Expansion and Reform Process in India from
Transmission Development Integration Perspective
BY
Shri R.P. Singh
Chairman & Managing Director
Power Grid Corporation. OfIndia Ltd
INTRODUCTION
.In the last five decades, since independence in 1947, Indian power sector has witnessed
constructive structural changes both in terms of the number and structure of the institutions,
redefining and refinement of institutional interface amongst various utilities supplemented by
technological leaps made in galvanisation of the sector. At the threshold of the new millennium,
the power sector will be looking forward to new challenges due to the far reaching changes which
have been introduced at national level in the last few years and especially during last year.
Amendments in Electricity Acts in 1998, enactment of Regulatory Commissions at Centre and in
States have given a new dimension to Indian power sector. The Sector in early 90’s has also
witnessed the unbundling of the Central power sector utilities, now presently being followed by
State sector utilities to introduce some form of competition and to become more market oriented.
This paper dwells on growth of Transmission sector, the metamorphosis it has undergone since
independence and broad perspective culminating into formation offlexible and strong National
Grid. Our endeavour is to meet the perceived value of the esteemed customer, who seeks his
power demand be met at all time, at the most economic cost with reliability and quality.
REMINISCENCE OF THE JOURNEY OF INDIAN POWER SECTOR
Electricity is a “concurrent subject” in the Indian Constitution, whereby decision making and
implementation of plans and policies involves both Central and State Governments. Traditionally,
policy and statutory guidelines for power development is provided by the Central Government
and State Governments are primarily responsible for power generation and supply to the ultimate
consumers. The power sector is governed by the Indian Electricity Act 1910 (1.E Act) and
Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 E(S)Act).
Although Indian power system since independence has witnessed phenomenal expansion,
country’s spiralling demand has been consistently outstripping the supply of power. Not
withstanding the fact that installed generation capacity has increased to over 90,000 MW as
against a mere 1,362 MW in 1947, the nation is still experiencing shortage to the extent of 11 %
in peak power and 6 % in peak energy. With the growth in generation capacity, power system
p!anning concept has also undergone several changes, from small generating stations supplying
power to local loads independently with small scattered radial transmission system at the time of
independence to strong Regional grids on the verge of integration to form a national grid, as on
date. Presently there is a vast transmission network comprising of about 32,000 Ckt Kms of 400
KV, 75,000 ckt Kms of 220 KV and 1636 Kms of HVDC lines.
9 1950s - A DECADE OF EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONAL BASE
Prior to independence, the supply of electricity in India was a predominantly commercial venture,
undertaken by privately owned utilities located in and around urban areas. For co-ordinated
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degelopment of electricity in India on a Regional basis and to set up organisations to develop
"Grid System" and semi-autonomous body(ies) to administer the Grid System, a legislation was
enacted viz Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, (E(S) Act) for creation of the requisite organisational
base - Central EZectricity Authority (CEA) at the Central level and Electricity Boards (SEBs) at
the State level. CEA, the statutory body, was charged with the responsibilities for formulation of a
sound, adequate and uniform National Policy in relation to the control and utilisation of national
power resources and overall planning and co-ordinating power development at national level. The
broad functions of the State Electricity Board (SEB) include generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity within the State.
The total installed capacity in 1950 was only 2,300 MW and the transmission network voltage
level was upto 132 KV and just 10,000 Ckt. Kms. This includes about 7,500 Ckt. Kms of 66 KV
lines. An integrated power grid for every State was conceived and high priority was accorded to
electrification of rural areas, not only for supply of power for irrigation purposes but also for
improving the quality of life of the vast majority of Indian people living in the villages.
> 1960s - A DECADE OF STRENGTHENING OF INSTITUTIONAL BASE
By 1960s. strong State grids were established and 220 KV voltage level in the lransmission sector
was also introduced. The transmission sector made giant leap and by the end of the decade,
network soared to more than 65,500 Ckt. Kms including over 10,000 Ckt. Kms of 220 KV lines.
However, uneven distribution of the coal and hydro-electric resources across the States and the
limitations of the States as spatial units for planning power development, promoted the Regional
approach for power development. In 1963, the Indian Power Sector was demarcated into five
Regional grids namely Northern, Western, Southern, Eastern and North-eastern for power system
planning and operation.
To accelerate the process of strong Regional grids and promote integrated Regional operation, soft
loans were extended by the Central Government to the SEBs for construction of inter-State lines
as Centrally sponsored schemes. Thus in each Region, Regional Electricity Boards (REBs), as
associations of the constituent SEBs and other power utilities in the respective Region were
created under the administrative control of the CEA. The REBs were charged with the
responsibility of coordinating the generating schedules of the power utilities, monitor system
operations and help arrange inter-State exchange of power.
> 1970s - EMERGENCE OF CENTRAL SECTOR GENERATING ORGANISATIONS
By mid seventies, it was felt that SEBs, due to financial inability, alone will not be able to
generate adequate power for the developmental needs of the country. This decade saw the rapid
growth in demand for electricity which led to the establishment of pithead thermal power stations
along with associated transmission system. In 1976, the E(S) Act was amended to provide for
establishment of Central generating companies to augment power availability. Central generating
companies like National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), National Hydroelectric Power
Corporation ("C), North Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO), Neyveli Lignite
Corporation and Nuclear Power Corporation (NPC) were established.
Looking into the needs of transmission of power in a Region, 400 KV level was introduced and
Obra-Panki S/c line was the first 400 KV line commissioned in Uttar Pradesh in Northern
Region in mid 70s. Further along with large power stations, extensive 400 KV network was laid
as a part of associated transmission system and Regional grids were hrther strengthened.
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Transmission network in country by end of 1979 stood at 1,09,000 Ckt. Kms which included 700
Ckt. Kms of 400 KV and over 27,000 Ckt. Kms of 220 KV level.
fi 1980s - EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL GRID -BIRTH OFPOWERGRID
By 198Os, there were strong Regional grids existing in each Region. However, it was perceived
that planning cannot continue on the basis of Regional self sufficiency as the generating resources
are not distributed uniformly in the country and Regions have different hydro thermal ratio
leading to their different operating characteristic. For example, about 90 % of the coal reserves are
concentrated in few districts of West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and eastem part of Madhya Pradesh,
whereas hydro potential is mainly concentrated in North-eastern and Northem Regions. Thus in
order to optimally utilise these resources to meet the ever growing demand the focus shifted
to national level planning.
To accomplish the vision of establishing National Power Grid and to minimise the problems
arising due to multiplicity of Central/ State and Private Sector Organisations and multi-ownership
of Regional grid systems network, Government of India in 1989, took a conscious decision to
incorporate a “Central Sector Transmission Company”. Thus, in pursuance of a Cabinet
decision, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (POWERGRID) was incorporated in
October 1989 mandated with construction of EHVAC and HVDC transmission lines, substations,
Load Dispatch Centres and Communication facilities, in a coordinated and efficient manner to
facilitate transfer of power within and across the Regions with reliability, security and economy
on sound commercial principles.
3 1990s - AN ERA OF LIBERALISATION
To mobilise additional financial resources for the sector and to help bridge the gap in demand and
supply, the Government formulated a policy in 1991 to encourage greater investment by
private enterprises in the electricity sector. The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was amended to
provide a legal framework for facilitating the investments in Generation and Distribution. Host of
comprehensive incentives were provided covering the legal, administrative and friendly financial
environment to make private investments attractive.
The unfolding of events in the the year 1998 in Indian power sector had made it a landmark
year in the history of the country. To enable unbundling of power sector in line with global
trend towards restructuring and reforms, the Electricity Act 1910 and the Electricity (Supply) Act
1948 were amended by the Electricity Laws (Amendment) Act 1998 in July/ August 1998.
Several policy initiatives were taken by the Government of India including establishment of
regulatory framework; recognising transmission as a distinct entity; opening up of transmission
for investment by private sector; introducing the concept of Central and State Transmission
Utilities; Mega power policy etc. POWERGRID has been recognised as the Central
transmission Utility, under Section 27A of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 in the amended
Act, to undertake transmission of energy through inter-State transmission system and discharge all
functipns of planning and co-ordination relating to inter-State transmission system.
0 Regulatory Framework
The enactment of Electricity Regulatory Commission (ERC) Act 1998 has paved the way for
setting up of independent regulatory commissions at the Centre as well as in the States. The
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) would frame guidelines, formulate tariff
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policy, regulate the tariff and would also arbitrate/ adjudicate upon the disputes of central sector
power utilities and private licensees involved in inter-State power exchange and advise the
Central Government. in formulation of tariff policy. Similarly, the State Electricity Regulatory
Commission (SERC)would regulate the power sector utilities within the respective State.
Private Sector Participation In Generation
As a major policy initiative, the Government has also formulated mega power projects policy for
inviting private sector participation. Host of concessions were accorded to mega projects to
substantially reduce the tariff which includes import of capital equipment free of custom duties,
tax holidays for 10 years, requesting State Government to exempt sales tax and local levies etc. In
line with the Government mandate to develop mega power projects in private sector, the
task of pre-qualification for 2 mega power projects namely 1000 to 1500 MW coal based
project at Cuddalore in Tamilnadu and 2000 MW bifuel project at Pipavav in Gujarat was
launched by POWERGRID through invitation of international competitive bidding process.
Transmission Projects For Private Sector Investment
The EL(A) Act 1998 has recognised the transmission as independent business entity and
paved the way for entry of private sector in the transmission area. The private companies can now
enter as "Transmission Licensee" under the regulatory umbrella of CERC/ SERCs which should
provide comfort and confidence to private investors. POWERGRID/ SEBs will identify
transmission projects required to be established at National/ Regional and State levels. The private
Sector (Transmission Licensee) will finance, construct, operate and maintain the identified
transmission system. POWERGRID as the CTU will identify inter-State transmission lines to be
entrusted to private sector and then select the private investors/ promoters through competitive
bidding for such lines. After evaluation of the bids, POWERGRID will recommend to CERC for
issuance of license. In discharging this responsibility, POWERGRID is planning to facilitate
private participation either through Independent Power Transmission Company (IPTC) or
Joint Venture route. POWERGRID is creating necessary technical, commercial & financial
framework within which the private sector will be able to establish transmission lines on Build,
Own & Maintain (BOW basis. The developmental activities like project approvals, forest and
environment clearances and other statutory approvals/ clearances/ permits shall be obtained by
POWERGRID and assigned to prospective transmission licensee.
Power Trading Corporation
The international developers for Mega power projects were facing lot of difficulties in obtaining
various clearances from Government organisations and finalisation PPAs with the beneficiaries.
In order to provide comfort to these developers in negotiating the PPA with SEBs which are
already having very poor financial health, the Government of India decided to establish a Power
Trading Corporation, as a single agency for negotiating PPAs. In line with the Government
mandate, POWERGRID has promoted the Power Trading Corporation (PTC) as a lead
partner with 30 % equity stake along with NTPC and PFC which will hold 15% equity stake
each. The PTC will be an independent company and will act as a single window for initiating sale
and purchase of power on sound commercial principles.
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Rationalisation of Commercial Arrangements Implementation of Availability Tariff
The overriding priorities for Regional grids in India are improvement of grid frequency and
voltage and reducing the deviations from rated values and bringing in merit order generation on
Region wise basis. To remove the anomalies in the present tariff structure, Govt. of India in
November 1996, decided to implement Availability Tariff for the generating stations as well as
future IPPs along with decentralised dispatch by SEBs with RLDCs co-ordinating Regional and
inter-Regional operations i.e. operating loose Regional power pools.
The proposed availability based tariff has two part structure based on unit availability. The first
component is the Capacity charge payment by a SEB to the generator, which is to be made as per
the SEBs' entitlement from the declared availability of the generators. The second component is
Energy charpe component, which is to be paid by SEBs to the generators as per the SEBs
scheduled drawl. This charge is meant to cover the variable cost of the generating station i.e. the
cost component, which goes up with the amount of energy generated, which is primarily the fuel
cost. The Availability Tariff will encourage plant operators to maintain the highest possible
station availability and also in merit order dispatch since the generator's variable or incremental
cost gets clearly reflected in the tariff as a separate component.
3 PRESENT POWER SCENARIO
At present, there are well developed strong Regional Grids in each Region with limited power
exchange facility between Regions. Due to socio-cultural reasons, developmental activities,
Table-1 : Region wise demand-supply position
Region Installed Capacity Peak Demand Peak surplus/ deficit
(MW) (MW)
Northern 25,478 19,800 - 1500
Eastem 14,268 6,700 + 1000 to I500
Westem 27,493 22,700 - 2000
Southern 22,133 17,760 - 3000
North-Eastem 1.55 1 950 - 70
I Total I 90,923 I 67,910 I
different composition of hydro-thermal resources, each Region has developed different
characteristic. Eastern Region has experienced very low load growth than envisaged due to which
considerable amount of peak and off-peak surplus power is available, whereas other Regions are
facing acute power shortage. The present power supply situation in various Regions is shown in
Table-1. There exist large potential for economic exchange of power between the Regions.
However, there is general inadequacy of inter-Regional transmission system to take care of power
exchange among the Regions on regular basis in reliable manner. At present, POWERGRID
owns, operate & maintain a 500 MW HVDC back-to-back interconnecting Westem and Northern
Region at Vindhyachal, 1000 M W back-to-back interconnecting Westren and Southern Region at
Chandrapur and 500 M W back-to-back interconnecting Eastem and Southern Regions at
Gazuwaka. Besides, few inter-Regional AC links are being utilised for exchange of power in
radial mode. Another HVDC link of 500 MW capacity at Sasaram for exchange of power between
Eastern and Northern Region is under execution and likely to be commissioned by 2001-02. As
on date, POWERGRID transmission network is over 35,000 Ckt. Kms, constituting of 26,000 ckt
kms 400 KV, 7,500 ckt kms 2201 132 KV and 1,600 ckt kms of HVDC. Ab>ut 30% (30,000
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MW) of total power is being transferred across the country over POWERGRID
transmission network.
9 TRANSMISSION SECTOR IN THE NEXT MILLENNIUM - DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONAL GMD
During ensuing years, peak demand of the country is expected to increase manifold. Demand is
expected to be about 1,76,000 MW in next fifteen years for which capacity addition of 1,53,000
MW has been envisaged (see Table B). The investment envisaged during next 15 years on
generation capacity addition will be about US $1,50,000 million.
Table-2: - Power Sector Outlay during next 15 years
I Capacity Addition (MW)
IX Plan X PLAN X I PLAN TOTAL
40,000 50,000 60,000 1,50,000
1
Generation Outlay (US$ million) 40,000 50,000 60,000 1,50,000
T & D Outlay (US$ million) 20,000 50,000* 60,000 1,30,000
POWERGRID Outlay (US$ million) 3,000 6,000 10,000 19,000
A fifieen year investment Plan upto year 2012 drawn up, envisages commensurate investment
of about US $ 1,30,000 million in Transmission and Distribution sector. During 9th Plan
envisaged investment is of about US $ 15,000 million out of which US $ 3,000 million will be
invested by POWERGRID itself to construct about 20,000 ckt. kms of 400 KV I 765 KV line,
HVDC bipole and Back-to-Back stations.
Future planning process is a departure from the present process of establishing
transmission system link to a particular generation project and is focussed on creation of
transmission corridors based upon location of generation resources and major load centres.
The focus of organisation’s blue print of Transmission Plan for development of National Grid is
on interconnecting all the Regional grids, to develop redundancy and flexibility for integration
with future generation schemes and creation of “Transmission Highways” (Corridors) to
accommodate uncertainty in the generation plan. Evolution of National Grid along with
development of major Transmission Highways in a phased manner.
In the initial phase, (By 2007) HVDC back to back interconnection between various Regional
grid have been planned considering the wide variation in frequency in different grids. The
HVDC links are comparatively robust and facilitate controlled power flow.
In second phase, in order to further strengthen the inter-Regional links, 400 KV AC links have
been envisaged viz, Rourkela-Raipur 400 KV line between Eastern and Westem Region,
Gwalior- Agra 400 KV lines between Western and Northern Region and Pumea-Muzaffarpur-
Gorkhpur 400 KV high capacity line between Eastem and Northern Region.
High capacity HVDC bipole have been planned from Eastern Region to other Regions to
evacuate power from Mega projects like Talcher stage-I1 (2000 MW), Hirma (3960 MW) like
Talcher - Kolar (Bangalore) 2000 MW, 1500 Km long HVDC bipole connecting Eastem and
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Southern Region alongwith and Hirma-Jaipur 3000 MW, 1200Km long HVDC bipole
connecting Eastern and Northern Region.
In the long term, (By 2012) a synchronous grid has been envisaged with high capacity
transmission system at 765 KV level (6000 ckt km) which would interconnect Eastern, North-
eastern, Northern and Western Regions synchronously. These strong interconnections would
enable an exchange of about 10,000 M W of power coming fiom hydro projects in North-
eastern Region, Sikkim, Bhutan (which is to be pooled in Eastern Region) and large sized
thermal projects in Orissa, Bihar in Eastern Region and Madhya Pradesh in Westem Region.
For Southem Region, it has been envisaged to continue with asynchronous connection for
some more time, till synchronous operation in other Regions stabilises.
> TOWARDS SAARC GRID 8s BEYOND
POWERGRID is playing a catalytic role in development of S M C grid for exchange of power
and hamessing the vast potential of diversified resources available beyond the national boundary.
Attempts are being made by POWERGRID, initially to exchange power between neighbouring
countries like Bangladesh & Pakistan and strengthening the existing links with Nepal & Bhutan
for establishment of SAARC grid. POWERGRID is also examining the feasibility of extending
the boundaries of SAARC grid to be extended hrther to connect to other neighbouring countries
like Mayanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Kazakistan etc. Towards, forging ties and reaching to a
consensus on this subject, in a Regional workshop held in Dhaka, Bangladesh in August 1998,
POWERGFUD played a pioneering role for endorsing the agenda that creation of SAARC Grid
should be kept high for assuring quality power supply and to catalyse economic resurgence in the
Region. With this resolution, the development of South Asian Electricity Grids is now seen as a
reality.
ADOPTION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Optimal utilisation of Right-of way is a matter of great concern throughout the world. In Indian
system also, considering bulk power transfer requirement across length and breadth of the
country, it is very essential to increase power transfer capacity of tower lines to conserve the right-
of-way. This calls for increasing transmission voltage level, use of compact tower design, multi
circuit towers, high phase order transmission technology. Efforts should also be made to improve
the power transfer capacity of existing transmission network like use of FACTS, upgradation of
lower voltage line to higher voltage line, uprating of existing transmission lines by replacing the
old conductor with the conductor of high capacity and low sag.
0 EFFORTS TOWARDS IMPROVING SEBs DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Inadequate shunt compensation in the distribution network of the State utilities has been a
perpetual problem faced in the country. This has lead to higher T&D losses, degradation of
voltage profiles, under-utilisation of EHV transmission network and thus has been a primary
reason for unsatisfactory Regional grid operations. SEBs, on account of financial constraints, have
not been able to accord a high priority and are also not in a position to raise funds from
multilateral/ international lenders. POWRGRID had extended offer to all the SEBS in the
country. In Delhi, capacitors to the tune of 550 W A R has been installed in 25 substations which
will substantially improve the voltage and regular supply of power being fed by these substations.
While Shunt Capacitors shall be the domain of SEBs, POWERGRID’S endeavour is to overcome
the prevailing backlog on “no profit - no loss basis.”
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SHARING EXPERTISE FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BENEFIT
POWERGRID is consciously disseminating its experience and expertise in various facets of
transmission system management to various SEBs and other utilities through regular conferences
and tailor-made training workshops towards addressing specific technological and O&M areas.
Programmes arranged have been attended by representatives fiom various SEBs and neighbouring
countries like Malaysia, Nepal, Bhutan, Mauritius etc. Specialised testing facilities available at
POWERGRID’s Central Oil Testing Laboratory at Hyderabad and developmental activities
camed out have evinced considerable interest in neighbouring countries to seek POWERGRID’s
co-operation/ support.
0 BRINGING CLOSER THE INSTITUTIONS & INDUSTRY
POWERGRID has also endeavoured to establish and strengthen the long felt missing link
between premier technological institutions and industry. In this direction, POWERGRID
established Chair at IIT, Delhi for undertaking research activities and exchange of expertise for
mutual benefit. Towards dovetailing R&D activities into practice, for the first time in India,
Flexible AC transmission System (FACTS) is proposed to be applied on 400 KV Kanpur-
Ballabhgarh corridor in Northern Region. Project is being taken up as an R&D activity in
association with CPRI, BHEL and CEA. -Real Time Digital Simulator is also being developed
indigenously with IIT, Kharagpur to simulate behaviour of power system in real time operation.
EMBARKING INTO TELECOM BUSINESS
To make effective utilisation of its transmission infrastructure, Company had heralded into
telecommunication business and its plan into this foray will be taking a concrete shape soon.
The existing network facilitates a ready-made right-of-way for installation of Overhead Optical
Fibre Ground Wires (OPGW) for carrying high speed audio-video and data signals and would
provide extremely robust support in remarkably cost effective manner. Internationally reputed
Consultants have been appointed to evolve a viable proposition to facilitate embarking in this
area. Various opportunities will be evaluated for POWERGRID’s foray into this venture from
becoming a “Carrier’s Carrier‘, to a “full service provider”. Company has already entered into
MOUs with major telecom service providers viz. VSNL and BPL Ltd. for utilisation of its
capacity. Organisation is also taking up a pilot project in 2 remote villages near Panipat, in
Northern Region which are not yet connected to telecommunication network, to demonstrate
successful use of its existing optical fibre links under ULDC scheme. POWERGRID is also
negotiating for entering into Joint Ventures with various SEBs like APTRANSCO, KEB, TNEB,
MSEB, KSEB, WBSEB, RSEB.
CONCLUSION
India is making steady progress in restructuring of its power sector and catalysing developments
in all areas of power Generation, Transmission and Distribution. The main development priority
in India is to meet rapidly increasing industrial and commercial needs and to expand the
population’s access to electricity under public financial constraints. Thus, approach of the reform
programmes is towards facilitating private participation and generating adequate competition.
Private sector would be offered well structured projects with clear allocation of risks, obligations
and responsibilities between various Government utilities and the private sector. This would
enhance development of market forces for reliable, efficient and economic service goals.
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