Um Style Guide Alison Edwards
Um Style Guide Alison Edwards
I Introduction ..........................................................................
II Editing procedure .................................................................
III Document types ...................................................................
1 Journal articles
1.1 Terminology
1.2 Tenses
1.3 Italics
1.4 Symbols
1.5 Tables and figures
2 Legal documents
2.1 Capitalisation
2.2 Treaty names
2.3 Italics
2.4 Words and phrases
3 Letters and emails
3.1 Salutations
3.2 Openers
3.3 Closers
4 Meeting minutes
5 Promotional material
6 UM‐related copy
6.1 Programmes
6.2 Lectures and conferences
6.3 Positions
6.4 Titles
6.4.1 Social titles
6.4.2 Academic titles
6.5 Faculties, departments and other bodies
6.6 Rooms, lecture halls and buildings
7 Web‐related copy
7.1 Commands/instructions
7.2 Web and email addresses
IV Editorial style
1 Abbreviations
1.1 Types of abbreviations
1.2 Articles
1.3 Plurals and possessives
1.4 Positioning
1.5 Punctuation
1.6 Dutch abbreviations
1.7 Days and months
1.8 List of common abbreviations
2 Capitalisation
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2.1 Art, architecture and music
2.2 Awards and prizes
2.3 Books, periodicals and document parts
2.4 Companies, institutions and organisations
2.5 History and military
2.6 Peoples and places
2.7 Politics
2.7.1 Governments and government entities
2.7.2 Political parties
2.8 Religion
2.9 Theories, hypotheses and models
2.10 Times of year
3 Foreign words
3.1 Foreign words in common English use
3.2 Governments
3.3 Organisations and other entities
3.4 Periodicals and books
3.5 Quotes
4 Italics
4.1 Emphasis
4.2 Technical or rare terms
4.3 Words as lexical items
4.4 Foreign words
4.5 Other uses for italics
5 Lists and series
5.1 Series in running texts
5.1.1 Elision
5.1.2 Connectors
5.2 Lists
5.2.1 Run on lists
5.2.2 Set off lists
6 Numbers
6.1 Currencies
6.2 Dates
6.3 Decades and centuries
6.4 Decimal points and commas
6.5 Footnotes
6.6 Fractions
6.7 Percentages
6.8 Phone numbers
6.9 Ranges
6.10 Times
6.11 Units of measurement
7 People and place names
7.1 Names with prefixes
7.1.1 Alphabetical order
7.1.2 Capitalisation
7.2 Places
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7.2.1 The Netherlands
7.2.2 Belgium
7.2.3 United Kingdom
7.2.4 United States
7.2.5 Localised vs anglicised forms
8 Punctuation
8.1 Ampersand
8.2 Apostrophe
8.2.1 Singular nouns
8.2.2 Singular nouns ending in s
8.2.3 Plural nouns ending in s
8.2.4 Plural nouns not ending in s
8.2.5 Exceptions
8.3 Brackets
8.4 Colon
8.5 Comma
8.6 Dash
8.7 Exclamation mark
8.8 Forward slash
8.9 Full stop
8.10 Hyphen
8.10.1 Compound modifiers
8.10.2 Prefixes and suffixes
8.10.3 Phrasal nouns and verbs
8.10.4 Suspension hyphen
8.11 Parentheses
8.12 Question mark
8.13 Semicolon
9 Quotations
9.1 Punctuation
9.2 Capitalisation
9.3 Block quotations
9.4 Corrections
9.5 Ellipses
9.6 Scare quotes
9.7 Other uses for quotation marks
10 Spelling
10.1 Digraphs
10.2 Irregular past tense forms
10.3 ‐ise versus –ize
10.4 Problematic plurals
11 Tables and figures
11.1 Referring to tables and figures in the text
11.2 Headings
11.3 Figures
11.4 Tables
11.4.1 Format
11.4.2 Abbreviations
11.4.3 Notes
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V Usage guide
1 Format and headings
2 Sentences
2.1 Length
2.2 Emphasis
3 Paragraphs
3.1 Length
3.2 Indents and line breaks
4 Grammar
4.1 Active and passive voice
4.2 Agreement
4.2.1 Singular verbs
4.2.2 Plural verbs
4.2.3 Singular or plural verbs
4.2.4 Definite and indefinite articles
4.2.5 Sums of money and other numbers
4.3 Articles
4.4 Modifiers
4.4.1 Dangling modifiers
4.4.2 Misplaced modifiers
4.4.3 Word order
4.5 Pronouns
4.6 Folklore rules
5 Vocabulary
5.1 UK and US differences
5.2 Jargon
5.3 Wordiness
5.3.1 Remove false subjects
5.3.2 Replace wordy phrases with single words
5.3.3 Replace long or pompous words with simple words
5.3.4 Remove redundancy
5.3.5 Remove empty words
5.3.6 Replace nominalisations with verbs
VI Appendix
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I Introduction
This style guide is for editors at Maastricht University (UM). It may also be of use to
communications and other staff who regularly write documents in English, and editors at
other Dutch universities. We have tried to cover the most common issues that arise in the
Dutch university setting, using localised examples as far as possible. Note, however, that for
academic papers being submitted to journals you will need to refer to their spelling and
referencing styles; information on gender‐inclusive and nonsexist language is not included
here but is available on request.
This is a living document, and it will change. In all cases we have tried to use the most
‘progressive’ forms of usage to fit with UM’s desired profile, and to ensure that this
document stays current as long as possible. Moreover, we envisage ‘international’ English as
requiring as few rules or exceptions as possible to minimise idiosyncrasies for our
nonnative‐speaking writers and readers. This manifests itself in several ways: while we opt
for recognisably British spelling, we use the US variants where they are more regularised; in
other cases (e.g. punctuation) we choose the option which is the same as or closest to
Dutch.
This document first sets out the usual editing procedure used in the UM Translation and
Editing Department. It then provides guidelines for dealing with the most regular types of
information and documents. A section on the mechanics of editorial style follows, and finally
a brief usage guide.
Thanks go to Corien Gijsbers and Casey Odell for their input. Comments and suggestions
from editors and other staff are more than welcome: please send them to
alison.edwards@languages.unimaas.nl.
Alison Edwards
Translation and Editing Department
Language Centre, Maastricht University
October 2008
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II Editing procedure
Edit with the adversarial client in mind. This helps you think consciously about how you
would justify your changes – and the best way to do that is to know you have support of
established style guides. At UM the two most important are the European Commission style
guide1 and the Oxford Guide to Style2 – these are must‐reads. The Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (APA) is useful to have on hand for its referencing style,
while useful usage guides include anything from the Plain Language campaign3 (but try to
choose UK sources). Use the latest Oxford dictionary for spelling.
1 Make sure you have the track changes on (set to hide, if you prefer) and the
language set to UK English.
2 Copyedit the entire document: this is a sentence‐level edit in which you fix grammar,
spelling, punctuation, capitalisation, word choice, references and so on. Highlight
anything you cannot resolve immediately to come back to later.
3 Structural edit and proofread
a. If you have not already, hide (but do not turn off) the track changes so they
do not distract you.
b. Go through the document a second time to structural edit. This involves
taking a broader approach to aim for overall cohesion: adding connectors,
splitting or joining paragraphs, comparing heading and citation styles,
deleting or synthesising repeated information and logically restructuring.
c. Deal with any parts you highlighted earlier.
d. Check the spelling and wording of all proper names. Add any new proper
names or other useful words to the word list appendixed to this style guide.
e. Use comments to suggest changes if you are doubtful about whether to make
the change yourself, or to ask questions of the author if the meaning is
ambiguous – in which case, always provide a few options for the author to
choose from.
In most cases you will do a to e and proofread (look for remaining typographical
errors, run a spell check, etc.) at the same time. If you have more time and the client
has explicitly asked for perfection, you can separate the structural editing and
proofreading stages.
4 When you are finished, add your initials to the file name and record how long you
spent on the document. A good average for editing is about 1500 words per hour.
This might go up to 2000 or more for excellent documents, or down to 1000 for very
ordinary ones. Be sure to also record any time you spend researching (the
1
European Commission Directorate‐General for Translation (2007). English style guide: a handbook for
authors and translators in the European Commission (5th edn). Available online at
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/translation/writing/style_guides/english/atyle_guide_en.pdf
2
Ritter, R.M. (ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style. Oxford: OUP
3
www.plainenglish.co.uk
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referencing style, technical vocabulary etc.). You can charge this to the client within
reason; however, if you spend time looking for something not strictly required for
the text at hand but you think would be handy to know for the future, record it on
your timesheet as ‘research’ but do not charge it to the client.
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III Document types
1 Journal articles
When you edit academic or scientific papers intended for publication, find out which journal
the client is submitting too. You can then search the internet for the relevant submission
guidelines/instructions for authors to check
• whether to use UK or US spelling
• the word count and required subheadings for the abstract
• the word count for the body text
• the referencing style. The two most common are APA and Vancouver. Having
sources for these styles at hand is useful, but usually the journal itself will also
provide a short sample reference list. You will often find small discrepancies
between this list and the versions set out in the manuals. In such cases, copy the
style on the journal website; this can give the journal editors no cause to complain.
Print the submission guidelines for each journal your clients submit to and archive the
hardcopy. This will save you having to search for it again.
1.1 Terminology
Particularly in scientific writing, you will often come across vocabulary and grammar that
seem odd to a nonspecialist. Always look up such cases on the internet (use the advanced
search option to specify a country if necessary), because all disciplines have their
idiosyncrasies. Having said that, if you find no instances of the word or phrase used in this
way, it is likely a learner error rather than specialist usage. If you are really unsure, leave a
comment in the text asking for clarification (and be sure to supply a few alternatives).
Use of the first person in academic texts is becoming more common and even encouraged,
not least because one, this author, this researcher and other circumlocutions can sound
pretentious and old fashioned, while writing around I and we often leads to passivity and
wordiness. Do not deliberately impose the first person in all academic texts, but note that
there is no real need to eliminate it either.
If a particular document reports the findings of more than one study, use an initial capital
for Study 1, Study 2, etc. Likewise, write Experiment 4, Trial 5 and so on (but phase II trial).
1.2 Tenses
Pay attention to the tenses used in each section of academic papers. Try to follow the
guidelines below.
• Introduction and outline (metalanguage in)4
Simple present:
This paper investigates ...
4
‘The language we use when we write about our own writing or thinking.’ Williams, J.M. (1995). Style:
toward clarity and grace (p. 53). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
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Chapter 2 deals with ...
• Literature review
Simple past (specified date):
Van Rijn (2008) showed that ...
Present perfect (unspecified date to present):
Studies have shown that ...
Simple present (established knowledge):
Cancer is treated using ...
• Method and results
Simple past:
The interviews were held ...
Incidence decreased ...
• Discussion and conclusions
Simple present:
These findings suggest that ...
• Tables and figures
Simple present:
Table 1 shows that ...
Figure 4 presents ...
1.3 Italics
Use italics
• to set off items on a scale:
The items ranged from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree)
• for letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables:
t test: t(75) = 3.11
F test: F(1, 53) = 10.03
p = .03
M = 3.45
SD = 7
1.4 Symbols
In text use spaces between symbols like +, ‐, =, <, > and × to make them easier to read.
a + b = c
a > b
(a + b)/(c + d)
10 × 20 km
N = 10,430
n = 700
Note that the uppercase N signifies the whole sample, while the lowercase n is for groups
within the sample (e.g. men, unemployed, smokers).
In tables, where space is tight, close symbols up to letters or numbers before and after
them.
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1.5 Tables and figures
Retain the client’s layout in tables and figures. If it is particularly poor, refer to the relevant
sections in either the Oxford or APA manual, and provide suggestions in comments. You can
edit the headings and data as set out in IV.11. TABLES & FIGURES.
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2 Legal documents
Legal documents can be more difficult to edit than others because of the weight attached to
precision. This may require, for example, leaving repeated nouns which you might otherwise
replace with pronouns. But as your aim with all documents will be for clarity, there is no
need substantially to change your approach here. Delete needless words as usual and
untangle complex chunks to make them digestible. Garner5 points out that you should ‘draft
for an ordinary reader, not for a mythical judge who might someday review the document.’
Writing for the reader helps prevent documents being litigated; writing for the judge only
helps in the worst‐case scenario of actual litigation (and fewer than 1% of legal documents
are ever subjected to this).
2.1 Capitalisation
Capitalise articles, laws, acts and conventions (but not paragraphs) on specific references,
but lowercase them for general references or those in any configuration other than the
proper name.
as referred to in Article 7.12 (4) of the Dutch Higher Education and Scientific
Research Act (WHW)
as referred to in all three higher education and research acts
subject to the conditions set out in Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Collective Labour
Agreement of Dutch Universities (CAO‐NU)
subject to the conditions of the Dutch universities’ labour agreement
stipulated in articles 11 to 14 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
(UNCRC)
a number of UN conventions deal with children’s and women’s rights
2.2 Treaty names
In both legal and non‐legal texts (but not legislation) you need only use the short names of
treaties.
EC Treaty According to Article 78(2) EC, …
Euratom Treaty Under Article 13(3) Euratom, first subparagraph …
Maastricht Treaty As stated in Article 2 EU, …
2.3 Italics
Legal documents often include lots of Latin loanwords. Italicise them if they are still seen as
foreign, but not if they are in common English use (see IV.3.1. FOREIGN WORDS IN COMMON
ENGLISH USE) unless they appear close to one which must be italicised.
Also italicise the names of parties in legal cases, e.g. Bakker v. Van Rijn (but note that the v.
between them is set in roman type).
2.4 Words and phrases
Ease the burden on readers of legal documents by replacing legal jargon and archaic words
with everyday words as far as possible. Words like henceforth, heretofore, and wherein
5
Garner, B.A. (2001). Legal writing in plain English (p. 91). Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 7
‘were perky in Shakespeare’s time, but they are no longer in common‐enough use that they
instantly convey our intent’.6
domicile house, flat, residence
henceforth from now on
herein in this (agreement etc.)
heretofore previously
in the event that if
inasmuch as since, because
is of the opinion believes
provided that as long as
subsequent to after
thereafter later
Likewise, remove unnecessary phrases and split up long sentences to make them more
readable.
The electives may be earned by students by taking a course from another master’s
programme at any other faculty or university provided that a proposal to that
effect is submitted to the Education Desk for approval by the Director of Studies
by means of a learning agreement (in accordance with the procedure governing
the study period abroad of the IRO).
Students may take their electives elsewhere if they submit a learning agreement
to the Education Desk in line with the IRO’s study abroad procedure, and if the
Director of Studies approves this agreement.
Be wary of the ambiguity of shall: in legal writing it is supposed to mean ‘has a duty to’ but
courts have variously ruled it as meaning must, may, will and is. US states have begun
systematically replacing it in legal documents with must (for requirements) and will or
agrees to (for contractual promises).7
Encourage the client to minimise definitions and use informative headings for sections and
articles rather than numbers alone (this makes it easier for readers to scan to the relevant
section.
We use the following set phrases for appeals information and disclaimers.
Pursuant to the General Administrative Law Act, you may lodge a complaint with the
Executive Board against this decision within six weeks.
Although this brochure was made with the utmost care, no rights can be derived
from it.
6
Lauchman, R. (2008). Plain language: A handbook for writers in the U.S. federal government (p. 46).
Rockville, MD: Lauchman Group. Available online at www.lauchmangroup.com/PDFfiles/PLHandbook.pdf
7
Garner, B.A. (2001). Legal writing in plain English (p. 105). Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 8
3 Letters and emails
In letters and emails get to the point right away: readers want to know immediately why
you have contacted them. Refer to yourself and your department/organisation in the first
person – it will be clear from the address on your letter or below your email signature who
you are. Aim for at most three or four sentences per paragraph.
3.1 Salutations
Dear student,
Best regards,
Dear Ms/Mr ... ,
Yours sincerely,
The practice of using full names is also becoming increasingly common, to avoid the gender‐
specific Mr/Ms.
Dear Jannie Hanssen,
Yours sincerely,
In extremely formal letters when you do not know the recipients names, you can use
Dear Sir/Madam,
Yours faithfully,
3.2 Openers
In response to your email of 15 April, ...
Thank you for applying for our course in ...
This is to inform you that ...
Thank you for your enquiry of 22 August.
Further to our telephone conversation, ...
I am pleased to inform you that …
3.2 Closers
Please contact us if you have questions.
I trust this information is sufficient.
I would be grateful if you could forward me ...
We trust that you will give this matter your immediate attention.
If in the meantime you have already paid, please ignore this letter.
We look forward to seeing you then.
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4 Meeting minutes
Use the following subheadings to open your meeting minutes:
• Date
• Location
• Present
• Absent/apologies
For the minutes proper, number each agenda item (and the subtopics within them) and
highlight the action to be taken. A useful way of doing this is to use columns with the
following subheadings.
No. Topic Situation, decision, results Action by When
2 Classroom Because more classes are running this year, we Julia 1 Dec
availability need to find more rooms to house them. Need
to look into leasing rooms from local businesses.
Unlike in Dutch,8 write meeting minutes just as you would reported speech in English:
• am/are becomes was/were
• was/were becomes had been
• will becomes would.
Director: I am satisfied with the plans
The director said she was satisfied with the plans
Geert: I was ill last week
Geert said he had been ill the previous week
Chair: We have been looking into new assessment methods
The chair said they had been looking into new assessment methods
Investor: I will transfer the money
The investor said she would transfer the money
Spokesperson: We are satisfied the matter has been resolved
The spokesperson said they were satisfied the matter had been resolved
Department head: The management team will be looking into it
The department head said the finance team would be looking into it/would look
into it
Jana: I would have finished the proposal but I ran out of time
Jana said she would have finished the proposal but she had run out of time
8
Dutch business reports and meeting minutes tend to be written in the present tense, e.g. ‘In 2002 the
following plants are introduced.’ Burrough‐Boenisch, J. (1998). Righting English that’s gone Dutch (p. 93).
The Hague: Kemper Conseil Publishing
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5 Promotional material
Promotional material can include brochures, flyers, internal communication emails and
website copy (see also 7. WEB‐RELATED COPY). At the Language Centre and elsewhere in the
university, we use it most often to advertise our educational products and attract visitors to
events.
The most important principle of copywriting or editing promotional material – and one of
the main tenets of the Plain Language campaign – is to address the reader directly. This has
the most immediate impact, and helps you avoid abstract, vague writing as well as the need
to use gender specific terms.9 Combine it with the present tense wherever possible.
Students will learn to combine theory with practice.
You learn to combine theory with practice.
The objective is to provide the participants with the professional knowledge,
practical skills and decision‐making competences which are necessary for the
execution of management tasks.
The aim is to provide you with the professional knowledge, practical skills and
decision‐making competences you need to carry out your management tasks.
The Problem‐Based Learning (PBL) study method provides students with a thorough
knowledge base and is very effective in preparing them for their later
professional careers.
Problem‐Based Learning (PBL) provides you with a thorough knowledge base and
effective preparation for your career.
Also use this technique in any documents that specifically address students, staff, or
particular groups of them (such as instructions for handing in papers, calling in sick etc.).
Students must submit their papers at the front office before 23 July.
Submit your paper at the front office before 23 July.
International students with a non‐EU/EEA nationality who will be doing a traineeship
as part of their studies in the Netherlands do not need a work permit anymore.
If you do not have EU/EEA citizenship and will do a traineeship as part of your
studies in the Netherlands, you no longer need a work permit.
In the case that an employee has a complaint about an incident that took place at a
faculty, s/he should submit this complaint in writing to the dean.
To complain about an incident that took place at your faculty, submit a written
complaint to the dean.
Likewise, do not be afraid of using the first person. You can certainly use ‘we’ to mean your
client’s office, department, faculty or the university, provided the reference is clear.
To make your document look readable, use lots of white space, split up long paragraphs,
and use bullet lists where you can.
The course fee can be paid by students in person at the Language Centre by bank or
credit card (payments by cash are no longer possible). They also have the option
of transferring the fee to the Language Centre bank account. It is necessary for
use that the students mention the course code and participant name when
9
U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission (1998). A plain English handbook: How to create clear SEC
disclosure documents (p. 22). Washington: Author. Available online at www.sec.gov/pdf/handbook.pdf
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 11
making the payment. Extra charges for international bank transfers from abroad
are to be covered by the participant. Students can also pay by internal transfer
using one of the following LC order numbers, stating the participant’s name and
course code: 5010NL for Dutch language courses or 1020EN for English language
courses.
You can pay the course fee:
• at the Language Centre by bank or credit card
• by bank transfer (you will need to pay any international transfer charges)
• by internal transfer using order number 5010NL (Dutch courses) or
1020EN (English courses).
For bank and internal transfers please state the course code and participant
name.
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6 UM‐related copy
6.1 Courses, programmes and exams
Lowercase bachelor’s and master’s unless used in an official degree name, and always use
the possessive apostrophe.
a bachelor’s programme
the master’s thesis
The faculty has 700 bachelor’s and 400 master’s students
Use initial capitals for the official names of UM degree programmes, but lowercase
references to general fields of study.
BSc in Health Sciences
She is a third‐year Health Sciences student
This is a common occurrence in the health sciences
Master of Arts in European Public Affairs
He is studying European Public Affairs
European public affairs are becoming increasingly complex
The Master in Media Culture is unique in Europe
The master’s programme in Media Culture is unique in Europe
Also use initial capitals for the names of courses and exams.
She has signed up for Advanced Speaking Skills
Intellectual Property Law starts on September 1
The Cambridge First Certificate examination is held in Eindhoven
The Health Services Innovation exam has been cancelled
6.2 Lectures and conferences
Use initial capitals for the names of conferences and symposia.
Maastricht Behavioural and Experimental Economics Symposium
5th Conference on Computers and Games (CG2006)
International Conference on Factor Structures for Panel and Multivariate Time Series
Data
1st International Conference on Human–Robot Personal Relationships
Also use initial capitals for each word in the names of lecture series. For individual lectures,
use an initial capital for the worst word only, and set the title in single quotation marks.
The Science in the Modern World lecture series starts on Tuesday
The first lecture in the Party Drugs series will be ‘Imaging the effects of ecstasy in the
brain’
The closing Pfizer series lecture was ‘Genome approaches to complex cardiovascular
traits’
6.3 Positions
Too many capitals can make job names look pretentious and dated. Reserve them only for
positions of extreme importance (Prime Minister Balkenende, Chancellor Merkel) and actual
titles (i.e. honorifics: Professor Kools, Dr Jakobs). Minimise them in university positions by
separating the job name from the personal name and using it descriptively.
the dean, Dr Mieke Gijsbers, ...
Franka Bruns, president of the Executive Board, ...
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 13
vice chair of the Examination Committee, Daan Visser, ...
Professor Jelle de Bruin, director of the institute, ...
the treasurer, Femke Janssen, ...
the newspaper’s editor in chief, Jannie Hiddinck, ...
Use the following pattern for academic chairs and professor‐, lecture‐ and fellowships. Note
that we use the British terms lecturer and senior lecturer (not assistant professor and
associate professor).
the Geert Hofstede Chair on Cultural Diversity
Dr Michael van Asselt, special chair in European Institutions
Professor Lisa Bongaerts, chair of European Legal History
Miep Meltzer, professor of Comparative Literature
Lisa Waddington, Extraordinary Professor of European Disability Law
a lecturer in European and Comparative Law
the senior lecturer in Preventative Mental Healthcare
a research fellow at the Maastricht Centre for Human Rights
the Marie Curie fellow at the Centre of European Law and Politics (ZERP)
The teaching position below that of a lecturer is a tutor; reserve teacher for school teachers.
Also, do not refer to staff as faculty. This is jargon, and can be confusing if you need to refer
to an actual faculty in the same sentence.
Positions are normally expressed in full‐time equivalents (fte) in the Netherlands. This is less
widespread elsewhere, especially in English‐speaking countries. In documents intended for
non‐Dutch readerships, provide a conversion into hours per week.
1.0 (38 hours per week) 0.5 (19 hours per week)
0.8 (32 hours per week) 0.2 (8 hours per week)
6.4 Titles
Dutch tends to use more honorifics than is usual in English; their overuse in English can look
pretentious. There are two categories: social and academic titles.
6.4.1 Social titles
The only acceptable social titles are Mr and Ms.10 Reserve these only for letter salutations –
in the vast majority of documents they can be omitted with no loss of courtesy or authority.
Dear Mrs Bakker, ...
Dear Ms Bakker, ...
Contact Ms van Kampen on 85132
Contact Katja van Kampen on 85132
Submit your paper to Mr G. Hagen
Submit your paper to Gerard Hagen
I would like to welcome Miss Prins to our team.
I would like to welcome Iris Prins to our team.
6.4.2 Academic titles
The only two academic titles in English are Dr and Prof. These need only appear on first
reference to the person in a given document (unless the references are separated by many
10
See ‘Nonsexist language reform in ESL institutions: Guidelines for gender‐neutral language use at
Maastricht University’ (2008; available from author)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 14
pages, in which case you can repeat them). Write out Professor in running text. If the person
referred to has no academic title, refer to them by full name on first reference and last
name only on second and subsequent references.
Dr Grietje van Rijn has been awarded a Vici grant from KNAW. Van Rijn received the
award for her research into ...
Professor Odin Harmers and his team have discovered a new biomarker in the fight
against heart infarctions. ‘It’s a great find’, says Harmers.
Faculty of Law student Monique Viviers has led the moot court team to victory.
Viviers went up against last year’s winner from Luxembourg, ...
Avoid titles not normally used in English,11 e.g. drs., ir., mr. , as few non‐Dutch readers will
know what they mean. Even if your text is for internal use only, keep in mind that over 30%
of the university population is from abroad, and replace them with a suitable English
equivalent.
Drs. K. Molenaar K. Molenaar, MSc/MA
mr. Johann Smeets Johann Smeets, LLB
Ir. Eefke Konijn Eefke Konijn, MSc
But be aware that degree abbreviations in English usually only appear when it is essential
that the qualification be known (e.g. on a business card).
If no suitable abbreviation can be agreed upon (as is sometimes the case for people who
graduated before the BA/MA system was implemented in the Netherlands), use the Dutch
title but emphasise to the client that this could obscure their true qualifications. Italicise it
to show that it is not an English word and stop titles like mr. and drs. being mistaken for
spelling errors.12
Likewise, avoid transferring multiple titles (e.g. Prof. Dr) from Dutch13; usually English only
takes the highest. If it is essential, put the degree abbreviation after the name.
Prof. Dr. A Janssen Prof. A. Janssen, PhD
6.5 Faculties, departments and other bodies
Use initial capitals for the official names of institutes, centres, committees, faculties,
departments and so on. Lowercase them when you refer to them by just a descriptor.
Follow the pattern below for other configurations, e.g. plurals.
Maastricht University
the university, Maastricht and Leiden universities
The Randwyck Learning and Resource Centre
the centre, the learning and resource centres in Randwyck and the inner city
The Student Introduction Committee
the committee, the Student Introduction and the Orientation Week committees
11
E.g. European Commission Directorate‐General for Translation (2007). English style guide: a handbook
for authors and translators in the European Commission (5th edn, p. 49)
12
Burrough‐Boenisch, J. (1998). Righting English that’s gone Dutch (p. 99). The Hague: Kemper Conseil
Publishing
13
Ibid, p. 101; Wegener, P. (2007). University of Amsterdam style guide (p. 1). Available online at
http://www.medewerker.uva.nl/huisstijl/object.cfm/objectid=597DF449‐BE21‐46DD‐
83F0C75A7416A5E2.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 15
the Executive Board
the board; the Executive, Faculty and Library boards
Use these guidelines for departments and faculties.
the Department of History
the department, the history department, the history and philosophy
departments, the departments of History and Philosophy
the Department of Pathology, the Department of Anatomy and Embriology, and the
Department of Phramacology and Toxicology
the departments of Pathology; Anatomy and Embriology; and Phramacology and
Toxicology
the Faculty of Law
the faculty, the law faculty, the law and psychology faculties, the faculties of Law
and Psychology
the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, the Faculty of Law, and the Faculty of
Economics and Business Administration
the faculties of Arts and Social Sciences, Law, and Economics and Business
Administration
the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and the Faculty of Economics and Business
Administration
the faculties of Arts & Social Sciences and Economics & Business Administration
See also IV.2.4. CAPITALISATION: COMPANIES, INSTITUTIONS & ORGANISATIONS
6.6 Rooms, lecture halls and buildings
Keep capitals to a minimum in the names of rooms, lecture halls and buildings.
Her office is in room 402
You can find us in room 0.034
The lecture will be in the Blauwe zaal
The Karl Dittrich zaal is free then
It starts in lecture hall A‐101 at 19.30 sharp
The cafeteria is in the UNS40 building
The C‐building is closed for renovation
We are located at SSK39
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 16
7 Web‐related copy
Write website copy using the same principles as for promotional material: directly address
your reader wherever possible, and use short sentences and paragraphs. Your reader should
not have to scroll too much, so use bookmarks or split long texts over several linked pages.
7.1 Commands/instructions
Use initial capitals for all words indicating keys, boxes, buttons, tabs, icons, menus and
menu items, and drives.
Press the Home key to move the cursor to the start of the line.
In the Customise Toolbar box, click on Add New Toolbar.
Select the Settings button.
In the Audio tab, set the volume to mute.
Right click the Scense icon and select Open Scense.
Go to the File menu and select Open.
Double click on the I: or J: drive, depending on where you want to save your work.
If any of the above has four or more words, use an initial capital for the first word only and
set the phrase in single inverted commas.
In the Time Zone box, select ‘Automatically adjust clock for daylight saving changes’.
Under ‘Add or remove programs’, click on ‘Set program access and defaults’.
You can also use the > sign to indicate sequential steps. Here you do not need inverted
commas for longer commands; because you are not using full sentences between the
symbols, it is clear that all words belong to the command.
For more information, go to Help > Guided Tour
Go to Start > Control Panel > Accessibility Options > Show extra keyboard help in
programs
Use + to indicate that keys must be pressed simultaneously.
Press Ctrl+A to select all text.
If the screen freezes, press Ctrl+Alt+Del.
7.2 Web and email addresses
To insert web and email addresses in digital documents
• add a hyperlink over the relevant word(s)
• use a full stop after a hyperlink only if it appears in a full sentence in running text.
The exams are organised externally by the British Council.
More information is available via the Complaints Committee.
For an appointment, contact Careers Services counsellor Jeanne Bruin.
Send your suggestions to the translations department.
Contact Marianne de Beurs by email or phone 87398.
Dick Kraft: 043 887 398/email
In hardcopy documents
• try to put web and email addresses that appear in body text in parentheses so they
do not interrupt flow
• use lowercase letters and underline the address
• do not include the prefix http://, as it is added automatically by internet browsers
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 17
• use a full stop after an address only if it appears in a full sentence in running text.
The exams are organised externally by the British Council (www.britishcouncil.org).
More information is available on our website (www.unimaas.nl; go to Employees >
Complaints Committee).
Contact the Careers Services counsellor (jeanne.bruin@careers.nl) for an
appointment.
Send your suggestions to translations@unimaas.nl.
Contact Marianne de Beurs on 87398 or at mdebeurs@contact.nl.
Dick Kraft: 043 887 398/dkraft@contact.nl
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 18
IV Editorial style
1 Abbreviations
Abbreviations are for the convenience of both the writer and reader. Use them well and you
will convey more information faster; use them poorly and you will confuse and annoy
readers.
To avoid cluttering your documents only introduce an abbreviation if you need to refer to it
at least three times. Upon first reference write the name out in full and give the
abbreviation in parentheses (not the other way round), e.g. The Language Centre (LC) was
founded in 1989. You can then use the abbreviation in all subsequent references. If it
appears many times, you may want to alternate with a descriptive term, e.g. the centre, or,
if appropriate, replace it with ‘we’. If a less common abbreviation does not recur for some
pages you may decide to write it out again on subsequent use.
Whether an abbreviation is common enough for you not to have to spell it out first time will
depend on the text and the readership: you generally do not have to write out USA, UK and
EU. The client’s department or faculty may not need further explanation in internal
documents. Some abbreviations are actually better known in their short form: IQ, HIV, DNA,
etc. For all others simply use your best judgement, but err on the side of caution.
If you need to introduce numerous abbreviations, try to stagger them in different sentences
or even paragraphs rather than bombarding the reader with them all at once.
1.1 Types of abbreviations
Abbreviations are formed when:
• a word is truncated (use a full stop)14
Prof. etc. ed. fig.
• a word is contracted (do not use a full stop)
Dr Mr Attn bldg
• the ends of multiple words are cut off:
acronyms can be pronounced as a word. If they have five or more letters, they often
come to be lowercased.
NATO AIDS CARE Unicef
initialisms cannot be pronounced as a word. They take full stops only when
lowercased.
EU UN APA e.g. i.e.15
1.2 Articles
Use indefinite articles before abbreviations as you word for any other word.
14
But to minimise punctuation in common abbreviations, do not use a full stop after the truncated forms
for days and months, e.g. Jan., Wed.
15
As in note 14, do not use full stops in am and pm.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 19
A before consonant sound
a UN resolution a BA degree
An before vowel sound
an HIV test an MA programme
For definite articles, use the for abbreviations which cannot be pronounced as a word, e.g.
the EU (but note the exception of UM, not the UM). Do not use the for pronounceable
acronyms, e.g. FIFA, Unesco.
1.3 Plurals and possessives
Possessives of abbreviations are formed with an apostrophe, like all other possessives: the
CEO’s report (see IV.8.2. APOSTROPHE). Likewise, plurals are formed just as others are, without
an apostrophe: UFOs, IQs, FAQs. The only exception is if they are single lowercase letters
which could otherwise lead to misreading: dot your i’s. For abbreviations which end in a full
stop (vol., no.), replace the stop with an s (vols, nos).
Except occasionally hrs and yrs, abbreviations of units of measurement (bps, cm, g, ha, km,
kg, min, sec, etc.) have no plural form in scientific writing.
1.4 Positioning
In general texts, only use abbreviations like e.g., i.e., etc. and vs or for days (Wed) and
months (Feb) in parentheses, footnotes, lists and tables. Note, though, that they are
acceptable in technical and academic writing, or in documents they appear many times in
for convenience, like this one.
1.5 Punctuation
Given the trend towards minimal punctuation, we do not use full stops for some common
truncated forms and lowercase initialisms which would otherwise take them: days and
months (Tues, Mar), as well as am and pm. Nor do we use full stops for abbreviated units of
measurement (bps, cm, g, ha, km, kg, hr, min, sec, yr, etc.) and academic degrees (BA, BSc,
LLB, MA, MSc, MBA, MPhil, LLM, PhD, DLitt, DPhil, MD).
Do not use commas
• before Jr, Sr, Inc., and Ltd
• after e.g. and i.e.
• before etc. if only one item is named:
We use a second marker for all academic papers (master’s theses etc.)
But do use commas
• around degree abbreviations
Sandrijn H. Pauker, MD, attended ...
• before etc. if more than one item is listed:
We use a second marker for all academic papers (bachelor’s essays, master’s
theses, PhD dissertations, etc.)
NB. If your list begins with such as, including, for example/e.g. or for instance, avoid the
redundancy of concluding it with etc.
1.6 Dutch abbreviations
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 20
Remove Dutch abbreviations from English texts: often non‐Dutch readers will not know
what they mean.
a.u.b. please
ad. 1 Note to 1.
b.b.v. by means of
bijv. e.g.
m.b.t. with regard to
m.u.v. except
n.a.v. further to
nr. no.
o.a. among others
pag. p.
t.a.v. attn
1.7 Days and months
Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1.8 List of common abbreviations
am ante meridian (before noon)
assn association
BMI body mass index
bps bits per second
c. circa
c/o care of (in addresses)
CD‐ROM compact disk – read only memory
cm centimetre(s)
dpt department
doc. document
e.g. exempli gratia (for example)
ed., eds editor, editors
edn edition16
et al. et alii (and others)
etc. et cetera
excl. excluding
fig., figs figure, figures
fte full‐time equivalents
g gram(s)
hr hour(s)
ibid. ibidem (in the same place)
i.e. id est (in other words, that is)
incl. including, inclusive
kph kilometres per hour
kW kilowatt(s)
L litre(s)
min minute(s)
16
Often the abbreviation ed. (editor) is also used to mean edition. We prefer to differentiate the two, like
Ritter, R.M. (ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style (p. 513). Oxford: OUP.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 21
mL millilitre(s)
N/A not applicable
NB nota bena (note well)
no. , nos number, numbers
pc, pcs piece, pieces
p., pp. page, pages
pp per person
PC personal computer
pm post meridian (afternoon)
PO Box Post Office Box
Pty Ltd Proprietary Limited
R&D research and development
rpm revolutions per minute
t ton(s)
V volt(s)
vs versus (but v. between party names in court cases)
W watt(s)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 22
2 Capitalisation
Too much capitalisation disrupts flow and dates faster, so aim for minimal capitalisation. In
short, use capitals for proper nouns and for the adjectives that are derived from them
where the link is still felt to be alive (e.g. Shakespearian but wellington boots).
Homeric epic
Hong Kong flu
Christian churches
Halley’s comet
This can be hard to tell, however, and is sometimes arbitrary; another option is to use
capitals when the meaning is literal, but lowercase when it is not.
Chinese craftspeople
chinese whispers
Brussels institutions
brussels sprouts
French wine
french fries
Moroccan climate
morocco leather
Arabic numbers (those used by Arabic‐speaking people)
arabic numbers (English meaning)
Roman alphabet (that of the actual Romans)
roman alphabet (English meaning)
Platonic (of Plato)
platonic love
Herculean (of Hercules)
herculean (big)
2.1 Art, architecture and music
For baroque, classical, romantic, etc., capitalise the first letter when talking about an era,
age or period, but not when using it simply as an adjective.
the Classical era
classical music
the Baroque period
a baroque building
Impressionism, the Impressionists (actual art movement)
an impressionistic painting
NB. Never capitalise the prefix neo:
neoclassical
neocolonialism
neo‐Cartesian
Capitalise the first letter of each word for operas, concertos, symphonies and other musical
compositions, but not in the words flat, sharp, major and minor.
B‐flat Nocturne
Concerto no. 2 for Piano and Orchestra
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 23
Bach’s Mass in B minor
Hungarian Rhapsody no. 12
Symphony no. 6 in F major
Mozart’s Piano Concerto in E flat
2.2 Awards and prizes
Capitalise the names of awards and prizes as follows.
the Nobel Prize for Literature
a Nobel Prize winner
the UM Education Prize
an Education Prize winner
the Ius Commune Prize
an Academy Award
2.3 Books, periodicals and document parts
In running text, capitalise the first letter of book titles and subtitles, and the first letter of
each word for periodicals (magazines, newspapers, journals etc.). If the periodical title
consists of more than one word, do not capitalise or italicise the. For reference lists, refer to
an authoritative source for the specific referencing style.
The Economist
the Financial Times
the Algemeen Dagblad
Der Spiegel
the International Journal of Bilinguialism
A short history of the Netherlands
Research methods in politics: An introduction
Capitalise the first letter for specific parts of books or documents.
Chapter 9
Section 4.2
Appendix A
Part V
Figure 8
Table 2.1
as mentioned in the Methods section
see Results
but chapters 11–14
But lowercase generic titles when not followed by serial number.
The results are shown in the appendix (cf. see Appendix B)
In the third part... (cf. in Part 3 ... )
2.4 Companies, institutions and organisations
Like faculties, departments, institutes and so on, use initial capitals for the official names of
companies, organisations and institutions outside the university, and lowercase letters
when you refer to them by just a descriptor.
the Dutch East India Company
the company
the Brouwer Group bv
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 24
the group
the Association of Dutch Universities (VSNU)
the association
the Dutch Validation Council (DVC)
the council
Dutch‐Flemish Accreditation Organisation (NVAO)
the organisation
If a company spells its name with an initial lowercase letter, do the same. Only use an initial
capital if it appears at the start of a sentence and there is no sensible way of rephrasing.
eBay
facebook
the azM University Hospital
2.5 History and military
Capitalise the names of geological and historical periods.
the Age of Reason the Iron Age
the Bronze Age the Middle Ages
the Common Era the Paleozoic (era)
the Enlightenment the Reformation
the Great Depression the Renaissance
But note that modern periods often take lowercase letters.
the atomic age the nuclear age
the information age the space age
Capitalise the names of wars, revolutions and specific battles.
the Battle of Britain17 the Korean War
the Boer War the Second World War
the Cultural Revolution the Thirty Years War
the Industrial Revolution World War I
Also capitalise the proper names of armies, navies, air forces, fleets, regiments, battalions,
companies, corps etc. (e.g. the Royal Netherlands Army, the Royal Navy), but lowercase
references not using the official name (the Dutch army, the British navy).
the Allies the Green Berets
the Axis powers the Luftwaffe
First Battalion 178th Infantry
Capitalise the names of natural phenomena or disasters as well.
the Black Death El Niño
the Great Fire of London Hurricane Katrina
2.6 Peoples and places
Capitalise the names of ethnic/national groups, languages and their related adjectives and
verbs.
Dutch Arabs
Europeanise Xhosa
17
Only when accepted as an official name; c.f. the third battle of Ypres, the battle for Split
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 25
Always capitalise place names. The only source of confusion here is when points of a
compass are involved. With east and west, capitalise them if you are referring to a political
or cultural notion (non‐Western educational traditions) but not in a purely geographic sense
(the university is located in northwest Europe).18
Likewise, use initial capitals for North, South, East and West when part of a proper name or
a formal geographical area, but not when they refer to a direction or a general area.19
West Africa (a region with a political identity)
southern Africa (a geographical region)
South Limburg (the official designation for this part of the Dutch province)
the southern Netherlands (a geographical area)
Northern Ireland (the country)
northern England (the area)
This extends to the use of common nouns, which are capitalised in a governmental or local
council sense.
the City of Maastricht the Province of Limburg
Greater London the State of New York
Just as you would for companies and institutions, capitalise references to specific place
names but not general references.
the Royal Palace the palace
the Magna Plaza the plaza
London Bridge the bridge
Tiananmen Square the square
the Spanish Steps the steps
the Babri Mosque the mosque
the Panama Canal the canal
the Ottoman Empire the empire
the Russian Federation the federation
Also capitalise place names which are legendary or popular.
the Big Apple the Eternal City
the City of Light the Promised Land
When proper names appear alongside each other, the shared element which thus becomes
plural is no longer capitalised.
the Rhine River the Rhine and Maas rivers
the Atlantic Ocean the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
Kent Street George and Kent streets
For non‐English street names, do not use a definite article even if one appears in the original
language.
You can find our office at Leliestraat 14b
The Language Centre is in Sint Servaasklooster
Grote Gracht is the main shopping street
18
Avoid terms such as ‘the western world’, which imply that everything is viewed from the standpoint of
the West, and the use of ‘westernised’ to mean developed or industrialised. World Health Organization
(2004). WHO style guide (p. 11). Malta: Author. Available online at
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO_IMD_PUB_04.1.pdf
19
Ibid
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 26
The building at Grote Looiersstraat 17 is closed
The economics faculty is in Tongerseweg
2.7 Politics
2.7.1 Governments and government entities
Capitalise the official names of governments and government entities, but lowercase
general references.
the Department of the Environment
the department
the Ministry of Industry and Technology
the ministry
the Government of the Netherlands
the Dutch government
the States‐General (parliament) of the Netherlands
the parliament
2.7.1 Political parties
Capitalise the names of specific parties, their voters and factions, but not general
movements or descriptors.
the Socialist Party
socialism in France
the Communists’ leader
the communist movement
the ChristenUnie (Christian Union) party
ChristenUnie supporters
the Conservative Party
Conservative voters (i.e. they vote for the Conervative Party), but conservative
voters (i.e. voters who play it safe)
the Right, the Left, the Centre (as political factions)
a right‐wing nationalist
2.8 Religion
Capitalise the names of religions (except atheism, agnosticism), monotheistic deities and
their followers, but not individual roles unless used in front of the name as a title.
Islam, Muslim, Allah
Christianity, Christian, God (also the Holy Spirit, Providence, the Trinity, etc.)
Pope John Paul II the pope
Brother Daan one of the brothers
Note that pronouns for these deities are now written in lowercase, and many bibles are
being specifically rewritten to avoid the use of the exclusive male pronouns he, him, his, etc.
Use capitals for the proper names of denominations or places of worship, but not for church
buildings in a general sense.
Nichiren Buddhist Temple the temple
the Roman Catholic Church a Roman Catholic church
the Baptist Church a Baptist church
the Babri Mosque the mosque
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 27
2.9 Theories, hypotheses and models
Do not capitalise the names of theories, models, hypotheses and laws (in a scientific sense),
even if they have an abbreviation.
the critical period hypothesis (CPH)
Einstein’s theory of relativity
Newton’s first law
the labour market model
Bracht’s model of community change
2.10 Times of year
Use an initial capital for days and months, festivals, holidays and other special days, but not
for seasons (e.g. summer).
Ascension Day
Christmas Eve
Father’s Day
Independence Day
International Year of the Child
National Poetry Month
New Year’s Day
Passover
Ramadan
Remembrance Day
St Patrick’s Day
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 28
3 Foreign words
If your readers might not know what the foreign words in a text mean, follow them with an
English translation in parentheses.
Make sure you hit Opslaan (save) before you close the program
There are three categories of waste: blik (tins), plastic flessen (plastic bottles) and
papier en karton (paper and cardboard)
Set foreign words that are not seen as anglicised in italics, and retain their diacritics (pièce
de résistance, über). Once they come into common English (or UM) usage, set them in
normal roman type (résumé, gulag). These words may or may not retain their diacritics, e.g.
cliché but laissez‐faire.
A general rule of thumb is to retain the accent in words ending in é, as well as any other
accents in these words.
exposé protégé
The decision, however, can be arbitrary.
per se usually unaccented
cafe/café style guides are divided on retaining the accent; at UM we use cafe.
To minimise typographical intrusion and to take account of the multilingual UM readership,
when in doubt do not use italics or diacritics. Likewise, if a foreign word appears multiple
times in one document, only use italics on the first reference. Do, however, always retain
the original accents in personal names (see also IV.7. PEOPLE & PLACE NAMES).
3.1 Foreign words in common English use
These words of foreign origin are now seen as in common English use. Use their diacritics as
shown, but do not italicise them (or the Latin abbreviations cf., e.g., et al., etc., ibid. and i.e.)
à la carte detente par excellence
a priori facade pâté
ad hoc faux pas per capita
autobahn20 fete per se
beamer fiancé perestroika
avant‐garde führer putsch
cafe genre raison d’être
chateau glasnost regime
coup gulag résumé
crèche haute couture señor
crepe inter alia soiree
de facto jihad status quo
debacle laissez‐faire vice versa
decor naive vis‐à‐vis
déjà vu papier mâché zeitgeist
3.2 Governments
You can retain the non‐English names of governments and related entities likely to be
familiar to UM readers, as long as you explain them on first use:
20
Once they are in common English use you do not need an initial capital for German nouns.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 29
the Bundestag (the lower house of the German Parliament)
the Knesset (the legislative branch of the Israeli government)
the Duma (the Russian parliament’s lower house).
3.3 Organisations and other entities
Use the official English names of organisations, institutes and other bodies if they exist. If
the English version is an ad hoc rendering rather than an official name, put the name in the
original language in parentheses after the translation.
the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)
the North Brabant Centre for Amateur Art (Centrum voor amateurkunst Noord‐
Brabant, CVA)
Note that names of organisations, governments etc. in foreign languages are not set in
italics.
3.4 Periodicals and books
Write the names of well‐known newspapers and magazines in italics in the original
language.
NRC Hanedelsblad
Le Monde
Der Spiegel
If you are unsure the reader will be familiar with them, provide a short descriptor.
The Dutch weekly Elsevier reported ...
Translate into English any names in languages not likely to be understood locally.
Beijing’s People’s Daily
For books and other printed matter available in English, use the English title (you can also
follow it with the original title in parentheses if the context requires it). Remember to
always italicise book titles. If the book has not been published in English, put the English
translation in single quotation marks in parentheses after the original title (not italicised,
and with a colon between the title and any subtitle).
Van Bruggen’s new book, A history of the Netherlands, will be released tomorrow.
In its original Dutch version, The business brain book (Gebruik uw hersens) was a
runaway bestseller.
His book Herr Lehmann (‘Mr Lehmann’) has not yet been published in English.
3.5 Quotes
Translate quotes directly into English: only retain the wording in the original language for
famous or historical quotes or if the wording itself is at issue. Follow these examples for the
use of quotation marks and italics.
‘We are extremely pleased with the results’, De Beer told Dutch broadcaster 101 TV
Her personal motto is ‘divide and conquer’ (divide et impera)
As Lord Bacon wrote, ‘Non est interpretatio, sed divinatio, quae recedit a litera’
(Interpretation that departs from the letter of the text is not interpretation but
divination).
See also III.6.4.2. ACADEMIC TITLES for foreign titles; IV.7.2. PLACES for foreign place names
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 30
4 Italics
Use italics for foreign, emphasised, newly coined or rare words – but sparingly, as they lose
their force if overused. Be careful not to put any punctuation after a single italicised word in
italics too – do not italicise things that do not genuinely belong in italics. For italics within
italics, use roman font.
4.1 Emphasis
Avoid using italics for emphasis as it can appear precious21 and often indicates that the
writer has taken the easy road to emphasis: it is better to use sentence structure and word
choice to create emphasis instead.
It is very important that you register early
Register early to ensure your place in the course
Sometimes authors add italics within a quoted passage to draw attention to certain parts; in
such cases, write [italics added] in square brackets after the quote.
4.2 Technical or rare terms
On first reference to a technical or rare term or keyword you can use italics to set it off. Do
not italicise it on subsequent references.
Skin self‐examination refers to the act of inspecting one’s skin with the aim of
detecting possible skin‐cancer related symptoms.
Procurement involves inviting project offers and selecting the most suitable one.
Informal learning is unintentional, unstructured and does not lead to certification.
4.3 Words as lexical items
You can also use italics to set off a word or phrase discussed individually or as a linguistic
example.
Centre and colour are spelled thus in UK English.
At UM we do not use digraphs in words such as fetus.
4.4 Foreign words
Foreign words are usually set in italics. However, do not italicise
• the names of foreign organisations, institutions or other official names such as legal
acts; treat these as you would English names (with initial capitals for each main
word)
The programme is offered at the Provinciale Vroedvrouwschool
In line with the Work and Care Act (Wet Arbeid en Zorg), ...
• direct quotes in a foreign language: treat these like English quotes, in single
quotation marks
She closed in the words of Horace: ‘Dimidium facti qui coepit habet’ (He who has
begun has the work half done)
See also IV.3. FOREIGN WORDS
21
Ritter, R.M. (ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style (p. 155). Oxford: OUP
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 31
4.5 Other uses for italics
Aircraft (proper names, e.g. Avenger IV, but not generic models, e.g. Boeing 747)
Artworks22
Ballets
Books23
CD albums
Cross references (e.g. see also, opposite, overleaf, continued)
Dissertations
Films
Genera of plants/animals
Long poems
Newspapers
Operas
Oratorios
Pamphlets/catalogues
Parties in legal cases
Periodicals
Plays
Radio series
Regular cartoons or comic strips
Sculptures
Ships
Spacecraft
Species of plants/animals
Symphonies24
Television series
Theses
Trains (proper names, e.g. the Orient Express, but not generic models, e.g. an ICE
train)
See also IV.9.7. OTHER USES FOR QUOTATION MARKS
22
Except: works of antiquity, esp. if the creator is unknown, e.g. the Venus de Milo, the Winged Victory.
University of Chicago (2003). The Chicago manual of style (15th edn, p. 337). Chicago: University of Chicago
Press
23
Except: the Bible, the Koran and the Talmud. Modern Humanities Research Association (2008). MHRA
style guide: a handbook for authors, editors, and writers of theses (p. 29). London: Author. Available
online at http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/StyleGuideV2.pdf
24
E.g. Symphonie fantastique, but not when a generic name symphony is used, e.g. Beethoven Symphony
No. 5. Ritter, R.M. (ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style (p. 156). Oxford: OUP
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 32
5 Lists and series
The main thing to remember with lists and series is parallelism. To promote easy reading
and a sense of balance, ensure that each item follows the same syntactic structure, i.e. is
formed consistently with either a noun or verb.
Our goals are, first, to expand our area of operation, and second, increasing external
funding
Our goals are to expand our area of operation and to increase external funding
The students were told to sit down, read the instructions and that they should take
as long as they needed to finish the exam
The students were told to sit down, read the instructions and take as long as they
needed to finish the exam
Topics dealt with in these modules include:
the common commercial policy
providing and regulating welfare
how we approach guaranteeing competition
human rights and developmental aid policy
provision of asylum.
Topics dealt with in these modules include:
common commercial policy
the provision and regulation of welfare
approaches to guaranteeing competition
human rights and developmental aid policy
the provision of asylum.
5.1 Series in running text
Series in running text are any coordinate items of a similar nature, such as a list of
nouns or verbs, which may or be separated by numbers or letter.
5.1.1 Elision
In most cases you do not need to repeat the definite article in a series of nouns.
the students, staff and external clients who take language courses
the tutors and students who attended the meeting
This holds especially for single ideas or expressions:
the salt and pepper
the bow and arrow
the paper and pen.
It is also often true when a single plural noun stands for two modifiers:
the first and second years at university
the third‐ and fourth‐ranked universities
the best and worst teachers.
However, be wary that in some cases not repeating the article could cause confusion, e.g.
the red and black folders vs the red and the black folders.
5.1.2 Connectors
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 33
Dutch and German writers often overuse connectors (however, nevertheless, moreover,
etc.) in English. Though these words help logically link one idea to the next, try to avoid their
startling and overly formal use:
Students must register via the website. Furthermore, they must pay the course fee
at least three weeks in advance.
Better: Students must register via the website. They must also pay the course fee
at least three weeks in advance.
Preferred: You must register via the website and pay the course fee at least three
weeks in advance.
A good rule of thumb is to use connectors progressively: do not hit your reader over the
head with furthermore if you have not already exhausted the shorter options (and, also/too,
in addition, etc.).
A faculty combines education and research within related disciplines and,
furthermore, it ensures knowledge valorisation. In addition, in the context of the
university’s strategy it develops a vision for its future. It moreover recruits
students, talent and funding, and it values the professional development of its
academic and support staff and, finally, it seeks to establish connections with
other faculties and works on expanding its networks.
A faculty combines education and research within related disciplines, and ensures
knowledge valorisation. In the context of the university’s strategy it develops a
vision for its future. It also recruits students, talent and funding, and values the
professional development of its academic and support staff. Finally, it seeks to
establish connections with other faculties and expand its networks.
Try not to refer vaguely to several reasons, a number of issues etc.; rather, use signposts like
‘there are three reasons ...’25 When you do, prefer the shorter first, second and third to
firstly, secondly and thirdly.26 Also, avoid using fourth, fifth and so on – consider using a set‐
off list (see IV.5.2.2. below) if you find yourself doing this.
5.2 Lists
You can either run lists into the text or set them vertically in outline style. There are various
options for numbering/lettering.
• Numbers 1, 2, 3 etc., especially if you are presenting items in an order of importance
or setting out sequential steps (with 1.1, 1.2 etc. for the second tier)
• Letters a, b, c and so on, with the lowercase roman numerals i, ii, iii for the second
tier
• Bullet points (only for set off lists, but not in academic texts)
• Nothing (for short run on lists)
If you choose to use numbers or letters, there must be at least two items in each tier: i.e. do
not add a subsection 1.1 or (i) if there is no 1.2 or (ii).
5.2.1 Run on lists
25
Garner, B.A. (2001). Legal writing in plain English (p. 75). Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press
26
The ‐ly serves no purpose other than to ‘prettify’ (Strunk Jr, W., & White, E.B. [1999]. The elements of
style [4th edn]. NY: Longman) and these connectors stem from the older expressions What is first etc.
Siegal, A.M., & Connolly, W.G. (1999). The New York Times manual of style and usage (p. 122). NY: New
York Times.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 34
If the introduction to the run on list is an independent clause, use a colon.
Separate conditions apply to the different client groups: students, staff and external
customers.
But if each item in the list completes the introductory sentence, do not use a colon.
Separate conditions apply to students, staff and external customers.
If the items are short and have no internal punctuation, separate them with commas.
You can write your essay about multinational institutions within (1) the EU, (2) the
UN, or (3) NATO.
If one or more items have internal punctuation, use semicolons to separate them.
We distinguish between (1) graduates with jobs within their own field, i.e. categories
(i) and (ii); and (2) graduates with jobs outside their field, i.e. categories (iii) and
(iv).
A run on list with a second tier will need both commas and semicolons. But use this style
sparingly; it is probably better to set off such lists.
These are the types of property quoted in the report: (a) administrative; (b)
commercial; (c) residential, (i) houses, (ii) flats, (iii) mobile homes; and (d)
institutional.27
5.2.2 Set off lists
Pay attention to punctuation in set off lists. If each item is not a complete sentence, there
are two options.
• Introduce the list with a full sentence then use capital letters to start and no
punctuation to end each item.
The applicant’s professional skill set must include the following.
Knowledge of the field
Excellent Dutch and English skills
Ability to work independently
• Treat the list itself as a sentence, and punctuate it accordingly (i.e. lowercase letters
to start each item and a full stop after the last one). The comma here is optional.
You can pay the course fee:
in person at the Language Centre
via bank transfer to account number 4367 8999
using the internal order number NL065.
In the lists above, the fact that each item begins on a new line is more than adequate
to separate them from each other. This means there is no need for punctuation at
the end of each item, nor to add and after the second‐last item.
If each item in the list comprises one or more complete sentences, introduce the list with a
complete sentence, start each item with a capital letter and end each item with a full stop.
The admission requirements to the research master’s programme are strictly
adhered to.
• You must have a bachelor’s degree in one of the biomedical sciences.
27
Unesco (2004). Style manual for the presentation of English‐language texts intended for publication by
Unesco (2nd edn, p. 33). Available online at
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001418/141812e.pdf
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 35
• If you are already working in the medical industry you may be admitted
without a relevant bachelor’s degree. This is subject to the extent and nature
of your professional experience.
• International applicants must also submit a recent IELTS or TOEFL score.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 36
6 Numbers
Spell out whole numbers from one to nine, and use numerals for 10 and above. Do the same
for ordinal numbers: first, second, 10th, 21st, millionth. The following pattern holds for
larger numbers:
400
7,000 (or 7000, if no number above 9999 appears nearby in the text)
27,000
282,000
three million
4.5 million
seven billion
8.7 billion
3,574,900
Note that billion in UK English used to mean a million million, but, like most international
organisations28 and now many UK publishers,29 we use the American definition of a
thousand million. (Thus in both UK and US English, a trillion is now a million million.)
Also use numerals for the following:
• decimals
The average family has 2.3 children
• percentages in scientific texts
Only 5% of the sample showed improvement
• times
The class starts at 2pm
• temperatures
Upstairs it is 3°C hotter than outside
• money
The participants were paid $5 each
• scores
She scored 4 on a 7‐point scale
He got a 7 on the exam
She scored 8 points in two minutes
• numbers in sequence (serial numbers) or that are part of a name
Trial 3 Chapter 5 Article 9
Grade 8 Table 3 Item 4
• numbers under 10 mixed with higher numbers in same context (sentence, paragraph
or group of paragraphs)
the 9th and 10th centuries 6 of the 12
(unless the numbers are not of the same category, e.g. Of the total participants, 6
filled in all three questionnaires, while 17 only filled out two.).
28
E.g. Unesco, WHO, European Commission
29
E.g. Oxford, BBC
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 37
Write the following sorts of numbers in words:
• expressions
he was a hundred percent wrong
the Ten Commandments
I wish I had a million dollars
• isolated or approximate references in nonscientifc texts
in the past hundred years
• figures at start a sentence
Twenty respondents were excluded (recast the sentence if it starts with a date or a
large or awkward number)
• modifiers next to each other
ten 45‐page brochures
nine 6‐room apartments.
6.1 Currencies
For money of any amount (except cents) use currency symbols closed up to the numeral. If
you need to use a dollar ($) or pound (£) sign for an original sum, give the euro conversion in
parentheses.
four cents 12 cents
€5 €17.50
£4,000 (€5,100) €1,496.93
$430,000 (€286,000) €79,370,200
€3 to €6 million; €3 million to €6 million (write out the denomination if there could
be confusion)
€2.00 and €5.50 respectively (use .00 only if others in the sentence involve cents)
Use the following abbreviations for lists, tables, figures and financial contexts (e.g. budgets).
thousand €350K
million £270m
billion $200bn
Write out the names of currencies other than UK pounds and US dollars (though if there
could be confusion about the type of dollar, use US before the symbol: US$2.47).
44 Australian dollars 500 pesetas
200 Canadian dollars 20 roubles
3000 Danish kroner six million Swiss francs
In informal texts you can write out general references or expressions involving money: a
million‐euro budget. 30
6.2 Dates
Write dates like so: 23 July 1997. Never use ordinal numbers (5th, 17th, etc.) in dates, even in
running text. Other examples:
Sunday 8 October 2008 23–29 April 2001
30
Note that euros is now the official plural form for euro. European Commission Directorate‐General for
Translation (2007). English style guide: a handbook for authors and translators in the European
Commission (5th edn, p. 49).
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 38
2 May–4 June Mon 27 Nov 08–Tues 24 Jan 09
24/10/03 (informal) 2.11.93 (formal)
academic year 2008/09 financial year 2003/04
7 and 8 October (2‐day period) from 8 to 12 October (longer period)
See also IV.1.7. ABBREVIATIONS: DAYS & MONTHS
6.3 Decades and centuries
Do not use an apostrophe for decades.
1990s (not nineties)
1980s and 1990s (informal: 1980s and 90s)
mid‐1950s
Use the neutral Common Era abbreviations for centuries (but note that BCE and CE need
only appear if there could be confusion).
55 BCE 1066 CE
second century BCE third century CE
eighth and ninth centuries 3rd and 13th centuries
19th century 21st century
mid‐ninth century mid‐16th century
eighth‐century battle 16th‐century epic
6.4 Decimal points and commas
As in most international and European style guides for English,31 use a point to mark
decimals, and a comma to mark thousands.
€9.95 $7,000,042.20
11,000 students 5.4 million
€10,499.49 p < 0.01
6.5 Footnotes
Use footnotes sparingly, for information that is of secondary interest. There are two types:
content and copyright. We deal only with the content variety here; most UM faculties use
APA referencing style, which means that copyright footnotes are seldom used.
Put the superscript number at the end of the sentence if it refers to the whole sentence, or
after the specific term to which it applies. Note that it should follow all punctuation except a
dash (unless referring to matter within parentheses).
Style guides agree that jargon should be avoided at all costs.²
Set the footnote itself in font two sizes smaller than the rest of the text. Insert a space
between the number and the first word, and begin it with a capital letter. End it with a full
stop only if it is a complete sentence.
² Indeed, Krol (2008) wrote: ‘By avoiding the long‐winded business jargon which
English‐speaking managers have inflicted on the rest of the world, you will come
across as eloquent and sharp by comparision’ (p. 72).
Depending on the data in them, for tables in scientific texts superscript numbers or letters
might cause confusion. In such cases use symbols in this order: *†‡ §¶#32 (though check that
the asterisk could not be mistaken as denoting probability, e.g. *p < .01).
31
Except the International Organization for Standardization (ISO; www.iso.org)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 39
6.6 Fractions
In non‐scientific texts, write fractions out in words.
three quarters two thirds
one fifth seven eighths
Use digits if:
• one or more elements is greater than nine
one 20th
seven 10ths
• the fraction is combined with a whole number
we walked for 3 ¼ kilometres it lasted 9 ½ months
the office is 4 ½ metres long he reigned for 31 ½ years.
6.7 Percentages
Spell percent as one word.33 In general texts, write the word out.
Your pay will increase by three percent from January
Of the law faculty employees, 40 percent come from abroad
The proportion of Belgian students is set to increase from 8 to 12 percent
In scientific texts, use the percentage symbol.
Only 7% of the patients recovered fully
Up to 80% of smokers quit within the month
Of the women, 75% to 78% make more money than their husbands
Of the sample, 25%, 40%, and 35% were poorly, reasonably and highly educated
respectively
6.8 Phone numbers
For UM readers (internal extensions) 86765
For readers within the Netherlands 043 388 2212
For international readers +31 43 388 2212
6.9 Ranges
Indicate ranges of years, pages, times, days etc. using an en‐dash with the figures closed up.
8–14 participants
8.30–10.00 am
Mon–Fri
In ranges of years, always include the decade, but do not repeat the century if it is the same.
1814–17 1998–2002
1939–45 2001–08
Note that a forward slash is used for periods that include the end of one year and the
beginning of the next, e.g. financial and academic years (2008/09). This means a span of
such years would be 1998/09–2008/09.
32
Ritter, R.M. (ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style (p. 557). Oxford: OUP
33
E.g. European Commission Directorate‐General for Translation (2007). English style guide: a handbook
for authors and translators in the European Commission (5th edn, p. 49)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 40
For page and other ranges, use as few digits as possible.
pp. 1–9 pp. 101–5
pp. 16–8 pp. 457–68
pp. 44–7 pp. 1225–345
Do not mix words with the en‐dash symbol:
from 2000 to 2007, not from 2000–07
between 1990 and 1995, not between 1990–95.
See also IV.4.8.6. PUNCTUATION: DASH
6.10 Times
For use at UM, both the 12‐hour clock and 24‐hour clock are acceptable.
9am 11pm
5.22 am 2.45 pm
7.30 pm 14.50
23.00 11.30–13.30
2–6pm 9am–5pm
Classes start promptly at 9 and 11 am
The meeting began at 11.00 and adjourned at 13.30
The team was up at 5.30 and ran until 10.00
Note that in
7.30 am in the morning, in the morning is redundant – delete it
8pm last night, night is redundant – replace with simply yesterday.
If you are using the 12‐hour clock, avoid using 12pm (i.e. noon) and 12am (i.e. midnight) as
this can be confusing. Rather, write:
midnight (or just midnight)
12 noon (or just noon)
If you are using the 24‐hour clock, use 24.00 for periods ending then, and 00.00 for periods
starting then.
Finally, note that Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is now called Coordinated Universal Time
(CUT).
6.11 Units of measurement
In non‐academic texts, spell out units of measurement (kilometres, hectares, minutes,
grams etc.).
The cyclists covered four kilometres of hilly terrain
The Language Centre is just 15 minutes’ walk from the station
In scientific texts, use the following abbreviations, separated from the number with a space
(only hrs and yrs take a plural s).
4 ha 9 m 60 km 50 km/h 200 g 5 kg 4 L
40 t 3cm 35 mL 240 V 30 s 12 min 24 hrs 5 yrs
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 41
7 People and place names
In Dutch first names like Christian and Philip are often abbreviated to Chr. and Ph., especially
in reference lists. Avoid this in English: not only does this looks ‘quaint’, non‐Dutch readers
often do not interpret them correctly (e.g. take Chr. to mean Christopher).34
Do not use a space between initials unless you are editing for an article to be submitted to a
journal which does so.
Use English forms for classical names, popes, saints, royalty etc. if they exist.
Charles V Alexander of Corinth
Ptolemy Catherine the Great
St Francis of Assisi Virgil
7.1 Names with prefixes
7.1.1 Alphabetical order
As in Dutch, ignore prefixes like de, van, van den, ten, etc. when alphabetising surnames (as
in a reference list). This means you should list
Jan de Groot under G
Sanne van den Brandhof under B etc.
In Belgium, however, the prefixes are often capitalised: Hanneke De Bruin, Willem Van
Diemen. In these cases, list the surnames under the first letter of the prefix.
7.1.2 Capitalisation
As in Dutch, capitalise Dutch surname prefixes when the first name, initial or title is not
given.
Aletta de Groot De Groot
Vincent van Gogh Van Gogh
Pieter van den Keere Van den Keere
Prof. ten Cate Ten Cate
Dr van den Bosch Van den Bosch
7.2 Places
For small towns in the Netherlands or places elsewhere that may be unfamiliar to readers,
provide some point of reference.
Abdissenbosch, Limburg
Tienhoven, near Utrecht
Olsberg (in North‐Rhine Westphalia, Germany)
Ballarat, west of Melbourne, Australia
Chongquing (in China’s Sichuan province)
7.2.1 The Netherlands
Use the Netherlands for the country, and North/South Holland if referring specifically to the
provinces. Do not capitalise the in the Netherlands in running text, and omit it in tables; i.e.
only use The at the start of a sentence, in addresses and in a few other cases.
34
Burrough‐Boenisch, J. (1998). Righting English that’s gone Dutch (p. 107). The Hague: Kemper Conseil
Publishing
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 42
There are more than 20 universities in the Netherlands
Koen Leeuwen, third‐year International Business student, the Netherlands
Olga Hendricks, PhD, RSI Knowledge Centre, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
Capitalise the in The Hague, however, because it is a translation of Den Haag (unless you use
it attributively).
Though not the country’s official capital, The Hague is home to the government of
the Netherlands.
She applied to a number of Hague institutions before coming to Maastricht
Use the English names for the 12 provinces of the Netherlands (some are the same as in
Dutch).
Drenthe Groningen Overijssel
Flevoland Limburg South Holland
Friesland North Brabant Utrecht
Gelderland North Holland Zeeland
7.2.2 Belgium
Belgium comprises three different language areas:
• Flanders: the people are Flemings, their institutions are Flemish and they speak
Dutch
• Wallonia: the people are Walloons, their institutions are Walloon and they speak
French
• the German‐speaking community in the East Cantons of Wallonia.
Note that not all French speakers in Belgium are Walloons: Brussels is a bilingual city
(Dutch/French) located in Flanders. So describe anything referring to all Belgian French
speakers not as Walloon but as French‐speaking.35
Use the following spellings for the 13 provinces of Belgium:
Antwerp Hainaut Namur
Brabant Liège Wallonia
East Flanders Limburg Walloon
Flanders Luxembourg West Flanders
Flemish Brabant
Some other Belgian place names also have established English forms.
Antwerp Ghent
Brussels Ostend
For the rest, use the official Dutch names for Dutch‐speaking parts (except Brugge, which
takes the French name Bruges in English) and French names for French‐speaking parts (e.g.
Liège).
7.2.3 United Kingdom
• Great Britain = England, Wales, Scotland
• United Kingdom = England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland
35
European Commission Directorate‐General for Translation (2007). English style guide: a handbook for
authors and translators in the European Commission (5th edn, p. 107)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 43
• British Isles = England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Ireland, the Isle
of Man, the Channel Islands
Do not use British when you mean English, and vice versa. And prefer English–French trade,
for example, rather than using anglo‐ to mean English. Reserve anglo‐ only to refer to
anglophone (i.e. English‐speaking) countries.
7.2.4 United States
Call the country the United States or the US; America includes all of North and South
America.
7.2.5 Local vs anglicised forms
Use well‐established English forms where they exist. These you can find in the list below; it
is not exhaustive but deals with those that do come up now and then, or that have multiple
spelling variants. For other place names, the European Commission promotes the use of
localised place names rather than the imposition of an English form.36
Aalborg Marseilles
Aarhus Mecca
Basel Milan
Beijing (not Peking) Mumbai (not Bombay)
Bern Munich
Cologne Myanmar (not Burma)
Copenhagen Naples
Dhaka Nuremberg
Florence Phnom Penh
Gdansk (not Danzig) Prague
Geneva Qatar
Genoa Reykjavik
Gothenburg Riyadh
Guangzhou (not Canton) Romania
Hanover Rome
Kathmandu Seville
Kazakhstan Shanghai
Krakow Strasbourg
Lisbon Suriname
Ljubljana Tallinn
Louvain Turin
Lucerne Venice
Luxembourg Vienna
Lyon Vietnam
Marrakesh Zurich
36
European Commission Directorate‐General for Translation (2007). English style guide: a handbook for
authors and translators in the European Commission (5th edn). See annexes for place names.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 44
8 Punctuation
At all times remember that punctuation is there to make reading easier. Too much of it is
irritating; too little can be confusing.
8.1 Ampersand
Use an ampersand (&) in
• company names made of two or more personal names
Proctor & Gamble
Ernst & Young
• journal titles if it is part of their official name
Journal of Adolescent & Family Health
• to clarify meaning
the faculties of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, and Economics & Business
Administration
• between two or more authors’ names in parenthetical citations
(Siegal & Connell, 1999).
8.2 Apostrophe
Do not use an apostrophe
• to indicate plurals
dos and don’ts CEOs taxis37
exceptions: single lowercase letters
p’s and q’s dot your i’s
• for common contractions
bus phone pram
• in the names of wars
Hundred Years War
Thirty Years War38
• in the names of medical conditions
Down syndrome
Munchausen syndrome
Kawasaki disease.
(The possessive which still exists in, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, is used less frequently
now, to avoid the ‘proprietary effect’.39)
Do use an apostrophe
• to indicate contractions
won’t they’re
rock ’n’ roll ’tis
37
Unlike in Dutch: taxi’s, baby’s, etc.
38
E.g. Ritter, R.M. (ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style (p. 115). Oxford: OUP
39
Ritter, R.M. (ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style (p. 373). Oxford: OUP
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 45
• to form plurals of single lowercase letters
dot your i’s
mind your p’s and q’s
• to show place of residence or business
at Vera’s
at the doctor’s
at the career adviser’s
• for nouns or pronouns followed by gerunds
The student’s cheating on the exam resulted in her expulsion
Employees’ assuming control of their own career paths is in the institutions best
interests.
• to show joint possession
Strunk & White’s book (shared possession, i.e. co‐authors)
Van Dale’s and Webster’s dictionaries (possession is not shared, i.e. two separate
dictionaries)
• to indicate possession, as shown below.
Possessive apostrophe
Many Dutch writers do not use possessive apostrophes enough, tending instead to use the
of construction more commonly found in their L1. This can make for wordier and less
natural‐sounding sentences in English, so use the possessive apostrophe where you can.
Employees can participate in the pension plan of Maastricht University
Employees can participate in Maastricht University’s pension plan
Approval was granted by the ethics committee of the hospital
Approval was granted by the hospital’s ethics committee
In a study of Romaine (2006), ...
In Romaine’s (2006) study, ...
Improving the quality of life of elderly people must take place on the basis of both
care and cure
Improving elderly people’s quality of life of must take place on the basis of both
care and cure
8.2.1 Singular nouns: add ’s
the student’s book
2008’s most popular course
UM’s mission
a relative of Geert’s
an idiosyncrasy of Professor ten Hoove’s
8.2.2 Singular nouns ending in s: add ’s
the boss’s wage
Dickens’s characters
James’s thesis
Strauss’s Vienna
Professor Kempers’s students
8.2.3 Plural nouns ending in s: add s
employees’ salaries
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 46
three weeks’ time
the Queen of the Netherlands’ appeal
a million dollars’ worth
the United States’ population
8.2.4 Plural nouns not ending in s: add ’s
women’s rights
the children’s books
the men’s room
8.2.5 Exceptions
• biblical and ancient names (because of tradition)
Claudius’s successor
Darius’s empire
Herodotus’ writings
Jesus’ philosophy
Moses’ journey
• words that end in an eez sound or two sibilant sounds (ch, h, s, sh, ts or z) separated
only by a vowel (because of euphony)
Achilles’ heel
Demosthenes’ speeches
Ganges’ source
Socrates’ life
Texas’ population
• expressions for righteousness’ sake, for goodness’ sake.
8.3 Brackets
Use square brackets
• for insertions in quoted material that are not from the original author: e.g. a
comment, correction, translation, explanation or clarification.
‘Her [Lieshout’s] behaviour was appalling’
[The decision has since been reversed. – Ed.)
• within parentheses
(The means were 4.67 [SD = 0.5] and 3.90 [SD = 0.7] respectively.)
8.4 Colon
Colons are used as emphatic signposts that point forward to the next clause. They can be
used in place of the words namely, that is, for example, for instance, because, as follows and
therefore.
Do use a colon
• to show a relationship between two main clauses more sharply than a semicolon, or
lead into an explanation, amplification, qualification or interpretation
‘I coach trainee lecturers in this field: try to speak in a less monotonous way, use
your voice’
Our study population was not representative of the Dutch population: almost half
had a high educational level, as opposed to one third of 25‐ to 45‐year‐olds in the
Netherlands
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 47
• to introduce a list or series
Our target market comprises five groups: students, graduates, staff, former staff
who are now SenUM members, and external clients
• to indicate a ratio in scientific texts
the CO₂:O ratio is 10:1
• to introduce a more formal or emphatic or longer quote than comma
According to Economics Institute director Harm Zuid, this merely shifts the problem:
‘It does not resolve the monopoly of the oil‐producing countries’
• between the main title and subtitle of a work
Measuring child poverty and wellbeing: A literature review
• to separate elements in sports times: 4:10:23.
Do not use a colon
• after headings (being on a separate line and in a different font is enough to set off a
heading)
• after namely or for example
• if the lead‐in to a list is not a complete independent clause (i.e. do not separate a
verb from its complement or a preposition from its object
The university’s top‐ranked programmes are in(:) economics, politics and medicine.
In this list, for example, the lead‐in is not an independent clause; therefore, no colon
is used.
Use of capitals
Use an initial capital for the first word after a colon if it starts a subtitle or subheading.
Multidisciplinary fall prevention: Effects, feasibility and costs
We also recommend an initial capital if what follows the colon
• is an independent clause and follows the same syntactic pattern as the next
sentence:
A number of complex issues are involved here: How can students be supported in
the prior learning recognition process? How do these students differ from those
admitted to programmes by traditional processes?
• is a formal question:
These issues have led to the primary research question: If a genuine Dutch variant of
English indeed exists, is it perceived as legitimate by its speakers?
• indicates internal dialogue:
At this point Kuipers must be wondering: Have I gone too far this time?
8.5 Comma
In some places the use of commas is mandatory but in others it is optional, which means
good use is often a question of judgement and taste. At any rate, fewer commas are used
now than in the past. Besides simply indicating a pause in the sentence, they have many
uses. These are set out below.
Do use a comma
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 48
• in proportional expressions
The later you pay, the less likely you will get a place in the course
but not in very short ones:
The sooner the better
• to indicate that a word or phrase has been omitted
the law faculty has 900 students; the psychology faculty 750
• to set off an introductory phrase
Founded in 1989, the Language Centre provides university professional support for
learning and using foreign languages
but not in very short ones:
In 2005 the university expanded to seven faculties
• to enclose parenthetic material
Non‐EU students, however, will have to sit an IELTS test
Our teachers, all native or near‐native speakers, are highly qualified and well versed
in didactic methods.
Sometimes not using commas will change the meaning:
Children, who learn easily, should start school as early as possible40
• to divide adjectives in series which could otherwise use and
challenging, high‐quality programmes
effective, enjoyable methods.
but not when the first modifies both subsequent elements:
a prominent theology scholar
a practice‐based learning system.
• to separate two main clauses linked by a conjunction such as but, yet, like, while,
and, nor, or, for, or so
The research is in its infancy, but almost all patients with acute infarctions in this
study showed immediate improvement.
but not in very short ones
The results were encouraging but inconclusive.
• between all items in a series except the final two
the Dutch flag is red, white and blue.
Some guides41 recommend using a comma between the final items (The Dutch flag is
red, white, and blue), but at UM, as in Dutch, we do not unless it is needed to
prevent ambiguity:
the faculties of Law, Arts and Social Sciences, and Economics and Business
Administration).
• to introduce a short quotation
According to the director, ‘it is time we moved in a new direction’
• to separate groups of three digits
12,000 €27,416
40
Burchfield, R.W. (1996). The new Fowler's modern English usage (3rd edn, p. 672). Oxford: OUP
41
E.g. APA, Chiacgo, MHRA, Oxford, World Bank
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 49
Do not use a comma
• to separate the subject from its verb
A promising line of help for smokers intending to quit(,) is the computer‐tailored
cessation intervention
• in expressions of time, weights or other measures
4 years 9 months 21 days
6 feet 3 inches tall
2 hours 15 minutes 10 seconds
• in street numbers, room numbers and phone numbers
Treurenburg 1167 Room 2157 +31 43 388 2090
• too much. Avoid their overuse by
o moving parenthetical phrases to the start of the sentence
o setting parenthetical phrases off with parentheses or dashes rather than
commas (especially if there is more than one such phrase in the sentence)
A UM PhD candidate, David Levy – whose book Love and Sex with Robots has already
been published – is one of the organisers of the conference.
See also IV.1.5. ABBREVIATIONS: PUNCTUATION
8.6 Dash
The en‐dash is ‘stronger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than
parentheses’.42 Use it:
• to set off a single clause or parenthetical material more sharply than a comma
The attached schedule shows which educational activities, exams and resits you
must register for – and when to do it – according to your study year.
Have questions? Email our secretariat – we will get back to you in five working days.
• if an end date is not yet known
Jaap Zegers (1963–)
• to indicate coordinate pairs of equal weight
north–south axis
case–control study
cost–benefit analysis
test–retest reliability
Maastricht–Aachen airport
Netherlands–China consortium
• to indicate ranges
pp. 27–9
1939–45
12–24 May
The Executive Board voted 2–1 to adopt the strategy
8:30–10:30
September 2008–June 2009.
See also IV.6.9. NUMBERS: RANGES
42
Strunk Jr, W., & White, E.B. (1999). The elements of style (4th edn, p. 9). New York: Longman
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 50
8.7 Exclamation mark
Broadly speaking, avoid exclamation marks: they look unprofessional and irritate readers.43
Their sparing use is tolerable for two purposes at UM:
• to draw attention to an important instruction
Do not forget to remove your document from the scanner!
• in promotional texts
Don’t wait – register now!
8.8 Forward slash
The forward slash is also known as the virgule, solidus, slant, stroke, oblique and diagonal.
You can use it to show many forms of relationships (always closed up on both sides):
• alternatives
s/he full time/part time
• to stand for per
110 km/sec €1500/month
• as part of some abbreviations
N/A c/o 24/7
• in dates
7/12/08
• to show a period overlapping two calendar years
the 2008/09 intake the 2006/07 financial year
winter 1939/40 the 1999/2000 academic year.
8.9 Full stop
Follow full stops by a single space; double spaces look dated and take up too much space.
Use full stops at the end of sentences, but not
• if the sentence which already has some form of stop (e.g. a question mark or
exclamation mark)
• after headings, column headings, addresses and captions of one sentence or less
• after listed items when the item does not start with a capital and is not the last in
the list (like this one)
• after sentence fragments, e.g.
Number of participants: 8 to 14 per group
See also IV.1.1 TYPES OF ABBREVIATIONS and IV.1.5 PUNCTUATION for use of full stops in
abbreviations
8.10 Hyphen
There are two types of hyphens. Soft hyphens are used for word division at the end of lines;
use the latest Oxford dictionary to check these divisions. Hard hyphens join compound
43
They are a ‘certain indication of an unpractised writer or of one who wants to add a spurious dash of
sensation to something unsensational.’ Burchfield, R.W. (1996). The new Fowler's modern English usage
(3rd edn, p. 273). Oxford: OUP
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 51
modifiers (e.g. full‐time job) and prefixes and suffixes to their bases (e.g. anti‐intellectual).
Use them sparingly (when in doubt, not at all), and keep the basic pattern of word evolution
in mind: data base, data‐base, database; wild life, wild‐life, wildlife and so on.
8.10.1 Compound modifiers
Compound modifiers, also known as phrasal adjectives, are two or more words used to
modify a noun. When they are used attributively (i.e. before the noun), they are usually
hyphenated. When they are used as predicates (i.e. after the noun), they are not.
long‐term plans plans for the long term
up‐to‐date information the information is up to date
well‐planned curriculum the curriculum was well planned
market‐oriented course the course is market oriented
debt‐free year the year was debt free
high‐quality programme the programme is of high quality
student‐friendly facility the facility is student friendly
country‐specific rules rules that are country specific
UM‐related issues these issues are UM related
six‐year‐old prototype the prototype is six years old
two‐thirds majority a majority of two thirds
27th‐floor view the view from the 27th floor
third‐largest city the city is the third largest
450‐page book the book has 450 pages
two‐day conference the conference last two days
third‐century battle the battle took place in the third century
However, not all compound modifiers before nouns are hyphenated. Because there could be little
chance of misreading, you do not need a hyphen if the compound involves:
• a regular adverb (i.e. ending in ‐ly)
a highly competitive course a hugely successful year
• a comparative or superlative
a higher ranked programme a lesser paid job
• a date
December 2003 invoice October 2003 reorganisation
• a proper noun
Maastricht University staff Den Bosch market
• money or percentages
€20 million project 17 percent increase
• a noun + numeral or enumerator
phase II trial type A student
• a number + abbreviation
100 m distance 12 kg weight 5:00 p.m. news
Sometimes adding a hyphen or not to a compound modifier changes its meaning.
more‐important people more important people
deep blue lake deep‐blue lake
two‐year‐old dogs two year‐old dogs
small scale factory small‐scale factory
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 52
little used car little‐used car
When the compound modifier itself consists of an open compound, use an en‐dash instead
of a hyphen.
pre–World War II Maastricht University–financed project
You do not usually need a hyphen in noun–noun compound modifiers; because the first
word relates equally to second and third words, no confusion is possible.
department store manager airport departure lounge
national health insurance professional standards watchdog
8.10.2 Prefixes and suffixes
Most words with prefixes are not hyphenated. In the US, fewer hyphens are used than in
the UK (e.g. reelect). But this process is converging on the UK, too, where many words have
now lost their hyphens (e.g. misspelling). This is likely to continue; for this reason, avoid
using hyphens after the following prefixes.
after, anti, bi, co, counter, extra, infra, inter, intra, macro, mega, meta (except meta‐
analysis), micro, mid, mini, multi, non, on, out, over, post, pre, pro, pseudo, re, semi, socio,
sub, super, supra, time, ultra, un, under44 (set as table)
Hyphenate prefixes if
• they end in the same letter the base starts with
anti‐intellectual multi‐institutional
co‐occur45 pre‐eminent
de‐emphasise ultra‐atomic
meta‐analysis under‐represented
• the base takes an initial capital
anti‐Darwinian post‐UCS trial
intra‐Community pre‐Roman
de‐Stalinisation sub‐Saharan
pan‐European un‐American
• there could be momentary misreading
non‐oil exporting pro‐life
• co‐ or ex‐ is used with a human base
co‐author co‐pilot
co‐chair ex‐wife
co‐defendant ex‐president
• they are formed using self or quasi, whether used as a noun or as a compound
adjective before or after the noun
self‐destructive quasi‐scientific
self‐esteem quasi‐expert
• they are part of a newly formed word
e‐article e‐zine
44
Source: APA 92
45
But cooperate, coordinate, etc.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 53
e‐commerce but note the more established email
Hyphenate suffixes if
• they are joined to a proper noun
Africa‐bound
• they are joined to a numeral
200‐fold
• they would be too cumbersome closed up
university‐wide.
8.10.3 Phrasal nouns and verbs
Either hyphenate phrasal nouns or set them as one word, but set their corresponding verbs
open.
to flare up the flare‐up
to follow up the follow‐up
to take over the takeover
to come back the comeback
to hold up the holdup
8.10.4 Suspension hyphen
When the last element in two coordinate modifiers is identical, you can replace it with a
suspension hyphen.
long‐ and short‐term memory
two‐, four‐ and six‐inch pieces
part‐ and full‐time staff
You can also do this if the modifier itself is closed up.
two‐, three‐, or fourfold
lower‐ and uppercase letters
in‐ and external funding
Less common is the practice of omitting the identical element if it appears first. Chicago46
does not allow left‐handed and ‐brained executives, for example, but Oxford47 does allow
countrymen and ‐women. Use your discretion for this one. Note, however, that the Dutch
practice of hyphenating open compounds is not done in English, e.g. water‐ and soil
management.48
8.11 Parentheses
Use parentheses sparingly as their overuse can break up sentence structure and make your
writing seem choppy. You can use them:
• to enclose parenthetical information (putting it in parentheses gives this information
less emphasis than putting it in commas)
46
University of Chicago (2003). The Chicago manual of style (15th edn, p. 171). Chicago: University of
Chicago Press
47
Ritter, R.M. (ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style (p. 137). Oxford: OUP
48
Burrough‐Boenisch, J. (1998). Righting English that’s gone Dutch (p. 75). The Hague: Kemper Conseil
Publishing
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 54
Frans Daniels (46) was the first graduate of the programme
MARC regularly organises research seminars (generally on Wednesdays) for PhD
candidates to discuss their research.
• to expand on or explain the preceding item:
Myanmar (formerly Burma)
• to give translations
You will need to register at the municipal council (gemeente)
The painting sold for £600 (€760)
• to enclose a digression
She hopes (as we all do) that the project will succeed
• to give abbreviations
the Language Centre (LC)
• to enclose letters or numbers in a list
(a) students, (b) staff, and (c) external clients
• to give in‐text citations
(Van de Krol, 2008). Make sure you put the final full stop outside the closing
parenthesis.
Do not transfer typical Dutch use of parentheses into English: they can be ambiguous and/or
tautological.49
Language courses are available to (full‐time) employees
(are they available only to full‐time employees, or all employees but full‐time ones
get priority?)
Language courses are only available to full‐time employees
Further research is needed (to enquire) into the beneficial role of tailored action
plans
Further research is needed into the benefits of tailored action plans
8.12 Question mark
Use a question mark
• after a direct question
What time is it?
• to make a courtesy question (which does not strictly need a question mark) more
polite
Could you let me know ... ?
Would you kindly register at our secretariat?
• to indicate editorial doubt
Agathodaimon (c. 300–?)
• after a question embedded within a longer sentence
The question is, Which of these paths should we take?
The Executive Board must decide, Is this really evidence of racism?
49
E.g. Burrough‐Boenisch, J. (1998). Righting English that’s gone Dutch (p. 21). The Hague: Kemper Conseil
Publishing
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 55
8.13 Semicolon
Semicolons are stronger than commas but weaker than full stops. Use them
• to join independent clauses: This includes before words like however, thus, hence,
indeed, accordingly, therefore, e.g.
Your teaching duties will include courses in the Arts and Culture bachelor’s
programme; however, your research fte will be limited to 0.2
Using a comma rather than a semicolon or full stop between two independent
clauses results in an error called a comma splice.
• to separate items in a list which themselves have internal punctuation:
She has worked in the Department of Private, Commercial and Civil Law at Monash
University, Australia; in the Department of Contract Law at Konstanz University,
Germany; and in private practices in Beijing, Tokyo and London.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 56
9 Quotations
As in usual UK style, use single quotation marks with double marks within them as
necessary.50 Start a new paragraph for each new speaker. If the quote is spread over more
than one paragraph, start each paragraph with a quotation mark but only close the last
paragraph with one.
9.1 Punctuation
Introduce short quotes with a comma, and longer or more formal ones with colon. In line
with both UK and Dutch style, only put within quotation marks actually what belongs to the
quote.
‘I believe the new team will work very well together.’
She said, ‘I believe the new team will work very well together.’
‘The year has been a great success.’
‘The year’, he said, ‘has been a great success.’
‘Overall, the year has been a great success.’
‘Overall,’ he said, ‘the year has been a great success.’
‘This is evidence of the “Englishisation” of Europe.’
This represents what Phillipson (2006) called Europe’s ‘Englishisation’.
9.2 Capitalisation
Start the quotation with a capital only if it is a complete sentence in itself:
The dean, Professor Louis Boon, said, ‘We are delighted about the award.’
If the quote blends syntactically with the sentence structure and is not separated by a
comma or colon, use a lowercase letter to start:
The dean has said that his faculty is ‘delighted about the award’.
Also capitalise the first letter of a quasi‐quote such as internal dialogue, which does not
require quotation marks:
The rector must be thinking at this point, Shall I resign?
9.3 Block quotations
Set off quotations three full lines or longer from the rest of the text with
• indents before each line
• a line break (or at least 4pt spacing) both before and after the quote
• no quotation marks
• one size smaller font (optional)
• single line spacing (even in documents with 1.5 or double spacing).
9.4 Corrections
In quotations maintain the spelling of the original, as well as the wording, capitalisation,
internal punctuation, etc. You can
• change single to double quotation marks if there is a quote within the quote
• change the first letter to lower‐ or uppercase as necessary
50
Though this is often reversed in journalism and popular media
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 57
• remove the final full stop or change it to a comma
• correct errors that are clearly typographical ones rather than a genuine
speaker/writer error
• do light rewording if translating a quote to make it sound natural in English
• do light editing of obvious grammar or other errors when quoting a nonnative
speaker. If significant errors mean you would have to do a lot of editing of a direct
quote, paraphrase it instead.51
9.5 Ellipses
Use ellipses (three points with a space on either side: ... ) to show that you have omitted
certain words or phrases from a quote, or replaced them by another word or phrase for
clarification. Do not use them at the start or end of a quote – by its nature it is evident that
it is an excerpt.
‘Universities are ... concerned with seeking and extending knowledge across
national and linguistic boundaries’ (Zegers & Wilkinson, 2005).
Ritzen is pleased with the results: ‘We are constantly trying to attract more
international students ... from around the globe.’
To stop the text from looking busy, only use brackets [...] around the ellipses you have
added if the quote has its own ellipses, e.g. for suspense.
Use four spaced points if you have omitted words at the start or end of a sentence (the
fourth being a full stop).
According to Gnutzman (2005), ‘a model is an idealisation, from which one can
diverge. . . . The primary function of a model is to offer orientation for the
learners and not to act as a frame of reference to signal errors’ (p. 117).
9.6 Scare quotes
Use single quotation marks to draw attention to words and phrases as lexical items if
• they are ironic, slang or newly coined (only do this on first reference)
This is indicative of the ‘massification’ of university education
• you want to distance yourself from the term52
The library ‘reorganisation’ has resulted in dozens of job losses
Also be aware that so‐called has a negative connotation in English which is not present in
the Dutch zogenoemd.53 Certainly if you do use either a scare quote or so‐called, you do not
need to use the other.
9.7 Other uses for quotation marks
51
[sic] can be placed after a quoted error, but this can be unfair and unnecessary (Ritter, R.M. [ed]. [2003].
The Oxford guide to style [p. 192]. Oxford: OUP), especially at UM for nonnative‐speaker errors. It is often
more prudent to simply provide a subtle ‘silent correction’.
52
But do this sparingly; because it is used ‘to hold up a word for inspection, as if by tongs, providing a
cordon sanitaire between the word and the writer’s finer sensibilities’ it can look pretentious. Ritter, R.M.
(ed). (2003). The Oxford guide to style (p. 149). Oxford: OUP.
53
E.g. Burrough‐Boenisch, J. (1998). Righting English that’s gone Dutch (p. 46). The Hague: Kemper Conseil
Publishing
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 58
Article titles
Chapter titles
Lectures
Short poems
Short stories
Song titles
Speeches
Television programmes (individual episodes)
Titles with popular nicknames, e.g. Beethoven’s ‘Erotica’ Symphony
Unpublished works
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 59
10 Spelling
Like most universities and organisations in the Netherlands (and indeed Europe), Maastricht
University takes UK spelling as its base form. However, we have replaced those spellings
which have essentially been or are potentially being phased out in UK spelling with the
American versions (i.e. digraphs and some irregular past tense forms). Others may follow
suit later.
The most common instances of variation between UK and US spelling are listed here. For
others, check the latest Oxford dictionary.
UK US
adviser advisor
ageing aging
cancelled, cancelling canceled, canceling
catalogue catalog
centimetre centimeter
centre center
colour (but discoloration) color
defence (n), defense (v) defence
dialogue dialog
disc (but computer disk) disk
enquiry (question); inquiry inquiry (both)
(formal investigation)
enrol, enrolled, enrolling, enrolment enroll, enrolled, enrolling, enrollment
fulfil, fulfilment, fulfilling, fulfilled fulfill, fulfillment, fulfilling, fulfilled
honour honor
labour labor
metre (but parameter, barometer) meter
practise (v), practice (n) practice
programme (but computer program) program
sceptic, sceptical skeptic, skeptical
skilful, skilfully, skilfulness skillful
travelled, traveller, travelling traveled, traveler, traveling
10.1 Digraphs
We do not use the ‘old’ British digraphs (sets of two letters used to represent one sound,
e.g. ae in aetiology, oe in oesophagus). In the medical sciences, the US spellings are
prevalent in international and European journals and are becoming more so in the UK.
Medieval has already lost its original ae (as in mediaeval) in UK dictionaries, and this pattern
is likely to continue. Thus:
ameba esophagus gynecology
anemia estrogen hemoglobin
diarrhea etiology homeopathy
encyclopedia fetus leukemia
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 60
10.2 Irregular past tense forms
In line with other international style guides54 which tend to prefer the regularised forms
(and now many UK dictionaries), we are phasing out the older UK forms for certain irregular
past tenses which once ended in ‐t rather than ‐ed. Thus:
dreamed kneeled learned
earned leaned spelled
NB. In some cases the regularised form is that common in the UK, e.g. dived, fitted,
forecasted, lighted. And the past tense of get is got in the UK, gotten in the US.
10.3 ‐ise versus ‐ize
The choice between ‐ise and ‐ize in words like organise is a difficult one as both forms have
strong etymological bases.55 There are three options here.
• ‐ize only
This is the usual form in US spelling.
• combination of ‐ise and ‐ize
This is used by Oxford University Press, Unesco, WHO, etc. It means using the z
spelling for words derived from the Greek ‐izo and any other words that do not
require the s spelling because of their own etymology (e.g. the Greek ‐lusis, such as
analyse). Thus apologize, categorize, finalize, internationalize, maximize, organize
and realize, but advertise, catalyse, compromise, enterprise, exercise, paralyse,
supervise and so on.56
• ‐ise only
This is the preferred form at UM: it is the more recognisably UK form; it eliminates
the need to deal with exceptions; and it is more efficient when using the ‘find and
replace’ function. It is also used by the European Commission uses it for all EU
documents.
10.4 Problematic plurals
Irregular plurals for words with Latin or Greek roots can cause problems in English; the state
of flux of the language means that some such plurals are retained (e.g. phenomena) but
others are being replaced with the English ‐s form (e.g. forums). Below are the plural forms
we use.
algae gymnasiums
appendices (in books) indexes (in books)
appendixes (in people, animals) indices (in maths, economics, science)
bacteria media
bases memorandums
bureaus nuclei
crematoriums phenomena
crises referendums
54
E.g. Unesco (2004). Style manual for the presentation of English‐language texts intended for publication
by Unesco (2nd edn, p. 33)
55
Burchfield, R.W. (1996). The new Fowler's modern English usage (3rd edn, p. 51). Oxford: OUP
56
Unesco (p. 10) also includes a floating category with words which can be spelled either way, such as
authorise, civilise and legalise.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 61
curricula schemas
data symposia
forums theses
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 62
11 Tables and figures
To display data, the clearest and most economical method is a graphic like a table or figure.
These should be as simple as possible with no unnecessary or duplicated material, and take
the same style and format throughout the document. They should also be understandable
on their own. Do use the surrounding text to point out the main points, but remember that
if you discuss every detail you would not need the table.
11.1 Referring to tables and figures in the text
Use an initial capital in the text when referring to a specific table or figure, but use
lowercase general references.
The data in Table 1 show the enrolment rate
The table below presents the data.
NB. Note that using a specific reference is wiser if your document will be typeset later – you
may not yet know whether the table will be below, left, right or overleaf.
11.2 Headings
Make table and figure headings brief: use noun forms and supply essential information only:
for instance, if the whole document is clearly about UM, there is no need to put UM in the
table heading. You also do not need to give background information or describe results in
the heading.
High student enrolment in 2008/09
Student enrolment in 2008/09
Students who enrol in new law courses
Student enrolment in new law courses
Use a colon, full stop or tab space to separate the table number and the heading itself. Use
an initial capital only for the first word, and abbreviations as necessary.
Table 4.1: Tuition fees for non‐EU/EEA students
Ensure that row and column headings in tables and any headings used in figures have
parallel syntax.
Steer towards results Ability to steer towards results
Conceptual thinking Ability to think conceptually
Integrity Integrity
Negotiating Negotiating skills
Customer orientation Customer orientation
11.3 Figures
Figures are the best option is you have lots of data – say, 20 or more numbers – or data
which cannot be presented in a table. Their types include:
cartoons graphs (bar, line, etc.)
charts maps
diagrams photographs
drawings scatter plots.
Use the abbreviation Fig. in the title but write out Figure in the text. Note that the title
should appear below the figure.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 63
Fig. 3: Design of a longitudinal study into cognitive ageing determinants
See Figure 3 for details of the study design
11.4 Tables
Tables are best used when you have 4 to 20 numbers (if you have three or fewer, put these
in running text). To minimise clutter, use abbreviations and close symbols (+, ‐, > etc.) up to
the letters/numbers.
TABLE 2 UM staff composition by sex 2005/06
2005 2006
Staff group Men (%) Women (%) Men (%) Women (%)
Academic staff 56 44 55 45
Total staff 48 52 48 52
11.4.1 Format
Font size
• Heading: same size as the main text
• Table text and caption: one size smaller than the main text
• Notes: two sizes smaller the than main text
Alignment
• Left align the first column heading
• Right align or centre column text with numbers only
• Centre all column headings except the first, and all column text with mixed units.
Most important, for aesthetic reasons minimise the use of rules (i.e. lines). Few publishers
use vertical rules at all, and often the only horizontal ones are at the head and tail.
11.4.2 Abbreviations
In tables use abbreviations (€, %, km, etc.) as needed. In the heading, place units in
parentheses rather than writing them out as words.
Income of Dutch university graduates (€/yr)
If all the numbers in one column are of the same unit, place the symbol in parentheses in
the column title instead of repeating it in each row.
You can also use N/A for not applicable, and an en‐dash (–) to mean data not available (as
opposed to 0, which means no amount).
11.4.3 Notes
Give additional information in footnotes to the table (remember to place them directly
under the table, not at the bottom of the page in the general footnotes). These are normally
one size smaller than the table font and two sizes smaller than the surrounding text. There
are four kinds: they should appear in the following order, each starting on new line and
ending in a full stop.
• General notes
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These provide information about the whole table, or explain abbreviations/symbols.
Introduce them using Note: or Notes:
• Notes on specific parts
For a note to a particular row, column or entry, use superscript letters from left to
right, top to bottom, or, if the table includes mathematical or chemical equations
that could be confused with letters, use the following symbols: *†‡ §¶# (see also
IV.6.5. FOOTNOTES).
• Notes on probability levels
Mark these with an asterisk (*).
• Source notes
Introduce these using Source: or Sources:. How you set them out exactly, especially
in academic papers, will depend on the chosen referencing style. An APA example
for a book source is given below.
From Learning from strangers: The art and method of qualitative interview studies
(p. 23), by R. Weiss, 1999, New York: Free Press.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 65
V Usage guide
1 Format and headings
Try to make the format of your document as clear and accessible as possible. It should invite
readers, not put them off. This means using:
• clear font
• short paragraphs
• plenty of white space
• bullet lists
• bold headings.
In informal texts (not academic papers) you can highlight certain words or phrases using
bold or underlined font – but do not overdo this, or mix highlighting styles in the one
document. The more things you highlight, the less there is that stands out.
Unless you are using columns, align your text to the left rather than justifying it. This makes
for more white space, less distorted word spacing and easier reading.57
Headings
When possible, split up long text with subheadings. This is helpful to both reader and writer:
it makes your document look more readable, and helps you identify repeated information.
If the document’s aim is to supply information specifically to staff or students, consider
using first‐person questions as headings.
How do I locate books?
Where can I get help?
If the readership could be a combination of groups with more varied reasons for reading the
text, use informative headings.
The UM Scholarship Fund: Information for investors and applicants
National influences on EU processes
Try to limit the number of heading tiers to three (sometimes this is impossible in very long
documents), and the words in each heading to a maximum of 10. Use at least two sections
per tier, aligning the number of each new tier below the first letter of the previous.
Minimise punctuation (use full stops only between numbers, and colons only between titles
and subtitles), and underline words only, not numbers.
1 Heading one
2 Heading one
2.1 Heading two
2.1.1 Heading three
2.1.2 Heading three
57
Supported by readability research. Lauchman, R. (2008). Plain language: A handbook for writers in the
U.S. federal government (p. 28). Rockville, MD: Lauchman Group
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2.2 Heading two
Capitalisation
There are two styles for capitalising headings.
• Headline style usually means capitalising the first and all ‘main’ words. The criteria
for judging main words, however, are complicated, sometimes arbitrary and
extremely long.
• Sentence style is the simpler and more streamlined style and therefore our preferred
style.58 This entails capitalising only the first word of the title and subtitle (if
separated by a colon, not a dash), and proper names.
58
Along with Chicago, Unesco, and WHO
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 67
2 Sentences
There is no reason to shy away from the basic structure of subject–verb–object. Also, keep
these close together by not inserting too much information (e.g. five or more words)
between them.
Texts that seem convoluted and difficult to read can usually be improved by
• casting sentences such that the ‘characters’ in your ‘story’ are also the grammatical
subjects59 (i.e. prioritise action, avoid passives)
• minimising metalanguage
At this point we need to mention that you seem to have taken more stress leave
than might be warranted
You have taken an unacceptable amount of stress leave
Our research seems to suggest that there may be a causal connection between a
certain level of exposure to high‐power lines and some instances of leukemia.
Our research suggests that exposure to high‐power lines may cause leukemia.60
2.1 Length
Contemporary Dutch tends to use shorter sentences and more sentence fragments (i.e.
those without a main verb) than English.61 This can make for choppy style. On average,
sentences should be 15 to 20 words; 30 plus will grow hard to read. They can contain up to
three ideas, but complex sentences are best split up, especially if they contain instructions
or are designed to market a product (e.g. the university).
Having said that, you need to know how to manage longer sentences too; the important
thing is ‘not the number of words in a sentence, but how easily we get from beginning to
end while understanding everything in between’.62 This means you need to have tight
control of punctuation and wording.
2.2 Emphasis
Place the information you have already talked about or that the reader is likely to be
familiar with at the start of the sentence, and new information or that which you most want
to emphasise at the end. In this position it is structurally most prominent, and sets up the
following sentence in which you will probably expand on it. Williams suggests switching the
normal subject–complement order to achieve this, e.g.
Through these questions (already discussed) run some complex issues (yet to
discuss)63
Dutch writers often do the opposite, and place de‐emphasised information at the end of the
sentence. Burrough‐Boenisch calls this ‘frontal overload’; you will find that it often happens
when the writer has started the sentence with especially (e.g. Especially in the social
59
Williams, J.M. (1995). Style: toward clarity and grace (p. 33). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
60
McMurrey, D. (n.d.). Wordy hedging and metadiscourse ... writing with a limp noodle. Available online
at www.io.com/~hcexres/style/meta_hedge.html
61
Burrough‐Boenisch, J. (1998). Righting English that’s gone Dutch (p. 135). The Hague: Kemper Conseil
Publishing
62
Williams, J.M. (1995). Style: toward clarity and grace (p. 25). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
63
Ibid, p. 55
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 68
sciences, a clear bias can be observed). 64 Because the rhythm is so unexpected in English,
you will need to reverse it.
Normalisation can imply a limitation to freedom of movement according to relatives
and caregivers
According to relatives and caregivers, normalisation can imply a limitation to
freedom of movement
64
Burrough‐Boenisch, J. (1998). Righting English that’s gone Dutch (p. 129). The Hague: Kemper Conseil
Publishing
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 69
3 Paragraphs
In short, paragraphs should have a brief opener, indicating what the reader can expect from
the paragraph (or document, in the case of the first paragraph). Do not shy away from such
straightforward openers as
This report discusses ...
This section explains ...
The paragraph itself can then be structured in two ways, depending on the material:
• in inverted pyramid style, with the most important information or newest news at
the start
• chronologically, from the most distant to most recent events.
Throughout the paragraphs, ensure that the author has used an ‘identifiable topic string’65
– that is, a similar grammatical subject in each sentence. This makes the paragraph seem
focused and the reader can easily follow the main actors and action. By the same token,
avoid lots of variations in terms for the same thing: this leaves the reader wondering if they
are separate things.
3.1 Length
Paragraphs should range from 3 to 10 sentences, depending on genre – in journalism and PR
copywriting one‐ or two‐sentence paragraphs are not uncommon, but should not be
overdone. Avoid very long paragraphs at all costs: separating paragraphs is as much about
aesthetics as logic, so if a paragraph looks dauntingly long, do split it even if you do not need
to for logical reasons.66
You can also use lists or tables to thin out dense paragraphs (see IV.5.2. LISTS and IV.11. TABLES
& FIGURES). In most cases, however, tight editing will help you eliminate needless words and
phrases to keep your client’s paragraphs manageable. Often chunks of information are
simply recycled from old documents, which makes for disjointed, repetitious writing (and
reading).67 Always question whether the reader needs to know every piece of information.
3.2 Indents and line breaks
The usual Dutch style is to start paragraphs flush left on a new line, with line breaks
between sections. But keep in mind that even our internal documents are read by staff,
students and others from all over the world (who often read the English version of letters,
regulations, etc. because they cannot follow the Dutch version). Thus, change Dutch
paragraph format to the regular English style, with each new paragraph
• separated by a line break (this is the most reader‐friendly way), or
• indented (this saves more trees).
Whichever of these options you choose, use line breaks (or at least 4 pt spacing) before and
after extracts and set off lists.
65
Williams, J.M. (1995). Style: toward clarity and grace (p. 52). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
66
E.g. Strunk Jr, W., & White, E.B. (1999). The elements of style (4th edn, p. 17). NY: Longman
67
U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission (1998). A plain English handbook: How to create clear SEC
disclosure documents (p. 12). Washington: Author
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 70
4 Grammar
4.1 Active and passive voice
In most cases the active voice is a better choice than passive. It makes your writing more
lively and direct, so aim to use it in the vast majority of your writing.
the matter will be considered
we will consider the matter
the library was closed by the Executive Board
the Executive Board closed the library
it was mentioned by the students that
the students mentioned that
a meeting will be held by management
management will meet
when installing updates, other programs should be closed
when you instal updates, close other programs
Using the passive voice:
• makes your writing longwinded, especially when used with verbs such as attempt,
begin, intend, hope, order, propose
The order was attempted to be carried out
It can be hoped to be successful68
• can obscure the agent at best, and indicate a shirking of responsibility at worst
Major investments will be made
A woman was attacked
• is duller and takes longer to comprehend
The programme is required to be reviewed
The active voice, however, is not necessarily the best choice in every case. Use the passive if
you have good reason for it: i.e. if the responsible agent is:
• unknown
A mistake had been made in the wiring
• irrelevant or understood
The form must be notarised (better than the active alternative: You must have a
notary public notarise the form)69
• your client (and therefore not in your interest to point the finger at)
The teacher has been delayed
The money has been lost
You can also use the passive to:
• emphasise different elements in the sentence:
68
Burchfield, R.W. (1996). The new Fowler's modern English usage (3rd edn, p. 577). Oxford: OUP
69
Lauchman, R. (2008). Plain language: A handbook for writers in the U.S. federal government (p. 68).
Rockville, MD: Lauchman Group
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 71
The dramatists of the Restoration are little esteemed today (focus is on the
dramatists.
Modern readers have little esteem for the dramatists of the Restoration (focus on
modern readers’ tastes).70
• be less aggressive
You did not pay the fee on time.
We have not received your fee.
4.2 Agreement
In the US, collective nouns usually take singular verbs. In the UK and elsewhere, they can
take either singular or plural verbs depending on notional agreement. More common nouns
are often take plural verbs, e.g. the police/people/staff are ... 71
4.2.1 Singular verbs
Use a singular verb for clichés, expressions or phrases that are grammatically plural but can
be taken as a single entity or theme:
tea and coffee is all they serve
a profound sadness and regret comes with this news
confirming applicants’ qualifications and calling their referees is left to the
receptionists
The proper names of countries and organisations are taken as singular.
The United States is at war
The Netherlands has voted against the EU constitution
The United Nations has little real power
If the subject of your sentence is singular, use a singular verb even if other nouns are
connected using with, as well as, in addition to, except, together with, no less than, or not to
mention.
Her coursework as well as her exam result was outstanding
The institution, together with all its subsidiaries, is obliged to ...
4.2.2 Plural verbs
Remember to use plural verbs with plural nouns like data (singular: datum). There is a trend
in English to treat this as a singular noun, but given that in Dutch it takes a plural verb we
will remain using doing so in English at UM.
These data show ...
Media, too, takes a plural verb unless used to refer to the mass communication media as a
singular entity, where it is treated as a collective noun.
the media is becoming pervasive
4.2.3 Singular or plural verbs
Use a singular verb for words ending in ‐ics (usually scientific or academic fields) when
suggesting a singular body of knowledge.
70
Strunk Jr, W., & White, E.B. (1999). The elements of style (4th edn, p. 18). New York: Longman
71
Unesco (2004). Style manual for the presentation of English‐language texts intended for publication by
Unesco (2nd edn, p. 16).
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 72
Statistics is central to the curriculum
Economics is seen as a soft science
Ethics is a branch of philosophy
But when referring to practices, the verb is plural.
The politics of the whole process are reprehensible.
Use singular verbs for entities seen as acting as a whole, and plural verbs for those made up
of constituent parts acting individually.
The board has agreed on the issue
The board are divided on the issue
The committee was unaware of the matter
A majority of the committee were unaware of the matter
The couple were married in spring
Each couple was asked to pledge €50
4.2.4 Definite and indefinite articles
With words like number, percentage and proportion, use
• a singular verb with a definite article
The proportion of direct government funding is increasing
The number of English‐taught programmes is growing.
• a plural verb with an indefinite article
A large percentage of students are self‐funded
A great number of books are not being returned.
4.2.5 Sums of money and other numbers
Use a singular verb if your focus is on the sum itself.
Twenty euros is equal to about 18 guilders
Six weeks is sufficient to write a bachelor’s essay
See also V.4.5. PRONOUN–VERB AGREEMENT
4.3 Articles
Use a for words that start with a consonant sound, and an for words that start with a vowel
sound.
a eulogy an @ sign
a historical event an 11‐year‐old
a hyphothesis an LLB degree
a UM student an MA programme
a URL an X‐Files episode
4.4 Modifiers
4.4.1 Dangling modifiers
Also known as unattached, hanging or misrelated participles, dangling modifiers occur when
the modifier has no clear – or a clearly wrong – referent.
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When trying to log on, the system rejects my password72
After separating the participants into groups, Group A was tested73
Tutoring first‐year students and reporting to the department manager, your
responsibilities will gradually expand74
Yesterday, after conferring with my senior national security advisers and following
extensive consultations with our coalition partners, Saddam Hussein was given
one last chance...’75
4.4.2 Misplaced modifiers
Misplaced modifiers make sentences ambiguous due to the odd or illogical placement of the
modifier. You can avoid them by putting the modifier as close as possible to whatever it
modifies.
The investigator tested the participants using this procedure
Is the investigator or participants using the procedure?76
Using this procedure, the investigator tested the participants.
4.4.3 Word order
One of the most common examples of transfer from Dutch is adjective placement in English.
Except in some fixed or poetic expressions (e.g. sky blue), adjectives in English always
precede nouns.
Tutor English
English tutor
Manager sales
Sales manager
Office Student Affairs
Student Affairs Office (or Office of Student Affairs)
Vacancy officer communications
Communications officer vacancy
Coordinator courses section Dutch
Dutch section course coordinator
4.5 Pronouns
A major part of editing for nonnative‐speaking clients involves replacing repeated nouns
with pronouns to improve flow. In doing this, make sure that the antecedent is clear.
Participants were seated in individual booths. We provided participants with a
persuasive communication about skin self‐examination. The persuasive
communication was either gain‐ or loss‐framed. After reading the persuasive
72
Allen, J. (2003). The BBC news style guide. London: BBC Training & Development (p. 37). Available online
at http://www.bbctraining.com
73
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th edn, p. 52). Washington, DC: Author
74
Weiss, E.H. (2005). The elements of international English style (p. 138). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe Inc.
75
President Bush Sr, 1991, in Burchfield, R.W. (1996). The new Fowler's modern English usage (3rd edn, p.
805). Oxford: OUP
76
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th edn, p. 50). Washington, DC: Author.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 74
communication, participants completed the dependent measures. Finally,
participants were debriefed and received their fee.
Participants were seated in individual booths and provided with either a gain‐ or
loss‐framed persuasive communication about skin self‐examination. They were
instructed to read it and complete the dependent measures. They were then
debriefed and paid.
Pronoun–verb agreement
Some pronouns always take a singular verb:
Everyone is entitled to a free language course
Anyone who has paid is guaranteed a place
Others include:
anybody everyone
anyone nobody
every no one
everybody someone
each (Unless it is not the subject, as in Each essay is marked twice, but rather is in
apposition, e.g. We each have our own priorities.)
either/or, neither/nor
If the subjects are singular, use a singular verb, but if one (or both) of the subjects is plural,
especially the second one, use a plural verb.
Neither Geert nor Hetty is attending
Neither Geert nor his teachers are attending.
Neither students nor staff are eligible.
If a pronoun follows the verb, it agrees with the last antecedent:
Neither Geert nor his teachers knew their way around
Neither Geert nor Matthias knew his way around
Neither Geert nor Hetty knew their way around (plural pronoun for singular but
mixed‐sex antecedents).
Either takes a singular verb unless followed by of, it which case it becomes plural:
either candidate is acceptable
either of them are acceptable.
See also V.4.2. AGREEMENT
4.6 Folklore rules
‘Classroom’ or ‘folklore’ rules are those many of use learned as schoolchildren and that
continue to be taught to both native and nonnative English speakers, but which either have
no grammatical basis or are buried by mass usage to the contrary. There is greater
recognition now that ‘We must reject as folklore any rule that is regularly ignored by
otherwise careful, educated, and intelligent writers of first‐rate prose.’77
Most style guides now agree that you can do any of the following things, though sometimes
your choice will be guided by how formal the text is.
• Begin a sentence with and or but
77
Williams, J.M. (1995). Style: toward clarity and grace (p. 179). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 75
And who would pay for this refurbishment?
But if this behaviour in patients is not acknowledged, it cannot be treated.
• End a sentence with a preposition
If you decide to write your thesis in second year, be aware of the commitment you
are taking on.
The attached schedule shows which educational activities, exams and resits you
must register for
• Split infinitives78
We expect to more than double our student intake next year
You learn to effectively use practical techniques to analyse other people’s work
• Use that for people79
Any résumés and applicants that are yet to be dealt with …
It is not just students that can reap the rewards; the whole university benefits.
• Use whose for things
The Library Committee, whose chair Milan Essers ...
78
The few that recommend against this do so solely to avoid antagonising their readership, e.g. Allen, J.
(2003). The BBC news style guide. London: BBC Training & Development: ‘grammatical martinets
everywhere ... get almost apoplectic if they hear one’ (p. 45).
79
You can use who for people, which for animals and things, and that for people, animals and things.
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 76
5 Vocabulary
5.1 UK and US differences
The differences between US and UK vocabulary are for the most part mutually intelligible.
But for reasons of consistency and to avoid any potential confusion (e.g. ground floor vs first
floor), use British vocabulary (except in the obvious cases of proper names, e.g. Alumni
Office).
UK US
autumn fall
carpark parking lots
driving licence driver’s licence
fill in a form fill out a form
flat apartment
for ages in ages
ground floor first floor
lawyer attorney
lift elevator
oblige obligate
petrol gasoline
take a decision make a decision
transport transportation
5.3 Jargon
Jargon (also known as bafflegab, gobbledygook and officialese80) is useful shorthand for
people in the same professional field, who all know what it means. When used in
promotional texts, however, it is pretentious; used in documents people need to
understand to get essential information, it is downright unethical. Keep in mind that:
• words in fashion now may not be in a few years, so documents full of jargon will date
fast
• jargon confuses even native speakers, so its effect on nonnative speakers will be
multiplied
• your aim should always be for the clearest communication possible, so remove any
words or phrases that are deliberately vague or obscure clarity in any way.
The university continues to be a net supplier of laureates to other universities as the
consequence of our inability to dovetail external recruitment with in‐house talent
retention and failure to maximise our cognisance of the global talent pool, test it
systematically to determine whether transference of talent to Maastricht is viable
for said talent, and eliminate the insufficient recruitment competences and
perceived restrictions to offering truly competitive proposals.
We are losing staff to other universities because we are not attracting enough
recruits or retaining current staff. We need to know more about the labour market
to find out whether potential staff view coming to Maastricht as a viable option. We
also need to improve our recruiters’ skills and our offers to potential staff.
Other jargon
actionable scenario
80
Burchfield, R.W. (1996). The new Fowler's modern English usage (3rd edn, p. 545). Oxford: OUP
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 77
dovetail synergy
empowerment visibility
interface visioning process
Keep in mind that removing jargon and aiming for clarity does not mean ‘dumbing down’
your (or other people’s) work. It means controlling the information so the subject and action
are clear and move from A to B logically. Aside from generally promoting a poor image of
the university, there can be direct repercussions if you do not do this (or if you cannot
convince the client to).
• With internal texts, readers will misinterpret information, and the university will lose
time and money through having to deal with their questions or their not following
instructions properly.
• Academic texts may be rejected from journals on linguistic grounds.
5.3 Wordiness
Too often, information is unnecessarily complicated by inexperienced writers or simply
obscured behind unnecessary words. If you can cut a word out with no loss of meaning, do
it.81 You will often find that removing wordiness exposes some writing for what it is: a lot of
hot air. This means that focusing on the information you need to convey – and encouraging
your clients to do the same – will result in clearer, more streamlined text.
5.3.1 Remove false subjects
One way to reduce wordiness is to remove the false subjects there is, there are, it is, etc.82
There were seven patients who took part
Seven patients took part
It is clear that more research is needed
Clearly, more research is needed
There are four applicants who have the right qualifications
Four applicants have the right qualifications
It is their intention substantially to strengthen the existing relations between science
and practice.
They intend to strengthen the existing relations between science and practice.
5.3.2 Replace wordy phrases with single words
In most cases you can replace the following words with about.
concerning the matter of with reference to
in connection with with regard to
Likewise, these phrases all simply mean because.
based on the fact that in consideration of the fact that
by virtue of in light of the fact that
due to of the fact that in view of the fact that
for the reason that on account of
given the fact that on the grounds that
81
E.g. Strunk Jr, W., & White, E.B. (1999). The elements of style (4th edn, p. 9). New York: Longman
82
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th edn, p. 32). Washington, DC: Author; Lauchman, R. (2008). Plain language: A handbook for
writers in the U.S. federal government (p. 83). Rockville, MD: Lauchman Group
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 78
Replace the following with if or if so.
if it should transpire that
if this is the case
in the event that
Use though for these phrases.
despite the fact that
in spite of the fact that
regardless of the fact that
You can replace many wordy phrases with a modal verb.
it is possible that may, might, could
it could happen that may, might, could
the possibility exists for may, might, could
it is crucial necessary/important that must/should
there is a need/necessity for must, need
is in a position to can
is able to can
has the opportunity to can
has the capacity for can
has the ability to can
And keep an eye out for adverbial phrases, which usually have a one‐word equivalent.
on a daily basis daily
on an informal basis informally
on a routine basis routinely
in a speedy manner fast
on an personal level personally
in an unusual fashion unusually
in an unpredictable way unpredictably
of a challenging nature challenging
of a hostile character hostile
Other examples
a great number of many
a large proportion of many
all of all
a university environment university
as far as x is concerned as for
as to whether whether
at the present time now
at this point in time now
call your attention to the fact that remind/inform you
for the purpose of to
in addition to and, also
in excess of more than, over
in order for for
in order to to
in the absence of without
in the area of in
in the field of in
in the vicinity of near
is of the opinion that thinks/believes
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 79
meet up with meet
miss out on miss
the majority of most
visit with visit
with the exception of except
5.3.3 Replace long or pompous words with simple words
amongst among
approximately about, around
assist, facilitate help
commence, initiate start
concerning, regarding about
consequently so, then
constitute form
demonstrate show
deploy use
elucidate explain
employ use
endeavour try
eventuality result, possibility
necessity need
numerous many
objective aim, goal
participate take part
possess have, own
purchase buy
remuneration pay
request ask
residence home
state, opine say
subsequently later
sufficient enough
terminate end
utilise use
whilst while
5.3.4 Remove redundancy
Some adjectives are known as absolute or incomparable, which means they should not be modified:
i.e. a project can be either complete or not; saying it is utterly complete does not make it more final.
Likewise, a programme is either unique – i.e. the only one of its kind – or it is not: calling it totally
unique does not make it more so.
Avoid modifying the following adjectives and others like them.
absolute excellent perfect
adequate exhausted possible
complete finished supreme
dedicated impossible total
entire infinite unique
equal necessary useless
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 80
Another type of redundancy is adding an unnecessary category after an adjective.
red in colour red
heavy in weight heavy
round in shape round
large in size large
shorter in length shorter
Other examples
added bonus bonus
advance planning planning
aged four years old four
alongside of alongside
an early time early
as from from
both ... as well as both ... and
brief summary summary
close proximity close
combine together combine
consensus of opinion consensus
each and every each
economics field economics
e.g. ... etc. e.g./etc.
equally as equally
exactly the same the same
eyewitness witness
final result result
first and foremost first
free gift gift
future outlook outlook
future plans plans
general consensus consensus
in the area of private law in private law
in the field of physics in physics
in this day and age today, nowadays
midway between between
new innovation innovation
new recruit recruit
one single one, a single
past history history
past memories memories
period of time period
personal beliefs beliefs
personal opinion opinion
pre‐existing existing
prior experience experience
reason why reason
return back return
safe haven haven
split apart split
terrible tragedy tragedy
the month of May May
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 81
the year 2000 2000
two weeks’ duration two weeks
three hours long three hours
ultimate outcome outcome
upcoming coming
various different different
visible to the eye visible
whether or not whether
within in
20‐minute period 20 minutes
5.3.5 Remove empty words
Edit ‘filler’ words out; many are so overused as to have become meaningless, and often they
simply detract rather than intensify what follows. Without them the text will be stronger
and more direct.
absolutely good rather
interesting bad really
definitely pretty totally
fun quite very
funny
5.3.6 Replace nominalisations with verbs
Nominalisations are verbs disguised as nouns: make a decision instead of decide; perform an
analysis instead of analyse. Avoid them, because they disguise action and take longer for
readers to process. Whenever you find yourself using empty verbs like make, do, give, have,
provide, perform, and conduct followed by a long or abstract noun ending in ‐ion, ‐ment, ‐
ance, ‐ive, etc., stop and rewrite your sentence with focus on the main verb.
conduct an interview interviewed
conduct an investigation investigate
give an answer to answer
give immediate consideration consider immediately
have a discussion discuss
have an exchange of views exchange views
have reservations about doubt
hold the opinion believe
make a decision decide
make a distinction distinguish
make a recommendation recommend
make a selection choose/select
make an alteration change, alter
make an attempt try
our intention is to we intend to
perform an analysis analysed
provide a solution solve
raise an objection object
reach a conclusion conclude
reach an agreement agree
result in a strengthening of strengthened
stand in opposition to oppose
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VI Appendix
UM word list
A
ABP pension fund
Absence and Reintegration Policy
Academic Paper Dossier
Accounting & Information Management (FEBA department)
Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO)
Administrative Services
Age‐Related Hours Regulation
Alumni Circle Brussels, Alumni Circle The Hague etc.
AlumniNet
Analysing Europe (MA)
Artificial Intelligence (MSc)
Arts and Culture (BA)
Arts and Heritage: Policy, Management and Education (MA)
Arts and Sciences (MA)
Association of Dutch Universities (VSNU; no def. art. for abbrev.)
AthenaDesktop
Authorisation for Temporary Stay (MVV)
B
Bachelor (prop. noun) e.g. Bachelor of Arts in International Journalism etc.
bachelor–master structure
Bicycle Scheme
Binding Study Advice (BSA)
bio‐based economy
Board of Admissions
Board of Appeal for Examinations (CBE)
Board of Appeal for Higher Education
Board of Deans
Board of Examiners
Bulletin of Acts and Decrees
Business and Enterprise Liaison Office
Business Research (MPhil)
C
Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine (MPhil)
Cardiovascular Center (HVC)
CArdiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)
Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI)
Center for Organizational Leadership
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Central Admissions Office
Central Electoral Committee
Central Register of Higher Education Study Programmes (CROHO)
Centre for Contract Research
Centre for Gender and Diversity (CGD)
Centre for Higher Education Development (CHE)
Centre for Work and Income (CWI)
Centre of Entrepreneurship
Certificate of Admission
Certificate of Enrolment
chair – the Social Medicine chair, the Marketing–Finance Interface chair
Childcare Act
Citizen Service Number
Civil Code (BW)
Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuropsychology and Psychopathology (MSc)
Collaborating Centre for Development of Human Resources for Health
Collective Employment Agreement of the Special (Dutch) Universities (VKK‐CAO)
Collective Labour Agreement of Dutch Universities (CAO‐NU)
colloquium doctum
Conference and Events Office
Confidential Advisers' Office
Confidential Committee
Conflicts at Work Procedure
Coordinating Directors' Board
Criminal Law and Criminology (FL department)
Cultures of Arts, Science and Technology (MPhil)
D
Delft University of Technology
department (com. noun), Department of Quantitative Economics (proper name), the
quantitative economics department
departments of Quantitative Economics and Forensic Law
Director of Studies
Directorate‐General for International Cooperation (DGIS)
Disability Act (WAO)
Documentation and Mail Services
doctoral dissertation
DSM–Maastricht University India Graduate Scholarship Programme
Dutch Association for Bioethics (NVBe)
Dutch Law (LLB)
Dutch Law (LLM)
Dutch National Union of Students (LSVb)
Dutch Validation Council (DVC)
E
Econometrics and Operations Research (BSc)
Econometrics and Operations Research (MSc)
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Economic and Financial Research (MPhil)
Economics (BSc)
Economics (FEBA department)
Education and Examination Regulations (EEF)
Education and Exams Office, FEBA
Education Committee
Education Desk
Education Quality Assurance Steering Group (SKO)
Education, Research and Internationalisation Committee (OOI)
Educational Development & Research(FEBA department)
Educational Technological Expertise Centre
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Eindhoven University of Technology
Eligibility for Permanent Invalidity Benefit (Restrictions) Act (WVP)
Employees’ Council
Employment Conditions Selection Model
EU Law in the World Economy (LLM)
Euregion
European Association of Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU)
European Association of International Education (EAIE)
European Association of Labour Economists (EALE)
European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students (ERASMUS)
European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL)
European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)
European Development Fund (ED)
European Documentation Centre (EDC)
European Framework Programme
European Graduate School of Neuroscience (Euron)
European Institute for Public Administration (EIPA)
European Law Moot Court Competition (ELMC)
European Law School (LLB)
European Law School (LLM)
European National Information Centre on Academic Recognition and Mobility (ENIC)
European Public Affairs (MA)
European Public Health (BSc)
European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS)
European Studies (BA)
European Studies (MA)
European Studies on Society, Science and Technology (MA)
Europe–China School of Law
Examination Committee
Exceptional Medical Expenses Act (AWBZ)
Executive Board
Experimental Psychology (FPN department)
F
F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging (FCDC)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 85
faculty (com. noun), Faculty of Psychology (proper name), psychology faculty
Faculty Board
Faculty Council
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASoS)
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration (FEBA)
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML)
Faculty of Humanities and Sciences
Faculty of Law (FL)
Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience (FPN)
Faculty Office
Federation of Institutes for International Education in the Netherlands (FION)
Finance (FEBA department)
Financial Economics (MSc)
Fiscal Economics (BSc)
Fiscal Economics (MSc)
Flexible Retirement Pension (FPU)
Forum Maastricht
fte
G
General Administrative Law Act (AWB)
General Child Benefit Act (AKW)
General Old‐Age Pensions Act (AOW)
General and Technical Services
Globalisation and Law (LLM)
Graduate School for Literary Studies (OSL)
Graduate School of Science, Technology and Modern Culture (WTMC)
Guesthouse
H
HAN University, Nijmegen
Hasselt University
Health Insurance Act
Health Professions Education (MSc)
Health Sciences (BSc)
Health Sciences (MPhil)
Healthy Nutrition Innovation Centre
Higher Education and Research Act (WHW)
higher vocational education (HBO)
History (FASoS department)
House Style Office
Huizinga Institute of Cultural History
Human Development Index (HDI)
Human Psychopharmacy Centre
I
ICT Service Centre
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 86
ICT service desk
Immigration and Naturalization Service (IND)
Infonomics (MSc)
Institute for Education
Institute for Employee Benefit Schemes (UWV)
Institute for Knowledge and Agent Technology (IKAT)
Institute for Transnational Legal Research (METRO)
Institution and Student Policy Committee
Intellectual Property Law and Knowledge Management (LLM/MSc)
Interlibrary Loan (ILL)
International Advisory Group (IAD)
International and Comparative law Network (ICON)
International and European Law (FL department)
International Baccalaureate (IB)
International Business (BSc)
International Business (MSc)
International Business Marketing and Finance (MSc)
International Business/Accounting and Control (MSc)
International Centre for Integrated assessment and Sustainable development (ICIS)
International Economic Studies (MSc)
International Relations Office
International Student Exchange Program (ISEP)
Internship Office
InterUM Studentjobs
Ius Commune and Human Rights Research (LLM)
Ius Commune Europaeum Book Series
Ius Commune Research School
K
Knowledge Centre for International Staff (KCIS)
Knowledge Engineering | Computer Science (BSc)
Kumulus Theatre
L
Language Centre (LC)
Law and Language Studies (LLM)
Law, Labour and Health (LLM)
Learning and Resource Centre
Learning and Resource Centre
Leiden University
Liberal Arts and Sciences (BA)
Library Committee
Limburg Centre for Social History
Limburg Institute for Business and Economic Research (LIBER)
Limburg Institute of Financial Economics (LIFE)
Limburg University Fund/swol
Literature & Art (FASoS department)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 87
Local Consultative Body
M
Maastricht Academic Center for Research in Services (MAXX)
Maastricht Accounting and Audit Research Center (MARC)
Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M‐BIC)
Maastricht Centre for Human Rights
Maastricht Economic and social Research and training centre on Innovation and
Technology (UNU‐MERIT)
Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT)
Maastricht ICT Competence Centre (MICC)
Maastricht Journal of Comparative and European Law
Maastricht Graduate School of Governance (MGSoG)
Maastricht ICT Competence Centre (MICC)
Maastricht Research School of Economics of Technology and Organizations (METEOR)
Maastricht University Career Services (UMCS)
Maastricht University centre for international cooperation in academic development
(MUNDO)
Maastricht University Medical Centre + (MUMC+)
Maastricht University Office (MUO)
Management of Learning (MSc)
Marketing (FEBA department)
Master of Arts in International Journalism
master’s degree (com. noun) e.g. When you graduate from a master’s programme, you
will have a master’s degree.
master’s programme (com. noun) in International Journalism
master’s thesis
MECC
Metro Graduate School
Media Culture (MA)
Medical Doctor–Clinical Researcher (MSc, MD)
Medicine
Medicine (MSc, MD)
Mental Health (MSc)
Ministry of Economic Affairs (EZ)
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (BuZa)
Ministry of the Interior
Molecular Life Sciences (BSc)
Molecular Life Sciences (MSc)
Municipal Personal Records Database (GBA)
N
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
Netherlands Association of Universities of Applied Sciences (HBO‐raad)
Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 88
Netherlands Central Catalogue (NCC)
Netherlands Foreign Trade Agency (EVD)
Netherlands Graduate School of Science, Technology and Modern Culture
Netherlands Heart Foundation
Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences (Nihes)
Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL)
Netherlands Institute of Business Organization and Strategy Research (NIBOR)
Netherlands Institute of Government (NIG)
Netherlands School of Primary Care Research (CaRe)
Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw)
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)
Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (Nuffic)
Netherlands School of Public Health (NSPH)
Netherlands Toxicogenomics Center (NTC)
Neurocognition (FPN department)
Nutrition and Metabolism: Fundamental and Clinical Aspects (MPhil)
Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (Nutrim)
O
Office of Student Affairs, FASoS
Open University of the Netherlands (the OUNL)
Operations Research (MSc)
Operations Research Group
Organization of Chartered Controllers
Organization & Strategy (FEBA department)
P
Pandia
Pass in Maastricht (PiM)
payoff (Leading in Learning!)
Payroll Service Department (PSA)
Personal Data Protection Act
personal development plan (POP)
Philosophy (FASoS department)
Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory (FL department)
Physical Activity and Health (MSc)
Political Science (FASoS department)
pre‐university education (VWO)
Private Law (FL department)
Problem‐Based Learning
professional field
professor (HGL)
Programme Guide
Promotion Fund
postpropadeutic
propadeutic
Psychology (BSc)
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 89
Psychology (MSc)
Public Health (MSc)
Public Health for Professionals (MSc)
Public Law (FL department)
Public Policy and Human Development (MSc)
Public Policy and Human Development (MSc)
Q
Quality Assurance Netherlands Universities (QANU)
Quantitative Economics (FEBA department)
R
Radboud University Nijmegen
Ragweek
Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA)
Maastricht Institute of Brain & Behavior
Research Institute for Arts and Culture (CWS)
Research Institute Growth & Development (GROW)
research master’s
residence permit (VTV)
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)
RSI Knowledge Centre
S
Scholarship Fund
School of Health Professions Education (SHE)
Sectoral Board for the Education Labour Market (SBO)
senior lecturer (UHD)
Service and Information Desk
Service Desk
SG Science Café
Sickness and Disability Regulation of the Dutch Universities (ZANU)
SME Portal
South Limburg
Staff Careers Advisory Services (LCM) (sg.)
Staff Representation and Advice Office
Statement of Admission (Toelatingsbewijs)
Statistics Netherlands (CBS)
Strategic Programme 2007–10 (Inspired by Talent)
Streamlining Programme
Student Careers Advisory Services (LCS) (sg.)
Student Council
Student Finance Act
Student Introduction Committee
Student Recruitment & Communications Office
Student Recruitment and Communication Office, FEBA
Student Services (sg.) (no def. art.) SSC
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 90
Student Services Visa Office
Studium Generale
Study and Careers Information Office
Supervisory Council
SURFnet spam filter
SWOL/UM grant
T
Tax Law (FL department)
Tax Law (LLB)
Tax Law (LLM)
Teacher Training College (NLO)
Technology & Society Studies (FASoS department)
temporary residence permit (VTV)
The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF)
The Hague
think tank
Tilburg University
Times Higher World University Rankings
trainee research assistant (AIO)
transnationale Universiteit Limburg (tUL)
U
UM Catering Services
UM High Potential Scholarships
UM Scholarship Committee (sg.)
UM Scholarship Fund
UM Sports
UM Study Associations (no def. art.)
Undesirable Behaviour Committee
Unemployment Act (WW)
Universiteit Maastricht Business School
university (com. noun)
University of Utrecht
University Chaplaincy
University College Maastricht (UCM)
University Council (UR)
University Hospital azM
University Job Classification (UFO) system
University Library (UL)
University of Amsterdam (UvA)
University of Groningen
University of Twente
V
Vici grant
Visitors' Centre
A l i s o n E d w a r d s | 91
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
W
Wageningen University
Work and Care Act
workday
work method
work permit (TWV)
workstation
Working Conditions Act
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