UPRT Training COURSE
A320
UPRT Training COURSE A320
AIM OF THE COURSE
The UPRT‐I, Training Course aims to train A320 Pilots to acquire the required
knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSA) to understanding of the UPRT operating
environment . Prevention training prepares flight crews to avoid incidents,
whereas recovery training prepares flight crews to prevent accidents once an
upset condition has occurred.
PREREQUISITES
The applicant shall be Type rated & SFI /TRI for Instructors
The course will be delivered in English, therefore good command of English
min. ICAO Level 4 required
1
UPRT Training COURSE A320
TRAINING PLAN / GROUND TRAINING
The UPRT GT program cover the following topics
A. AERODYNAMICS
B. CAUSES OF AND CONTRIBUTED FACTORS TO UPSETs
C. SAFETY REVIEW of ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS
D. G‐LOAD AWARNESS and MANAGEMENT
E. ENERGY MANAGEMENT
F. FLIGHT PATH MANAGEMENT
G. RECOGNITION
H. SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONs
I. RECOVERING FROM UPSETS
ADD ITEMs:
THREATS AND ERRORS CAUSING UPSETs
THE AIRPLANE AT WORK
HOW THE AIRPLANE TALKS TO YOU
HUMAN FACTORS
2
UPRT Training COURSE A320
PRACTICAL TRAINING ‐ FFS PHASE: one DAY
A320Full Flight Simulator [Level D] [FFS session [4 Hrs.]each [ Training will be completed
in‐both seats and IOS]
TRAINING OBJECTIVES on FFS:
THE FFS VTE “Validated Training Envelope”
LIMITS OF PITCH AND ROLE
USABLE AOA
USEABLE Alpha ‐and/or Beta angles
HANDLING IOS for EFFECTIVE UPRT Training
FFS MOTION FIDELITY
HOW TO DEVELOP FLIGHT CREW RESILLIANCE
‐ Flight Crew resilience has been defined by EASA as the ability of a flight crew
member to recognize absorb and adapt to disruptions
‐ Flight Crew resilience can be increased by raising the level of Competence and by
Achieving the appropriate level of confidence (Trust)
HOW TO ADDRESS STRESS RESPONSE
3
UPRT Training COURSE A320
HOW TO SURPRISE and STARTLE
Startle is one of the responses of the human brain to an
emotional stimulus
AVOIDUNG NEGATIVE TRAINING/TRANSFER of TRAINING
MANEUVER‐BASED TRAINING vs SCENARIO‐BASED TRAINING:
NB: ALL PRACTICAL Training is LOFT designed for real Airline Operation.
Documentation
A320 FCOM/FCTM
Aircraft Specifications:
QRH
Jeppesen/ LIDO Charts
Training Booklets
4
UPRT Training COURSE A320
GROUND TRAINING Syllabus
A. AERODYNAMICS
Forces effecting the Airplane:
STALL
The Stall is a condition in aerodynamics where the Angle of attack (AOA)
increases beyond a point such that the lift begins to decrease
As per basic aerodynamic rules , the lift coefficient (CL) increases linearly with
the AOA up to a point where the airflow starts to separate from the upper
surface of the wing. At and beyond this point the flight crew may observe:
Buffeting, which depends on the slats/flaps configuration and increases at
high altitude due to the high Mach number
Pitch up effect, mainly for swept wings and aft CG. This effect further
increases the AOA.
5
UPRT Training COURSE A320
AERODYNAMICS (CONT.)
Lift Coefficient versus Angle of Attack
6
UPRT Training COURSE A320
AERODYNAMICS (CONT.)
If the AOA further increases up to a value called A0Astall, the lift coefficient
will reach a maximum value called CL MAX.
When the AOA is higher than A0Astall, the airflow separates from the wing
surface and the lift coefficient decreases. This is the stall.
The stall will always occur at the same AOA for a given configuration, Mach
number and altitude.
Influence of Slats and Flaps on Lift Coefficient versus Angle of Attack
Slats and Flaps have a different
impact on the Lift coefficient
obtained for a given AOA.
Both Slats and Flaps create an
increase in the maximum lift
coefficient.
7
UPRT Training COURSE A320
AERODYNAMICS (CONT.)
Influence of Speed Brakes and Icing on Lift Coefficient versus Angle of Attack
On the contrary, speed brake extension
and ice accretion reduce the maximum
lift coefficient.
Flight control laws and stall warning
threshold take into account these
possible degradations
To summarize, loss of lift is only dependant on AOA. The A0Astall depends on
Aircraft configuration (slats, flaps, speed brakes)
Mach and altitude
Wing contamination 8
UPRT Training COURSE A320
AERODYNAMICS (CONT.)
STALL RECOGNITION
The flight crew must apply the stall recovery procedure as soon as they recognize
any of the following stall indications:
‐ Stall warnings
Aural and visual stall warnings are designed to sound and appear on PFD when
AOA exceeds a given threshold, which depends on the aircraft configuration. These
warnings provide sufficient margin to alert the flight crew in advance of the actual
stall even with contaminated wings.
‐ Stall buffet
Buffet is recognized by airframe vibrations that are caused by the non‐stationary
airflow separation from the wing surface when approaching AOA stall.
When the Mach number increases, both the AOA stall and CL MAX will decrease.
The stall warnings are set close to AOA at which the buffet starts. For some Mach
numbers the buffet may appear just before the stall warnings. 9
UPRT Training COURSE A320
AERODYNAMICS (CONT.)
STALL RECOVERY
The immediate key action is to reduce AOA:
The reduction of AOA will enable the wing to regain lift.
This must be achieved by applying a nose down pitch order on the side stick. This
pilot action ensures an immediate aircraft response and reduction of the AOA.
In case of lack of pitch down authority, it may be necessary to reduce thrust.
Simultaneously, the flight crew must ensure that the wings are level in order to
reduce the lift necessary for the flight, and as a consequence, the required AOA.
As a general rule, minimizing the loss of altitude is secondary to the reduction of
the AOA as the first priority is to regain lift.
As AOA reduces below the AOA stall, lift and drag will return to their normal
values.
10
UPRT Training COURSE A320
AERODYNAMICS (CONT.)
The secondary action is to increase energy:
When stall indications have stopped, the flight crew should increase thrust
smoothly as needed and must ensure that the speed brakes are retracted.
Immediate maximum thrust application upon stall recognition is not appropriate.
Due to the engine spool up time, the aircraft speed increase that results from
thrust increase, is slow and does not enable to reduce the AOA instantaneously.
Furthermore, for under wing mounted engines, the thrust increase generates a
pitch up that may prevent the required reduction of AOA.
When stall indications have stopped, and when the aircraft has recovered sufficient
energy, the flight crew can smoothly recover the initial flight path. If in clean
configuration and below FL 200,
during flight path recovery, the flight crew must select FLAPS 1 in order to increase
the margin to AOA Stall
11
UPRT Training COURSE A320
AERODYNAMICS (CONT.)
STALL WARNING AT LIFT‐OFF
At lift‐off, a damaged AOA probe may cause stall warnings to spuriously sound in
the cockpit and appear on PFD.
If the stall warnings are triggered at liftoff, the flight crew must fly the appropriate
thrust and pitch for takeoff in order to attempt to stop the stall warnings and
ensure a safe flight path.
The flight crew applies TOGA thrust in order to get the maximum available thrust.
Simultaneously, the pilot flying must target a pitch angle of 15 ° and keep the wings
level in order to ensure safe climb.
Then, when a safe flight path and speed are achieved, if the stall warnings are still
activated the flight crew must consider that they are spurious warnings.
12
UPRT Training COURSE A320
B.CAUSES OF AND CONTRIBUTED FACTORS TO UPSETS:
Stall
Wind shear
Take off after heavy Jet (B757 and B747)
disorientation
Weather
Manual Flying (Gulf Air Crash)
Poor Knowledge of the Air Craft capability
Volcanic Ash Encounter
Avoid flight into areas of known volcanic activity.
If a volcanic eruption is reported while the aircraft is in flight, reroute the flight
to remain well clear of the affected area (volcanic dust may spread over several
hundred miles). If possible, stay on the upwind side of the volcano (at least 20
NM upwind of it if it is erupting).
13
UPRT Training COURSE A320
CAUSES OF AND CONTRIBUTED FACTORS TO UPSETS (cont.)
In hours of darkness or in meteorological conditions that obscure volcanic dust, one
or several of the following phenomena indicate that the aircraft may be flying into
ash cloud:
smoke or dust in the cockpit,
odor similar to electrical smoke,
at night, the appearance of St. Elmo's fire and static discharges around the
windshield,
bright white or orange glow appearing in the engine inlets,
sharp, distinct beams from the landing lights,
multiple engine malfunctions, such as rising EGT, decreasing power, stall, or flame
out.
14
UPRT Training COURSE A320
C. SAFETY REVIEW OF ACCIDENTS/ INCIDENTS
Movies/ A310
15
UPRT Training COURSE A320
C. SAFETY REVIEW OF ACCIDENTS/ INCIDENTS (cont.)
Movies/ A330
16
UPRT Training COURSE A320
D. G.LOAD AWARNESS AND MANAGEMENT
In simple words, it is common understanding that motion systems of modern
full flight simulators are only capable of delivering less than 10% of the real G‐
Ioads. Hence, when teaching upset‐recovery exercises instructors are faced with
the problem that the simulation environment cannot deliver the real sensations
associated with the exercises (sometimes referred to as "teaching how to swim
without water"). As the human factors in recovery situations are essential, it is
up to the instructor to compensate for the shortcomings of FSTD motion by
persistently including hints regarding the actual "feel" during the exercises.
G‐Ioads: During an aircraft upset and subsequent recovery, g‐Ioads that vary greatly
from the
+lg feeling of level flight may be experienced by the crew. Pilots not familiar with
such g‐Ioad deviations might suffer from degraded perception and psycho‐motor
performance.
17
UPRT Training COURSE A320
D. G.LOAD AWARNESS AND MANAGEMENT (cont.)
G‐Ioadings below + lg: G‐Ioads below 1g may be experienced at any time when
unloading the wing to reduce AOA during a STALL RECOVERY for nose‐high recovery
and therefore are vitally important in UPRT.
G‐Ioadings between +1 and zero create a physiological effect that might feel like
"floating". Normal movements of the arms and legs are not affected, but as the
loading approaches zero, movement can become uncoordinated because of the
lack of normal gravitational cues. Flight close to zero‐G removes all 'normal' loads
from the airframe but prolonged low‐g sensations may lead to vomiting in those
unfamiliar with the weightless sensation.
18
UPRT Training COURSE A320
D. G.LOAD AWARNESS AND MANAGEMENT (cont.)
At g‐Ioadings less than zero, unsecured items or personnel will move towards the aircraft
"ceiling". Crew will be incapacitated unless secured by belts and will have to maintain a
physical effort to keep their feet on the floor or rudder controls. At ‐lg pilots may experience
sensory inputs equivalent to being inverted, even though the aeroplane may be physically
upright. Pilots without previous exposure to this situation are likely to be
disorientated and
incapacitated, thus unable to ensure returning of the aeroplane to a normal flight path.
G‐Loadings exceeding + 1g: G‐Loads greater than 1g may be experienced during the later
stages
of recoveries from Nose‐low attitudes, STALLs or when initiating a PULL‐UP maneuver
following
a GPWS alert. Transport aircraft are certificated to withstand g‐Ioadings in the range
of ‐lg to
+2.5g, or +3g in some business aircraft. Sustained high positive g‐Ioadings can induce
loss of vision and subsequently loss of consciousness, but not when the duration of
the exposure is short, 2‐3 seconds, or within the range of ‐1 to 2,5g.
19
UPRT Training COURSE A320
D. G.LOAD AWARNESS AND MANAGEMENT (cont.)
The increase in limb weight as the g‐Ioading increases hinders control
operation in those unfamiliar with the condition. At +2g, most people without
prior experience are unable to lift a foot from the floor or to maintain a visual
scan of their surroundings. Between +2g and +3g this temporary incapacitation
can be easily overcome by trained pilots, but might result in lack of
situational awareness in pilots unfamiliar with the sensations.
20
UPRT Training COURSE A320
D. G.LOAD AWARNESS AND MANAGEMENT (cont.)
21
UPRT Training COURSE A320
E. ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Exercise 5: Energy Management At Low Altitude.(M+S)
SETUP 1+PF:Trainee1+2
To develop awareness of acceleration and deceleration capability of the aircraft at low altitude.
AIM
UPRT Position: At the instructor station.
DESCRIPTION Event: Review of available engine thrust (T1 & T2) :
Acceleration from VLS to VMO.
Deceleration from VMO to VLS, with and without speed brakes effect
Exercise 6: Energy Management At High Altitude.(M+S)
SETUP2+PF:Trainee1+2
To develop a awareness of acceleration and deceleration capability of the air craft at high altitude.
AIM
UPRT Position: At the instructor station.
DESCRIPTION: Event: Point out the thrust required to maintain the flight level and the limited additional thrust available at MCT or TOGA.
Deceleration to VLS then tentative of acceleration in level flight. Need for energy trading (Descent) to recover a normal speed.
Effect of speed brakes at high altitude (reduction of speed margin between VLS and VMO/MMO).
22
UPRT Training COURSE A320
F. FLIGHT PATH MANAGEMENT
Situation Analysis
23
UPRT Training COURSE A320
G. RECOGNITION
DEFINITION OF UPSET
An aircraft upset is an undesired aircraft state characterized by unintentional
divergences from parameters normally experienced during operations. An aircraft
upset may involve pitch and/or bank angle divergences and may lead to
inappropriate airspeeds for the conditions.
An upset condition exists any time an aircraft diverges from what the flight crew is
intending to do.
Deviations from the desired aircraft state will become larger until the flight crew
takes action to stop the divergence. Return to the desired aircraft state can be
achieved through natural aircraft reaction to accelerations, auto‐flight system
response or flight crew intervention.
24
UPRT Training COURSE A320
G. RECOGNITION (cont.)
UPSET PREVENTION
The prevention of an upset situation is possible thanks to an effective monitoring of:
The environment (turbulences, icing conditions, weather)
The aircraft energy state
The aircraft flight path
The aircraft technical state (Flight controls laws, systems failure).
All flight crew members are responsible of the monitoring to ensure that the aircraft
state is understood and correct for the situation.
Each flight crew member should:
Know and understand the expected aircraft state for the situation
Communicate expectations
Keep track of current aircraft state
Detect and communicate deviations from the intended situation 25
UPRT Training COURSE A320
H. SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONS
26
UPRT Training COURSE A320
I. RECOVERING FROM UPSETS
I. Nose High Actions
Recognize and confirm the situation
Takeover and disconnect AP and A/THR (1)
Apply nose down pitch order (2)
Note: Excessive use of pitch trim may make the upset situation worse or may
result in high structural loads.
Adjust the thrust (3)
Adjust the roll not to exceed 60 degrees (4)
Recover the level flight (5)
27
UPRT Training COURSE A320
I. RECOVERING FROM UPSETS (cont.)
III. Nose Low Actions
Recognize and confirm the situation
Takeover and disconnect AP and A/THR (1)
Recover from stall if required (2)
Note' Excessive use of pitch trim may make the upset situation worse or may
result in high structural loads.
Adjust the roll in the shortest direction to wings level (3)
Adjust the thrust and the drag (4)
Recover the level flight (5)
28
UPRT Training COURSE A320
L. HUMAN FACTORS
FSTD/FFS Visual: VMC or IMC
The UPRT Training should be done in both visual and instrument conditions, as well
as in day and night.
Surprise, Stress and Startle
Stress is an individual‘s reaction to the perception of threat and it manifests
itself physiologically, emotionally, and cognitively.
Startle is one of the responses of the human brain to an emotional stimulus.
29
Thank you
Prepared by
Capt. Zuhair Gharaibeh