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Important International
Groups & organisations
By Dr. Roman Saini

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Topics to be discussed
Political and Strategic Organisations & Groups:

1. United Nations
2. Organs of UN
3. Specialized agencies of UN
4. SAARC
5. BBIN
6. BCIM
7. BIMSTEC
8. MEKONG GANGA
9. SASEC
10. IORA
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Topics to be discussed
Political and Strategic Organisations & Groups:
11. NSG
12. MTCR
13. Hague Code of Conduct
14. Wassenaar Agreement
15. Australian Group
16. Nuclear weapon ban Treaty
17. Pelindaba Treaty
18. CTBT
19. OIC
20. SCO
21. GCC
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Topics to be discussed
Political and Strategic Organisations & Groups:
22. India-Africa forum summit
23. RIMES
24. UNCLOS
25. ITLOS
26. ISA
27. Council of Europe
28. Arctic Council
29. India’s law on Antarctica
30. Refugee Convention 1951
31. Vienna convention on Diplomatic relations
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Topics to be discussed
Political and Strategic Organisations & Groups:

32. International Criminal Court

33. Geneva convention on PoWs
34. OPCW

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Topics to be discussed
Economics and Trade related Organisations & Groups:

1. World Bank & its subsidiaries

2. IMF
3. WTO
4. ASEAN
5. RCEP
6. EAST ASIA SUMMIT
7. ASEM
8. ADB
9. OPEC
10. BRICS, BRICS bank (NDB) & CRA
11. AIIB
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Topics to be discussed
Economics and Trade related Organisations & Groups:
12. EBRD
13. EU
14. European Economic Union
15. OECD
16. G7 & G20
17. FATF
18. TPP
19. APEC
20. MERCOSUR
21. NAFTA
22. TTIP
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Topics to be discussed
Miscellaneous

1. Raisina Dialogue
2. Shangri-La Dialogue

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Political and Strategic

Organisations & Groups

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United Nations & its organs

● The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is
currently made up of 193 Member States.
● The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and
principles contained in its founding Charter.
● Due to the powers vested in its Charter and its unique international character,
the United Nations can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the
21st century, such as:
○ peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human
rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies,
gender equality, governance, food production, and more.
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● The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the
General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council,
and other bodies and committees.
● By enabling dialogue between its members, and by hosting negotiations, the
Organization has become a mechanism for governments to find areas of
agreement and solve problems together.
● The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-General.

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● The main organs of the UN are:

○ the General Assembly,
○ the Security Council,
○ the Economic and Social Council,
○ the Trusteeship Council,
○ the International Court of Justice, and
○ the UN Secretariat.

All were established in 1945 when the UN was founded.

General Assembly

● The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and

representative organ of the UN.
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● All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly,
making it the only UN body with universal representation.
● Each year, in September, the full UN membership meets in the General
Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session, and
general debate, which many heads of state attend and address.
● Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security,
admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds
majority of the General Assembly.
● Decisions on other questions are by simple majority.
● The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a one-year
term of office.

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Security Council

● The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the
maintenance of international peace and security.
● It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members). Each
Member has one vote.
● Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council
decisions.
● The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to
the peace or act of aggression.
● It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and
recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement.

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● In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even
authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and
security.
● The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every
month.
Economic and Social Council

● The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and
environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed
development goals.
● It serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its
specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental fields,
supervising subsidiary and expert bodies.
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● It has 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for overlapping

three-year terms. It is the United Nations’ central platform for reflection,
debate, and innovative thinking on sustainable development.

Trusteeship Council

● The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter, under

Chapter XIII, to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories
that had been placed under the administration of seven Member States,
and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for
self-government and independence.
● By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence.
● The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994.

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● By a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council amended its rules

of procedure to drop the obligation to meet annually and agreed to meet
as occasion required -- by its decision or the decision of its President, or
at the request of a majority of its members or the General Assembly or
the Security Council.
International Court of Justice

● The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the

United Nations. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague
(Netherlands).
● It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not
located in New York (United States of America).

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● The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal

disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal
questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and
specialized agencies. (Discussed in detail later).
Secretariat

● The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands

of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of
the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's
other principal organs.
● The Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the Organization,
appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the
Security Council for a five-year, renewable term.
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● UN staff members are recruited internationally and locally, and work in

duty stations and on peacekeeping missions all around the world.
● But serving the cause of peace in a violent world is a dangerous
occupation. Since the founding of the United Nations, hundreds of
brave men and women have given their lives in its service.

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UN Specialized Agencies
● The UN specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working
with the United Nations.
● All were brought into relationship with the UN through negotiated
agreements. Some existed before the First World War.
● Some were associated with the League of Nations. Others were
created almost simultaneously with the UN.
● Others were created by the UN to meet emerging needs.

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FAO

● The Food and Agriculture Organization leads international efforts to

fight hunger.
● It is both a forum for negotiating agreements between developing and
developed countries and a source of technical knowledge and
information to aid development.
ICAO

● The International Civil Aviation Organization develops standards for

global air transport and assists its 192 Member States in sharing the
world’s skies to their socio-economic benefit.

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IFAD
● The International Fund for Agricultural Development, since it was
created in 1977, has focused exclusively on:
○ rural poverty reduction,
○ working with poor rural populations in developing countries to
eliminate poverty,
○ hunger and malnutrition;
○ raise their productivity and incomes; and
○ improve the quality of their lives.

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ILO
● The International Labor Organization promotes international labor rights by:
○ formulating international standards on the freedom to associate,
○ Collective bargaining,
○ the abolition of forced labor, and
○ equality of opportunity and treatment.
IMF
● The International Monetary Fund fosters economic growth and employment
by providing temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance
of payments adjustment and technical assistance.
● The IMF currently has $28 billion in outstanding loans to 74 nations.
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IMO

● The International Maritime Organization has created a comprehensive

shipping regulatory framework, addressing safety and environmental
concerns, legal matters, technical cooperation, security, and efficiency.

ITU

● The International Telecommunication Union is the United Nations specialized

agency for information and communication technologies.
● It is committed to connecting all the world's people – wherever they live and
whatever their means.
● Through our work, we protect and support everyone's fundamental right to
communicate

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UNESCO

● The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization focuses

on everything from teacher training to helping improve education worldwide to
protecting important historical and cultural sites around the world.
UNIDO

● The United Nations Industrial Development Organization is the specialized

agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty
reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability.

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UNWTO

● The World Tourism Organization is the United Nations agency

responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and
universally accessible tourism.

WMO

● The World Meteorological Organization facilitates the free

international exchange of meteorological data and information and the
furtherance of its use in aviation, shipping, security, and agriculture,
among other things.

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WHO

● The World Health Organization is the directing and coordinating authority on

international health within the United Nations system.
● The objective of WHO is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible
level of health.
● Health, as defined in the WHO Constitution, is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
WIPO

● The World Intellectual Property Organization protects intellectual property

throughout the world through 23 international treaties.

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South Asian Association for Regional

Cooperation ( SAARC )
● It is the regional inter governmental organization and geopolitical
union of nations in South Asia.
● Member nations are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal,
Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
● SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985. Its secretariat is
based in Kathmandu, Nepal.
● The organization promotes development of economic and regional
integration.

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South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

● It launched the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) in 2006.
SAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition
to a South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) leading subsequently
towards a Customs Union, Common Market and the Economic Union.
● National Knowledge Network is a project initiated by India aims to
connect all universities, research institutions, libraries, laboratories,
healthcare and agricultural institutions across the country to provide
secure and reliable connectivity.
● Recently, India decided to extend it to SAARC countries for sharing
scientific databases and remote access to advanced research
facilities.
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Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN)

Initiative
● It is the regional sub-grouping India had planned for ease of access
among the four countries.
● It was an alternative proposed by the government after Pakistan
rejected the Motor Vehicle Agreement (MVA) at the SAARC summit in
Kathmandu in 2014.
● It seeks to allow trucks and other commercial vehicles to ply on one
another‘s highways to facilitate trade.
● Bhutan recently announced that it is unable to proceed with the Motor
Vehicles Agreement with Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
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Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN)

Initiative
● The upper house of Bhutan parliament has refused to ratify the MVA
that was originally signed by all four BBIN countries in 2015.
● The main concern expressed by Bhutanese citizen groups and
politicians is over increased vehicular and air pollution.

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Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Forum for

Regional Cooperation (BCIM)
● BCIM is a sub-regional organisation of Asian nations aimed at greater
integration of trade and investment between the four countries.
● The multi-modal corridor will be the first expressway between India
and China and will pass through Myanmar and Bangladesh.
● BCIM covers China's Yunnan province, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and
West Bengal and Manipur in Eastern India through the combination of
road, rail, water and air linkages in the region.
● The Kunming initiative developed into the current form of BCIM
Forum.

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Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral

Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
● BIMSTEC is an international organisation involving a group of
countries in South Asia and South East Asia.
● Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal
are its members.
● Its headquarters is in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
● The main objective of BIMSTEC is technological and economic
co-operation among south Asian and south east Asian countries along
the coast of the bay of Bengal.

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Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC)

● MGC is an initiative by six countries – India and five ASEAN countries,
namely, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
● To enhance cooperation in tourism, culture, education, as well as
transport and communications.
● It was launched in 2000 at Vientiane, Laos.

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South Asia Sub-regional economic cooperation

(SASEC)
● SASEC is a project based partnership established in 2001 with
founder member countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal.
● Maldives and Sri Lanka joined SASEC in 2014. In 2016, Myanmar
became the 7th member of SASEC.
● Asian Development Bank (ADB) serves as the Secretariat for the
SASEC member countries.
● It aims to promote regional prosperity by improving cross-border
connectivity, boosting trade among member countries, and
strengthening regional economic cooperation.
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South Asia Sub-regional Economic Cooperation

(SASEC)
● It seeks to strengthen multimodal cross-border transport networks that
boost intraregional trade and open up trade opportunities with East
and Southeast Asia.
● SASEC Road Connectivity Investment Program aims at
upgradation of road infrastructure in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and
India (BBIN).
● The project corridor is also a part of the Asian Highway No. 01 (AH01)
and acts as India's Gateway to the East.

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Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)

● IORA is an international organisation consisting of coastal states
bordering the Indian Ocean.
● IORA is a regional forum, tripartite in nature, bringing together
representatives of Government, Business and Academia, for
promoting co-operation and closer interaction among them.
● It is based on the principles of Open Regionalism for strengthening
Economic Cooperation particularly on Trade Facilitation and
Investment, Promotion as well as Social Development of the region.

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Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)

● Member are Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman,
Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania,
Thailand, UAE and Yemen.
● Neither Pakistan nor Myanmar are members of IORA.

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Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC)

● It is an international organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57
member states
● The organisation states that it is "the collective voice of the Muslim
world" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim
world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony".
● The official languages of the OIC are Arabic, English, and French.
● Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has 57 members, 56 of which are
also member states of the United Nations, the exception being
Palestine.

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Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC)

● Some members, especially in West Africa and South America, are
though with large Muslim populations – not necessarily Muslim majority
countries.
● A few countries with significant Muslim populations, such as India, Russia
and Thailand, sit as Observer States.
● 46th Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation was held in Abu Dhabi on 1st and 2nd March, 2019.
● The Minister for External Affairs Smt. Sushma Swaraj was invited by HH
Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Foreign Minister of the United
Arab Emirates as the "Guest of Honour” .
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Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

● The Gulf Cooperation Council is a regional political and economic
alliance of six Gulf States.
● Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates are the member countries.
● Iran & Iraq aren’t the members of GCC.

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Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM)

● The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an exclusively Asian–European
forum, established in 1996 at the first summit in Bangkok, Thailand.
● It currently has 51 nations from the European Union and South Asia
and 2 regional organisations (ASEAN, EU) as partners.
● India is also a member. The 3 pillars of ASEM are Political, Economic,
Socio Cultural and Educational.

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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

● SCO is a Eurasian political, economic, and military organisation which
was founded by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia,
Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
● India and Pakistan has recently become members of SCO in its 2017
meeting held at Astana, Kazhakstan.
● Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), headquartered in Tashkent,
Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote
cooperation of member states against terrorism, separatism and
extremism.
● All SCO members, except for China, India & Pakistan, are also members
of the Eurasian Economic Community.
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Nuclear Security Group (NSG)

● It is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent
nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials,
equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture
nuclear weapons.
● The NSG was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May
1974.
● Nations already signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT) saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment,
materials or technology.
● As of 2019, the NSG has 48 participating governments.

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Zangger Committee
● The Zangger Committee, also known as the Nuclear Exporters Committee is
a result of Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) which
entered into force in 1970.

● The main functions of the committee are to

○ (a) maintains and updates a list of equipment that may only be exported if
safeguards are applied to the recipient facility (called the "Trigger List"
because such exports trigger the requirement for safeguards); and

○ (b) allows members to coordinate on nuclear export issues.

● China is a member of the Zangger Committee and India is not a member.

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Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)

● G7 countries founded MTCR.
● It is an informal and voluntary partnership among 35 countries which aims to
prevent the proliferation of missile and unmanned aerial vehicle technology
capable of carrying above 500 kg payload for more than 300 km.
● Prohibited materials are divided into two Categories, which are outlined in the
MTCR Equipment, Software, and Technology Annex.
● Membership has grown to 35 nations, with 4 additional nations, including
Israel.
● India also joined in 2016 adhering to the MTCR Guidelines unilaterally.
● The People's Republic of China is not a member of the MTCR.
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Hague Code of Conduct

● The International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile
Proliferation,also known as the Hague Code of Conduct (HCOC), was
established in 2002.
● It is an arrangement to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles.
● It is not a binding instrument but only normative instrument to verify
the spread of ballistic missiles.
● The HCOC does not ban ballistic missiles, but it does call for restraint
their production, testing, and export.

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Australian Group
● The Australia Group is an informal group to help member countries
identify those exports which need to be controlled so as not to
contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons.
● It has 43 members including the European Commission, all 28
member states of the European Union, Ukraine, and Argentina.
● Members of the group maintain export controls on a uniform list of 54
compounds, including several that are not prohibited for export under
the Chemical Weapons Convention, but can be used in the
manufacture of chemical weapons.
● Members meet every year in Paris. India is a member of this group.
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Wassenaar Arrangement
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● Wassenaar arrangement focuses on Export Controls for Conventional

Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.
● It is a multilateral export control regime which became operational in
1996.
● It has 41 member countries. India was admitted as the 42nd member of
Wassenaar Arrangement.
● All decisions are taken by consensus and the deliberations are kept in
confidence.
● It is not a treaty, and therefore is not legally binding. Members are
admitted based on the consensus of the existing members. Barring
China, all permanent members of UNSC are signatories.
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Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty

● The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted recently in
the United Nations.
● It prohibits the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons also.
● It will serve as an "unambiguous political commitment" to achieve and
maintain a nuclear-weapon-free world and act as a moral pressure.
● Five permanent members of UNSC (US, Russia, Britain, China, France),
along with India, Pakistan and North Korea Israel had not participated in the
negotiations of this treaty.
● India recognises Conference on Disarmament (a Geneva based treaty)
as the single multilateral disarmament negotiation forum & it is not
convinced of the potential of this treaty to address the nuclear
disarmament issue.
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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)

● CTBT is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both
civilian and military purposes, in all environments like in space, below
the ocean etc.
● India, North Korea and Pakistan are not the signatories to this treaty.

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Pelindaba Treaty
● The African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty, also known as the Treaty of
Pelindaba which is named after South Africa's main Nuclear Research
Centre.
● It aims to establish a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa. It also prohibits
any attack against nuclear installations in the zone by parties of the treaty.
● The Treaty requires all parties to apply full-scope International Atomic Energy
Agency(IAEA) safeguards to all their peaceful nuclear activities.
● South Sudan is not a signatory to this treaty.
● Other Nuclear Free zone Treaties- Antarctica, Tlatelolco (Latin American and
Caribbean), Rarotonga (South Pacific), Bangkok (ASEAN).

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India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS)

● IAFS is the official platform for the African-Indian relations.
● It was the first such meeting between the heads of state and
government of India and 14 countries of Africa chosen by the African
Union.
● The topics of discussion varies from rising oil and food prices to
agriculture, trade, industry and investment, peace and security,
promotion of good governance, ICT.
● The first summit held in New Delhi, 2nd in Ethiopian capital Addis
Ababa, New Delhi on rotational basis
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Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early

Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES)
● It is an intergovernmental institution for the generation and application
of early warning information to the related parties.
● It was established in 2009. It evolved from the efforts of countries in
Africa and Asia, aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

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UN Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS)

● UNCLOS is the international agreement that resulted from the third United
Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III).
● An international treaty that provides a regulatory framework for the use of the
world‘s seas and oceans:
○ to ensure the conservation and equitable usage of resources and the
marine environment and
○ to ensure the protection and preservation of the living resources of the
sea.
● UN has no direct operational role in the implementation of the Convention.
● However, there is a role played by organizations such as the International
Maritime Organization, the International Whaling Commission, and the
International Seabed Authority (ISA).
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UN Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS)

● The most significant issues covered by convention were:
○ setting limits, navigation,
○ archipelagic status and transit regimes,
○ exclusive economic zones (EEZs),
○ continental shelf jurisdiction,
○ deep seabed mining,
○ the exploitation regime,
○ protection of the marine environment,
○ scientific research, and settlement of disputes.
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UNCLOS
● The convention gives a clear definition on Internal Waters,
Territorial Waters, Archipelagic Waters, Contiguous Zone,
Exclusive Economic Zone, and Continental Shelf.
● According to UNCLOS, Landlocked states are given a right of
access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through
transit states.

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International Tribunal for the Law of the sea

(ITLOS)
● ITLOS is an independent judicial body established by the UNCLOS to
adjudicate disputes arising out of the interpretation and application of
the UNCLOS Convention.
● The convention which created this tribunal also helped create
International Sea Bed Authority with responsibility for the regulation of
seabed mining beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
● Dr. Neeru Chadha has become the first Indian woman to be elected
as a judge at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Seas
(ITLOS).
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International Seabed Authority (ISA)

● ISA is an intergovernmental body established by the Law of the Sea
Convention to organize, regulate and control all mineral-related activities in
the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
● It helps in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 14, to Conserve and
sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources.
● It is based in Kingston, Jamaica.
● UNCLOS defines the international seabed area—the part under ISA
jurisdiction—as ―the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond
the limits of national jurisdiction.
● India‘s exclusive rights to explore polymetallic nodules from seabed in Central
Indian Ocean Basin have been extended by five years It was approved
unanimously during the 23rd session (2017).

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Council of Europe
● The Council of Europe is an international organisation whose stated
aim is to uphold human rights, democracy, and rule of law in Europe
and promote European culture.
● Some of the outside EU members in Council of Europe are
Russia, Iceland, Switzerland, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia. Japan,
Canada, U.S, Mexico, Israel.
● No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the
Council of Europe.

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Arctic council
● The Arctic Council is the leading intergovernmental forum for
○ promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic
States,
○ Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on
common Arctic issues,
○ in particular on issues of sustainable development and environmental
protection in the Arctic.
● The Ottawa Declaration lists the following countries as Members of the
Arctic Council - Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden and the United States.

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Arctic council
● In addition, six organizations representing Arctic indigenous peoples
have status as Permanent Participants.
● The Observer status in the Arctic Council is open to Non-Arctic States.
Observers primarily contribute through their engagement in the
Council at the level of Working Groups.
● India, China, Japan, France etc are observers in it

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India’s Law on Antarctica

● India is expanding its infrastructure development in Antarctica.
● Dakshin Gangotri, the first Indian base established in 1984, has
weakened and become just a supply base.
● Also, the government is rebuilding its station, Maitri, to make it bigger
and long lasting.
● India also acceded to the Antarctica Treaty. Keeping these in
mind, India is drafting a dedicated Antarctica policy and a law.
● Ministry of Earth Sciences is tasked with drafting the law.
● Countries like South Africa and Australia already have specific
laws.

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India’s Law on Antarctica

● Antarctic Treaty is framed to ensure that Antarctica shall continue
forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not
become the scene of international conflict.
● It prohibits military activity, except in support of science.
● It also prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of nuclear
waste.
● It promotes scientific research and the exchange of data and
suspends all territorial claims

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Refugee Convention-1951
● The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as the 1951
Refugee Convention, is a UN’s multilateral treaty that defines who is a
refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum
and clearly lists the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum.
● The Convention also sets out which people do not qualify as refugees, such
as war criminals, Terrorists.
● The Convention also provides for some visa-free travel for holders of travel
documents issued under the convention.
● The core principle is non-refoulement, which asserts that a refugee should not
be returned to a country where they face serious threats to their life or
freedom.
● India is not a member to this convention
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Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

● It is an international treaty signed in 1961.
● It defines a framework for diplomatic relations between independent
countries.
● It specifies the privileges of a diplomatic mission that enable diplomats
to perform their function without fear of coercion or harassment by the
host country.
● The convention forms the legal basis for diplomatic immunity.

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International Court of Justice (ICJ)

● It is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations(UN). It was
established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations
● The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague
(Netherlands).
● Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not
located in New York (United States of America).
● The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal
disputes submitted to it by States and ICJ provides advisory opinions
only to the five organs of the United Nations and 16 specialized
agencies of the United Nations family
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International Court of Justice (ICJ)

● The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of
office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the
Security Council.
● It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ. Its official
languages are English and French.
● Only States may apply to and appear before the Court. The Member
States of the United Nations (at present numbering 191) are so
entitled.
● Court is competent to entertain a dispute only if the States concerned
have accepted its jurisdiction
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International Criminal Court (ICC)

● It is a court of last resort for the prosecution of serious international
crimes, including genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
● Its treaty, the Rome Statute, was adopted in July 1998. The court
began work in 2002, following ad hoc tribunals set up in the 1990s to
deal with atrocity crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia and
Rwanda.
● The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the
international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes,
and crimes of aggression.

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International Criminal Court (ICC)

● The ICC is intended to complement existing national judicial systems
and it may therefore exercise its jurisdiction only when certain
conditions are met-
● Such as when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute
criminals or when the United Nations Security Council or individual
states refer situations to the Court.
● It has 123 member countries, India is not one of them (even USA
and China aren’t the members of ICC)
● It may receive case referrals from UN Security Council and can initiate
prosecutions without UN action or referral.
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Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War

● It is an international agreement, consisting of a series of treaties that the
military of numerous countries must abide by in times of war.
● It was first implemented by the International Committee for Relief to the
Wounded, which later became the International Committee for the Red
Cross and Red Crescent.
● It ensures that warring nations conduct themselves in a humane way with
non-combatants such as civilians and medical personnel.
● The Geneva Conventions were also intended to protect soldiers who
were no longer engaged in war or combat, which includes the sick and
wounded, shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea and prisoners of
war (PoW), and certain auxiliary civilians.
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Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War

196 countries have signed and ratified the 1949 Conventions.

Rights granted to PoWs under Geneva convention:

● Article 14 of the Convention states that PoWs are entitled to their

honour.
● In captivity, a PoW must not be forced to provide information of any
kind under physical or mental torture, or any other form of coercion.
● Refusal to answer questions should not invite punishment.
● A PoW must be protected from exposure to fighting.
● Use of PoWs as hostages or human shields is prohibited.
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Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War

Release of PoWs according to conventions:
● Article 118 of the third Geneva Convention states that, prisoners of
war shall be released and repatriated without delay, when the
hostilities between the two nations will end.
● Any unjustifiable delay in the repatriation of the prisoner of war will be
considered as a grave breach of the Protocol.

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Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War

Implementation of the convention:

● The Geneva Conventions have a system of “Protecting Powers” who

ensure that the provisions of the conventions are being followed by
the parties in a conflict.
● Each side must designate states that are not party to the conflict as
their “Protecting Powers”. In practice, the International Committee of
the Red Cross usually plays the role.
● The conventions were, in fact, established as a result of Red Cross
founder Henri Dunant pushing for negotiations to help the wounded in
time of war in 1864.
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Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical

Weapons (OPCW)
● The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is the
implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention, which entered into
force on 29 April 1997. It is headquartered in Hague, Netherlands.
● The OPCW, with its 193 Member States, oversees the global endeavour to
permanently and verifiably eliminate chemical weapons.
Goal:
● OPCW Member States share the collective goal of preventing chemistry from
ever again being used for warfare, thereby strengthening international
security.

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● To this end, the Convention contains four key provisions:

1. Destroying all existing chemical weapons under international verification by

the OPCW.

2. Providing assistance and protection to States Parties against chemical

threats.

3. Monitoring chemical industry to prevent chemical weapons from re-emerging.

4. Fostering international cooperation to strengthen implementation of the

Convention and promote the peaceful use of chemistry.

● India is a member to this agreement & Israel has not ratified this treaty.

● while three other UN member states (Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan)
have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty.
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● 193 States committed to the Chemical Weapons Convention

● 98% of the global population live under the protection of the Convention

● 97% of the chemical weapons stockpiles declared by possessor States have

been verifiably destroyed

● The organisation was awarded the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize "for its
extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons"

● The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an arms control treaty that

outlaws the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their
precursors.

● The Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits the large-scale use,

development, production, stockpiling and transfer of chemical weapons.
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● Very limited production for research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective

purposes is still permitted.
● The main obligation of member states under the convention is to effect this
prohibition, as well as the destruction of all current chemical weapons. All
destruction activities must take place under OPCW verification.
● The convention has provisions for systematic evaluation of chemical
production facilities, as well as for investigations of allegations of use and
production of chemical weapons based on intelligence of other state parties.
● Some chemicals which have been used extensively in warfare but have
numerous large-scale industrial uses such as phosgene are highly regulated,
however, certain notable exceptions exist.
● Chlorine gas is highly toxic, but being a pure element and widely used for
peaceful purposes, is not officially listed as a chemical weapon.

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Economic and Trade

related Organisations &
Groups

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World Bank
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● Founded in 1944, the International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development—soon called the World Bank—has expanded to a
closely associated group of five development institutions.
● Originally, its loans helped rebuild countries devastated by World War
II.
● In time, the focus shifted from reconstruction to development, with a
heavy emphasis on infrastructure such as dams, electrical grids,
irrigation systems, and roads.
● With the founding of the International Finance Corporation in 1956,
the institution became able to lend to private companies and financial
institutions in developing countries.
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World Bank
● And the founding of the International Development Association in
1960 put greater emphasis on the poorest countries, part of a steady
shift toward the eradication of poverty becoming the Bank Group’s
primary goal.
● The subsequent launch of the International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency further rounded out the Bank Group’s ability to connect global
financial resources to the needs of developing countries.

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International Monetary Fund(IMF)

● The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries,
working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability,
facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable
economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
● Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189 countries
that make up its near-global membership.
● The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international
monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments
that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other.
● The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012 to include all macroeconomic and
financial sector issues that bear on global stability.

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● The IMF’s fundamental mission is to ensure the stability of the international

monetary system. It does so in three ways:
○ keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member
countries;
○ lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties; and
○ giving practical help to members.
Economic Surveillance
● The IMF oversees the international monetary system and monitors the
economic and financial policies of its 189 member countries.
● As part of this process, which takes place both at the global level and in
individual countries, the IMF highlights possible risks to stability and advises
on needed policy adjustments.
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Lending

● The IMF provides loans to member countries experiencing actual or potential

balance of payments problems:
○ to help them rebuild their international reserves,
○ stabilize their currencies,
○ continue paying for imports, and
○ restore conditions for strong economic growth, while correcting
underlying problems.

Capacity Development

● The IMF works with governments around the world to modernize their
economic policies and institutions, and train their people.
● This helps countries strengthen their economy, improve growth and create
jobs.
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World Trade Organisation

● Location (Headquarters): Geneva, Switzerland
● Established: 1 January 1995
● Created by: Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)
● Membership: 164 members representing 98 per cent of world trade
● Budget: 197 million Swiss francs for 2018
● Head: Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General)

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Functions of WTO:
● Administering WTO trade agreements
● Forum for trade negotiations
● Handling trade disputes
● Monitoring national trade policies
● Technical assistance and training for developing countries
● Cooperation with other international organizations

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● Decisions in the WTO are generally taken by consensus of the entire

membership. The highest institutional body is the Ministerial Conference,
which meets roughly every two years.
● A General Council conducts the organization's business in the intervals
between Ministerial Conferences. Both of these bodies comprise all members.
● Specialised subsidiary bodies (Councils, Committees, Sub-committees), also
comprising all members, administer and monitor the implementation by
members of the various WTO agreements.
● More specifically, the WTO's main activities are:
— negotiating the reduction or elimination of obstacles to trade (import tariffs,
other barriers to trade) and agreeing on rules governing the conduct of
international trade (e.g. antidumping, subsidies, product standards, etc.)

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— administering and monitoring the application of the WTO's agreed rules

for trade in goods, trade in services, and trade-related intellectual property
rights

— monitoring and reviewing the trade policies of our members, as well as

ensuring transparency of regional and bilateral trade agreements

— settling disputes among our members regarding the interpretation and

application of the agreements

— building capacity of developing country government officials in

international trade matters

— assisting the process of accession of some 30 countries who are not

yet members of the organization
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— conducting economic research and collecting and disseminating trade

data in support of the WTO's other main activities
— explaining to and educating the public about the WTO, its mission and
its activities.
● The WTO's founding and guiding principles remain the pursuit of open
borders, the guarantee of most-favoured-nation principle and
non-discriminatory treatment by and among members, and a
commitment to transparency in the conduct of its activities.
● The opening of national markets to international trade, with justifiable
exceptions or with adequate flexibilities, will encourage and contribute
to sustainable development, raise people's welfare, reduce poverty,
and foster peace and stability.
.
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

● ASEAN is a regional organisation comprising 10 Southeast Asian
states which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates
economic integration amongst its members.
● Its primary aim is to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and
socio cultural evolution, promote Southeast Asian studies, along with
the protection of regional stability.
● The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was
established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand.
● The Founding Fathers of ASEAN were, namely Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

● Present Member nations are: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and
Vietnam.
● ASEAN plus Three was created to improve existing ties with the
People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea.
● ASEAN plus three became ASEAN Plus Six with additional countries:
Australia, New Zealand and India

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

● ASEAN – INDIA Connectivity Summit - It is being organized by the Ministry of
External Affairs in partnership with Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
● The summit with the theme ―Powering Digital and Physical Linkages for Asia
in the 21st Century was held in New Delhi.
● The ‘Delhi Declaration’ was released after the summit. The declaration urges
countries to strengthen cooperation and collaboration in combating
transnational crimes, including smuggling, trafficking in persons, illicit
drug trafficking & cybercrime.
● It offered to set up digital villages in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam.
This would be by utilising the $1 billion line of credit for connectivity.
● Also, the year 2019 will be marked as the year of India - ASEAN tourism by
both the sides
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East Asia Summit (EAS)

● East Asia Summit is a unique Leaders-led forum of 18 countries of the
Asia-Pacific region formed to further the objectives of regional peace,
security and prosperity.
● India has been a part of EAS since its inception in 2005.
● Members are 10 ASEAN nations + 8 strategic partner countries
including US, China, India, Japan.
● 2017 Summit was held along with ASEAN summit, in Phillippines
which also marked 50th year of ASEAN.

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East Asia Summit (EAS)

● 2019 summit will be held in Thailand.
● Six areas of cooperation between EAS members are:
a) Environment and Energy.
b) Education
c) Finance.
d) Global Health Issues and Pandemic Diseases.
e) Natural Disaster Management &
f) ASEAN Connectivity.

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Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

(RCEP)
● RCEP bloc includes 10 countries of ASEAN (Brunei, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, and Vietnam) and their six free trade (FTA) pact partners
namely Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea and New Zealand.
● The RCEP bloc aims to cover among the issues related to goods,
services, investments, economic and technical cooperation,
competition and intellectual property rights.
● The negotiations have entered the sixth year. The last round was held
in February in Indonesia.
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● RCEP members want India to eliminate or significantly reduce

customs duties on maximum number of goods it traded with them.
● India's huge domestic market provides immense opportunity of
exports for RCEP countries.
● But, lower level of ambitions in services and investments, a key area
of interest for India, does not augur well for the agreement that seeks
to be comprehensive in nature.
● During recent meeting in Cambodia (March, 2019), RCEP group
including India and China agreed to intensify the ongoing negotiations
for a proposed mega trade agreement to resolve all issues and
conclude the talks this year.

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Summary:
● ASEAN= Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam.
● RCEP= ASEAN + 6 ( People's Republic of China, Japan, South
Korea, Australia, New Zealand and India).
● EAS= (ASEAN+ 6) + USA + Russia.

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Asian Development Bank (ADB)

● The Asian Development Bank was conceived in the early 1960s as a
financial institution that would be Asian in character and foster economic
growth and cooperation in one of the poorest regions in the world.
● It is headquartered at Manila, Philippines.
● ADB now has 67 members of which 48 from within Asia and Pacific
while remaining 19 from outside.
● ADB assists its members, and partners, by providing loans, technical
assistance, grants, and equity investments to promote social and
economic development.
● India is a founding member and the fourth largest shareholder.
● India is planning to set up a ADB‘s regional hub at New Delhi.

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Asian Development Bank (ADB)

● In India, ADB finances projects such as:
○ East coast economic corridor,
○ solar rooftop investment program,
○ Mechi river bridge project in Indo-Nepal border,
○ TAPI gas pipeline,
○ South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Program
and,
○ supporting fiscal reforms in West Bengal State.

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Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

● AIIB is a multilateral financial institution which brings countries
together to address the daunting infrastructure needs across Asia.
● United States and Japan are not its members.
● It aims to stimulate growth and improve access to basic services by
furthering interconnectivity and economic development in the region
through advancements in infrastructure.
● It offers sovereign and non-sovereign finance for projects in various
sectors with an interest rate of London Interbank Offered Rate
(LIBOR) plus 1.15 % and a repayment period of 25 years with 5 years
in grace period.
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● India is hosted the 3rd annual meeting of AIIB at Mumbai in 2018.

● The theme of the meeting was 'Mobilizing Finance for Infrastructure:
Innovation and Collaboration’.

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Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

(OPEC)
● OPEC is an intergovernmental organization of 13 nations with
headquarters in Vienna. Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Gabon, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,
and Venezuela are its members.
● Venezuela, Indonesia and Qatar (left in 2019) are former members.
Russia is not a member of OPEC.
● Since 2007, OPEC has published the "World Oil Outlook" (WOO)
annually, in which it presents a comprehensive analysis of the global
oil industry including medium- and long-term projections for supply
and demand.
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BRICS
● BRICS is an association of five major emerging national economies:
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
● All members of BRICS are leading developing or newly industrialized
countries, but they are distinguished by their large, sometimes
fast-growing economies and their ability to weild significant influence on
regional affairs.
● All five members of BRICS are also members of G20.
● Since 2009, the BRICS nations have been meeting annually at formal
summits.
● Bilateral relations among BRICS nations have mainly been conducted on
the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.
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BRICS
● Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre
submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications
between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.
● Xiamen Declaration of BRICS forum was recently adopted in its 9th summit.
● It explicitly called out several Pakistan-based terror organisations and
expressed concern on the security situation in the Afghanistan-Pakistan
region.
● Beijing Declaration on Education was adopted in the 5th Meeting of BRICS
Ministers of Education held in Beijing, China.
● The declaration calls for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4
(SDG4)-Education 2030.
● SDG4 ― Ensure inclusive and equitable, quality education and promote
life-long learning opportunities for allǁ.
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New Development Bank (or BRICS bank)

● The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the
BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank
established by the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and
South Africa).
● The Bank supports public or private projects through loans,
guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments.
● It is headquartered in Shanghai, China. Bank's Articles of Agreement
specify that all members of the United Nations could be members of
the bank; however the share of the BRICS nations can never be less
than 55% of voting power.
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New Development Bank (or BRICS bank)

● The Agreement on the NDB specifies that the voting power of each
member will be equal to the number of its subscribed shares in the
capital stock of the bank.
● The five member nations – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South
Africa have an equal shareholding in the NDB.

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Contingent Reserves Arrangement (CRA)

● CRA was set-up by BRICS nations as a counter to IMF. The aim is
to promote mutual support amongst the BRICS members in
situations of instability in the Balance of Payments (BoP Crisis).
● Unlike the pool of contributed capital to the BRICS bank, which is
equally shared, CRA is being funded 41% by China, 18% from Brazil,
India and Russia, and 5% from South Africa.

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G7 & G20
G7

● G7 is a group consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,

the United Kingdom, and the United States. Formally called G8 with
Russia in it, but because of Crimean crisis Russia was ejected
from the group

G20

● The G20 is an international forum that brings together the world's 20

leading industrialised and emerging economies. It acts as a
forum for the governments and central bank governors from 20
major economies.
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European Bank for Reconstruction &

Development (EBRD)
● EBRD is an international financial institution which was founded in
1991 and is headquartered in London.
● It was set up after the fall of the Berlin wall to promote private and
entrepreneurial initiative in emerging Europe.
● The EBRD is not to be confused with the European Investment Bank
(EIB) which is owned by EU member states and used to support EU
policy.
● EBRD is owned by 66 countries and two EU institutions i.e EU & EIB.
US is the biggest shareholder & even India is a shareholder.
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European Union
● The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member
states that are located primarily in Europe.
● Even after the BREXIT, for the time being, the United Kingdom remains a full
member of the EU and rights and obligations continue to fully apply in and to
the UK.
● The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and
introduced the concept of European citizenship.
● The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty
of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
● The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised
system of laws that apply in all member states.
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European Union
● A monetary union has been established within union but lacks
common Fiscal union. EU is composed of 28 member states but only
19 EU member states use the Euro as currency (Eurozone).
● The Lisbon Treaty now contains a clause under Article 50, providing
for a member to leave the EU.
● United Kingdom enacted the result of a membership referendum in
June 2016 and is currently negotiating its withdrawal.
● The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world. EU has a
common foreign and security policy, thus developing a
coordinated external relations and defence.
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Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)

● The Eurasian Economic Union is an economic union of states located
in central and northern Asia and Eastern Europe.
● The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 29 May
2014 by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, and came
into force on 1 January 2015.
● India is set to formalize a free trade agreement (FTA) with Eurasian
Economic Union.
● The Eurasian Economic Union comprises Russia, Belarus, Armenia,
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

● It is a bloc comprising of four countries - Switzerland, Norway, Iceland
and Liechtenstein.
● These four EFTA countries are not part of the European Union.
● India – EFTA pact - India and EFTA started negotiating a free trade pact
in 2008, shortly after India started FTA talks with the European Union.
● The talks resumed 2016-17 in Geneva but hit a rough patch after the
Switzerland insists on stringent IPR regime in India.
● Mainly due to number of Swiss pharmaceutical MNCs, including
Novartis and Roche, having been aggressively fighting for their
patent rights in India over the past few years (against Compulsory
Licensing clause in Indian patents Act).
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

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Development (OECD)
● OECD is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35
member countries, founded to stimulate economic progress and world
trade.
● OECD nations are committed to democracy and the market economy.
● It provides a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking
answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate
domestic and international policies of its members.
● It acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft
law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding
treaties.
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD)
● OECD administers and publishes the Programme for International
Student Assessment (PISA), which is a regular assessment of
the attainment of 15-year-olds in three areas of knowledge (every
3 years) thus measuring the performance of educational systems
across countries.
● India was also a signatory of this policy.
● India left PISA in 2012 & 2015 as it was ranked low (72nd out of 74
nations in 2009) & recently MHRD signed an agreement with OECD
to rejoin the assessment in 2021

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Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

● It was set up in 1989 by the western G7 countries, with headquarters in Paris.
● Objectives are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal,
regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering,
terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the
international financial system.
● It is therefore a ―policy-making body, which works to generate the
necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory
reforms in these areas.
● It is empowered to curtail financing of UN-designated terrorist groups.
● India became a full member in 2010.
● Recent Developments: FATF has grey listed Pakistan for its alleged laxity in
curtailing finances of terrorist groups within its soil.
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Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) & APEC

TPP
● It is a trade agreement between: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan,
Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States and
Vietnam.
● But, United States has come out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) after
election of Donald Trump as its president.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

● APEC is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free
trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
● The criterion for membership is that the member is a separate economy,
rather than a state and the result of it is the inclusion of Taiwan
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NAFTA, MERCOSUR & TTIP

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
● It is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating
a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
● The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between
the U.S, Canada and Mexico.
MERCOSUR
● It is sub regional bloc with members Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.
Venezuela was suspended from membership in 2016.
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
● It is a proposed trade agreement between the European Union and the United
States, with the aim of promoting trade and multilateral economic growth.
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Miscellaneous

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Raisina Dialogue
● It is India‘s flagship conference of Geopolitics and geo-economics
held annually in New Delhi.
● It is organized by Ministry of External Affairs in partnership with
Observer Research Foundation, an independent think tank in
India.
● The conference is committed to address the most challenging issues
facing the global community.
● The first inaugural session was held in March 2016 with the theme
“Asia:Regional and Global Connectivity ”

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Raisina Dialogue
● Theme of the 2019 Dialogue is "A World Reorder: New Geometries;
Fluid Partnerships; Uncertain Outcomes”
● This discussions will seek to address issues arising from ongoing
global transitions and changes to the world order, triggered by unique
leaders, innovative partnerships and new technologies
● The inaugural address was delivered by Prime Minister of Norway H E
Ms Erna Solberg.

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Shangri La Dialogue
● IISS Asia Security Summit: The Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) is a "Track
One" inter-governmental security forum held annually by an
independent think tank, the International Institute for Strategic Studies
(IISS) which is attended by defense ministers, permanent heads of ministries
and military chiefs of 28 Asia-Pacific states.
● The forum gets its name from the Shangri-La Hotel in Singapore where it
has been held since 2002.
● The IISS Shangri-La Dialogue is regarded as the Asia's premier defence
summit. It’s a unique meeting where ministers debate the region’s most
pressing security challenges, engage in important bilateral talks and come up
with fresh solutions together.

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● Since its launch in 2002 the Dialogue has built confidence and fostered
practical security cooperation, by facilitating easy communication and fruitful
contact among the region’s most important defence and security
policymakers.
● Each year’s agenda is intentionally wide-ranging, reflecting the many defence
and security challenges facing a large and diverse region.
● Past speakers have included prime ministers and senior ministers from China,
India, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Australia and other regional powers, as well as
the United States. Since its launch in 2002, the Dialogue has become a venue
for proposing and advancing initiatives on important security issues.
● The 2019 summit will take place on 31 May to 2 June.

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