CHAPTER 5: LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND BAND – LEVEL SOCIETIES – they were basically small and nomadic

SOCIAL EVOLUTION family group and were plainly organized.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETIES - These groups were believed to be highly egalitarian and
non-hierarchical since distinctions were based on age and
 Societies are said to have evolved as human beings learned sex, and division of labor was natural (i.e the men hunted
to adapt to their environment. and the women gathered).
 Social Evolution went hand - in - hand with the processes - Leadership was based on qualities such as strength,
of socialization and enculturation. intelligence, and trustworthiness.
THREE TYPES OF EVOLUTION TRIBE – this was a more formal social organization made up of several
bands and groups that were connected through a clan structure or
1. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION – refers to the process whereby
kinship.
organisms undergo various genetic and physical changes that
pave the way for biological diversity. HEADMAN – leader of the tribe, was a more formal and established
(According Francisco Jose Ayala) – Biological Evolution is a leader.
process of descent with modification. Lineages of organisms
change through generations; diversity arises because the THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
lineages that descend from common ancestors diverge through
 This event introduced significant social, cultural, and political
time.
2. TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION – people learned to create changes in the lives of the people of Europe.
various tools and equipment for their daily tasks such as  Were increased migration, the growth of urban populations,
planting crops, domesticating animals, and trade. changes in lifestyle, increased production, technological
3. BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION – refers to the mutual interactive advancement, and the rise of the middle class
evolution of human biology and culture.  The inventions and technological breakthroughs that were
- Is a basic concept in understanding the unique components achieved significantly altered economic activities, paving the
of human evolution. way for massive social, cultural, and political changes in society.

THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ADAM SMITH – a Scottish philosopher argued that the role of the state
is to facilitate the growth of the economy and maintain an unregulated,
THREE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT (LEWIS HENRY MORGAN) “free market”.

1. SAVAGERY – is the lowest stage of development which is LAISSEZ- FAIRE – (“let be”) is the principle of non-intervention of
exemplified by the nomadic and hunter – gatherer lifestyle. government in economic affairs. It is the heart of the doctrine that the
2. BARBARIC – is the middle stage of development where people economy works best when left alone by government.
began learning agricultural techniques and the domestication of
animals.
3. CIVILIZATION – is the highest stage of development where
people learned writing.
THEORIES ON SOCIETY AND STATE  Rationalization and Bureaucratization – Max Weber a
sociologist, writing in the early 20th century observed
1. SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION these processes that happened in modern industrial
 Ancient Greeks believed that society and its various societies. Based on these perspectives, more
institutions are a natural products of man’s interactions. specialized functions have to performed by social
 Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that human beings institutions as societies expand economically.
are by nature social, and political animals, and that
human interactions fulfil certain basic needs. Bureaucracy
 Aristotle used the example of the relationship between  is a fusion of two words, the French bureau
the master and his slave as an illustration of the natural meaning “office” and the Greek word kratos
order of things in society. While slaves are expected to meaning “hierarchy”.
perform their duties for their masters, freemen on the
 It literally means rule by officials.
other hand must perform their duties as citizens of the
 A system of administration of any large
state.
institution. Max Weber considered the
 Aristotle believed that is only by living in a society that a
bureaucracy as characterized by rationality, rule-
person is able to fulfil his or her ultimate purpose.
governed behavior, and impersonal authority.
2. SOCIETY AS A PRODUCT OF A SOCIAL CONTRACT TWO TYPES OF SOCIETIES ACCORDING TO EMILE DURKHEIM
 Social Contract – an agreement made by the members
of society that defines and influences their interactions, 1. MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY
particularly with those in authority.  A sense of bonding within community based on
 English Philosopher Thomas Hobbes thought that the similar beliefs, values, and activities as well as
agreement was necessitated by the need to guarantee kinship ties between its members.
the security of the people.
 John Locke thought that the social contract was needed 2. ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
in order to guarantee that fair and impartial enforcement  Where division of labor is more specialized.
of the law.  Individuals are not self – sufficient and have to
 For Locke, human beings live in a state of nature depend on other people for many things.
governed by rationality and natural law. The primary
function of the state, as defined by the social contract, is
to guarantee that individuals exercise their natural rights
to life, liberty, and property.

3. MODERNIZATION THEORIES
 Historical-materialist theories – developed by Karl
Marx and Friedrich Engels, asserts that societies evolve
in stages in relation to the development of the means of
production and its ownership.