Running Head: LEININGER, NEWMAN, AND WATSON 1

Leininger, Newman, and Watson

Name

Institution
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Leininger, Newman, and Watson

Case study 1

Leininger’s Cultural Care Theory

Leininger Madeleine is known to be a pioneer in the filed if nursing and developed a

movement which has left a significant impression in the profession even in the current times.

Leininger proposed the transcultural nursing theory that is also identified as culture care theory.

The theory entails knowing and understanding the different cultures which concern the nursing

values, beliefs, and practices that aim at offering quality nursing care. The model presents the

idea that various cultures have varying caring behaviors. The core concepts of the theory entail

transcultural nursing, which focuses on in-depth analysis of culture, health, professional nursing

care, ethnic-nursing, and many more. The three modes of developing nursing care decisions, as

presented by the theorists include negotiation, maintenance, and restructuring (Wayne, 2014).

The core goal of the theory was using research-based knowledge in assisting the nurses to

identify care practices and values and use the information in a meaningful, responsible and safe

manner to care for a person of diverse cultures. The model is effective in ensuring that all the

patient receive better health care despite the cultural differences.

Factors to consider when planning for the client's discharge

The core basis of the theory is ensuring that the patient is in a position of receiving

adequate care suitable for her treatment during her stay. Some of the consideration will entail

the person taking care of her and also the foods that she will be consuming. Considering that the

patient has a history of high pressure, there is a need for assessing whether they are in a position

taking food that is low in saturated fats and sodium. The other factor is the socioeconomic

situation of the patient and the competence of the caregiver that will be attending to the patient’s
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needs. The theory indicates that it is the distinct role of the nurse to care for the patient and if

there is the delegation of this duty, then the person taking up the task should effectively execute

them to enhance the patient’s wellbeing.

In this scenario, Mrs. Franklin can be under the care of Tomas after her discharge.

Tomas can be an effective support system in reminding Mrs. Franklin to take her medication as

prescribed by the doctor. Considering Tomas’s socioeconomic status, it can be challenging for

him to satisfy her financial needs because of his lack of income. Mrs. Franklin’s condition may

require her to refrain from her double jobs to enhance her recovery. The other factor is the type

of meals, and its preparation since the patient indicates that the meals she was taking were of

great concern, especially with her condition. The traditional Jamaican meals may be containing

high salt, high calories, and high carbohydrates. The patient can be advised to still stick to her

Jamaican food but have some modification on the preparation by ensuring that it has high fiber,

low fat, and low salt. Thus, it will be effective to address this issue so that she can fully

understand the meals which she can adapt and the proper ways of preparing them that suit her

condition.

Additionally, the other factor is addressing the concern of taking bush tea. Therefore, it is

evident that the key four factors which the nurse should consider giving in-depth information

before discharging the patient entails the importance of adhering to her medication as per the

doctors’ prescription, following proper diet, having some rests while getting adequate care from

the caregiver and giving some caution on the consumption of herbal tea. It will be evident that

the nurse is adopting Leininger’s model by being culturally sensitive and not making her come

up with significant shifts from her cultural believes.

Importance of the theory of Culture Care Diversity in the delivery of nursing care for all

patients

Leininger came up with the model so that it guides the nurse in the identification of the

patient’s needs. Her core aim was ensuring that the nurses see the patient as an individual that

have unique values, beliefs, culture, and spirituality. Culture care diversity refers to a case where

the healthcare provider understands the meaning and values of care grounded on the practices

present in various cultural settings. Haugan, Innstrand, and Moksness (2013) argue that the

model enables the nurse and the patients to relate at a personal level where there is a great

understanding of everyone’s culture, beliefs and behavior. The theory aligns well with the

extended patient-based care as it presents assurance of quality care for persons from diverse

cultures.

Additionally, Campinha-Bacote (2011) indicates that the model enhances the quality of

care as it ensures that the nurses and the patients interact at a personal level. There is an

opportunity of the nurse learning more about the client, and thus, there will be the development

of a treatment plan tailored to the patient’s’ culture. The understanding of Mrs. Franklin’s

background will help the care providers in understanding whether the patient’s change in diet

will yield a general befit on her health. The provision of universal care, which is also culture-

specific enhances holistic recovery among the patient.

Mrs. Franklin-Jones plan of care

Mrs. Franklin Jones has been diagnosed with Acute Myocardial infarction. The patient

presented chest pain complains, and she indicated having high blood pressure and forgetting to

take her prescription medication in some instances. The patient’s condition cab is linked to

lifestyle factors, and it may be hereditary. The treatment will focus on addressing how she can
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consume the Jamaican food while ensuring that they do not pose a health risk. The patient will

receive adequate information, and this will also happen to the primary caregiver. The patient

should be on a position of knowing and evaluating their condition and general health over a

given period. The plan will entail patient education on the probable trigger signs and various

health factors emerging from high blood presser with a core aim of prevention. There will be the

creation of a system to ensure Mrs. Franklin remembers to take her medication on the scheduled

times to enhance the effectiveness of treatment. The patient should be able to evaluate the

relevant lifestyle changes and risk factors.

Strengths and limits of Leininger’s Theory.

The first strategy arises from the theory’s structure, which involves many parts in nursing

care like the recipients and the healthcare givers. The theory incorporates relevant concepts, thus

making it easy to apply in numerous settings. The approach is highly generalizable, and even

though it is not simple, its contents can be easy to understand during the first contact.

The approach can be the core cause of errors on coming up with clinical decisions such as the

misperception of value that clients put on the outcomes. If the nursing practice is not recognizing

the cultural aspects of the patients’ needs, there will be an implication of less efficiency of the

nursing approach and dissatisfaction with the service that the patients receive. The approach

does not focus on the symptoms or the disease. The difficulties in adapting to the patients’’

diverse cultures may result in culture shock among the nurses. The complex nature of the theory

considering that it is written in complex terms may make it confusing.

Case study 2

Assumptions of the Transpersonal Caring relationship and the nurse's role

Watson’s model presents seven core assumptions. The first one is that caring can be

effectively practiced and demonstrated on an interpersonal level. Caring entails the carative

elements resulting in the satisfaction of patient needs. Effective caring enhances the health and

growth of family or individuals. Caring responses accommodates the patient as they present

themselves at the moment or what they become later. The fifth assumption state starts a caring

environment accord the development potential while granting the patient an opportunity of

selecting the best action for themselves at a given time. The science of caring complement

curing science. Lastly, caring practice is paramount in nursing (Jesse & Alligood, 2013).

A nurse has the role of establishing a caring relationship with each patient. Additionally, they

need to show unconditional acceptance and also adopt a holistic approach to treatment. The

nurse should choose the element of intervention and knowledge in promoting health. A nurse

also has to spend uninterrupted time with clients, which is identified as caring moments (Haugan,

Innstrand & Moksnes, 2013).

Evidence of Watson’s definition of love in this caring moment

It is evident in the case where the nurse not only looks for ways of communicating

through the introduction of a translator with jean but also he presents the patient an opportunity

of sharing their culture. The nurse also accesses the patients’ cultural Haitian foods and spiritual

items and embraces them fully. There is the creation of a one on one interaction process which

results in the emergence of a spiritual and personal bond with Jean.

Use of self in the creation of a healing environment

It can be achievable through the reduction of both emotional and physical stress in the

surrounding. There can be the provision of differentiated care where the patient has a chance of

engaging in meaningful spiritual aspects which allows them to be conscious that there is the
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occurrence of a healing environment through both the spiritual and physical aspects. The

provision of a well-grounded spiritual and cultural environment is an effective strategy to attain

this goal.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Watson’s Theory.

Despite the theory being complex, it is easy to comprehend. It guides caregivers with

critical elements, which enables them to give the patients holistic care. The approach is logical

since the carative factors are based on the fundamental assumptions providing a supportive

framework. Also, the carative elements offer a guideline for patient-nurse interactions a critical

factor in patient care. However, the model does not give a clear and explicit direction on what

can be done to reach an authentic caring healing relationship (George, 2011). The nurses may

lack concrete guidelines to help them feel secure in applying the theory alone.
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References

Campinha-Bacote, J. (2011). Delivering patient-centered care in the midst of a cultural conflict:

The role of cultural competence. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16(2).

George, J. B. (2011). Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice, 6/e.

Pearson Education India.

Haugan, G., Innstrand, S. T., & Moksnes, U. K. (2013). The effect of nurse–patient interaction

on anxiety and depression in cognitively intact nursing home patients. Journal of Clinical

Nursing, 22(15-16), 2192-2205.

Jesse, D. E., & Alligood, M. R. (2013). Watson’s philosophy and theory of transpersonal

caring. Nursing Theorists and Their Work-E-Book, 1191.

Wayne, G. (2014). Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing theory.