CEB601: FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS
FIELD TRIP REPORT
Name: Christila Kartika Chetty
ID: 2018001240
Group: Water Avengers
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Contents
Table of
Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………….2
Abstract
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..3
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………..4
Lomary Primary School,
Galoa…………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………..5
Maui
Bay………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………..7
Hexagon Hotel (under construction)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………8
Accommodation
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………10
Ports
Port
Denarau…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………11
Lautoka
Port……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..13
Fiji National University
Natambua
Campus………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..15
Navua
Town……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………….……16
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………17
Reference………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………….17
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ABSTRACT
This report identifies the locations visited during the field trip. In addition, also identifies the
findings as well as the things learnt, as the trip was conducted.
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INTRODUCTION
Fluid mechanics refers to a broad engineering field that studies the fundamental behavior of
fluids, substances known to statically deform under applied shear stresses. Within this field,
number of sub-disciplines have developed. Water resources and hydraulic engineering deals
primarily with flow through pipe networks, channels, and other systems that control the
quantity, quality and distribution of water; aerodynamics involves the flow of air around
aircraft; and gas dynamics focuses on fluids with significant variations in density, such as
high-speed gas flowing through a nozzle or the flow of chemically reactive gases.
The importance of understanding the mechanics of fluids is apparent from when we turn on
our kitchen faucets, thus activating flow through a network of pipes and valves, to when we
drive our cars, which rest on pneumatic tires, have hydraulic shock absorbers, and pump
gasoline through a complex piping system. In fact, our very existence depends on
fundamental principles of fluid mechanics – the flow of blood through our bodies. A number
of environmental, geotechnical and structural engineering problems are intimately linked to
fluid mechanics as well. Consider, for example, the synergy of fluid principles in air pollution
control, water and wastewater treatment, groundwater management and control, and the
construction of dams and bridges. As a result, it is vital that civil engineers develop a basic
-foundation in the mechanics of fluids before investigating these and other similar problems.
Engineers are interested in fluid mechanics because of the forces that are produced by fluids
and which can be used for practical purposes. Some of the well-known examples are jet
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propulsion, aero foil design, wind turbines and hydraulic brakes, but there are also
applications which receive less attention such as the design of mechanical heart valves.
Hydraulic engineering is the application of the principles of fluid mechanics to problems
dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of
water. A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of
water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. They can be used to divert, disrupt or
completely stop the flow. An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which slows
the normal flow rate of the river in order to power turbines. A hydraulic structure can be built
in rivers, a sea, or any body of water where there is a need for a change in the natural flow of
water.
Lomary Primary School, Galoa
Southing- -18.265368
Easting- 178.010290
Map View of Lomary Primary School
Purpose of visiting the site:
Students visited the seawall which was built there and observe its condition and withstand.
Problems faced:
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Coastal erosion- Factors such as development, construction, logging and forestry cause
sediments to build up which makes water rise up to the sides where the soil is softer than
sand, so it starts to dig up causing erosion. The loss or displacement of land along the coastline
due to the action of waves, currents, tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of
storms. In this case, landward retreat of the shoreline, measured to a given spatial datum, is
described over a temporal scale of tides, seasons, and other short-term cyclic processes.
Alternatively, it is defined as the process of long-term removal of sediment and rocks at the
coastline, leading again to loss of land and retreat of the coastline landward. Coastal erosion
may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion by wind and water, and other
forces, natural or unnatural.
Recommendation
The seawall at Lomary Primary School was made using large boulders. To prevent the
infrastructures, the following can be built:
Breakers: These can be placed in the water at certain points to slow down the waves.
Naturally this isn't going to stop the erosion, but it will slow it down.
Barriers: Barrier walls can be placed at the beach if you're not entirely worried about
aesthetics. This will stop the waves from hitting the sand and eroding it over time.
Breakwaters: These are barriers that are constructed offshore parallel to or at an
angle to the shoreline.
Groins: These are long, wall-like structures that are built on beaches and extend into
the ocean perpendicular to the shoreline.
Figure of a Crack on the Wall caused by flooding at Lomary Primary
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Images of Seawall at Lomary Primary
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Maui Bay
The bus stopped at Maui Bay for the student to take a break from the travelling.
Images of Maui Bay Images of students at
Maui Bay
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Hexagon Hotel
Purpose of visiting the site:
Students observed and exposed themselves to the construction site as this is the field of a civil
engineer.
Information:
A Chinese company, China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation South Pacific Ltd,
has been engaged to build the resort and condominium project.
Construction was set to begin on a $10 million hotel and land development project at Yadua
near Sigatoka. The developers, Melanesian Properties Ltd — a Hexagon Group company —
say that apart from generating economic activity, the hotel and condominium project will also
provide much needed jobs.
While at the site, the students got to see the strong steel structures that were used, on which
wall panels were attached. The wall panels were certified (New Zealand Approved), making
sure that it was sound proof and fire proof (for 240 minutes up to 200 degrees) as well as
being able to withstand category five cyclones. Wall panels were used since it is easier to
install, are more flexible when it comes to compound textures and has better durability. The
structures had single roofing with an exterior plyboard layer and a waterproof layer which is
guaranteed to last 40 years. The walls of the structure had styrofoam for good insulation to
prevent heat exchange with the environment. The walls also included mesh.
Map View of the Location of Hexagon Hotel
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image of Steel Structure Image of detailed Interior Roofing
Image of Structure with Wall Panels
Image of the wall containing Styrofoam
Accommodation
(Smugglers Cove Resort)
-students camped here for the day and also dinner and breakfast were provided.
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Ports
Fiji Ports Corporation Limited which is more commonly known as Fiji Ports is the
commercial port management company that manages the two major ports of Suva
and Lautoka and the secondary ports of Levuka, Vuda, Malau, Rotuma and Wairiki.
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As Fiji is strategically located in the centre of the South Pacific Region of the ports,
particularly Suva, have an ever-increasing role and responsibility, not only for the
benefit of Fiji itself but also for that of the other countries of the region, as the
regional transport hub to better serve the ever-changing and expanding demands of
world shipping.
Fiji Ports objective is to progressively and continuously upgrade the port facilities
and services for the benefit of the customers by ensuring a continuing improvement
in productivity and efficiency levels.
Port Denarau
Southing- -17.772749
Easting- 177.381142
The Port Denarau marina is well positioned to provide a stopover for rest, recreation and
provisioning during cruising of the Fijian Islands. Situated on the western coast, it’s a short
20-minute taxi ride from Nadi International Airport, and only an hour to Lautoka city, which
is a main port of entry. Port Denarau Marina is state of the art and is situated adjacent to the
largest retail/restaurant complex in the Nadi area. Accessed through a well-marked channel
that is 5 metres deep at zero tide. The marina contains 57 fully serviced berths for visiting
yachts including 1 × 85m, 2 × 70m, 3 × 65m, 3 × 55m, 2 × 35m, 9 × 30m and 37 × 14-20m
berths and 5m draft at low tide. The marina is fairly well protected and offers in-ground
cyclone holes and mangroves but is not a cyclone haven and must be evacuated in the event
of a cyclone. You will also find the following services based on-site within the marina
complex: Engineering/ Welding Workshop, Hydraulic Workshop, Outboard / Jet Ski Repairs,
Aluminium Fabricators & Boat Builder, Stainless Steel Fabrication, Repairs & Maintenance,
Sail & Canvas Maker, Yacht Agents, Marine Chandleries, Painting & Antifouling, Dive Tank
Refills, Gas Bottle Refills.
Map View of Port Denarau
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Illustration of Port Denarau
Lautoka Port
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Southing- -17.608829
Easting- 177.439903
Port Engineering initiatives during 2013 were focused predominantly on projects at the Port
of Lautoka which Fiji’s largest Port for handling bulk cargo is. The Port specializes in bulk
sugar, molasses, woodchips, petroleum and gas - services, the shipping needs of western Viti
Levu, and is the base for Fiji’s major cruise companies. Early work in the year at the Port was
directed towards repairs and reinstatement of full operations following the impact of Cyclone
Evan, which included replacement of roof cladding on a primary shed, and extensive repair
work to various buildings and infrastructure. The original fencing at Lautoka Port was also
upgraded to galvanized welded mesh to meet Port Security standards. Port of Lautoka
Maintenance Plan saw a range of infrastructure management initiatives take place, including
the ongoing dredging schedule, a land reclamation plan, and the building of facilities on the
local wharf for the benefit of stakeholders and the travelling public. The issue of mud from
the rivers draining into the harbour, causing the sea floor to silt up, remains an ongoing
occurrence. During times of adverse weather, such as cyclones or excessive or torrential rain,
the problem becomes significantly worse. Of critical importance, therefore, is the requirement
of a five-year dredging cycle to keep this busy international harbour at the declared depth of
10 meters - required for the of berthing large commercial and tourism ships. Dredging also
takes place every five years at the Lautoka local wharf on a schedule that rotates a year ahead
of the international port’s programme.
Map View of Lautoka Port
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Images of the Ship’s Crane
Image of Lautoka Port
Fiji National University
Page 15
Natambua Campus– Students had lunch.
Map of Fiji National Univestiy (Natambua Campus)
Navua Town
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Navua Town face a lot of issues we it comes to flooding. Flooding is exacerbated by the
clogged irrigation channels, dysfunctional flood gates and the accumulation of sediments in
the Navua River. Navua river is the fourth largest river in Viti Levu. The rivers length
running along the site is about 5.81km. The Navua river acts as the major reserve for water
and sediment runoff from the upper catchment.
Factors contributing to vulnerability towards Flooding:
Non-climatic - Socio-economic, logging operation, aggregate mining and haphazard
farming practices, Political Indifference
Climatic - Prolonged and intense rainfall can increase the potential of flooding.
Map View of Navua Town
Conclusion
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After doing the report, it can be concluded that Navua and Lomary Primary face a lot of
issues due to flooding and coastal erosion and can be fixed by constructing hydraulic
structures. Whereby the Lautoka and Denarau ports have these hydraulic structures to prevent
the waves from crashing in as much and causing any major damages. As for the Hexagon
Hotel, the students got a fair idea of what kind of materials can be suitable to use in
construction and got to know part and partial of what civil engineers do.
Reference
Prasuhn, Alan L. Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering. Holt, Rinehart, and
Winston: New York, 1987. [Accessed 29 April 2019].
Cassidy, John J., Chaudhry, M. Hanif, and Roberson, John A. "Hydraulic
Engineering", John Wiley & Sons, 1998
E. John Finnemore, Joseph Franzini "Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Applications",McGraw-Hill,2002
Sciencedirect.com. (2019). Fluid Mechanics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.
[online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fluid-
mechanics [Accessed 2 May 2019].
Fijiports.com.fj. (2019). Fiji Ports. [online] Available at: http://www.fijiports.com.fj/
[Accessed 2 May 2019].
Parliament.gov.fj. (2019). [online] Available at: http://www.parliament.gov.fj/wp-
content/uploads/2017/02/Fiji-Ports-Annual-Report-2013-02-Sep-14-1.pdf [Accessed
2 May 2019].
Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East",
Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64–9. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical
Engineering Archived 2007-12-25 at the Wayback Machine) [Accessed 2 May 2019].
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