opportunity for exports.
 Growing size of middle income group in Pakistan
 Export potential for Central Asian Republics and Middle East
 On average 38% of the granite excavated from the mines in any country is exported in the same
year which shows high potential for export. This figure is at 3% for Pakistan.
 Granite industry has been defined as zero-rated by the custom authorities of Pakistan, therefore,
has no import tariffs and custom duty on import of machinery, specialized trucks and other tools -
Usage of Granite wastage, by handicraft manufacturers.

THREATS

 Lack of high - skilled work force like Master Quarry.

 Huge cost sophisticated equipment.
 Smuggling and dumping from Iran, India and China.
 Continuous depreciation of rupee against top world currencies

6. Summary

 This feasibility study is conducted for establishment of Marble Quarrying Project.

  The initial cost of the project is Rs. 102,368,150/=, including initial working capital of Rs.
10,868,150/=.
 The project break-even sales are Rs. 38,631,732.
 The internal rate of return is 51%.
 Payback
INSTITUTE periodTECHNOLOGY
OF SPACE of the project is approximately 2 years and 08 months.

7. Conclusion

Pakistan, the sixth, largest country in the world in terms of the resident population and a land of rich
natural resources, is a growing country showing great potential and promise in its dimension stone sector,
especially in marble, granite and onyx.

Currently, marble industry in the country has been facing multiple challenges. The security situation
around marble and granite mines in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA region is the most crucial issue.
Deteriorating law and order situation not only deters the investment in this sector but also halts supply of
raw marble and granite from mines to processing units. Most of the marble and granite resources are
located in FATA and Swat region where access to marble mines, in addition to old styled mining
operations and practices are the challenges impeding development of this sector in the province.

17 If measures are taken by the government in Project:

Extraction the rightFeasibility
direction,Report
a lot of Granite
promising revenueProject
Quarrying can be
generated by Granite Quarrying Projects.

References
[1] Sindh Board of Investment - Government of Sindh, Pakistan.

[2] USAID Feasibility Analysis of Minerals Project in Pakistan.

[3] Trade Development Authority of Pakistan’s survey of potential mining areas for granite.

[4] Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) website for surveys.

[5] Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (PMDC) website.

[6] Pakistan Stone Development Company (PASDEC)

Books & Journals:

 Minerals & Rocks for Industry by Zaki Ahmad & Razi Ahmad Siddiqui issued by Geological
Survey of Pakistan, Quetta
 Mineral statistics of Pakistan by Nazrul Islam, Syed Anwar Hussain, Syed Qamar Abbas &
Muhammad Ashraf issued by Geological Survey of Pakistan
 Geological Bulletin by University of Peshawar
  Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 39 (2006) page 55-59 by Irshad Ahmad1 and Noor Jehan,
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar
 Dana's System of Mineralogy, (6th edition), Page 678-680.

INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY

18 Extraction Project: Feasibility Report of Granite Quarrying Project